Artículos de revistas: "Fouling organisms"

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Key, Marcus M., Gregory A. Schumacher, Loren E. Babcock, Robert C. Frey, William P. Heimbrock, Stephen H. Felton, Dan L. Cooper, Walter B. Gibson, Debbie G. Scheid y Sylvester A. Schumacher. "Paleoecology of commensal epizoans fouling Flexicalymene (Trilobita) from the Upper Ordovician, Cincinnati Arch region, USA". Journal of Paleontology 84, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2010): 1121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-018.1.

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Commensal epizoozoans and episkeletozoans are rarely preserved attached to the external exoskeleton of the Late Ordovician trilobite Flexicalymene. Of nearly 15,000 Flexicalymene specimens examined, 0.1% show epizoozoans or episkeletozoans. Factors limiting Flexicalymene fouling include a shallow burrowing life style, frequent molting of the host, larval preference for other substrates, observational bias caused by overlooking small fouling organisms, and the loss of the non-calcified, outermost cuticle prior to fossilization or as the trilobite weathers from the encasing sediment. Trepostome bryozoans, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, cornulitids, and a tube-dwelling/boring nonbiomineralized organism represent the preserved members of the Late Ordovician marine hard substrate community fouling Flexicalymene. This assemblage of organisms is less diverse than the hard substrate community fouling Late Ordovician sessile epibenthic organisms. Fouling is not restricted to only large Flexicalymene specimens as observed in previous studies but occurs in medium to large individuals interpreted as early to late holaspid specimens.Epizoozoans fouling the carcasses or molt ensembles of 16 Flexicalymene specimens provide insight into the life habits of the host and these fouling organisms. Trepostome bryozoans, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, and cornulitids preferentially attached to elevated portions of the dorsal exoskeleton, and preferentially aligned in either the direct line or lee side of currents generated by Flexicalymene walking on the sea floor or swimming through the water column.

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2

Fujibayashi, Megumu, Osamu Nishimura y Takashi Sakamaki. "The Negative Relationship between Fouling Organisms and the Content of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Cultivated Pacific Oysters, Crassostrea gigas". Marine Drugs 19, n.º 7 (25 de junio de 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070369.

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Bivalves serve as an important aquaculture product, as they are the source of essential fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in our diet. However, their cultivation in the wild can be affected by fouling organisms that, in turn, affect their EPA and DHA content. The effects of fouling organisms on the EPA and DHA contents of cultivated bivalves have not been well documented. We examined the effects of fouling organisms on the EPA and DHA contents and condition index of cultured oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in an aquaculture system. We sampled two-year-old oysters from five sites in Shizugawa Bay, Japan, in August 2014. Most of the fouling organisms were sponges, macroalgae, and Mytilus galloprovincialis. A significant negative relationship existed between the DHA content in C. gigas and the presence of sponges and macroalgae. A lower C. gigas EPA content corresponded to a higher M. galloprovincialis fouling mass and a lower C. gigas condition index. This can be explained by dietary competition between C. gigas and M. galloprovincialis for diatoms, which were the main producer of EPA in our study sites. Our findings indicate that fouling organisms likely reduce the EPA and DHA content in cultivated oysters. Therefore, our results suggest that the current efforts to remove fouling organisms from oyster clusters is an effective strategy to enhance the content of EPA and DHA in oysters.

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3

Kim, MinGu y George Nakhla. "Membrane fouling propensity of denitrifying organisms". Journal of Membrane Science 348, n.º 1-2 (febrero de 2010): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.001.

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4

Sá, Fabrício S. de, Rosebel C. Nalesso y Karla Paresque. "Fouling organisms on Perna perna mussels: is it worth removing them?" Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55, n.º 2 (junio de 2007): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592007000200008.

