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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Freezing"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 22 de junio de 2024

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1

Erlandsen, S., A. Holzer, M. Gavin, C. Frethem y C. Wells. "High Pressure Freezing/Freeze Substituion: Comparison of Chemical Fixation Versus Cryoimmobilization of Candida Albicans Cultured in Cellulose Tubing". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (agosto de 1999): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001549x.

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In the interactions of Candida albicans with host cells, the cell wall of the yeast may play important roles in the adhesion of yeast cells to tissues. The outer cell wall of yeast (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans) has been shown to consist of a dense network of radially projecting fibrils composed of mannoproteins that are known as fimbriae and which previously have required cryopreservation either by jet propane freezing or by plunge freezeing for their visualization. High pressure freezing provides an advantage over jet or plunge freezing in terms of the higher consistancey in the quality of freezing, and the minimization of formation of ice I with this method. Hohenberg et al reported a method utilizing cellulose capillary tubes to cryoimmobilize suspensions of microoganisms by high pressure freezing (HPF) and freeze substitution (FS), and herein, we describe an adaptation of this method by culturing microorganisms within the tubing to increase cell density prior to high pressure freezing and freeze substution.

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2

Tseilikman, Vadim E., Vladislav A. Shatilov, Maxim S. Zhukov, Irina A. Buksha, Alexandr E. Epitashvily, Ilya A. Lipatov, Maxim R. Aristov et al. "Limited Cheese Intake Paradigm Replaces Patterns of Behavioral Disorders in Experimental PTSD: Focus on Resveratrol Supplementation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 18 (20 de septiembre de 2023): 14343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814343.

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Currently, the efficacy of drug therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD leaves much to be desired, making nutraceutical support a promising avenue for treatment. Recent research has identified the protective effects of resveratrol in PTSD. Here, we tested the behavioral and neurobiological effects of combining cheese consumption with resveratrol supplements in an experimental PTSD model. Using the elevated plus maze test, we observed that cheese intake resulted in a shift from anxiety-like behavior to depressive behavior, evident in increased freezing acts. However, no significant changes in the anxiety index value were observed. Interestingly, supplementation with cheese and resveratrol only led to the elimination of freezing behavior in half of the PTSD rats. We further segregated the rats into two groups based on freezing behavior: Freezing+ and Freezing0 phenotypes. Resveratrol ameliorated the abnormalities in Monoamine Oxidize -A and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor gene expression in the hippocampus, but only in the Freezing0 rats. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the number of freezing acts and the levels of Monoamine Oxidize-A and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNAs in the hippocampus. The study results show promise for resveratrol supplementation in PTSD treatment. Further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the potential benefits of resveratrol supplementation for PTSD.

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3

HAYMET, A. D. J. "Freezing". Science 236, n.º 4805 (29 de mayo de 1987): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4805.1076.

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4

CHEN, YAU-LING y BONNIE SUN PAN. "Freezing tilapia by airblast and liquid nitrogen - freezing point and freezing rate". International Journal of Food Science & Technology 30, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2007): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb01368.x.

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5

Hung, W. T., W. H. Feng, I. H. Tsai, D. J. Lee y S. G. Hong. "Uni-directional freezing of waste activated sludges: Vertical freezing versus radial freezing". Water Research 31, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1997): 2219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00067-5.

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6

Yam, Philip. "Freezing Point". Scientific American 264, n.º 5 (mayo de 1991): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0591-35.

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7

Bloem, B. R., I. M. F. van Balken y J. Nonnekes. "Functional freezing". European Journal of Neurology 24, n.º 12 (17 de noviembre de 2017): e91-e92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13455.

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8

Edmiston, Michael D. "Freezing points". Physics Teacher 28, n.º 5 (mayo de 1990): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2343018.

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9

BEAUJEAN, F. "Freezing methods". Revue Francaise de Transfusion et Immuno-hématologie 28, n.º 5 (noviembre de 1985): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-4535(85)80014-3.

