Artículos de revistas: "Freed persons, united states"

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Rossiev, Viktor V. "Free legal aid in the United States of America". Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 9, n.º 3 (2023): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2023-9-3-176-191.

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Free legal aid is one of the fundamental institutions of ensuring human rights guaranteed both by the norms of international law and the norms of national legislation of most civilized countries in the world. It is based on the idea of providing legal assistance for the public good — the “pro bono” principle. This article considers the system of free legal aid operating in the territory of the USA in a positivist and historical-legal context. The tendency of gradual expansion of the scope of application of free legal aid from exclusively criminal cases to the spheres of civil and administrative proceedings is revealed. Special attention is paid to the subject composition of the system of free legal aid in the USA: the role of the Bar, legal clinics at higher education institutions that train students in legal specialties, legal services corporation, and other participants. The results identify the groups of persons eligible to receive pro bono legal aid, as well as types and methods of providing pro bono legal aid, mechanisms of financing of the relevant activities. The advantages of the US model of free legal aid include: public funding of the private sector of free legal aid, wide spread of the idea of pro bono assistance among representatives of the legal community, and developed system of clinical education in US law schools, among others; its disadvantages are: insufficiently clear normative fixation of the procedure, forms of free legal aid, subject composition of persons entitled to receive this type of assistance, the responsibility of the legal profession for the provision of free legal aid, the responsibility of the legal profession for the provision of free legal aid, and the responsibility of the legal profession for the provision of free legal aid. These advantages and disadvantages of the American system of free legal aid have share an insight into the modernization of the Russian institute of qualified legal aid provided to persons on a pro bono basis.

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LEE, HYUN JUNG, ZACH ANDERSON y DOJIN RYU. "Gluten Contamination in Foods Labeled as “Gluten Free” in the United States". Journal of Food Protection 77, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2014): 1830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-149.

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Gluten is the main storage protein in grains and consists of gliadin and glutenin occurring in the same ratio. Persons suffering from intolerances, including celiac disease, must avoid foods containing gluten or products containing wheat, barley, and rye. Accordingly, gluten detection is of high interest for the food safety of celiac patients. This study was designed to determine the concentrations of gluten in foods labeled “gluten free” available in the United States. Seventy-eight samples labeled gluten free were collected and analyzed using a gliadin competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The gluten content was calculated based on the assumption of the same ratio between gliadin and glutenin. Forty-eight (61.5%) of the 78 samples contained less than the limit of quantification of 10 mg/kg for gluten. In addition, 14 (17.9%) of the 78 samples labeled gluten free contained less gluten than the guidelines established by the Codex Alimentarius for gluten-free labeling (20 mg/kg). However, 16 samples (20.5%) did contain gluten levels of ≥20 mg/kg, ranging from 20.3 to 60.3 mg/kg. In particular, five of eight breakfast cereal samples showed gluten contents higher than 20 mg/kg. These results may be of concern, as gluten sensitivity is known to vary among celiac disease patients.

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Persin, Daniela. "Free Movement of Labour: UK Responses to the Eastern Enlargement and GATS Mode 4". Journal of World Trade 42, Issue 5 (1 de octubre de 2008): 837–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2008034.

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This article asks why the United Kingdom made a slightly below–the–EU–average offer on the free movement of persons as part of the first EU offer to the GATS 2003, but then in 2004 chose not to limit the free movement of labour from the new Member States of the EU as most other ‘old’ Member States did. The main argument is that the policy choices reflect the aim of the UK government to retain flexibility in and external sovereign control over labourlabour immigration policies. This allows it to maintain flexible labour markets within the UK and the extended EU Internal Market.

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Seo, Donggoo, Kyungsuk Cho, Jongho Lee y Sangheon Kim. "Study on the Improvement of Domestic Barrier-free Standard and Response Manual to Secure Evacuation Safety for Blind Persons". Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.1.139.

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There are approximately 290 million blind people worldwide. Among them, approximately 40 million people are severely blind. Although systems and policies have been improved to enhance the convenience of the visually impaired, the standards related to evacuation safety in the case of fire have not been sufficiently improved. Therefore, in this study, to ensure the safe evacuation of the visually impaired in case of fire, domestic fire safety standards were derived by analyzing the development status of a domestic barrier-free system and related manuals based on the characteristics of evacuation behaviors of the visually impaired, as well as by reviewing the cases in the United States and the United Kingdom. As a result, the following measures were derived: 1) improving the display method for landmark elements, 2) customized fire safety education and training for employees, and 3) a plan to develop a personal emergency evacuation planning manual in accordance with the characteristics of a building. It is expected that these objectives can be used to improve fire safety standards and manuals and to develop related technologies for the visually impaired.

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Владимирова, Оксана Алексеевна. "PROVIDING FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE TO PERSONS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN RUSSIA AND THE USA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS". Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, n.º 3(44) (11 de octubre de 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.44.3.002.

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Статья посвящена исследованию опыта оказания бесплатной юридической помощи осужденным к лишению свободы в США, а также проведению сравнительного анализа данного и отечественного опыта. Целью работы является изучение основных организационных аспектов и правовых основ оказания юридической помощи такой категории граждан, как осужденные, с целью установления закономерностей и выявления возможности использования положительных аспектов указанного опыта в российском законодательстве. Методы, использующиеся при написании статьи: диалектический, анализ, синтез, сравнительно-правовой. В статье последовательно изучается организация оказания бесплатной юридической помощи осужденным и их родственникам в различных регионах (штатах) США. Особое внимание уделяется субъектам оказания помощи, а также специфике отдельных механизмов и особенностей работы организаций по оказанию безвозмездной помощи осужденным. В качестве особенности американской системы оказания правовой помощи автор особенно выделяет предметный (специализированный) подход к вопросам оказания помощи - отдельные организации занимаются оказанием помощи по выбранному узкому кругу вопросов. Исследование российского опыта правовой помощи осужденным позволяет отметить некоторые преимущества. Вместе с тем, анализ проблем, существующих в системе оказания бесплатной юридической помощи осужденным к лишению свободы, позволил сделать вывод о необходимости совершенствования системы юридической помощи в России. В результате работы выявлен положительный опыт, возможный для применения в российском законодательстве. The article is devoted to the study of the experience of providing free legal assistance to those sentenced to imprisonment in the United States, as well as to the comparative analysis of this experience and that available in domestic practice. The purpose of this work is to study the main organizational aspects and legal foundations of providing legal assistance to such a category of citizens as convicts in order to establish patterns and identify the possibility of using the positive aspects of this experience in Russian legislation. Methods used in this study: dialectical method of cognition, analysis, synthesis, methods of comparative law. The article consistently examines the organization of the provision of free legal assistance to convicts and their relatives in various regions (states) of the United States. Great attention is paid to the subjects of assistance, as well as the specifics of individual mechanisms and features of the work of organizations to provide gratuitous assistance to convicts. As a feature of the American system of providing legal assistance, the author especially highlights the subject (specialized) approach to assistance issues - individual organizations are involved in providing assistance on a selected narrow range of issues. The study of the Russian experience of legal assistance to convicts reveals some advantages. At the same time, the analysis of the problems existing in the system of providing free legal assistance to those sentenced to imprisonment made it possible to conclude that it is necessary to improve the system of legal assistance in Russia. As a result of the work, a positive experience was revealed that could be applied in Russian legislation.