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Perna perna mussel spat were suspended from ropes on a long-line cultivation, at Coqueiro´s Beach, Anchieta, South-eastern Brazil, in order to quantify the fouling community structure and its effects on growth and biomass of mussels. Half of the ropes had the fouling removed monthly, half had the foulingleft until the end of the experiment. Monthly samples of thirty mussels from each group were measured and their biomass determined. The fouling organisms were identified, quantified and their biomass evaluated on a monthly basis. After ten months, mussels on the cleaned treatment were significantly larger and heavier (ANOVA; P < 0.05; Bonferroni: unfouled > fouled), showing that fouling reduced mussel development. The most abundant epibiont organisms in terms of biomass were the algae Polysiphonia subtilissima (29%) and Ulva rigida (10.3%), followed by the bryozoans Bugula neritina (13.6%) and Perna perna spat (10.6%). Over 97 taxa and 42,646 individuals were identified, crustaceans being the most abundant group, predominantly one amphipod Cheiriphotis megacheles (12,980 ind.). Species abundance was positively correlated with algal biomass, revealing the influence of algae on vagile fauna, which provide both food and shelter. The benefits of fouling removal are discussed because the majority of species are important feeding items to fishes and yet, the costs of its fouling control added to the associated mussel spat loss make this fouling removal of questionable value.

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5

Phuttapreecha, Ratchanee, Sumana Kajonwattanakul, Phatcharin Songkai y Chaovadee Choamanee. "Survey of Fouling Organisms at Songkhla Port in Thailand". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, n.º 1-2 (15 de septiembre de 2018): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.485.

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The fouling organisms at Songkhla Port were investigated from November 2011 to December 2012. Samples were collected using PVC panels (10 cm x 20 cm) submerged for one-month and three-month periods. Analysis of fouling panels was carried out using PhotoGrid software. In addition to slime and silt, three types of fouling organisms, namely encrusting bryozoa, barnacles and calcareous polychaetes, were observed on the submerged PVC panels. Calcareous polychaetes and molluscs were the most diverse groups (ten species) on panels that were submerged for one-month and three-month periods. Barnacles (Balanus spp.) were most abundant on panels submerged for three-month periods, while calcareous polychaetes dominated one-month panels. The dominant species of mollusc was the mussel Brachidontes sp. The major polychaetes identified were Ficopomatus macrodon, F. enigmaticus and Hydroides norvegicus. A highlight of this study was the first record of the Caribbean tubeworm Hydroides sanctaecrucis in Thailand, which has previously invaded and established in Australian waters through hull fouling.

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RAMADAN, SH E., A. M. KHEIRALLAH y KH M. ABDEL-SALAM. "Factors controlling marine fouling in some Alexandria Harbours, Egypt". Mediterranean Marine Science 7, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.168.

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The present work aims to relate the settlement of marine fouling organisms in three different harbours in Alexandria city which present a wide range of ecological/environmental variations. Theses are the Abu Qir, Eastern and El-Dekheila harbours. Monthly samples of marine fouling were collected from the three harbours by using white roughened polystyrene test panels (12.5x12.5 cm), as well as physicochemical, chemical and other biological data. Results were treated with multivariate statistical analysis (PCA). At the Abu Qir harbour, it was found that water temperature and salinity are the most important environmental factors controlling the temporal distribution of total fouling density, whereas water temperature and chlorophyll a are the most significant environmental factors controlling the total biomass. At the Eastern harbour it was demonstrated that ammonia and phosphate are the most significant environmental factors controlling the temporal distribution and total biomass of fouling organisms. Concerning El-Dekheila harbour, the total density and total biomass of fouling organisms were inversely correlated with the total zooplankton.

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7

Jolkifli, Hjh Zuliza Hj y Ranimah H. A. Wahab. "Plate Settlement: Determination of Fouling Organisms in Brunei". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, n.º 1-2 (15 de septiembre de 2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.467.

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Shipping is considered a primary vector of biological invasion. Hull fouling is recognized as one of the common vectors involved in the translocation of marine pests that may have deleterious impacts to ecology and economy. In an effort to understand the fouling communities within Brunei waters and as an early attempt to obtain baseline data, PVC plates were deployed at a depth of 1 meter, checked for taxa composition and replaced with new plates monthly and quarterly over a period of one year. The Caribbean bivalve Mytilopsis sallei was absent throughout the period of study, and plates were mainly colonized by native fouling species and silt. Nevertheless, further verification on the absence of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is still required. This study summarizes the improved methods of analysis for better control and management in order to impede the incursion or invasion of undesirable species.

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8

KAJIHARA, Takeshi. "Fouling Organisms around the Port of Yokohama." Marine fouling 11, n.º 1 (1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj1979.11.1.