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10

Ohlendorf, D. y M. Bundschuh. "Social Freezing". Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie 65, n.º 1 (27 de noviembre de 2014): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40664-014-0081-x.

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11

Rapava, Daniela. "Freezing bubble". Physics Teacher 53, n.º 4 (abril de 2015): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4914583.

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12

Shaw, Luci. "Freezing Rain". Christianity & Literature 50, n.º 3 (junio de 2001): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148333101050003100.

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13

Porcu, Eleonora. "Oocyte Freezing". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 19, n.º 03 (2001): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18041.

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14

Greenwell, Gregory. "Freezing Ions". Scientific American 258, n.º 3 (marzo de 1988): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0388-28.

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15

Scherer, George W. "Freezing gels". Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 155, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(93)90467-c.

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16

von Wolff, M. "„Social freezing“". Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 11, n.º 3 (4 de agosto de 2013): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10304-013-0572-4.

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17

Ménézo, Yves J. R. "Blastocyst freezing". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 115 (julio de 2004): S12—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.01.007.

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18

Bier, Simone y Sabine Kliesch. "Social Freezing". Uro-News 27, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00092-023-5859-8.

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19

Saitua, Iker. "“Labor Freezing”". Pacific Historical Review 93, n.º 2 (2024): 263–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2024.93.2.263.

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During the Second World War, the recruitment of Basque immigrants became a pressing issue among wool growers all over the American West. The restrictive immigration measures the U.S. Congress put in place during the mid-1920s had significantly reduced the amount of Basque labor available for sheep grazing. Since the early twentieth century, wool growers had been claiming that Basques possessed exceptional qualities lacking in other groups, particularly Mexicans. They touted Basques as “skilled” workers and emphasized their alleged racial and cultural talents for sheep grazing as justification to grant them permanent “skilled” labor immigrant permits. In refusing to employ Mexican workers, most western wool growers perpetuated the idea that Basques were the preferred racial group to labor in the sheep industry. This article analyzes the relationship between the Basque sheepherder myth and sheepherder shortages in WWII. It analyzes how wool growers justified the necessity of admitting Basque immigrants, an attitude which in turn reinforced the notions of Mexican otherness and backwardness in the western sheep industry. The “Othering” and exclusion of Mexican sheepherders contributed further to more positive attitudes toward Basque immigrants, all of which must be considered in the racial context of whiteness in America.

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20

Shakhmov, Zh A., G. T. Tleulenova y I. S. Ikapova. "Hazards regarding to freezing-thawing and freezing index". Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Technical Science and Technology Series 125, n.º 4 (2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2018-125-4-51-55.

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21

CUI, Bin, Shu-Ni LI y Xiao-Fang WANG. "Concerning the Freezing Point and Freezing Point Depression". University Chemistry 31, n.º 5 (2016): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.dxhx201504018.

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22

Martel, C. James. "Predicting Freezing Design Depth of Sludge‐Freezing Beds". Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 2, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1988): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-381x(1988)2:4(145).

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23

De Beris, Claudia, Debora Casarini, Samuel Buff, Loris Commin y Anne Josson-Schramme. "Freezing donkey semen with six different freezing extender". Animal Reproduction Science 194 (julio de 2018): e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.048.

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24

Reid, D. S. "Food freezing and organ freezing: Similarities and differences". Cryobiology 26, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1989): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(89)90169-7.

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25

Ashworth, Edward y Roger Pearce. "Extracellular freezing in leaves of freezing-sensitive species". Planta 214, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2002): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-001-0683-3.

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26

Kacperska, A. "Freezing resistance of herbaceous plants as related to freezing avoidance and freezing tolerance mechanisms". Cryobiology 25, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1988): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(88)90439-7.

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27

Nelson, G. A. y G. C. Kozub. "Survival ofCorynebacterium sepedonicum at freezing and at wide fluctuations between freezing and above-freezing temperatures". American Potato Journal 67, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1990): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03043448.

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28

Lianwu Yang, Lianwu Yang y Yunjie Xia Yunjie Xia. "Freezing quantum coherence with weak measurement". Chinese Optics Letters 15, n.º 5 (2017): 052701–52704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.052701.

