Literatura académica sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Савченко, С. В. "TO DESCRIBE THE ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS OF MANDATORY PAYMENTS RELATED TO THE RECEIPT OF INHERITANCE AND GIFTS". Juridical science, n.º 1(103) (19 de febrero de 2020): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-103-1.28.
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The article, based on the analysis of scientific views of scientists and current legislation of Ukraine, provides a description of additional elements of mandatory payments related to inheritance and gifts, including: tax benefits, as well as installments or deferrals in the payment of research payments. It is substantiated that the absence of the institution of installments (deferrals) in the payment of the above tax restricts the rights of low-income persons, as it actually limits the right to receive property free of charge in the form of inheritance or gift.
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Tedja, Imelia Carolina, Tarsisius Renald Suganda y Fitri Oktariani. "Permintaan Investor dan Karakteristik Keuangan terhadap Keputusan Pembayaran Dividen". Jurnal Akuntansi 12, n.º 2 (27 de octubre de 2020): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jam.v12i2.2528.
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Dividend payment decision is an essential policy of companies to provide investors’ expectation of investment returns. This research is aimed to prove the catering theory of dividend and financial characteristics affecting corporate decisions in dividend payments. The study was conducted on a manufacturing company published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Analyzing the prediction of catering theory and financial analysis of companies in making dividend payments is conducted using the logistic regression method. This research is a quantitative research and moreover manufacturing companies as research sample were used from 2014 to 2018. Financial statements were obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The result of this study indicated that investors’ demand has positive effect on dividend payment decisions. Hence, companies consider catering in dividend payment decisions. While corporate financial characteristics such as free cash flow have positive effect on dividend payment decisions, profitability has no influence on dividend payment decisions and moreover, leverage has a negative influence on dividend payment decisions.
Keywords: Catering Theory, Investor Demand, Free Cash Flow, Profitability, Leverage
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Smith, Andrew. "For whom the App Tolls". Traffic Technology International 2021, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1356-9252(23)40558-8.
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Direct, payment-by-car for tolling may still be some years away, but linking apps to existing free-flow systems is helping to streamline payments, lowering costs and enhancing customer experience and satisfaction.
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Tripathi, Narayan, Denny John, Prabir K. Chatterjee, Shruti Murthy, Nitish Parganiha y Arti Brokar. "Informal Payments for Maternal and Neonatal Health Services in Public Hospitals in Central India". Journal of Health Management 22, n.º 3 (12 de agosto de 2020): 490–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420908158.
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Background: Informal payments are unauthorised ‘unregistered’ out-of-pocket payments, outside the official payment system, for purchase or service meant to be covered/provided by the healthcare system. This study attempts to measure and report the extent and magnitude of informal payments based on the entitlements in Janani-Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) in the Indian context. Methods: A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling and a semi-structured interview schedule was conducted among 281 participants in 2016 in 26 JSSK-notifying health facilities from all five divisions of Chhattisgarh. Pregnant women and women who delivered in the previous year, and provided informed consent, were included. After reviewing various definitions, informal payment was operationally defined in the context of JSSK for India as ‘payments made in cash or kind, unregistered or non-reimbursed, made by/on behalf of the beneficiary or someone related thereof, for free and cashless entitlements in a JSSK-listed health facility, to an individual or institutional healthcare provider/staff who provides/arranges for provision of the service’. Results: Of 281 participants, 91.8 per cent reported informal payments across all JSSK entitlements categories. A relative majority of these payments was made at the district hospital (37%), ranging from ₹2 to ₹6,500 (US$0.03–101). Investigations incurred the greatest median amount of informal payments, at, ₹455 (US$7). Informal payments ranged between three and seven times higher than the JSSK price cap in Chhattisgarh. No significant association was found between participant characteristics and informal payments. Conclusion: Further research is required to understand the magnitude and motivation of informal payments made in programmes like JSSK.
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Raharjo, Efendhi Prih, I. Kadek Surya Putra Adidana, Kevinsyah Haryoto y Juan Benedict Rore. "Analysis of Toll Payment Based on Single Lane Free Flow at the Ngurah Rai Toll Gate in Realizing Transport Sustainability". Jurnal Teknologi Transportasi dan Logistik 4, n.º 2 (28 de diciembre de 2023): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52920/jttl.v4i2.209.
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Toll roads provide an alternative route to public roads, expediting travel through a network that requires fee payments. Recently, Asia introduced a radio toll payment system to alleviate congestion at toll gates. A more efficient toll payment system is needed. RFID stickers emerge as a cost-effective alternative. Their use is simple—affix them to the vehicle's front for scanning by RFID readers at SLFF toll gates. SLFF utilizes RFID for toll payments, aiming to embody sustainable transport implementation. The research method employed is quantitative, with field survey data collection. Findings reveal that Gate 3 stands out with a brief service time (0.6 seconds), lower fuel costs (366,171 Rupiah), and lower emission levels (CO gas 124%, HC gas 39094.7 ppm) compared to Gate 2. Gate 3's efficiency creates a superior user experience and potential significant fuel cost savings, making it a more efficient and sustainable choice for implementing the Single Lane Free Flow (SLFF) toll payment system.
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Witkowski, Jens, Yoram Bachrach, Peter Key y David Parkes. "Dwelling on the Negative: Incentivizing Effort in Peer Prediction". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 1 (3 de noviembre de 2013): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v1i1.13089.
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Agents are asked to rank two objects in a setting where effort is costly and agents differ in quality (which is the probability that they can identify the correct, ground truth, ranking). We study simple output-agreement mechanisms that pay an agent in the case she agrees with the report of another, and potentially penalizes for disagreement through a negative payment. Assuming access to a quality oracle, able to determine whether an agent's quality is above a given threshold, we design a payment scheme that aligns incentives so that agents whose quality is above this threshold participate and invest effort. Precluding negative payments leads the expected cost of this quality-oracle mechanism to increase by a factor of 2 to 5 relative to allowing both positive and negative payments. Dropping the assumption about access to a quality oracle, we further show that negative payments can be used to make agents with quality lower than the quality threshold choose to not to participate, while those above continue to participate and invest effort. Through the appropriate choice of payments, any design threshold can be achieved. This self-selection mechanism has the same expected cost as the cost-minimal quality-oracle mechanism, and thus when using the self-selection mechanism, perfect screening comes for free.