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9

Imachova, C. N. y V. A. Zayko. "FOULING ORGANISMS OF BUOYS WITHIN MAKHACHKALA SEAPORT". South of Russia: ecology, development, n.º 2 (16 de noviembre de 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2011-2-11-16.

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10

Pascoe, PL, HE Parry y AJS Hawkins. "Dynamic filter-feeding responses in fouling organisms". Aquatic Biology 1 (28 de diciembre de 2007): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ab00022.

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11

NAITO, Masanobu. "Functional Materials that Mimic Marine Fouling Organisms". Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 87, n.º 1 (2014): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.87.13.

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12

Gorskaya, O. I. "Biological and Chemical Monitoring of Rostov NPP as Effective Tool to Prevent Biological Disturbances in the Circulation and Technical Water Supply Systems". Global Nuclear Safety 45, n.º 4 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/gns-2022-04-01.

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The technical and circulating water supply systems of nuclear power plants use water from natural or technical water bodies to provide the water supply to the nuclear power plants. Individual elements and equipment of technical water, are called technical water supply systems. In technical and circulating water supply systems, biological fouling is a collection of microorganisms, algae, molluscs, sponges, bryozoans and other biological organisms that have settled and developed on the heat exchange surfaces of units, in pipelines and on the structures of circulating water coolers. This fouling is caused by the introduction of micro-organisms and dispersal forms of fouling organisms with water from the source. In order to prevent and eliminate biological fouling on the equipment of technical and circulating water supply systems of nuclear plants, Rosenergoatom Concern JSC has adopted a production programme aimed at regular biological and chemical monitoring of water supply systems of nuclear plants.

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13

Egan, Suhelen, Sally James y Staffan Kjelleberg. "Identification and Characterization of a Putative Transcriptional Regulator Controlling the Expression of Fouling Inhibitors in Pseudoalteromonas tunicata". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.1.372-378.2002.

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ABSTRACT The dark green pigmented marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata colonizes living surfaces and produces a range of extracellular compounds that inhibit common fouling organisms, including marine invertebrate larvae, algae, bacteria, and fungi. We have observed a positive correlation between the antifouling activity of P. tunicata strain D2 and the expression of pigmentation. To address the hypothesis that pigmentation and antifouling may be jointly regulated in this organism and to begin to identify potential regulatory elements, we used transposon mutagenesis to generate a strain of P. tunicata deficient in antifouling activity. The data presented here describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of a nonpigmented transposon mutant strain of P. tunicata (D2W2). Analyses of the antifouling capabilities of D2W2 demonstrate that this strain is deficient in the ability to inhibit each of the target fouling organisms. Genetic analysis of D2W2 identified a gene, designated wmpR (white mutant phenotype), with high sequence similarity to transcriptional regulators ToxR from Vibrio cholerae and CadC from Escherichia coli. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that WmpR is essential for the expression of a significant subset of stationary-phase-induced proteins likely to be important for the synthesis of fouling inhibitors. The identification of a gene involved in the regulation of expression of antifouling phenotypes will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between bacteria and other surface-colonizing organisms in the marine environment.

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14

Kerr, A., C. M. Beveridge, M. J. Cowling, T. Hodgkiess, A. C. S. Parr y M. J. Smith. "Some physical factors affecting the accumulation of biofouling". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531549800040x.

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The effects of surface roughness and microsolubility on fouling levels are examined using glass and acrylic samples. It is found that both of these, often overlooked, physical characteristics have a noticeable effect on the rate of fouling. The microsolubility of acrylic results in lower fouling than found on glass despite the higher hydrophobicity of acrylic and the resultant increase in initial attraction for fouling organisms. Fouling levels were found to increase with increasing surface roughness and therefore studies on the fouling susceptibility of different materials should report the roughness values of the samples examined.

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15

Palraj, S., G. Venkatachari y G. Subramanian. "Bio‐fouling and corrosion characteristics of 60/40 brass in Mandapam waters". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 49, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2002): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590210426445.