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29

Yamada, Seiji, Akio Ogisu y Takao Hiraiwa. "Bread Dough Damage by Freezing (Effect of Freezing Rate)". Netsu Bussei 25, n.º 3 (2014): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2963/jjtp.25.121.

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30

Vernon, P. y G. Vannier. "Freezing susceptibility and freezing tolerance in Palaearctic Cetoniidae (Coleoptera)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2001): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-168.

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Insects have evolved various adaptations that allow them to survive adverse seasons. In terms of cold-hardiness, they may classically be divided into freezing-susceptible versus freezing-tolerant species. But this concept of two alternative cold-hardiness strategies is now amendable, and to better understand these adaptive mechanisms, it is of interest to study freezing resistance in taxonomically related insect species, i.e., belonging to the same family or to a group of closely related organisms sharing similar resources. Freezing susceptibility and freezing tolerance have previously been recorded in the larvae of species in the same guild of the family Cetoniidae, which mainly colonise wood mould in hollow trees. We compared freezing hardiness in five species of Cetoniidae, three species in the subfamily Trichiinae, Gnorimus nobilis (Linné), Trichius fasciatus (Linné), and Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli), and two species in the subfamily Cetoniinae, Cetonia aurata (Linné) and Cetonischema aeruginosa (Drury). Our results mainly show that two contrasting mechanisms are used during winter by third-instar larvae: those of the Trichiinae (apart from O. eremita) are probably characterized by year-round freezing susceptibility, and those of O. eremita and the Cetoniinae are probably distinguished by seasonal freezing susceptibility (summer) and seasonal freezing tolerance (winter). We question the current taxonomic position of the genus Osmoderma. Morphological, ecological, and behavioural arguments may be put forward to support the transfer of O. eremita from the Trichiinae to the Cetoniinae, and we stress that ecophysiological arguments, often neglected in this kind of taxonomic revision, must also be taken into account.

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31

Ichikawa, Ryosuke, Yutaka TABE y Takemi CHIKAHISA. "414 Study on freezing phenomena in PEFC below freezing". Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2010.49 (2010): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2010.49.105.

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32

SHIRAKASHI, Ryo y Ichiro TANASAWA. "Designing Pre-Freezing and Freezing Process of Biological Tissues." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 64, n.º 627 (1998): 3861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.64.3861.

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33

Vutyavanich, Teraporn, Waraporn Piromlertamorn y Siriporn Nunta. "Rapid freezing versus slow programmable freezing of human spermatozoa". Fertility and Sterility 93, n.º 6 (abril de 2010): 1921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.04.076.

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34

Lv, Ying, Yuanming Chu, Pengcheng Zhou, Jun Mei y Jing Xie. "Effects of Different Freezing Methods on Water Distribution, Microstructure and Protein Properties of Cuttlefish during the Frozen Storage". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 15 (26 de julio de 2021): 6866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156866.

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To study the effect of different freezing methods on the quality changes of cuttlefish during the frozen storage of cuttlefish, fresh cuttlefish was treated with six freezing methods (refrigerator direct-freezing, saline solution impregnation freezing, flat freezing, tunnel type continuous freezing, air-blast freezing and liquid nitrogen freezing) and then stored at −18 °C for 90 days. The time to pass the maximum ice crystal generation zone for the above six freezing methods in this experiment was 165.5, 67.5, 34.5, 21.8, 20.4 and 1.5 min, respectively. In this study, water retention (thawing loss rate, centrifugal loss rate, and cooking loss), pH, malondialdehyde content, TVB-N value, and sulfhydryl content were measured to evaluate the quality after thawing. Protein secondary structure was measured by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), water migration was determined by low-field NMR, and muscle microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that among the six freezing methods, liquid nitrogen freezing took the shortest time to pass through the maximum ice crystal generation zone. And it had the highest water retention, the lowest TVB-N content, the highest sulfhydryl content and the least irregular curling of protein secondary structure after 90 days of frozen storage. However, liquid nitrogen freezing can cause cracks and breakage in cuttlefish due to cryogenic fracture caused by ultra-low temperature, which affects its sensory evaluation. Although the freezing speed of flat freezing is faster than refrigerator direct-freezing and saline solution impregnation freezing, the muscle is extruded and deformed during the freezing process, and the damage is more serious, and the frozen storage quality is the worst. The comprehensive analysis results showed that the freezing speed of air- blast freezing was faster and the quality of cuttlefish in the freezing process was better, which was the more recommended freezing method, and this study provided some theoretical basis for the selection of freezing method in the actual production of cuttlefish.