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FOTAKI, MARIANNA. "Informal Payments: A Side Effect of Transition or a Mechanism for Sustaining the Illusion of ‘Free’ Health Care? The Experience of Four Regions in the Russian Federation". Journal of Social Policy 38, n.º 4 (octubre de 2009): 649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409003274.
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AbstractInformal payments for health services are widespread in many transition economies in post-communist Europe and the former Soviet Union. Their existence complements and in some cases significantly contributes to the financing of their health systems. It has been suggested that they are the legacy of planned socialist economies and a temporary side effect of the transition from a planned to a market economy. This article discusses the findings of the study investigating the extent and nature of the informal payments and evaluates the policy options on offer. It asserts that despite the level of declared support for moderate cost-sharing by different population groups, it is unlikely that any legalised form of co-payment will affect or replace informal payments, as the government uses them to sustain the illusion of ‘free’ health care. The study argues that the utilitarian gain maximisation principle, calling for the greatest collective welfare in communitarian egalitarianism, and the satisfaction of individual preferences in libertarian economics enable the acceptance of informal payments as a viable policy option.
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Rotenstein, Lisa, Stacie Dusetzina y Nancy Lynn Keating. "Relationship between out-of-pocket spending and drug value for oral oncolytics reimbursed by commercial insurers: 2007-2014." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, n.º 15_suppl (20 de mayo de 2017): 6524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.6524.
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6524 Background: With total and out-of-pocket (OOP) spending for oral oncolytics rising, there is increased interest in choosing oncology treatments based on their clinical value relative to cost. We sought to determine if OOP spending varied for higher versus lower-value oral oncology drugs reimbursed by commercial insurers. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of commercial insurer prescription drug claims filed between 2007-2014 for 13 oral oncolytics approved before 2009. We calculated mean monthly OOP payments for each patient. We then categorized oral oncolytics by their overall and progression-free survival benefits for each FDA-approved indication, using evidence from published studies. We assessed the relationship of survival benefit with mean monthly OOP payment, adjusting for demographic and plan characteristics. Results: Our population included 44,109 patients ages 18-65 (mean age = 52.5 years, SD = 9.4 years) with a cancer diagnosis who filled 731,261 prescriptions. The most commonly represented oncolytics were imatinib (37.4% of fills) and lenalidomide (17.7% of fills). Approximately 57.6% of fills were for drug-indication pairs with an overall survival benefit of 5+ months. In adjusted analyses, there was no significant difference in mean monthly OOP payment between drugs without evidence of benefit and those with 0-5 months progression-free survival benefit or 5+ months of overall survival benefit (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, drugs with 5-10 months progression-free survival benefit or 0-5 months overall survival benefit had higher OOP payments than those without benefit (p < 0.01). Conclusions: OOP payments for oral oncolytics were not clearly related to indication-specific value. This suggests that despite increased attention to value- and indication-based drug pricing, cost-sharing for oral oncolytics does not currently reflect these goals.
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Khudolii, Yuliia y Bohdan Taranets. "CURRENT STATE AND INNOVATIVE DIRECTIONS OF PAYMENT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE". 62, n.º 62 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2524-2547-2021-62-17.
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The rapid development of technologies, their impact on the speed of decision-making, and changes in communication methods have a significant impact on the financial sector, namely on payment systems. In addition to the technological transformation of the payment systems themselves, these changes are transforming the requirements of users who want transfers to be faster, safer, and more reliable. On the international market, the processes of change began several years ago, now they have begun to take place in Ukraine as well. This actualizes the need to assess the current state of the payment system in Ukraine, as well as to study those technologies that have the greatest prospects and significant impact on the payment space. For this purpose, in this study, we assessed the current state and trends in the functioning of the payment system of Ukraine. We investigated its main participants, such as the System of Electronic Payments of the National Bank of Ukraine (SEP), PROSTIR National Payment System, the dynamics of the main indicators. This made it possible to identify and substantiate the main problems and obstacles to the development of the payment system of Ukraine. Among the main ones, we attributed: monopolization of the payment market by international payment systems (IPS), insufficient level of consumer protection and shortcomings of legislation on market regulation, insufficient level of payment and financial literacy, especially of certain categories of the population (pensioners). An overview of the main trends in the development of payment systems under the influence of digitalization and innovation made it possible to identify the most significant technologies. Namely, real-time payments (RTP), SWIFT gpi, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, blockchain, and distributed ledger technology (DLT). In our opinion, these innovations themselves will make payment systems safer, more efficient, transparent, and cost-effective. But it is worth noting that the implementation of technologies is impossible without the complete digitalization of all payments and related services. Therefore, the main direction of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the payment system of Ukraine is the transfer of the majority of payments to digital format. We believe this can be realized through high-quality coordination of all participants in the payment market, clear and timely implementation of the roadmap for changes, ensuring free and easy access to payment services for all users (financial inclusion), increasing the payment literacy of the population, creating conditions for expanding the payment infrastructure.
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de Bont, Guido. "Taxation and the Free Movement of Capital and Payments". EC Tax Review 4, Issue 3 (1 de septiembre de 1995): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta1995021.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Kiršienė, Rūta. "Daliniai mokėjimai už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas: jų priežastys ir pasekmės". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070108_125854-47244.