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Monardes V, Rodrigo. "Challenges For Countries In Trade In Services’ Negotiations With The Nafta Approach: The Experience Of Chile In The Free Trade Agreement With The United States". British Journal of American Legal Studies 5, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2016-0013.

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Abstract The negotiation of trade in services in the context of a free trade agreement is particularly challenging for developing countries in view of the diverse nature of the services sector, the broad regulation applicable to the supply of services, the different modes of supply and the different approaches available for the adoption of the rules governing bilateral trade in services. Two main approaches are available for these negotiations, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) model or positive list approach, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) model or negative list approach. Even though these two models are similar with respect to the substantive obligations covering the conditions for supplying services, they differ significantly with respect to the manner and the structure of commitments. Chile faced significant challenges in concluding a free trade agreement with the United States. The importance of the trading partner and its market for Chilean exports meant that Chile had to adopt a number of unfamiliar features, particularly in relation to financial services and e-commerce, in order to facilitate and consolidate the process of opening its market. This article focuses on the chapters of the United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement addressing trade in services, i.e. cross-border trade in services, financial services, telecommunications, temporary entry of business persons and some provisions on e-commerce. Some investment issues will also be address, particularly those interacting with cross-border trade in services. Finally, the article explains the relevance of this approach as a model or basis for bilateral and plurilateral negotiations on trade in services for the Pacific Rim countries and as the preferred model for services trade liberalization for the Latin American countries.

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Metzger, Rikiesha. "Black Artistic Thought and the art of freedom". Visual Inquiry 11, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/vi_00080_1.

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The revolution that is presented in this article is a social and cultural shift that can be experienced through the form of artistic expression. This article discusses why ‘the revolution will not be televised’ since it is more what we witness as it is presented to us through media and technological ‘devices’. I propose we use my concept Black Artistic Thought, defined as the creative thought process of many Black people (whose artwork is based on their lived experiences and used as a cultural representation of their life) to help in our moving towards revolutionary freedom. I suggest that Black Artist Thought is inborn for persons of the African diaspora, and I link its origination in childhood. My thesis is grounded in an argument that makes a clear distinction between Kant’s binding freedom and Eckhart’s anarchic way of thinking (concept of God) about freedom that frees him from detachments. I express that by applying Black Artistic Thought (rooted in Negritude) to our ontological thinking, we can move beyond the boundaries set in society. I use artworks from artists Harmonia Rosales, Hank Willis Thomas, Augusta Savage and Jacob Lawrence to show how art plays a significant role in the development of the collective group. Implementing concepts like Black Artistic Thought and learning from movements such as the Harlem Renaissance and Black Lives Matter will assist (the United States) in moving towards a revolution that is beneficial to everyone once it is understood.

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Laurell, Asa Cristina y Maria Elena Ortega. "The Free Trade Agreement and the Mexican Health Sector". International Journal of Health Services 22, n.º 2 (abril de 1992): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v2xg-18v2-5ux1-qgke.

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This article presents a discussion of the probable implications for the Mexican health sector of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The authors argue that the FTA should be seen as part of neoliberal policies adopted by the Mexican government in 1983 that are based on large-scale privatization and deregulation of labor relations. In this general context the health sector, which traditionally has been dominated by public institutions, is undergoing a deep restructuring. The main trends are the decapitalization of the public sector and a selective process of privatization that tends to constitute the private health sector in a field of capital accumulation. The FTA is likely to force a change in Mexican health legislation, which includes health services in the public social security system and recognizes the right to health, and to accelerate selective privatization. The U.S. insurance industry and hospital corporations are interested in promoting these changes in order to gain access to the Mexican market, estimated at 20 to 25 million persons. This would lead to further deterioration of the public institutions, increasing inequalities in health and strengthening the private sector. The historical trend toward the integration of a National Health Service in Mexico would be interrupted in favor of formation of a dual private-public system.

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Emont, Seth L., S. Christine Zahniser, Stephen E. Marcus, Anne E. Trontell, Sherry Mills, Emma L. Frazier, Michael N. Waller y Gary A. Giovino. "Evaluation of the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Smoke-Free Policy". American Journal of Health Promotion 9, n.º 6 (julio de 1995): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-9.6.456.

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Purpose. To determine the prevalence of tobacco use among Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) employees and the effect of the smoke-free policy on smoking behavior and air quality at work. Design. A stratified telephone survey of 1181 CDC/ATSDR employees randomly selected from employee rosters. Setting. CDC/ATSDR work sites in Atlanta, Georgia, and other major CDC locations throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. Subjects. Randomly selected employees of CDC/ATSDR1, or about 22% of the total CDC/ATSDR population; 98% of eligible persons selected agreed to participate. Measures. Demographic and smoking history variables, attitudes toward and impact of the smoke-free policy on smoking behavior, and self-report changes in air quality were the measures used. Results. Overall cigarette smoking prevalence was only 11.1%. One percent reported using chewing tobacco, 1.1% reported smoking a pipe, and 1.4% reported smoking cigars. Average self-reported, daily cigarette comsumption significantly decreased after the smoking ban took effect. Overall, 90 % of the employees supported the smoke-free policy, and 80 % of the employees believed that smokers were complying with the smoke-free policy. Most employees believed that the air quality of work areas and nonwork areas (65% and 69%, respectively) had improved since the smoke-free policy was implemented. Conclusions. These findings are consistent with previous evaluations of smoke-free policies and suggest that most employees are generally supportive of workplace smoking restrictions. Such policies can also have a positive impact on smoking behavior and perceived air quality.