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The bio‐fouling and corrosion characteristics of 60/40 brass were investigated in the Palk Bay waters of the Mandapam Coast, India, over a period of a year. The experimental methods included corrosion rate by weight loss measurement and analysis of the corrosion product by X‐ray diffraction. The bio‐fouling characteristics of 60/40 brass were studied in terms of seasonality of recruitment of organisms and quantification of the fouling community development pattern. The XRD analysis of the products on brass threw more light on the protective nature of the compounds formed and their impact on the overall corrosion rate of the material. The organisms found in fouling deposits on brass included algae, bryozoans and hydroids. The results of the study are discussed in the light of the sea‐water characteristics and monsoonal effects.

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16

Whomersley, P. y G. B. Picken. "Long-term dynamics of fouling communities found on offshore installations in the North Sea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, n.º 5 (19 de septiembre de 2003): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008014h.

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Inspection videos of four offshore platforms in the central and northern North Sea were used to study the development of fouling communities on clamps and guides of oil export risers over an 11-y period (1989–2000). Results from multivariate analyses (multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarities) indicated that distinct assemblages developed in different geographical locations. These differences were mainly due to the protracted development of theMetridium senile(Cnidaria: Actinaria) zone on the northern sector platforms. The vertical zonation of fouling organisms was similar on all installations, although the water depth at platform locations varied from 80 to 169 m, indicating that fouling organisms display a wide bathymetric tolerance. This study has highlighted the value of long-term data present in operational inspection videos for the study of fouling communities.

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17

KATSUYAMA, Ichiro. "Weight fo Fouling Organisms in Air and Seawater." Marine fouling 10, n.º 2 (1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj1979.10.2_27.

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18

Tadros, A. B. "The role of marine organisms in fouling control". Pigment & Resin Technology 18, n.º 7 (julio de 1989): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042623.

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19

Bauer, S., M. Alles, M. P. Arpa-Sancet, E. Ralston, G. W. Swain, N. Aldred, A. S. Clare et al. "Resistance of Amphiphilic Polysaccharides against Marine Fouling Organisms". Biomacromolecules 17, n.º 3 (febrero de 2016): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01590.

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20

Yan, Songkai y Zongguo Huang. "Study of fouling organisms in daya bay, China". Biofouling 2, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1990): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019009378147.

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21

Houghton, D. R. "The influence of micro-organisms on fouling communities". Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 24, n.º 4-5 (25 de abril de 2007): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2720240416.

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22

Mo, Yanqiang, Peihong Xue, Qiang Yang, Hao Liu, Xu Zhao, Jiaqi Wang, Meihua Jin y Yuhong Qi. "Composite Slow-Release Fouling Release Coating Inspired by Synergistic Anti-Fouling Effect of Scaly Fish". Polymers 13, n.º 16 (5 de agosto de 2021): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162602.

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Inspired by the antifouling properties of scaly fish, the conventional silicone coating with phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO/PDMS) composite coating was fabricated and modified with single layer polystyrene (PS) microsphere (PSO/PDMS-PS) arrays. The fish scale like micro-nano structures were fabricated on the surface of bio-inspired coating, which can reduce the contact area with the secreted protein membrane of fouling organisms effectively and prevent further adhesion between fouling organisms and bio-inspired coating. Meanwhile, PSO exuded to the coating surface has the similar function with mucus secreted by fish epidermis, which make the coating surface slithery and will be polished with the fouling organisms in turbulent waters. Compared to PSO/PDMS coating without any structure and conventional silicone coating, PSO/PDMS-PS showed better antiadhesion activity against both marine bacteria and benthic diatom (Navicula sp.). Additionally, the existence of PS microspheres can reduce the release rate of PSO greatly, which will extend the service life of coating. Compared to PSO/PDMS coating, the sustained release efficiency of PSO/PDMS-PS coating can reach 23.2%. This facile method for fabricating the bio-inspired composite slow-release antifouling coating shows a widely fabricating path for the development of synergistic anti-fouling coating.

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23

Puentes, C., K. Carreño, M. Santos-Acevedo, J. Gómez-León, M. García, M. Pérez, M. Stupak y G. Blustein. "Anti-fouling Paints Based on Extracts of Marine Organisms from The Colombian Caribbean". Ciencia y tecnología de buques 8, n.º 15 (20 de julio de 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.105.