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35

Zhao, Yanxi, Youxin Wei, Jingshan Jiang y Hua Jin. "Effects of Influence Parameters on Freezing Wall Temperature Field in Subway Tunnel". Sustainability 14, n.º 19 (27 de septiembre de 2022): 12245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912245.

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In order to study the influence of different factors on the temperature field of the freezing wall of connecting passage, and to evaluate the effect of different influencing factors, four groups of analyses were carried out through three-dimensional finite element software, including the influence of brine temperature, the influence of freezing pipe diameter, the influence of freezing pipe spacing, and the influence of soil water content. The analysis shows that the finite element method based on the thermodynamics theory can better simulate the freezing temperature field and formation law of the freezing wall of each section. Among the influencing factors, the brine temperature and the freezing pipe spacing have the greatest influence on the temperature field of the freezing wall. The thickness of the freezing wall increases linearly with the increase in the freezing time. At the same time, the thickness of the freezing wall increases with the increase in the diameter of the freezing tube and the decrease in the spacing between the freezing tubes. With the decrease in brine temperature and water content, the difference of freezing wall thickness at different levels becomes larger and larger with the increase in freezing time. The influence of various factors on the freezing wall is in the order of brine temperature, freezing tube spacing, and freezing tube diameter. At present, the saltwater temperature in the freezing project of the metro shield tunnel is generally controlled at −28~−30 °C. Generally, from the perspective of actual engineering, it is better to control the spacing of freezing pipes at 1.0~1.3 m, and the diameter of the freezing pipe of the connecting channel is generally more than 89 mm. By comparing the numerical simulation value with monitoring data, the numerical calculation result is consistent with the monitoring temperature change rule.

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36

Fields, Stephen D., Gregory W. Strout y Scott D. Russell. "Spray-freezing apparatus for cryofixation of unicellular algae". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (1 de agosto de 1993): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146515.

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Spray freezing unicellular organisms directly from the culture medium is an attractive alternative to other methods of rapid freezing because the possibility of pre-freezing artifacts is minimized. However, the utility of spray-freezing has been limited due to difficulties in obtaining satisfactory freezing in large specimens and in collecting and processing specimens after freezing. Consequently, the design of many spray-freezing devices is somewhat complicated, of limited application and often difficult to use. A simple, inexpensive spray-freezing apparatus of our own design was developed with the purpose of rapid freezing unicellular algal suspensions for freeze substitution. A naked, freshwater dinoflagellate was used to determine the effectiveness of the freezing device and the associated freeze substitution protocol.

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37

Tuan Pham, Q. "Freezing time formulas for foods with low moisture content, low freezing point and for cryogenic freezing". Journal of Food Engineering 127 (abril de 2014): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.12.007.

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38

Endoh, Keita, Keita Arakawa y Seizo Fujikawa. "13. Comparison of freezing behaviors between extracellular freezing and extraorgan freezing in dormant buds in trees". Cryobiology 61, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2010): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.10.017.

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39

Zhuang, Yan, Junhao Chen, Jian Zhang, Jianlin Wang y Han Li. "Analysis of the Development Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Freezing Temperature Field in the Cross Passage". Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (5 de marzo de 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6645139.