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Tsikitis, Vassiliki Liana, Kim Lu, Jong Sung Kim, Kevin G. Billingsley, Charles R. Thomas y Daniel Herzig. "Nomogram for predicting overall and colostomy-free survival for patients with anal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, n.º 3_suppl (20 de enero de 2014): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.3_suppl.400.

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400 Background: The incidence of anal cancer, currently about 5,000 persons a year, is increasing in the United States. Its treatment has evolved from a radical surgical treatment including abdominoperineal resection to a combined chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (Nigro protocol) approach which allows for sphincter preservation. The specific aim of this study was to develop an accurate model and nomogram to predict overall (OS) and colostomy free survival (CFS) for patients (pts) presenting with anal cancer. Methods: Pts with de novo anal cancer were selected from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from years 1998-2010. The database included 53,523 pts. After excluding anal margin cancer pts and pts with missing data points; 1,823 pts were included and their data analyzed. Variables included time to death, censoring indicator, age, race, sex, tumor size, surgery status, nodal status, radiation (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) separately and as a CRT. A stratified Cox proportional hazards model for OS and a logistic regression model for CFS were developed, respectively. For each primary end point, our final model was validated to ascertain whether predicted values from the model are likely to accurately predict responses on future subjects or subjects not used to develop our model. Results: Statistically significant variables in the CFS model were age, nodal status, TNM stage, RT (p ≤ 0.0001), and tumor size (p = 0.010). Similarly, for OS model statistically significant variables (all with p ≤ 0.005) fitted across the strata of TNM clinical stage included age, sex, tumor size, nodal status, and CRT. Nomograms that predict events are based on our final models with the estimated mean absolute bootstrap calibration error being only 0.011 for OS model and 0.02 for CFS model, respectively. Conclusions: A nomogram can predict OS and CFS over lifetime. Such outcome prediction tools may potentially be used as prognostic and decision support tools to guide therapy and predict pts that may need surgery in their lifetime.

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Halliwell, Martin. "The Curious Case of Tommy (Woodrow) Wilson". American Literary History 35, n.º 3 (21 de junio de 2023): 1295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajad145.

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Abstract This essay review explores the representation of the twenty-eighth president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, in a curious project involving Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and US diplomat William C. Bullitt that began soon after Wilson’s death in 1924. The article focuses on political scientist Patrick Weil’s investigative account of this collaborative project in his 2023 book The Madman in the White House and interrogates the ways in which Freud and Bullitt’s psychoanalytic approach to Wilson unearths deep tensions between public and private lives. These tensions reveal themselves both in the subject of their psychobiography—Woodrow Wilson the statesman contrasts with the more neurotic private persona Tommy Wilson—and in the motivations and misgivings expressed by Bullitt and Freud in their unique yet controversial collaboration.Weil’s initial and closing focus is a collaborative account of Wilson drafted by Sigmund Freud and the US diplomat William C. Bullitt in the late 1920s and early 1930s during a phase when Bullitt was being analyzed by Freud in Paris

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Massengale, Michael, Karen M. Shebuski, Sara Karaga, Elise Choe, Jihee Hong, Tameeka L. Hunter y Franco Dispenza. "Psychology of Working Theory With Refugee Persons: Applications for Career Counseling". Journal of Career Development 47, n.º 5 (10 de marzo de 2019): 592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845319832670.

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The world is facing the largest number of displaced persons in history, with many refugee persons seeking safety in the United States. Among many challenges, refugee persons may face difficulty when navigating the world of work in the United States. We conceptualize career-related barriers for refugee persons residing in the United States, including economic constraints, acculturation challenges, and health disparities. Given these challenges, we describe the relevance of psychology of working theory as a potential theoretical model from which to conceptualize career concerns in refugee persons. Finally, based on previous research, we provide implications for counselors working with refugee persons with vocational concerns, as well as suggested areas for future research.

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Xia, Qiang, Sarah L. Braunstein, Ellen W. Wiewel, Joanna J. Eavey, Colin W. Shepard y Lucia V. Torian. "Persons Living With HIV in the United States". JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 72, n.º 5 (agosto de 2016): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001008.

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Hussey, Michael. "The Demise Of Slavery In The District Of Columbia, April 16, 1862". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 35, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2010): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.35.1.36-40.

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On Thursday, May 22, 1862, Margaret C. Barber of Washington, D.C. stood before the Board of Commissioners for the Emancipation of Slaves in the District of Columbia. She presented a claim to the Commission to be compensated by the Federal Government, which had freed her 34 slaves. She was not alone in making such a request, as more than 1,000 District residents filed similar documents, but hers was the second largest. Documents from her claim provide a vantage point onto both the institution of slavery and the beginning of its demise during the Civil War. As of April 16, 1862, all slaves within the District of Columbia were freed by the "Act for the Release of Certain Persons Held to Service or Labor in the District of Columbia," passed by the U.S. Congress. According to this Act, All persons held to service or labor within the District of Columbia by reason of African descent are hereby discharged and freed of and from al I claim to such service or labor; and from and after the passage of this act neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for crime, whereof the party shall be duly convicted, shall hereafter exist in said District. The Act passed after considerable congressional and Presidential debate and compromise. Some urged a cautious approach for fear of alienating slaveholding border states such as Kentucky. Abolitionists wanted immediate emancipation without compensation to slave owners, with some suggesting compensation be given to slaves instead. Non-abolitionists tended to favor compensation to former owners.

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Immerwahr, Daniel. "Philippine Independence in U.S. History". Pacific Historical Review 91, n.º 2 (2022): 220–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2022.91.2.220.