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Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro: įvadas, 8 skyriai, 7 poskyriai. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos, naudotos literatūros sąrašas, santrauka lietuvių ir anglų kalba bei priedai. Darbo uždaviniai: - išnagrinėti įstatymus ir kitus teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius mokamas medicinines paslaugas; - apžvelgti vaistų kompensavimo tvarką; - ištirti, kokios medicininės paslaugos, kiek jų teikiama ir kaip kinta jų apimtys dviejose Vilniaus ligoninėse; - išsiaiškinti atskirų grupių žmonių (medikų, pacientų, studentų- medikų, teisininkų) požiūrį į šiuo metu esantį sveikatos apsaugos finansavimą, dalinius mokėjimus už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas. Metodika. Naudojantis finansinėmis ligoninių ataskaitomis, skaičiuojant kasos čekius, tirtos mokamos paslaugos ligoninėse. Atlikta anketinė respondentų apklausa. Duomenys apdoroti naudojant programas MS Excell ir SPSS for Windows 12.0. Išvados. LR įstatymuose ir kt. teisės aktuose yra aiškiai nurodyta, kada gyventojai turi mokėti už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas ir kokios paslaugos jiems turi būti atliekamos nemokamai. Yra sukurtos gana tobulos vaistų kompensavimo metodikos, kurių pagrindinius principus būtų galima pritaikyti ir kt. medicininėms paslaugoms. Lėšos už mokamas medicinines paslaugas sudaro tik labai mažą dalį ligoninių biudžeto. Daliniai mokėjimai už sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas yra žmonėms nepatrauklūs. Labai mažai apsidraudusiųjų papildomuoju (savanoriškuoju) sveikatos draudimu.Scientific advisor: Prof. Ass. Dr. Gediminas Černiauskas The master degree thesis consists of introduction, 8 chapters, and 7 units. Conclusions, recomendations, a list of literature, a summary in Lithuanian and English, and supplements are given in the closing part of the thesis. Goals of the thesis: - to examine laws and other legal acts regulating paid medical services, - to provide and overview of paying out compensations for expenses relating to drug acquisition; - to investigate into the range, number, and dynamics of volume of paid services provided by two hospitals in Vilnius; - to reveal the attitude of groups of people (medical people, patients, medical students, and lawyers) towards the current funding of health care system and partial payments for health care services. Methodology. Paid medical services provided by the hospitals were analysed on the basis of relevant financial statements and cash-register receipts. To reveal people’s attitude to partial payments for health services, a questionnaire-based survey was carried out. Data were processed by MS Excell and SPSS for Windows 12.0 programs. Conclusions: LR laws and other legal acts specify the cases when residents are to pay for health care services and what services are to be provided to them free of charge. Quite perfect techniques for the compensation of expenses relating to drugs’ acquisition have been developed. The basic principles of these techniques might be applied in the area of other medical... [to full text]
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Gjochi, Marigona. "Economic Relations Between China and the United States of America". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198691.
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The master thesis emphasizes the economic relations between China and the United States. It gives an overview and theoretical background support on the significance of contemporary the economic relations between countries in today`s globalized era. Secondly, it analyzes how the theoretical background of economic and trade relations affect the empirical case study of the economic relations between China and the USA. The goal is to show how the economic and trade relations between China and the United States influence each other`s economies and what is the effect of such relations on the economic performance of both countries. More precisely, in order to answer the question above, the master thesis deals with complex analysis in regard of historical perspective concerning the economic relations between these countries, their ongoing cooperation in terms of balance of payments, the current and potential issues what both countries face and the existing challenges for the future. In order to complete the analysis and answer the research question, list of various sources will be used, starting from academic journals, books, literature reviews, reports from the World Trade Organization (hereafter WTO), reports from the respective countries on their economic progress, data available from the ministries of trade of respective countries and other sources related to the analysis of the contemporary economic and trade relations between the countries participating in the global economy.
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Black, Terry. "A finance paradigmatic approach to regulatory issues". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Ögren, Anders. "Empirical studies in money, credit and banking : the Swedish credit market in transition under the silver and gold standards 1834-1913". Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, EHFF - Stiftelsen för Ekonomisk-historisk och Företagshistorisk Forskning, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1876.
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The empirical results reached in this thesis contradict the traditional theoretical view of money as being exogenously introduced into an economy as a medium of exchange intended to reduce the transactions costs associated with barter. Instead money was endogenously created in the form of credit. Thus, the long run neutrality of money also is called into question. The varying quality of different kinds of money reflects the demand for them. If legal tender was of higher quality than private promissary notes, it was because the former were in greater demand. Concisely put, the market determines the value, and therefore the quality, of various kinds of money. The principal problem addressed in this thesis is how, during the expansive nineteenth century, it was possible to satisfy the ever growing need for credit and means of payment without sacrificing the fixed exchange rate. Particular attention is paid to the private note issuing banks, the so called Enskilda banks, that dominated the Swedish banking system throughout the nineteenth century. In addition to their note issuing, the Enskilda banks were characterized by unlimited owner liability. An examination of the ongoing political process from a rational choice perspective, indicates that initially the concept of note issuing Enskilda banks enjoyed wide spread support. They were considered to be a reasonable response to the problem of establishing a commercial banking system in an illiquid economy. The distribution of political and economic power in favor of the Crown and the Nobility included their control over the issuance of bank charters. The monopolistic policy they followed in this regard, however, resulted in growing hostility towards these. As a result, starting in the middle 1860's, a more liberal attitude towards the establishment of banks began to prevail. By the end of the nineteenth century, various political interest were able to engineer the revocation of the Enskilda banks’ note issuing rights. The special characteristics of the Enskilda banks, the right to issue bank notes and the unlimited liability of their owners, have caused them to be perceived as outdated, at least once Joint Stock banks were introduced. In contrast to the Enskilda banks, these were unable to issue notes but instead provided their owners with limited liability. The thesis demonstrates that, given the initial illiquidity of the Swedish economy, the Enskilda banks actually were the more efficient alternative. Indeed, the note issuing privileges of the Enskilda banks became one of the principal factors behind the development of liquid domestic capital markets. An empirical study that includes the most basic constraints faced by the nineteenth century Swedish economy, the demands of the specie standard and the general shortages of reliable means of payment and of credit, reveals that the Enskilda bank system can not, strictly speaking, be considered an example of free banking. Instead of holding specie reserves, the Enskilda banks backed their notes with central bank (Riksbank) notes. This was not because the public preferred Enskilda bank to Riksbank notes. Rather it was the result of a monetary adverse selection process; Gresham’s Law. Previously utilized, lower quality, means of payment were replaced by Enskilda bank notes. By accepting some of the discount costs, the Enskilda banks made their notes circulate at par with Riksbank notes. Thus a domestic specie exchange system was created. The note issuance of the Enskilda banks paved the way for the deposit based commercial banking system that followed, and it was essential for the monetization of the economy that occurred during the late 1860's. The long run expansion of the money supply was unrelated to growth in Riksbank reserves, specie holdings or the monetary base. Other countries operating under the specie standard also experienced monetary growth, indicating that the specie standard actually was a system of credit. Money supply, as measured in terms of Riksbank and Enskilda bank notes held by the public, eventually reflected the level of output (GDP). VAR-tests indicated that annual changes in the level of Riksbank reserves preceded changes in the money supply which, in turn, preceded changes in the level of prices, thus supporting the price quantity theory. These results are summarized in a regression model that estimates domestic price movements as a function of current changes in international prices and GDP and of lagged changes in domestic prices and the money supply. The final chapter is an empirical analysis of the support provided to the Swedish banking system during the most severe financial crises of the nineteenth century. Maintaining the specie standard was over riding goal of the Riksbank. In times of crises, this concern prevented the Bank from supporting the banking system in accord with the classical lender of last resort recipe; to inject liquidity and briefly suspend convertibility. The thesis argues that in a transitional economy, such as that of nineteenth century Sweden, the fixed exchange rate makes it impossible in times of crisis to support the banks at all costs. Doing so might well convert a banking crisis into a currency crisis. Indeed, this is exactly what has happened in various countries on several occasions during the late twentieth century. Instead the appropriate procedure for acting as lender of last resort in a transitional economy is to initially support the banks, but only as long as central bank reserves are not exhausted. Should the seriousness of the crisis make this insufficient, the authorities should then proceed to import high powered money as a way of supplementing their reserves. The possibility that such action will be needed makes it particularly important that the country’s public finances be kept in good order.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2003. Sammanfattning på engelska
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Dieltiens, Baptiste. "Contributions à la gestion des risques en assurance vie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1135.