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Based on the analysis of the temperature measurement data of the Shanghai Metro Line 15 cross passage freezing project, it was found that the gray silt layer of cross passage No. 2 outperforms that of cross passage No. 1 on the freezing effect, which is mainly attributed to the large loss of cooling capacity in the latter passage. Within the same stratum, the soil temperature at the duct piece is higher than that of the deep soil. When the soil freezes for 45 days, the temperatures of the sandy silt and gray silt layers of the same cross passage drop to −8.25°C and −6.91°C, respectively, indicating that the freezing effect of the sandy silt layer is better than that of the gray silt layer. Moreover, simulations were performed for deviation freezing pipes, nondeviation freezing pipes, and different freezing pipe diameters in the cross passage No. 1, respectively. It was found that the maximum difference of the closure completion time between the deviation and nondeviation freezing pipes is 6 days. Furthermore, for deviation freezing pipes and nondeviation freezing pipes at the center of the cross passage, the minimum difference in the freezing wall thickness reduces from 0.45 mm after 20 days of freezing to 0.06 mm after 45 days of freezing, indicating that the difference in the freezing wall thickness gradually weakens as freezing develops gradually. The deviation freezing pipe increases the spacing of freezing pipes in the deep soil. As the pipe spacing increases, the influence of the pipe diameter on the closure completion time of the freezing wall decreases.

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40

Nikolaev, Petr y Mikhail Shuplik. "Low-temperature ground freezing methods for underground construction in urban areas". MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926504020.

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Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used ground improvement technique. It can be applied in diverse construction projects in dense populated urban areas where other methods are inapplicable. In this article are discussed several methods of ground freezing, such as: “brine” freezing, liquid nitrogen freezing, solid carbon dioxide freezing. Their advantages and disadvantages are indicated. For solid carbon dioxide freezing, several approaches are presented. One of them is a brine “aftercooling” freezing method. They can significantly increase efficiency of ground freezing and reduce its cost.

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41

Kokane, Rushikesh S., Chintamani R. Upadhye y Avesahemad S. N. Husainy. "A Review on Recent Techniques for Food Preservation". Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 10, n.º 2 (5 de noviembre de 2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2021.10.2.3009.

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Food preservation is most significant in the food industry to prevent food from the growth of bacteria and yeasts which causes spoilage of food. And also for the safety and reliability of food product, the freezing plays important role in the food industries. Modern industries has introduced many innovative food preservation freezing technologies which are explained in this review paper such freezing technologies are cryogenic freezing, air blast freezing, super-chilling, high pressure freezing and also alternate freezing processes such as ultrasound assisted freezing and electrically and magnetically assisted freezing. This freezing techniques are most commonly used to preserve the food for long period in safe manner. In this food freezing process the food is cooled from ambient temperature to chilling temperature and then stored between temperature of -18 oCand -35 oC to slow down the microbiological, physicaland chemical factorswhich are responsible for spoilage and deterioration in foods. This paper aims to accelerate the developmentand implementation of these freezing technologies by the food sector to achieve better quality and shelf life of food products.

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42

Wang, Tie Hang, Hui Zhang y Xing She Lu. "Experimental Study on Moisture Migration in Unsaturated Loess under Freezing Effect". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (octubre de 2012): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.552.

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Test equipments were designed and manufactured for producing moisture migration in unsaturated loess under freezing effect. The results showed that both the amount of freezing-thawing cycles and initial water content of soil samples affect the process of moisture migration. As the freezing front advanced in the sample, the water content in the unfrozen part significantly reduced and the water content in the freezing part significantly increased, with the maximum water content at the freezing front. Comparing to the moisture migration in the unfrozen part, the moisture migration to the freezing front in the freezing part was relatively slow. For soil samples with higher initial water content, the increment of water content at the freezing front was higher and sometimes ice could be formed. During a certain amount of freezing-thawing cycles, the water content at the freezing front kept increasing. However, as the amount of freezing-thawing cycles continued increasing, the freezing front started to move to the part with negative temperature and the maximum water content appears at the end with the lowest temperature.

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43

Antal, Tamás, László Sikolya y Benedek Kerekes. "ASSESSMENT OF FREEZING PRE-TREATMENTS FOR THE FREEZE DRIED OF APPLE SLICES". Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 17, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2013-0006.