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In 1946, the United States freed its largest colony, the Philippines. This article examines the decision-making behind that and argues that the road to freedom was not straight. The 1934 law scheduling independence was motivated mainly by protectionism, racism, and a sense that the Philippines was a military liability. Moreover, it contained many loopholes. Between its passage and the scheduled date for independence, Washington’s original reasons for freeing the Philippines had nearly all vanished, and high-ranking colonial officials sought to derail the independence process. Nevertheless, the Philippines was freed, because Washington regarded this act as central to its attempts to legitimize the postwar world order. Putting Philippine independence in the proper chronological context connects it to the history of decolonization and U.S. global hegemony.

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Benedict, Kaitlin, Ian Hennessee, Jeremy A. W. Gold, Dallas J. Smith, Samantha Williams y Mitsuru Toda. "Blastomycosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2010–2020". Journal of Fungi 9, n.º 9 (22 de agosto de 2023): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090867.

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Background: Blastomycosis is an environmentally acquired fungal disease that can cause severe illness, with approximately 65% of reported cases requiring hospitalization. Recent trends in blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations in the United States have not been described. Methods: We analyzed hospital discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample. We calculated hospitalization rates per 100,000 population using U.S. census data and examined factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: An estimated 11,776 blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations occurred during 2010–2020 (average yearly rate 0.3 per 100,000 persons), with no apparent temporal trend. Rates were consistently highest among persons ≥65 years old and males. In-hospital death occurred in 7.9% and approximately doubled from 3.9% in 2010 to 8.5% in 2020. Older age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignancy were associated with mortality. Conclusions: Blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations can result in poor outcomes, underscoring the continued need for attention to early detection and treatment of blastomycosis and monitoring of disease trends.

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Cain, Kevin P., Connie A. Haley, Lori R. Armstrong, Katie N. Garman, Charles D. Wells, Michael F. Iademarco, Kenneth G. Castro y Kayla F. Laserson. "Tuberculosis among Foreign-born Persons in the United States". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 175, n.º 1 (enero de 2007): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200608-1178oc.

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Jones, J. L., P. L. Fleming, C. A. Ciesielski, D. J. Hu, J. E. Kaplan y J. W. Ward. "Coccidioidomycosis among Persons with AIDS in the United States". Journal of Infectious Diseases 171, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1995): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/171.4.961.

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Bowles, Daniel W. "Persons Registered for Medical Marijuana in the United States". Journal of Palliative Medicine 15, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2011.0356.

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Prince, Jonathan D., Ayse Akincigil, Ece Kalay, James T. Walkup, Donald R. Hoover, Judith Lucas, John Bowblis y Stephen Crystal. "Psychiatric Rehospitalization Among Elderly Persons in the United States". Psychiatric Services 59, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2008): 1038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.9.1038.

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Katz, Mitchell H. "HIV Infection Among Persons Born Outside the United States". JAMA 308, n.º 6 (8 de agosto de 2012): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.8670.

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Zhong, Yiming. "The Issue of Protection of Disabled Persons Rights". Communications in Humanities Research 5, n.º 1 (14 de septiembre de 2023): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/5/20230152.

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This article covers the present condition of disability rights in the United States, focusing on the continued obstacles experienced by those with disa-bilities in the workplace, public spaces, and sporting venues. Despite the fact that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) offers extensive safeguards for those with impairments, these provisions are seldom implemented. In 2019, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission re-ceived over 24,000 complaints of disability-related employment discrimina-tion, illustrating the persistent difficulties experienced by handicapped work-ers. In addition, the United States Department of Justice received approxi-mately 8,000 complaints involving accessibility issues in public areas, under-scoring the ongoing need for stricter enforcement of laws governing public accessibility. Participation in sports has been proven to provide substantial advantages for those with disabilities, but it remains difficult to ensure that sports facilities are really accessible and inclusive. According to the article's premise, full application and enforcement of disability rights laws in the United States requires more education and awareness among employers, public accommodations, and sports management.

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Sharling, Lisa, Suzanne M. Marks, Michael Goodman, Terence Chorba y Sundari Mase. "Rifampin-resistant Tuberculosis in the United States, 1998–2014". Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, n.º 8 (22 de junio de 2019): 1596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz491.

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Abstract Background Monoresistance to rifamycins necessitates longer and more toxic regimens for tuberculosis (TB). We examined characteristics and mortality associated with rifampin-monoresistant (RMR) TB in the United States. Methods We analyzed Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive cases reported to the National TB Surveillance System (excluding California) between 1998 and 2014. We defined RMR TB found on initial drug susceptibility testing and possible acquired rifampin-resistant (ARR) TB. We assessed temporal trends in RMR TB. For both classifications of rifampin resistance, we calculated adjusted risk ratios (adjRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for characteristics associated with mortality when compared with drug-susceptible TB in multivariable models using backward selection. Results Of 180 329 TB cases, 126 431 (70%) were eligible for analysis, with 359 (0.28%) of eligible cases reported as RMR. The percentage of RMR TB cases with HIV declined 4% annually between 1998 and 2014. Persons with HIV and prior TB were more likely to have RMR TB (adjRR, 25.9; 95% CI, 17.6–38.1), as were persons with HIV and no prior TB (adjRR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4–4.1) vs those without either characteristic, controlling for other statistically significant variables. RMR cases had greater mortality (adjRR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04–1.8), controlling for HIV and other variables. Persons with HIV had greater risk of ARR than persons without HIV (adjRR, 9.6; 95% CI, 6.9–13.3), and ARR was also associated with increased mortality, controlling for HIV and other variables. Conclusions All forms of rifampin resistance were positively associated with HIV infection and increased mortality.

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Lambert, Lauren A., Robert H. Pratt, Lori R. Armstrong y Maryam B. Haddad. "Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers, United States, 1995–2007". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2012): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668016.

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Objective.We examined surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the United States during the period 1995–2007.Design.Cross-sectional descriptive analysis of existing surveillance data.Setting and Participants.TB cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from the 50 states and the District of Columbia from 1995 through 2007.Results.Of the 200,744 reported TB cases in persons 18 years of age or older, 6,049 (3%) occurred in individuals who were classified as HCWs. HCWs with TB were more likely than other adults with TB to be women (unadjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 4.1 [3.8–4.3]), be foreign born (1.3 [1.3–1.4]), have extrapulmonary TB (1.6 [1.5–1.7]), and complete TB treatment (2.5 [2.3–2.8]).Conclusions.Healthcare institutions may benefit from intensifying TB screening of HCWs upon hire, especially persons from countries with a high incidence of TB, and encouraging treatment for latent TB infection among HCWs to prevent progression to TB disease.