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La gestion des risques est un enjeu majeur pour le pilotage d’une compagnie d’assurance. Les données toujours plus nombreuses, les modèles toujours plus sophistiqués et la puissance informatique croissante permettent aujourd’hui aux actuaires, risk managers et data scientists d’affiner la connaissance de leurs portefeuilles d’assurés et des risques sous-jacents. C’est dans ce contexte que se situe cette thèse, qui a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension et à la modélisation des risques biométriques et comportementaux en assurance vie, par le biais de trois chapitres introduits et contextualisés dans une introduction générale. Le Chapitre 1 s’intéresse aux versements libres sur les contrats d’assurance vie. Nous proposons une méthodologie basée sur l’apprentissage automatique pour les piloter efficacement : le modèle, construit via l’algorithme de Gradient Boosting, s’appuie aussi bien sur des variables liées aux versements passés que sur des variables liées au produit en question et au business plan, et nous montrons qu’il donne de meilleurs résultats qu’une méthodologie plus classique fondée sur l’utilisation de séries temporelles. En outre, l’analyse du modèle via le cadre proposé par SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) permet de mettre en évidence certains faits stylisés; enfin, l’étude à une maille plus fine complète les travaux et interroge la relation entre les versements et les rachats et arbitrages. Le Chapitre 2 concerne les transferts en assurance vie, qui offrent la possibilité à un épargnant d’investir de l’argent sur un nouveau contrat tout en conservant une partie des avantages afférents à son contrat d’origine. En particulier, nous nous intéressons aux transferts Fourgous et PACTE que nous présentons et dont nous mettons en exergue les principaux points communs et différences majeures. Nous proposons alors une modélisation de l’amendement Fourgous via une régression logistique dynamique et analysons, au vu des premières observations, dans quelle mesure les enseignements que l’on peut en tirer sont applicables à la loi PACTE. Enfin, nous élargissons la réflexion en discutant du cadre législatif et de ses impacts potentiels en termes de comportements des assurés. Enfin, le Chapitre 3 est consacré au risque de longévité, et s’intéresse en particulier à une hypothèse extrême, peu considérée en actuariat : le transhumanisme. Cette hypothèse envisage une potentielle amélioration gigantesque de la longévité par l’apport de la science et des technologies. Après avoir rappelé l’état de la connaissance sur la longévité et tous les sujets y afférent (espérance de vie, âge biologique maximal en particulier) et les principales hypothèses sur son évolution future, mettant ainsi en évidence l’absence de consensus et la complexité du sujet, nous analysons plus en détail l’hypothèse transhumaniste et discutons de ses tenants et aboutissantsRisk management is a major issue for the piloting of an insurance company. The increasing amount of data, the sophistication of models and the growing computing power now allow actuaries, risk managers and data scientists to refine the knowledge of their policyholder portfolios and the underlying risks. This is the context of this thesis, which aims to contribute to the understanding and modeling of biometric and behavioral risks in life insurance, through three chapters introduced and contextualized in a general introduction. Chapter 1 focuses on free payments on life insurance contracts. We propose a methodology based on machine learning to pilot them efficiently: the model, based on the Gradient Boosting algorithm, relies on variables related to past payments as well as variables related to the product in question and its business plan, and we show that it gives better results than a more classical methodology based on the use of time series. In addition, the analysis of the model via the framework proposed by SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) makes it possible to highlight certain stylized facts; finally, the study at a finer scale completes the work and questions the relationship between payments and surrenders or arbitrages. Chapter 2 deals with life insurance transfers, which allow a saver to invest money in a new contract while retaining some of the advantages of the original contract. In particular, we are interested in the Fourgous and PACTE transfers, which we present; we highlight the main common points and major differences of those transfers. We then propose a model of the Fourgous amendment using dynamic logistic regression and analyze, given the initial observations, to what the extent the lessons that can be drawn from it are applicable to the PACTE law. Finally, we broaden the reflection by discussing the legislative framework and its potential impacts in terms of policyholder behavior. Finally, Chapter 3 is devoted to the risk of longevity, and focuses in particular on an extreme assumption, not really considered in actuarial science: transhumanism. This assumption considers a potential gigantic improvement in longevity through the use of science and technology. After discussing the state of the art on longevity and all the related subjects (life expectancy, maximum biological age in particular) and the main hypotheses on its future evolution, thus highlighting the lack of consensus and the complexity of this subject, we analyze the transhumanist assumption in more details and discuss its ins and outs
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Burgoon, Brian M. (Brian Michael) 1965. "Compensated liberalization : using side payments to humanize and facilitate freer trade in the United States and the European Community". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38854.
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Cypas, Daniel Fernando. "Pagamento eletrônico do frete: o cartão pré-pago como instrumento de inclusão financeira do caminhoneiro". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/25681.