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Habitually, control of biological fouling includes application of paints containing toxic substances that end upcontaminating marine ecosystem. Many organisms prevent settlement of other species synthesizing secondarymetabolites that could be used in the elaboration of environmentally friendly anti-fouling paints. This work evaluated the behavior of anti-fouling paints based on extracts from marine invertebrates in the ColombianCaribbean: Agelas tubulata, Myrmekioderma gyroderma, Oceanapia peltata, Aplysina lacunosa, Neopetrosia próxima,and Holothuria glaberrima. The painted panels were submerged in the port of Mar del Plata (Argentina); after 90 days in the sea signi!cant differences were registered in the total coverage between the painted panels andthe controls (p<0.05). The results obtained represent important progress toward using natural compounds incontrolling encrustations.

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Yang, Jian Xin, Cheng Hang You, Xiang Hui Wang y Qiang Lin. "The Synthesis and Bioactivities of 2-Hydroxyethyl Benzo[d] Isothiazole-3(2H)-One Marine Antifouling Paints". Advanced Materials Research 646 (enero de 2013): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.24.

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Twenty-one novel compounds were synthesized from the benzo[d]isothiazole-3(2H)-one and aromatic acid, the structures were identified by means of 1H NMR, IR, EA. The intro antibacterial experiment was carried out to evaluate the activities against antibacterial and the marine hanging plate experiment was also carried out to evaluate the activities against marine fouling organism. The results showed that all the compounds were active against the six bacterials, with an inhibiting rate of 90% at the concentration of 32 µg/ml against Gram-positive bacterials, and the antifouling paints couldn’t be attached by marine fouling organisms in the marine environment for more than 3 months.

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Asapu, Sunitha, Santosh Pant, Peyman Majid, Isabel C. Escobar y Cyndee L. Gruden. "Study of copper-charged membranes for control of fouling due to bacteria and algae organic matter". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, n.º 4 (3 de junio de 2015): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.001.

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The accumulation of micro-organisms, along with the presence of nutrients, forms biofilms. Biofoulants that are typically encountered in desalination systems include cellular organisms (e.g. bacteria or algae) and organic debris, including algae organic matter. The accumulation of these micro-organisms is problematic to membranes by causing irreversible fouling. The most adverse effects due to biofouling include declines in permeate flux and salt rejection. In addition, biofilm formation necessitates frequent membrane cleaning, increasing operating costs and decreasing membrane life. The goal of this research was to investigate the performance of low-fouling copper-charged membranes for microbial resistance. The extent of fouling on the microbial resistant membranes was characterized by assessing surface area coverage by image analysis. Fluorescent microscopy was used to determine activity of biofilm cells on the surface. The presence of extracellular polymeric substance was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The permeate flux values were compared for both unmodified and copper-charged membranes by conducting dead-end filtration experiments using synthetic brackish water.

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Kostin, Vasily E., Vladimir G. Kochetkov, Sergey A. Mankovsky, Sergey V. Orlov y Natalia A. Sokolova. "Testing of PTFE-Based Antifouling Coatings in Fresh Water". Key Engineering Materials 910 (15 de febrero de 2022): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5x3vr2.

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Equipment, pipelines, hydraulic structures located in the water are covered with a layer of fouling organisms, which is accompanied by a deterioration in operating parameters and increased corrosion of structural materials. Most anti-fouling coatings contain some type of toxins, the gradual release of which from the coating into the water should lead to the death of the fouling organisms. A promising antifouling coating intended for use in an aquatic environment is a combined metal-polymer coating, the composition and application technology of which were developed by the company LLC TSZP. On the studied coating, neither in the zone of variable wettability, nor in the zone of complete immersion, firmly fixed zebra mussels were not found, and single specimens on individual samples had very weak fixation.

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Pistone, Alessandro, Cristina Scolaro y Annamaria Visco. "Mechanical Properties of Protective Coatings against Marine Fouling: A Review". Polymers 13, n.º 2 (6 de enero de 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020173.

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The accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls, such as microorganisms, barnacles, and seaweeds, represents a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental costs. The use of biocide-containing paints poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and non-target organisms driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. The review reports recent development of hydrophobic protective coatings in terms of mechanical properties, correlated with the wet ability features. The attention is focused mainly on coatings based on siloxane and epoxy resin due to the wide application fields of such systems in the marine industry. Polyurethane and other systems have been considered as well. These coatings for anti-fouling applications needs to be both long-term mechanically stable, perfectly adherent with the metallic/composite substrate, and capable to detach/destroy the fouling organism. Prospects should focus on developing even “greener” antifouling coatings solutions. These coatings should also be readily addressable to industrial scale-up for large-scale product distribution, possibly at a reasonable cost.