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Paul Mbuya, Alphonce. "Protection of Older Persons’ Right to Healthcare by United Nations Human Rights Treaties". International Journal of Legal Developments & Allied Issues 08, n.º 05 (2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ijldai.2022.8501.

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This article examines the protection of older persons’ right to healthcare by the United Nations (UN) Human Rights treaties. Although there are diverse scholarly views on its nature and scope, health is firmly recognised as a right by UN human rights treaties which define health as a right and impose certain obligations on states for realising it. Therefore, the inclusion of the right to health in various human rights instruments is the basis for understanding the normative framework of the right as it applies to older persons and the nature of the measures which states must take to ensure its realisation. At the UN level, human rights treaties offer very limited protection to older persons, in part due to the absence of a specific treaty on older persons. However, soft law instruments adopted under the auspices of the said treaties elaborate the application of specific rights (including healthcare) to older persons. It is argued that the limited protection of older persons’ rights in the UN treaties should not be an excuse for states to take special measures to ensure realisation of older persons’ right to healthcare. Moreover, elaboration of older persons’ rights in general comments adopted by UN treaty bodies is a clear indication of the need for a specific UN treaty for recognising and protecting older persons’ rights, including healthcare which has been identified as a critical issue affecting older persons worldwide.

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Rees, Chris A., Michael C. Monuteaux, Isabella Steidley, Rebekah Mannix, Lois K. Lee, Jefferson T. Barrett y Eric W. Fleegler. "Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021". JAMA Network Open 5, n.º 11 (29 de noviembre de 2022): e2244221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44221.

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ImportanceFirearm fatality rates in the United States have reached a 28-year high. Describing the evolution of firearm fatality rates across intents, demographics, and geography over time may highlight high-risk groups and inform interventions for firearm injury prevention.ObjectiveTo understand variations in rates of firearm fatalities stratified by intent, demographics, and geography in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed firearm fatalities in the US from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat maps, maximum and mean fatality rate graphs, and choropleth maps of county-level rates were created to examine trends in firearm fatality rates by intent over time by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity of individuals who died from firearms. Data were analyzed from December 2018 through September 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRates of firearm fatalities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, urbanicity, and county of individuals killed stratified by specific intent (suicide or homicide) per 100 000 persons per year.ResultsThere were a total of 1 110 421 firearm fatalities from 1990 to 2021 (952 984 among males [85.8%] and 157 165 among females [14.2%]; 286 075 among Black non-Hispanic individuals [25.8%], 115 616 among Hispanic individuals [10.4%], and 672 132 among White non-Hispanic individuals [60.5%]). All-intents total firearm fatality rates per 100 000 persons declined to a low of 10.1 fatalities in 2004, then increased to 14.7 fatalities (45.5% increase) by 2021. From 2014 to 2021, male and female firearm homicide rates per 100 000 persons per year increased from 5.9 to 10.9 fatalities (84.7% increase) and 1.1 to 2.0 fatalities (87.0% increase), respectively. Firearm suicide rates were highest among White non-Hispanic men aged 80 to 84 years (up to 46.8 fatalities/100 000 persons in 2021). By 2021, maximum rates of firearm homicide were up to 22.5 times higher among Black non-Hispanic men (up to 141.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) and up to 3.6 times higher among Hispanic men (up to 22.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) compared with White non-Hispanic men (up to 6.3 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 30-34 years). Males had higher rates of suicide (14.1 fatalities vs 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) and homicide (10.9 fatalities vs. 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) compared with females. Metropolitan areas had higher homicide rates than nonmetropolitan areas (6.6 fatalities vs 4.8 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021). Firearm fatalities by county level increased over time, spreading from the West to the South. From 1999 to 2011 until 2014 to 2016, fatalities per 100 000 persons per year decreased from 10.6 to 10.5 fatalities in Western states and increased from 12.8 to 13.9 fatalities in Southern states.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found marked disparities in firearm fatality rates by demographic group, which increased over the past decade. These findings suggest that public health approaches to reduce firearm violence should consider underlying demographic and geographic trends and differences by intent.

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Balme, Richard, Jeanne Becquart-Leclercq, Terry N. Clark, Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot y Jean-Yves Nevers. "New Mayors: France and the United States". Tocqueville Review 8 (diciembre de 1987): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.8.263.

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In 1983 we organized a conference on “Questioning the Welfare State and the Rise of the City” at the University of Paris, Nanterre. About a hundred persons attended, including many French social scientists and political activists. Significant support came from the new French Socialist government. Yet with Socialism in power since 1981, it was clear that the old Socialist ideas were being questioned inside and outside the Party and government—especially in the important decentralization reforms. There was eager interest in better ways to deliver welfare state services at the local level.

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28

Bajema, Kristina L., Alexandra M. Oster, Olivia L. McGovern, Stephen Lindstrom, Mark R. Stenger, Tara C. Anderson, Cheryl Isenhour, et al. "Persons Evaluated for 2019 Novel Coronavirus — United States, January 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, n.º 6 (14 de febrero de 2020): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6906e1.

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29

Pfeiffer, David. "Public Transit Access for Disabled Persons in the United States". Disability, Handicap & Society 5, n.º 2 (enero de 1990): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02674649066780151.

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O’Halloran, Alissa C., Peng-jun Lu y Tamara Pilishvili. "Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons ≥65 years—United States, 2013". Vaccine 33, n.º 42 (octubre de 2015): 5503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.002.

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Stevens, Judy A., Elizabeth N. Haas y Tadesse Haileyesus. "Nonfatal bathroom injuries among persons aged ≥15years—United States, 2008". Journal of Safety Research 42, n.º 4 (agosto de 2011): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2011.07.001.

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Barnes, Jessica, Larry Segars, Jason Wasserman, Patrick Karabon y Tracey A. Taylor. "611. Infectious Disease Management of Homeless and Non-Homeless Populations in United States Emergency Departments". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (1 de octubre de 2020): S366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.805.