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Abstract The effect of freezing rate on the quality of dried Jonagold and Idared was studied. Apple slices underwent various pre-treatments, i.e. freezing in household freezer (freezing rate: 0,5 °C/min), contact plate freezing (2 °C/min) and vacuum-freezing (3 °C/min). The quality of the freeze dried product was then evaluated in terms of water activity, hardness, color and rehydration. The freezing in household freezer (slow freezing rate) significantly reduces the duration of the freeze drying process and consequently the process costs. The slow freezing rate allows the growth of large ice crystals at the beginning of the freeze-drying process, this fact should consequently lead to larger pores and injured cell walls and thus to shorter freeze drying time. Quality of the freezing in household freezer product was assessed as higher than the quality of the other freezing pre-treated material. Slow freezing rate resulted softer texture and higher rehydration capacity, than that of other pre-treated samples. In all cases, slow freezing lead to lower final moisture content, total color difference and water activity.

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44

Pelster, David E., Martin H. Chantigny, Philippe Rochette, Normand Bertrand, Denis A. Angers, Bernie J. Zebarth y Claudia Goyer. "Rates and intensity of freeze–thaw cycles affect nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural soils". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 99, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0058.

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In cool temperate regions, large emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas, have been observed during freeze–thaw (FT) cycles. However, it is unclear how freezing and thawing rates, freezing intensity, and freezing duration influence N2O emissions. We used a laboratory incubation to measure N2O emissions from two soils (sandy loam, silty clay) undergoing a single FT cycle of various freezing and thawing rates [rapid (0.5 °C h−1) vs. slow (0.017 °C h−1)], freezing intensity (−1 vs. −3 °C), and freezing duration (24 vs. 48 freezing degree-days). In general, soil carbon dioxide fluxes during freezing were highest when soils were frozen slowly at −1 °C, whereas fluxes after thawing were highest from the soils frozen and thawed rapidly at −3 °C. Soil N2O emissions during both the freezing and thawing periods were greatest in the soils exposed to rapid freezing to −3 °C, intermediate under rapid freezing to −1 °C and slow freezing to −3 °C, and smallest under slow freezing to −1 °C and the control treatment (constant +1 °C). The similar N2O emissions between the unfrozen control and the slowly frozen −1 °C treatment was unexpected as previous field studies with similar freezing rates and temperatures still experienced high N2O emissions during thaw. This suggests that the physical disruptions caused by freezing and thawing of the surface soil are not the primary driver of FT-induced N2O emissions under field conditions.

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45

Yanat, Murat y Taner Baysal. "Effect of freezing rate and storage time on quality parameters of strawberry frozen in modified and home type freezer". Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 13, n.º 3-4 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31895/hcptbn.13.3-4.9.

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Freezing rate and storage time are the most important parameters in the losses of bioactive compounds of food during the freezing process. For this reason, the quality of strawberries which were frozen at different freezing mediums and the effect of storage time on samples were investigated in this research. The freezer section of the domestic refrigerator was used for slow freezing. Besides that, a modified freezer cabinet which capable of blowing air at a speed of 1.2 m/s at -30°C designed and produced by Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate GmbH (Çerkezköy,Turkey) was used for quick freezing. In the quick freezing chamber inside the refrigerator, the samples were provided to be frozen with a higher freezing speed than the static freezing unit of the refrigerator. Freezing time and freezing rates were determined from the cooling curves obtained experimentally. Slow and quick frozen samples were stored at −25°C for 4 months. Drip loss, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content and total monomeric anthocyanin content of samples were significantly different after freezing and during storage time. It has been determined that higher freezing rate is essential for the better preservation of bioactive compounds of the strawberries. Freezing should be done at an appropriate freezing rate to preserve the cell structure and the nutritional content of strawberries.

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46

Yang, Dazhang, Jing Xie, Wan Tang, Jinfeng Wang y Zhitao Shu. "Air-impingement freezing of peeled shrimp: Analysis of flow field, heat transfer, and freezing time". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, n.º 3 (marzo de 2019): 168781401983504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019835040.