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Inclusão financeira é reconhecida como fator de redução de pobreza e contribuição para o crescimento econômico. Não obstante, em 2017, havia 1,7 bilhões de adultos no mundo fora do sistema financeiro. No Brasil, este número era de quase 50 milhões. A evolução do meio de pagamento para um instrumento eletrônico (ou digital) tem trazido muitos benefícios, tais como maior eficiência em termos de velocidade de processamento, redução de custo de transação, segurança, transparência, além de oferecer significativo potencial inclusivo. Esse trabalho buscou entender se o cartão pré-pago, utilizado no Brasil para pagamento eletrônico do frete, tem os elementos necessários para funcionar como instrumento de inclusão financeira do caminhoneiro. Por meio de uma estratégia de pesquisa qualitativa, com aplicação de questionário, combinado com entrevistas, pode-se conhecer o caminhoneiro em termos de inclusão financeira, entender sua relação com o sistema bancário, com atenção especial aos serviços de pagamento, poupança, seguro e crédito. Ao final, foi possível constatar que o cartão pré-pago é um instrumento aceito pelo caminhoneiro, funciona como provedor de serviços de pagamento, pode funcionar como intermediário na oferta de produtos de seguros e investimentos, e tem condições de direcionar o crédito (uma das principais alavancas de melhoria social na base da pirâmide) de forma eficiente. Portanto, o cartão pré-pago possui os elementos para funcionar como instrumento de inclusão financeira. Por ser importante elo da cadeia logística, o cartão pode ainda beneficiar a cadeia como um todo. Entretanto, constatou-se que há dois grandes desafios a serem endereçados: reduzir a informalidade do setor, fomentando a adoção do cartão pré-pago; e viabilizar mecanismos de concessão de crédito ao caminhoneiro a partir da empresa emissora do cartão.
Financial inclusion is widely recognized as a critical factor for poverty reduction and contribution to economic growth. Nevertheless, by 2017, there were 1.7 billion adults worldwide outside the financial system. In Brazil, this number was almost 50 million. The evolution of the payment method to an electronic (or digital) instrument has brought many benefits, such as efficiency in terms of processing speed, transaction cost reduction, security, transparency, and offer significant inclusive potential. This work sought to understand if the prepaid card, used in Brazil for electronic payment of freight, has the necessary elements to work as an instrument of financial inclusion of the truck driver. Through a qualitative research strategy, with questionnaire, combined with interviews, we were able to get to know the truck driver in terms of financial inclusion, understand their relationship with the banking system, paying special attention to payment services, savings, insurance and credit. In the end, it was possible to verify that the prepaid card is an instrument accepted by the truck driver, works as a payment service provider, can act as an intermediary in the supply of insurance products and investments, is able to direct credit (one of the main drivers of social improvement at the bottom of the pyramid) efficiently. Therefore, the prepaid card has the elements to work as an instrument of financial inclusion. Because it is an important link in the logistics chain, the prepaid card can still benefit the chain as a whole. However, it was verified that there are two major challenges to be addressed: eliminate informality in the sector, encouraging the adoption of the prepaid card; and make it possible to grant credit to the truck driver through the card issuer company.
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Dřizgová, Zuzana. "Evropský platební rozkaz". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85916.
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The topic of the thesis is Regulation (EC) No 1896/2006 of the EP and of the Council of 12 December 2006 creating a European order for payment procedure. Regulation established an additional and optional means for the claimant, with the purpose to simplify, speed up and reduce the costs of litigation in cross-border cases concerning uncontested pecuniary claims and to permit the free circulation of European orders for payment throughout the Member States without any intermediate proceedings prior to recognition and enforcement. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the current shape of legislation, its interpretation by the ECJ and existing practical experiences with the application of the tool in the Czech Republic. Chapter one is devoted to the development in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters, called as well as European civil procedure, and to the summary of the existing regulations. Chapter two deals with the thorough analysis of the laid down proceedings and its consecutive phases. It also contains the evaluation of these regulatory efforts. Chapter three focuses on the analysis of a reference for a preliminary ruling in the Case C-215/11 Szyrocka which is not yet decided. The reference depicts problematic points of coordination between the Regulation and civil procedures of Member States. Last chapter pursues the application of the European order for payment in the Czech judicial system. It summarizes the statistical data about usage of the procedure in the Czech Republic. Moreover, it presents the findings of the qualitative research carried out at thirty district and regional courts.
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Lee, Samuel. "Information and control in financial markets". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2009. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/799.htm.
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Mukherji, Rahul. "A path to trade and investment liberalization". 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/49061156.html.
Texto completoLibros sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Parikh, Ashok. Impact of liberalization, economic growth and trade policies on current accounts of developing countries: An econometric study. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2002.
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Goodman, Jordan Elliot. Master your debt: Slash your monthly payments and become debt free. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.
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Bill, Westrom, ed. Master your debt: Slash your monthly payments and become debt free. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.
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Browne, F. X. Technological advances in payments: Laissez-faire banking and monetary theory. Dublin: Central Bank of Ireland, 1994.
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Mappa, Sanford L. How to become mortgage free in ten years or less without extra payments. Glenview, IL: Lunar Pub., 1996.
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Sorsa, Piritta. Macroeconomic conditions and import surcharges in selected transition economies. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Policy Development and Review Department, 1999.
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Gabb, Anthony A. Implications of the North American free trade agreement for balance of payments and external debt in Belize. Jamaica, New York: Division of Administration & Economics, St. Vincent's College, St. John's University, 1997.
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Funabashi, Yōichi. Tsūka retsuretsu. Tōkyō: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1988.
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Funabashi, Yōichi. Managing the dollar: From the Plaza to the Louvre. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1988.
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Managing the dollar: From the Plaza to the Louvre. 2a ed. Washington, D.C: Institute for International Economics, 1989.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Officer, Lawrence H. "Free People: Oceanic and Overland". En A New Balance of Payments for the United States, 1790–1919, 47–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66099-4_3.
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Riahi, Siavash y Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos. "Bitcoin Clique: Channel-Free Off-Chain Payments Using Two-Shot Adaptor Signatures". En Applied Cryptography and Network Security, 28–50. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54776-8_2.
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Seyad, Sideek Mohamed. "Article 63 [Free Movement of Capital and Payment]". En Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - A Commentary, 1247–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_64.