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Abstract Background Studies have long documented the increased emergency department usage in the United States by homeless persons compared to their housed counterparts, as well as an increased overall prevalence of infectious diseases. However, there is a gap in knowledge on the treatment that homeless persons receive for these infectious diseases within United States emergency departments compared to their housed counterparts. This study seeks to understand this potential difference in treatment, including diagnostic services tested, procedures performed, and medications prescribed. Methods This study utilized a retrospective, cohort study design to analyze data from the 2007-2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) database. Complex sample logistic regression analysis was used to compare variables, including diagnostic services, procedures, and medication classes prescribed between homeless and private residence individuals seeking emergency department treatment for infectious diseases. This provided an odds ratio to compare the two populations, which was then adjusted for confounding variables. Results Compared to private residence individuals, homeless persons were more likely (OR: 10.99, p< 0.05, CI: 1.08-111.40) to receive sutures or staples when presenting with an infectious disease in United States emergency departments. Compared to private residence persons, homeless individuals were less likely (OR: 0.29, p< 0.05, CI: 0.10-0.87) to be provided medications or immunizations when presenting with an infectious disease in United States emergency departments, and significant differences were detected in prescribing habits of multiple medication classes. Conclusion This study detected a significant difference in suturing/stapling and medication prescribing patterns for homeless persons with an infectious disease in United States emergency departments, compared to their housed counterparts. These results provide a platform for continual research. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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KHETSURIANI, N., R. C. HOLMAN, A. C. LAMONTE-FOWLKES, R. M. SELIK y L. J. ANDERSON. "Trends in encephalitis-associated deaths in the United States". Epidemiology and Infection 135, n.º 4 (29 de agosto de 2006): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007163.

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SUMMARYThe United States national mortality statistics and HIV/AIDS surveillance data were analysed to determine trends in encephalitis-associated deaths and to assess the impact of HIV infection on those deaths during 1979–1998, a period when ICD-9 codes were used for coding deaths in the United States. A total of 25 125 encephalitis deaths were reported; 4779 of them (19%) had concurrent HIV infection. Overall encephalitis death rates remained stable, but they increased for groups where HIV infection was common and declined or remained unchanged for others. For persons without HIV infection, the rates declined in all demographic groups. Encephalitis deaths in HIV-infected persons followed general trends for HIV deaths in the United States. The rates in the HIV-infected population were several hundred- to thousand-fold higher than in the HIV-uninfected population. HIV infection was largely responsible for the lack of overall decline in the considerable mortality associated with encephalitis in the United States during 1979–1998.

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Кубанцев, Сергей y Sergey Kubantsev. "Criminal Liability for Unlawful Actions in Bankruptcy in the USA". Journal of Russian Law 2, n.º 1 (12 de diciembre de 2013): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1822.

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The article describes the application of criminal law in the United States to persons who commit crimes during or immediately before of the bankruptcy, initiated into the United States. The focus is on the judicial interpretation of legislative criteria bankruptcy fraud.

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Burke, John M., Kristina S. Yu, Uche Mordi, Brian Bloudek, Nicholas Liu, Michelle A. Fanale y Tycel Phillips. "An Oncology Simulation Model to Estimate 10-Year Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival Based on the 5-Year Update from the ECHELON-2 Trial in Frontline Patients with Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: A United States Perspective". Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5 de noviembre de 2021): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-148004.

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Abstract Objectives Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a rare and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with a poor prognosis. Common frontline (1L) regimens include brentuximab vedotin plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (A+CHP), and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone with or without the addition of etoposide (CHOP and CHOEP, respectively). Based on the 5-year update of the ECHELON-2 trial, patients with previously untreated CD30-expressing PTCL on A+CHP continued to demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with CHOP. Our objective was to estimate the future number of patients alive and progression free with A+CHP over 10-years, based on the 5-year follow-up results from ECHELON-2. Methods An oncology simulation model, from the United States perspective, was developed with a 1-month cycle length that estimates population-level outcomes of PTCL patients based on disease incidence, treatment patterns, PFS, and OS of commonly used regimens for PTCL. Incidence of PTCL, 19.26 cases per 100,000 persons, was derived using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) estimates for NHL in 2020 and the estimated proportion of PTCL cases (~4%) within the NHL category, provided by the Lymphoma Research Foundation. To populate the base case model, treatment patterns following 1L utilization of CHOP (65%) and CHOEP (35%) were varied over time and compared to A+CHP (40%). The model also includes a portion of patients in remission in 1L who are eligible to receive transplant therapy. Additional model inputs were derived from: 1) ECHELON-2, with 5-year PFS rates of 51.4% (95% CI 42.8, 59.4) for A+CHP, 43.0% (95% CI 35.8, 50.0) for CHOP, and OS HR 0.72 (95% 0.53, 0.99); 2) published literature to inform PFS for consolidation and subsequent lines of therapy; and 3) expert clinicians' opinion on commonly used regimens for relapsed/refractory PTCL (included in the model were brentuximab vedotin, romidepsin, pralatrexate, ifosfamide in combination with carboplatin and etoposide [ICE], and gemcitabine-based regimens). Annual prevalence of patients living progression-free with PTCL in the 1L setting with each prescribed scenario was estimated for 10 years (year 2031) with and without the availability of A+CHP. Results The cumulative number of patients with newly diagnosed PTCL between 2026 and 2031 was estimated at 8,020. The number of patients alive and progression-free based on 1L treatment was estimated at 6,304 in a scenario without A+CHP and 7,414 with A+CHP (Δ+1,110, 17.6% increase) in 2031. It was also estimated that 1,203 patients would progress to second-line treatment with CHOP vs 1,119 patients with 1L A+CHP (Δ-84, 7.0% decrease) in 2031. Conclusions The durable and significant improvements in PFS and OS of A+CHP vs CHOP in the 5-year follow-up data from ECHELON-2 estimated an increase in the number of 1L PTCL patients who remain progression free and alive for greater than 10 years. This improvement in outcomes may translate into an increased prevalence of PTCL patients, reflecting an increased number of patients in remission and options to undergo transplant therapy when necessary. Disclosures Burke: Adaptive Biotechnologies: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy; SeaGen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Beigene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Epizyme: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; X4 Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Kymera: Consultancy; MorphoSys: Consultancy; Kura: Consultancy; Verastem: Consultancy. Yu: Seagen, Inc: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Bloudek: Seagen, Inc: Consultancy. Liu: Seagen, Inc: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Fanale: Seagen, Inc: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Phillips: Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy, Other: received travel expenses from Incyte, Research Funding; ADCT, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardinal Health, Incyte, Karyopharm, Morphosys, Pharmacyclics, Seattle Genetics: Consultancy.