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The air-impingement freezing technique is a fast and efficient freezing method, which is widely used in food freezing and electronic industry. A novel air-impingement freezing machine was set up to investigate the food freeze. The freezing process of peeled shrimps by air-impingement freezing technique was studied experimentally and numerically. The freezing time of shrimp (150 count/lb) from +11°C to −18°C was about 100–140 s. The flow field and temperature distribution of peeled shrimp were studied by the solidification and melting model in FLUENT 6.3. The results show that the air jet flows away from the surface of the shrimp after the separation points so that the flow field and heat transfer were bad in the separation resign. In addition, the food freezing time of natural convection and air-impingement was compared, and the result shows that the air-impingement freezing time is about one-tenth than the natural convection freezing in freezer. In order to optimize the air-impingement freezing, H/D’s value was adjusted in the range of 4–8. The result indicates that the freezing time was increasing with the increase in H/D value, and H/D was recommended to be 6 in the impingement freezing.

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47

Chen, Kezheng y Shuai Huang. "Risk Assessment of Freezing–Thawing Hazards in the Daxing’anling Forest Region". Atmosphere 14, n.º 12 (23 de noviembre de 2023): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121721.

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The Daxing’anling forest region represents a crucial forestry hub in China and confronts some of the nation’s most severe freezing–thawing hazards. This study delved into the temporal trends and spatial distributions of various parameters related to freezing and thawing, including air temperature, ground surface temperature, freezing index, thawing index, and freezing–thawing frequency. Furthermore, this study assessed and delineated freezing–thawing hazards within the research area. The findings revealed a rapid increase in air temperature and ground surface temperature within the Daxing’anling forest region yet a lower rate of increase in ground surface temperature compared to Northeast China. Latitude had the strongest influence on mean annual air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature, air freezing index, air thawing index, ground surface freezing index, ground surface thawing index, air freezing–thawing frequency, and ground surface freezing–thawing frequency, followed by longitude and elevation. Overall, freezing index, and air freezing–thawing frequency increased from south to north, whereas mean annual air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature, air thawing index, ground surface thawing index, and ground surface freezing–thawing frequency decreased from south to north. The assessment outcomes underscore the importance of closely monitoring freezing–thawing hazards in regions north of the 50th parallel.

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48

Deng, Shengjun, Dong Hu, Siyuan She, Zequn Hong, Xiangdong Hu y Feng Zhou. "Freezing Effect of Enhancing Tubes in a Freeze-Sealing Pipe Roof Method based on the Unsteady-State Conjugate Heat Transfer Model". Buildings 12, n.º 9 (2 de septiembre de 2022): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091373.

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The freeze-sealing pipe roof (FSPR) method was applied as an innovative construction technology to the Gongbei Tunnel of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. A freezing scheme involving master freezing tubes, enhancing freezing tubes, and limiting freezing tubes is the key component of the freezing effect of the FSPR method during the construction process under various working conditions. This is related to whether the thickness and temperature of the frozen soil meet the design requirements under various complex working conditions, and it is also related to frost heave control and energy saving. Based on the unsteady-state conjugate heat transfer model, different freezing schemes of enhancing freezing tubes—that is, the shape, layout, operating duration, and heat preservation—were simulated to analyze the freezing effect, which can be measured by the thickness of frozen soil around the steel pipes and the average temperature of the frozen soil curtain. The results show that the greater the contact area between the enhancing tube and the inner wall of the steel pipe, the better the freezing effect, and that the semicircle enhancing freezing tube scheme is superior to the other three shapes of freezing tubes. The arrangement of enhancing freezing tubes far away from the excavation surface, without heat preservation measures, has a better freezing effect due to the function of the hollow pipe as a freezing pipe. Moreover, the enhancing freezing tube can be operated intermittently to control frost heave. Our research simulated the temperature fields of different media—such as steel pipes, frozen soil, and air—providing a design basis for similar projects, such as the combination of the pipe-roofing method and artificial freezing method.