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Huettmann, Falk. "Human Aspects and Population Structures in Central America and Its So-Called Free Trade Zones: Imperialism, Immigration, Remittance Payments, Leakage, Brain Drain, Global Citizenship, and Unlimited Inequalities During War and Globalization". En Central American Biodiversity, 645–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2208-6_28.
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Senatore, Francesco. "Signorie personali nel Mezzogiorno (secoli XIV-XVI)". En La signoria rurale nell’Italia del tardo medioevo. 3 L’azione politica locale, 179–200. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-427-4.10.
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The paper presents some examples of rural lordship in Southern Italy, mainly in Campania, using primary sources of different kind: public and private records, books of the Lord’s chancery, dossiers for the feudal relief, administrative correspondences. It seems that some characteristics of rural lordship of the high middle ages were present also in late middle and early modern Southern Italy: the seigneurial estates were heterogeneous, had no territorial continuity and passed frequently from a Lord to another; there were men who depended on a Lord although they were free and who had to give corvées (but receiving a payment) and symbolic honours to the Lord and to the King; there was still a connection between manorial dependence, fiscal exemption, and immigration.
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Naef, Tobias. "Restrictions on Data Transfers and the WTO". En European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 233–366. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_4.
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AbstractThe WTO is not well-known for being an institution that regulates the free flow of personal data across borders. The trade agreements under the auspices of the WTO either predate or coincide with the invention and early development of the internet. When the WTO was created in 1994, its members agreed to create rules for trade in services. Tim Wu observed that as a consequence, and almost by accident, “the WTO has put itself in an oversight position for most of the national laws and practices that regulate the Internet.” Wu (Chicago J Int Law 7(1), 264, 2006). Over a quarter century later, the internet has become indispensable for trade in services, facilitating not only communication and payment between parties involved in any transaction, but also as a platform for the transmission of the services themselves, and the driving technology for the creation of new services. The first section of this chapter shows how cross-border flows of personal data (on the internet) have become intertwined with the supply of many digital services (Sect. 4.1). The second section describes how the rules of the WTO on trade in services are relevant for the regulation of cross-border flows of personal data (Sect. 4.2). These multilateral trade rules can be used as proxies to distinguish between legitimate regulatory concerns and protectionism. Regarding the regulation of cross-border flows of personal data, these rules allow for the legal assessment of the line between data protection and data protectionism. The third section of this chapter analyzes whether the EU’s fundamental rights-based regulation of data transfers interferes with the rules of the WTO on trade in services (Sect. 4.3). The fourth section assesses whether the interferences that have been identified can be justified under the relevant exceptions to the rules of the WTO on trade in services (Sect. 4.4).
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Woods, Lorna y Philippa Watson. "Free movement of payments and capital". En Steiner & Woods EU Law, 419–35. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199641857.003.0021.
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Bull, Henrik. "Article 41 [Free movement of payments]". En Agreement on the European Economic Area, 488–89. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845275796-488.
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"PROPOSALS FOR MULTILATERAL PAYMENTS COMPENSATION". En Free Trade and Economic Integration in Latin America, 79–89. University of California Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.2430715.10.
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Galbiati, Marco y Kimmo Soramäki. "Liquidity Saving Mechanisms and Bank Behavior in Payment Systems". En Simulation in Computational Finance and Economics, 103–19. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2011-7.ch006.
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Interbank payment systems form the backbone of the financial architecture. Banks need to hold costly funds at the central bank to process interbank payments. Each bank would individually like to hold a low amount of funds and finance its outgoing payments from payments received by other banks during the day. Collectively, however, all banks cannot “free ride” on other banks’ liquidity, which makes bank behavior in interbank payment systems a complex and interesting topic. This chapter investigates the effect of Liquidity Saving Mechanisms (LSM) in interbank payment systems. LSM mechanisms have recently been implemented and proposed in many major interbank payment systems. The chapter applies a novel methodology combining Agent Based Modeling (ABM) and game theory. The authors model a stylized two-stream payment system where banks choose a) how much liquidity to post and b) which payments to route into the each of two “streams”: an RTGS stream and an LSM stream. The authors simulate the systems using realistic settlement processes and solve equilibrium choices for the amount of liquidity to post and the fraction of payments to settle in each stream. The authors find that, when liquidity is expensive, the two-stream system is more efficient than the vanilla RTGS system without LSM. This is because the LSM achieves better co-ordination of payments. When liquidity is inexpensive, the second stream does not add value, as banks find it convenient to ignore it and use the plain RTGS stream. For an intermediate range of cost of liquidity, several equilibria may emerge. Besides a corner equilibrium where all payments are settled via the LSM stream, there are equilibria where both streams are used. Interestingly, some of these may be inefficient, as they involve a (somewhat paradoxical) mix of intensive use of the LSM and high liquidity usage in the RTGS stream. The appeal of the LSM resides in its ability to ease (but not completely solve) strategic inefficiencies stemming from externalities and free-riding.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Japarova, Damira. "None Budgetary Forms of Health Funding in the KR". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02077.
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In Kyrgyzstan, significant share of the state funds used on the preferential treatment and financing of treatment other patients largely tolerated by themselves. However, the replacement of free services with paid ones occurs spontaneously and haphazardly. The strategy of replacement of free Medicare to paid in official documents and normative acts are not formulated, however, it really exists.
With the introduction of co- payment system, patients are forced repeatedly pay for the same medical service, eventually not having a warranty for complete recovery. Many administrators in medicine believe that they do not need to take co-payment from patients, because the patients buying medicines themselves, and in this regard, there are many claims and perturbations on this subject.
Our point of view, informal payments in medicine, i.e., unofficial payments to the doctor should not be seen as a "bribe". In the absence of a regulatory mechanism, the informal payment for services acts as a state-nonregulated addition to the market price, this cannot be canceled or destroyed. The only way to put them to some kind of framework - is legalization these payments. Special funds, or receipts from paid services should become a source of own fund of a polyclinic or hospital, which can be used first of all for increasing the salaries of medical workers. Instead of fixed co-payments in medical care, it is advisable to introduce co-payment in relation to medicines, i.e. pay part of the cost of drugs used in the treatment of the patient.
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Japarova, Damira. "Health System Reform in Kyrgyzstan: Problems and Prospects". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00368.