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Wildeman, Christopher, Alyssa W. Goldman y Emily A. Wang. "Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012". Public Health Reports 134, n.º 6 (11 de octubre de 2019): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919879732.

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Objectives: The number of adults in the United States being held on probation—persons convicted of crimes and serving their sentence in the community rather than in a correctional facility—approached 4 million at the end of 2016 and continues to grow, yet little is known about the health and well-being of this population. We compared the standardized mortality ratios of persons on probation in the United States with persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. Methods: We used administrative data from 2001-2012 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and indirect standardization techniques to compare the mortality rates of persons on probation in 15 states with the mortality rates of persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. We applied the age-specific mortality rates of 3 populations (general US population, persons in jail, and persons in state prison) to the age distribution of persons on probation to estimate standardized mortality ratios. Results: Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population, after standardizing the age distribution of persons on probation relative to the other 3 groups. Conclusions: Public health interventions should target persons on probation, who have received less attention from the public health community than persons serving sentences in jails and prisons.

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Friedland, Martin L. y Kent Roach. "Borderline Justice: Choosing Juries in the Two Niagaras". Israel Law Review 31, n.º 1-3 (1997): 120–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015260.

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This paper examines the use of juries in criminal cases in Canada and the United States. It is part of a larger study of the administration of criminal justice in Niagara County, Ontario and Niagara County, New York. The basic question examined is why persons accused of serious crimes in the United States usually select a jury, whereas persons in similar circumstances in Canada normally select trial by a judge alone. An investigation of this question will enable us to see some significant differences between the administration of criminal justice in the United States and Canada. It will also show how changes in specific procedural rules may affect other practices. There is a complex interplay between procedural rules. The paper concludes by showing that the widespread use of juries in the United States is consistent with the more populist grass-roots approach in American society which tends to distrust government, compared with the traditional respect for authority, including the authority of judges, in Canada.

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Lim, Ming Y., Dunlei Cheng, Michael Recht, Christine L. Kempton y Nigel S. Key. "Inhibitors and mortality in persons with nonsevere hemophilia A in the United States". Blood Advances 4, n.º 19 (2 de octubre de 2020): 4739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002626.

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Abstract Although persons with nonsevere hemophilia A (NSHA) account for about one-half of the hemophilia A population, epidemiological data in this subset of individuals are scarce. We set out to describe the clinical characteristics of persons with NSHA with inhibitors, and to determine mortality rates, predictors of mortality, and primary causes of death in persons with NSHA in the United States over a 9-year period (2010-2018). We queried the American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network dataset (ATHNdataset) for information on demographics, inhibitor status, and date and cause of death. A total of 6624 persons with NSHA (86.0% men; 14.0% women) were observed for an average of 8.5 years; total 56 119 person-years . The prevalence of inhibitors was 2.6% (n = 171), occurring at a median age of 13 years. At the end of follow-up, 136 persons died at a median age of 63 years; an age-adjusted mortality rate of 3.3 deaths per 1000 person-years. Three deaths occurred in inhibitor participants. Presence of inhibitors was not associated with increased mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-2.3). Factors independently associated with increased risk of death (HR, 95% CI) were the following: age (10-year increase) (2.1, 2.0-2.4); male (2.6, 1.0-6.4); hepatitis C (2.2, 1.5-3.1); and HIV (3.6, 2.2-6.0). The most common primary cause of death was malignancy (n = 27, 20.0%). In persons with NSHA, the development of inhibitors occurred at an early age and was not associated with increased mortality.

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McManus, Margaret A., Ann M. Greaney y Paul W. Newacheck. "Health Insurance Status of Young Adults in the United States". Pediatrics 84, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1989): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.709.

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Sociodemographic and health characteristics of young adults who are uninsured, publicly insured, and privately insured were examined using the 1984 National Health Interview Survey. The results indicated that 26% of 19 to 24-year-old persons had no health insurance protection, 65% were privately insured, 7% were publicly insured, and 1% had both private and public coverage. Young adults at greatest risk for being uninsured were male, Hispanic and black, poor and near-poor, unemployed, high school dropouts, living with others, and residing in the South and West. All young adults predictably lose or change health insurance as they move from dependence to independence. It was concluded that greater use of new and existing transitional insurance options should be offered as well as targeted educational and communication strategies to assure that all young persons enter adulthood with some basic insurance protection.

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Anderson, Raeda K., Daniel S. Pasciuti y Chloe M. Sellers. "Livability vs. Affordability; Disability and Housing in the United States". Social Sciences 13, n.º 6 (29 de mayo de 2024): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060291.

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This paper demonstrates the macro dynamics of housing and disability by comparing pressures on a broad range of issues related to housing and disability across states. Despite the growing population of adults with disabilities in the United States, research on the national-level relationship between housing and disability has been largely absent and little attention has been paid to accessibility, housing affordability, or the prevalence of involuntary movement and relocation for adults with disabilities. Using national data from the 2020 American Community Survey (ACS), we examine the multi-dimensional nature of housing, through cost burdens, upkeep, and maintenance, renting vs. ownership, and types of housing prevalent in the United States, and argue that this creates a paradox of livability vs. affordability for adults with disabilities. These state-level trends in the cost and livability of housing environments by state show that housing conditions and housing costs are inversely associated for adults with disabilities. These macro-level conditionalities are not uniform but vary by housing type and location across the country, creating specific paradoxes in each state. We assert that housing itself is one of the key mechanisms that can support or hinder the long-term well-being of persons with disabilities living in the community, through the presence or absence of both physical space and facilities in the home. Ultimately, housing conditions and affordability need to be considered primary factors in the study and support of persons with disabilities and these considerations must be tailored to state and local housing dynamics to meet persons with disabilities where they live.