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Nagare, Baban, Claudia Marcolli, André Welti, Olaf Stetzer y Ulrike Lohmann. "Comparing contact and immersion freezing from continuous flow diffusion chambers". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, n.º 14 (19 de julio de 2016): 8899–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8899-2016.

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Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere are responsible for glaciating cloud droplets between 237 and 273 K. Different mechanisms of heterogeneous ice nucleation can compete under mixed-phase cloud conditions. Contact freezing is considered relevant because higher ice nucleation temperatures than for immersion freezing for the same INPs were observed. It has limitations because its efficiency depends on the number of collisions between cloud droplets and INPs. To date, direct comparisons of contact and immersion freezing with the same INP, for similar residence times and concentrations, are lacking. This study compares immersion and contact freezing efficiencies of three different INPs. The contact freezing data were obtained with the ETH CoLlision Ice Nucleation CHamber (CLINCH) using 80 µm diameter droplets, which can interact with INPs for residence times of 2 and 4 s in the chamber. The contact freezing efficiency was calculated by estimating the number of collisions between droplets and particles. Theoretical formulations of collision efficiencies gave too high freezing efficiencies for all investigated INPs, namely AgI particles with 200 nm electrical mobility diameter, 400 and 800 nm diameter Arizona Test Dust (ATD) and kaolinite particles. Comparison of freezing efficiencies by contact and immersion freezing is therefore limited by the accuracy of collision efficiencies. The concentration of particles was 1000 cm−3 for ATD and kaolinite and 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 cm−3 for AgI. For concentrations < 5000 cm−3, the droplets collect only one particle on average during their time in the chamber. For ATD and kaolinite particles, contact freezing efficiencies at 2 s residence time were smaller than at 4 s, which is in disagreement with a collisional contact freezing process but in accordance with immersion freezing or adhesion freezing. With “adhesion freezing”, we refer to a contact nucleation process that is enhanced compared to immersion freezing due to the position of the INP on the droplet, and we discriminate it from collisional contact freezing, which assumes an enhancement due to the collision of the particle with the droplet. For best comparison with contact freezing results, immersion freezing experiments of the same INPs were performed with the continuous flow diffusion chamber Immersion Mode Cooling chAmber–Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber (IMCA–ZINC) for a 3 s residence time. In IMCA–ZINC, each INP is activated into a droplet in IMCA and provides its surface for ice nucleation in the ZINC chamber. The comparison of contact and immersion freezing results did not confirm a general enhancement of freezing efficiency for contact compared with immersion freezing experiments. For AgI particles the onset of heterogeneous freezing in CLINCH was even shifted to lower temperatures compared with IMCA–ZINC. For ATD, freezing efficiencies for contact and immersion freezing experiments were similar. For kaolinite particles, contact freezing became detectable at higher temperatures than immersion freezing. Using contact angle information between water and the INP, it is discussed how the position of the INP in or on the droplets may influence its ice nucleation activity.

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50

Shao, Chenyun. "The Social and Cultural Implications of the Egg Freezing Policy in China". International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, n.º 6 (22 de octubre de 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i6.5014.

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The technology of egg freezing has become increasingly popular and has caused heated scholarly debates. However, most scholarships focus on egg freezing exclusively in the United States. This paper fills in the gap by investigating the social and cultural implications of the egg freezing policy in China. This paper first examines feminist rhetoric used by both sides in the global egg freezing debate. The paper then introduces the current Chinese egg freezing policy. This section addresses the question, “Why does the Chinese government implement the current egg freezing policy?” by analyzing how the Chinese culture views reproduction and single women. By analyzing egg freezing in context of the Chinese culture, I concluded that the older and younger generations have different views on egg freezing. Finally, I share the results from a survey that I designed and distributed to see how Chinese people perceive egg freezing. I found that most respondents support universal access to egg freezing in China but have questions on the risks and disadvantages of egg freezing. Many respondents also perceive egg freezing as a technology to “preserve/guarantee motherhood” for women, which ironically serves to pressure women into motherhood instead of giving them true reproductive freedom.

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