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Today all over the world costs of medical services are growing and alternative ways of effective financing of health care are being researched.
During the reforms the Kyrgyz Republic introduced a system of compulsory medical insurance, the institution of family medicine and a "single payer" system. Methods of payment for hospital services flush to an artificial increase in the number of hospitalizations and unnecessary assignment of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
The main brake of health care reform is underfunding of sector. Improving health care is possible by limiting the free medical care. The replacement of free care by paid services occurs spontaneously, there are abuses and the shadow economy in health care.
The Compulsory medical insurance doesn’t have such terms as an accident, insurance risk, and the current model in Kyrgyzstan is not a real model of insurance and serves as a kind of state-funding health care. The most part of the population in rural areas is not involved in the payment of health insurance due to unemployment.
Patients pay a fee in addition to medication, and also carry out informal payments to doctors, that is, patient with co-payments have to repeatedly pay for the same medical service without a guarantee of a cure.
Taking into account the experience of other countries, the imposition of patient payment for their own care is more just to bringing the patient for his treatment.
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Anand, SVR, Serhat Arslan, Rajat Chopra, Sachin Katti, Milind Kumar Vaddiraju, Ranvir Rana, Peiyao Sheng, Himanshu Tyagi y Pramod Viswanath. "Trust-free service measurement and payments for decentralized cellular networks". En HotNets '22: The 21st ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3563766.3564093.
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Ge, Zhonghui, Jiayuan Gu, Chenke Wang, Yu Long, Xian Xu y Dawu Gu. "Accio: Variable-Amount, Optimized-Unlinkable and NIZK-Free Off-Chain Payments via Hubs". En CCS '23: ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3616577.
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Qin, Jie, Zhijie Xu, Yang Yang, Yanming Yang, Quan Sun, Tao Zhu y Shuai Wang. "An Innovative Method for IoT Payments Based on BeiDou Free-flow Service Platform". En 2022 China Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac57257.2022.10055643.
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Birmpas, Georgios, Andrea Celli, Riccardo Colini-Baldeschi y Stefano Leonardi. "Fair Equilibria in Sponsored Search Auctions: The Advertisers’ Perspective". En Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/14.
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In this work we introduce a new class of mechanisms composed of a traditional Generalized Second Price (GSP) auction, and a fair division scheme in order to achieve some desired level of fairness between groups of Bayesian strategic advertisers. We propose two mechanisms, beta-Fair GSP and GSP-EFX, that compose GSP with, respectively, an envy-free up to one item, and an envy-free up to any item fair division scheme. The payments of GSP are adjusted in order to compensate advertisers that suffer a loss of efficiency due the fair division stage. We investigate the strategic learning implications of the deployment of sponsored search auction mechanisms that obey to such fairness criteria. We prove that, for both mechanisms, if bidders play so as to minimize their external regret they are guaranteed to reach an equilibrium with good social welfare. We also prove that the mechanisms are budget balanced, so that the payments charged by the traditional GSP mechanism are a good proxy of the total compensation offered to the advertisers. Finally, we evaluate the quality of the allocations through experiments on real-world data.
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Japarova, Damira. "Legalization of Paid Services - The Source of Increasing Salaries of Medical Workers". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01389.
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The main reason for the existence of informal payments in health care in Kyrgyzstan is low wages. On preferential treatment of patients is used 94% of funds allocated by the state. The financing of medical services largely transferred to the citizens themselves. Replacement free assistance paid services, in the absence of government regulation, acts as a natural addition to the market price, it is impossible to cancel or destroy. Promote the quality of work does not go beyond payroll. Kyrgyzstan should be legalized paid medical services. The source of the additional accrual of wages may become fund clinics, hospitals generated by paid services.
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Simons, George, Kurt Scheuermann, Myles O’Kelly y Pierre Landry. "Moving to Market-Based Photovoltaics: The Impact of PV Costs and Performance on PV Incentives". En ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22108.
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This paper presents the results of a study conducted by Itron for the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to examine the relationships between solar photovoltaic (PV) performance, costs, and PV incentive structures. The intent is twofold. The first intent is to create a baseline of PV performance and costs using actual performance data and reported costs from a large number of PV systems installed and operating in California. The second intent is to examine how PV performance and projected PV cost reductions can influence PV incentive payments. This study should help provide policy makers responsible for developing PV incentive programs with information that will result in incentive structures that fairly and transparently reward improved PV cost and performance while simultaneously providing a reasonable pathway to move PV towards an incentive-free market environment. PV performance monitoring data for over one hundred operating commercial, industrial, and institutional solar PV systems are combined with projected electricity retail rates and future PV costs within a breakeven levelized cost model to produce associated PV incentive levels. Preliminary results for 39 prototype PV market scenarios provide insights into how PV incentive levels can be set to take advantage of utility-specific electricity retail rates, PV configuration and location, and projected PV cost reductions while facilitating the development of PV systems that can compete without incentives. Potential implications of these performance and cost-effectiveness results are discussed with respect to PV incentive programs and PV markets.
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Xiaoyan, Liu, Huang Lei y Chen Xin. "Interest-free Installment Payment Strategy for Retailers under Third Party Payment Platform". En ICIBE' 18: 2018 4th International Conference on Industrial and Business Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3288155.3288174.
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Fan, Kai, Yue Wang y Hui Li. "A New Abuse-Free Fair Electronic Payment Protocol". En 2009 Fifth International Conference on Information Assurance and Security. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2009.319.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Free payments"
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Ciapponi, Agustín. What are the impacts of policies regarding direct patient payments for medicines? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1701153.
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Policies in which consumers pay directly for their medicines when they fill a prescription include caps (a maximum number of prescriptions or medicines that are reimbursed, fixed co-payments (patients pay a fixed amount per prescription or medicine), tier co-payments (the amount payed depends on whether the prescription is for a brand (patented) medicine or a generic medicine), co-insurance (patients pay part of the price of the medicine), and ceilings (patients pay the full price or part of the cost up to a ceiling, after which medicines are free or are available at reduced cost).
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Keane, Claire, Sean Lyons, Mark Regan y Brendan Walsh. HOME SUPPORT SERVICES IN IRELAND: EXCHEQUER AND DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF FUNDING OPTIONS. ESRI, febrero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat111.