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Oketch-Rabah, Hellen A., Robin J. Marles, Scott A. Jordan y Tieraona Low Dog. "United States Pharmacopeia Safety Review of Willow Bark". Planta Medica 85, n.º 16 (11 de octubre de 2019): 1192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1007-5206.

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AbstractWillow bark (Salix spp.) is an ingredient in some dietary supplements. No serious adverse effects were reported from trials of willow bark extracts delivering 120 – 240 mg salicin (the purported active constituent) daily for up to 8 weeks. All studies involved adults only; none involved special subpopulations such as pregnant or breastfeeding women, or children. The most common adverse effects associated with willow bark are gastrointestinal; a few allergic reactions were also reported. Some publications advise caution when taking willow bark. There is a risk of increased bleeding in vulnerable individuals, salicylates cross the placenta and are eliminated slowly in newborns, some persons are sensitive or allergic to aspirin, and children are at risk of Reye syndrome. Concurrent use with other salicylate-containing medicines increases these risks. Metabolism of 240 mg salicin from willow bark could yield 113 mg of salicylic acid, yet dietary supplement products are not required to be labeled with warnings. In contrast, over-the-counter low-dose aspirin (81 mg strength), which delivers 62 mg salicylic acid, is required by law to include cautions, warnings, and contraindications related to its use in pregnant and nursing women, children, and other vulnerable subpopulations, e.g., those using anticoagulants. In the interest of protecting public health, the United States Pharmacopeia has included a cautionary labeling statement in the United States Pharmacopeia Salix Species monograph as follows: “Dosage forms prepared with this article should bear the following statement: ‘Not for use in children, women who are pregnant or nursing, or by persons with known sensitivity to aspirin.’”

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Marks, Suzanne M., Rachel Yelk Woodruff, Kwame Owusu-Edusei, Garrett R. Beeler Asay y Andrew N. Hill. "Estimates of Testing for Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Cost, United States, 2013". Public Health Reports 134, n.º 5 (24 de julio de 2019): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919862688.

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Objectives: Tracking trends in the testing of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) can help measure tuberculosis elimination efforts in the United States. The objectives of this study were to estimate (1) the annual number of persons tested for LTBI and the number of LTBI tests conducted, by type of test and by public, private, and military sectors, and (2) the cost of LTBI testing in the United States. Methods: We searched the biomedical literature for published data on private-sector and military LTBI testing in 2013, and we used back-calculation to estimate public-sector LTBI testing. To estimate costs, we applied Medicare-allowable reimbursements in 2013 by test type. Results: We estimated an average (low-high) 13.3 million (11.3-15.4 million) persons tested for LTBI and 15.3 million (12.9-17.7 million) LTBI tests, of which 13.2 million (11.1-15.3 million) were tuberculin skin tests and 2.1 million (1.8-2.4 million) were interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs). Eighty percent of persons tested were in the public sector, 18% were in the private sector, and 2% were in the military. Costs of LTBI tests and of chest radiography totaled $314 million (range, $256 million to $403 million). Conclusions: To achieve tuberculosis elimination, millions more persons will need to be tested in all sectors. By targeting testing to only those at high risk of tuberculosis and by using more specific IGRA tests, the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States can be reduced and resources can be more efficiently used.

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Degeneffe, Charles Edmund. "The Australian Approach to Acquired Brain Injury". Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 36, n.º 3 (12 de agosto de 2022): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/re-21-17.

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PurposeThe present article provides a narrative review of Australia’s approach toward acquired brain injury (ABI) and proposes how Australia and the United States can collaborate to improve service delivery for persons with ABI and their families with epidemiology, healthcare, prevention, research, and training.MethodA narrative review of journal articles, government documents, and websites was completed to present a broad overview of Australia’s approach toward meeting the needs of persons with ABI.ResultsThe narrative review and synthesis of publications were summarized into the following categories: a) overview of ABI in Australia, b) long-term care government programs, c) services and advocacy, d) research and training, and e) recommendations for Australian-U.S. collaborations.ConclusionThe current time presents an opportunity for Australia and the United States to collaboratively address areas of common ABI need by dialogue, collaboration, and academic engagement, which may lead to better outcomes for persons with ABI by the sharing of research findings, service approaches, advocacy efforts, and rehabilitation counselor training. Rehabilitation counselors in Australia and the United States should lead the process of collaboration and engagement around common areas of ABI need.

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Nava, Gabriel. "Comparing Usa and Mexico Response to Covid as well as Incidence and Death toll for the First 6 Months from February 2020 to august 2020 and the Pandemic on June 1st 2021". Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 9, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/197.

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Both Mexico and United States share a border aswell as Mexico being the country with the most American citizens living abroad and United States housing millions of individuals of Mexican descent, Covid 19 has impacted the world and both countries health system Mexico having to deal with the impact of a pandemic with a much lower budget and personnel compared to United States and aswell United States having to deal with a pandemic occurring in a country with more 330,000,000 persons of all type of ethnicities United states has being the country with the most cases confirmed of covid 19 in the World in this article we will compare the first 6 months of covid 19 in Mexico as well as in the United States and current data for nowadays of Covid 19.

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Quader, Zerleen S., Lixia Zhao, Cathleen Gillespie, Mary E. Cogswell, Ana L. Terry, Alanna Moshfegh y Donna Rhodes. "Sodium Intake Among Persons Aged ≥2 Years — United States, 2013–2014". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, n.º 12 (31 de marzo de 2017): 324–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6612a3.

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Baddley, John. "Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2011): 1664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1709.101987.

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Haselow, Dirk, Mike Saccente, Keyur Vyas, Ryan Bariola, Haytham Safi, Robert Bradsher, Nate Smith y James Phillips. "Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, n.º 2 (febrero de 2012): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111537.

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Baddley, John W., Fenglong Xie y Jeffrey R. Curtis. "Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungal Infections among Older Persons, United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, n.º 2 (febrero de 2012): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111617.

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Santi, Lawrence L. "Household Headship among Unmarried Persons in the United States, 1970-1985". Demography 27, n.º 2 (mayo de 1990): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061450.

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Saito, Yasuhiko, Jung Ki Kim, Shieva Davarian, Aaron Hagedorn y Eileen M. Crimmins. "Cognitive Performance Among Older Persons in Japan and the United States". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 68, n.º 2 (11 de septiembre de 2019): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16163.

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