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A new statutory scheme for the provision of home support services is currently being developed by the Department of Health. Research has shown that access to home support services varies across the country. The new scheme aims to tackle this issue to ensure equitable access to home support services nationwide and is part of wider reform of Ireland’s health and social care systems as envisaged in the Sláintecare report and Department of Health action plans. Publicly funded home support services in Ireland are currently provided free of charge for recipients, unlike long-term residential or nursing home care, which involves a contribution from residents. In 2019, the HSE’s Older Persons’ Services provided care to 53,000 people at a cost of €440 million. It is anticipated that demand for home support services may increase under the new scheme, for example if unmet demand is met or if the new scheme results in more people being able to remain in their own home, substituting away from long-term residential care. Any increased demand would result in an increased cost, which may also rise as the population ages. This report examines the possible introduction of co-payments for home support services. We focus on the likely Exchequer impact of a range of different funding scenarios along with the distributional, poverty and inequality impacts of such charges. Due to data limitations, and the fact that the majority of home support services are provided to older age groups, we focus on those aged 65 years and over. Regarding co-payments we examine the impact of flat-rate charges for users, regardless of means, as well as co-payments for home support recipients above a variety of income levels. The tapering of payments is also examined to ensure that individuals just over a specific income threshold would see co-payments gradually increasing as their income rises. We also consider the capping of co-payments so that those needing a high number of home support hours would not potentially face very high costs.
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Guzmán, Eduardo Alonso. Central American Report No. 1 (2000). Inter-American Development Bank, enero de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008590.
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The Central American Common Market (CACM) comprises Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, the signatories of the General Treaty on Economic Integration in 1960. The basic pattern of economic integration in Central America was based on a free trade area, with a common external tariff and standardized customs rules, a preferential payments system that operated until the start of the 1980s, and a scheme for the subregional coordination of economic policy. This annual report aims to facilitate access to information for a broad potential readership interested in the Central American integration process. It offers an overview of the macroeconomy in the subregion, an analysis of trade flows in the subregion, investment flows in the subregion, access conditions and other aspects of the Central American common market, and finally , other relevant issues for Central American integration.
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Megersa, Kelbesa, Fabrizio Santoro, Adrienne Lees, Marco Carreras, Theonille Mukamana, Naphtal Hakizimana y Yves Nsengiyumva. Technology and Tax: Adoption and Impacts of E-services in Rwanda. Institute of Development Studies, mayo de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.029.
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Many low-income countries are increasingly digitising their tax services, which can bring a range of benefits, from reducing compliance costs and improving record-keeping, to limiting opportunities for corruption and increasing fairness in the tax system. However, the success of these benefits depends on adequate levels of awareness and adoption of e-services among taxpayers; where these levels are suboptimal, tax e-services may produce only partial benefits. This paper examines the extent of awareness and uptake of tax e-services in Rwanda from a pre-pandemic situation up to two years into the COVID-19 crisis. The country has increasingly digitalised its tax administration, even more so during the pandemic. Electronic filing and payment of taxes have been mandatory since 2015, and two different e-services are available: E-tax, a free web-based platform designed to be used on computers and smartphones, and M-declaration, a feature phone-based application which enables mobile money payments and a simpler process for filing a return. This allows us to run a comparative analysis of the two solutions. We apply a mixed methods approach, using a nationally representative panel survey of 2,000 corporate (CIT) and personal (PIT) income taxpayers, with baseline information collected pre-COVID-19 and four follow-up rounds carried out after the pandemic hit, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 24 e-services users. Summary of Working Paper 153.
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Shanks, Rachel y Nneoma Dike. School Clothing in Scotland Research Brief. University of Aberdeen, noviembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22140.
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Summary and main findings 1.Twelve of the 32 local authorities automatically pay school clothing grant to families who receive a qualifying benefit administered by the local authority such as Housing Benefit or income-related Council Tax reduction. 2.School uniform banks report difficulties that are created for families through uniform policies, for example requiring 100% black shoes, items with logos, tartan and hard to find colours, such as turquoise or maroon. 3.In 2022-23 there was a drop in the number of children for whom school clothing grant was awarded while the percentage of children living in poverty increased. A possible explanation for this drop is the provision of universal free school meals. Previously families would have been applying for both free school meals and clothing grant at the same time. This highlights the need to make it easier to receive school clothing grant. 4.Local authorities do not record information in terms of the Scottish Government’s 6 priority family groups for those applying for and/or receiving school clothing grant. Thus, local authorities cannot monitor if certain groups are less likely to apply for or receive the grant under their local Child Poverty Action Plans. 5.Eighteen local authorities have never paid more than the national minimum school clothing grant. However, other local authorities have taken a different approach, for example, in 2023-2024 East Dunbartonshire is providing double the national minimum school clothing grant (£240 for primary and £300 for secondary pupils). In 2022-2023 six authorities made an extra payment over the winter months ranging from £20 to £150.
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Akalu, Mulugeta, Misganaw Gashaw y Zerihun Asegid. The Tax Response to COVID-19 in Ethiopia: Lessons for the Future. Institute of Development Studies, enero de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.002.
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The government of Ethiopia, like other governments, has provided tax response measures in order to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19. These measures, among others, include a waiver of outstanding tax liabilities that taxpayers owe to the government; a tax amnesty or relief on interest and penalties for tax debt; and an extension of filing and tax payment deadlines. These tax measures were adopted with the purposes of helping affected businesses, to keep employees at work, to stimulate the economy and to reduce COVID-19 infections. To be effective, tax relief measures should have been targeted, temporary, speedy, abuse resistant, cost recoverable, predictable, reversible, scalable, easy to administer, resilient to health measures, and adapted to the specific needs of Ethiopia. The strong sides of the Ethiopian tax responses are their speedy nature and the fact that they consider the revenue space and address the status of the poor. The challenges observed on the design and enforcement of the tax measures include lack of adequate targeting, lack of prior assessment, administrative uneasiness, lack of records on the revenue loss, absence of monitoring and evaluation, and that they unfairly benefitted those who failed to comply with their tax duties. Prior assessment, targeted support, convenient response administration, coordination among the government organs, the need for the tax responses to be free from discrimination, the need for appropriate data recording, fair dispute settlement procedures and the need for a permanent disaster response department are suggested for similar incidents in the future.
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Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, junio de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.
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Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.