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PEREIRA, R. C., A. G. V. CARVALHO, B. A. P. GAMA y R. COUTINHO. "Field experimental evaluation of secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates as antifoulants". Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, n.º 2 (mayo de 2002): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000200015.

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The crude organic extracts of the endemic gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata and two sponge species Aplysina fulva and Mycale microsigmatosa were evaluated for anti-fouling properties through field experiments. To investigate this property in ecologically meaningful conditions, crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated at concentrations naturally found in these marine organisms into a stable gel used as a substratum for fouling settlement. Crude extract from A. fulva showed no significant anti-fouling property at the natural concentrations used in the field experiments. In fact, fouling organisms settled significantly more on gels treated with A. fulva extract than on the control gel. On the other hand, both M. microsigmatosa and P. dilatata yielded crude extracts that exhibited a selective action inhibiting only the settlement of barnacles. The evidences obtained here by means of field experiments can provide a basis for future development of one kind of natural antifoulant technology to prevent marine biofouling.

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Sell, David. "Marine fouling". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 100 (1992): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700001112x.

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SynopsisA comparison of macrofouling assemblages on offshore structures in the North Sea has revealed some similarity in their general characteristics, with a predominance in climax communities of relatively few species, such as the plumose anemone Metridium senile (L.) and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum L., covering large proportions of the substratum. Specific geographical differences in community composition, diversity and successional development have been identified, however, and these are discussed in relation to environmental conditions and larval dispersal. In practical terms, the conservation of offshore fouling communities depends upon the fates of structures supporting these assemblages. Since the U.K.'s approach to platform decommissioning could ultimately involve the in situ toppling of structures in sea depths greater than 100 m, there would appear to be little threat to the long-term existence of offshore habitats for deep-water fouling assemblages. Moreover, an abundance of largely uninvestigated habitats for fouling organisms exists on submerged wrecks and other man-made structures. Thus, there appears to be no basis for a conservation requirement in relation to the fouling communities on fixed structures in the North Sea.

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G. Petitbois, Julie y Tatsufumi Okino. "Anti-fouling Effects of Natural Compounds from Marine Organisms". Marine Engineering 52, n.º 1 (2017): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.52.33.

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31

Nandakumar, K., M. Tanaka y T. Kikuchi. "Interspecific competition among fouling organisms in Tomioka Bay, Japan". Marine Ecology Progress Series 94 (1993): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps094043.

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32

KAJIHARA, Takeshi. "History and Future of the Study on Fouling Organisms". Marine fouling 11, n.º 1 (1994): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj1979.11.15.

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33

HONG, Jae-Sang. "Amphipod Crustaceans as Fouling Organisms in Tungnyang Bay, Korea". Marine fouling 7, n.º 1-2 (1988): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj1979.7.1.

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Ohba, Tadahiko, Hidetoshi Wusui, Takahiro Kajiyama, Satoshi Iwata y Morihiko Kuwa. "Anti-fouling of Marine Organisms Adhesion by Zinc Anode". Zairyo-to-Kankyo 50, n.º 6 (2001): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.50.279.

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35

Low, Koh Lip, Hong Woo Khoo y Lip Lin Koh. "Ecology of marine fouling organisms at Eastern Johore Strait". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, n.º 1-3 (1991): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401321.

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36

Rao, Dhana, Jeremy S. Webb, Carola Holmström, Rebecca Case, Adrian Low, Peter Steinberg y Staffan Kjelleberg. "Low Densities of Epiphytic Bacteria from the Marine Alga Ulva australis Inhibit Settlement of Fouling Organisms". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, n.º 24 (26 de octubre de 2007): 7844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01543-07.

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ABSTRACT Bacteria that produce inhibitory compounds on the surface of marine algae are thought to contribute to the defense of the host plant against colonization of fouling organisms. However, the number of bacterial cells necessary to defend against fouling on the plant surface is not known. Pseudoalteromonas tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 (formerly Roseobacter gallaeciensis) are marine bacteria often found in association with the alga Ulva australis and produce a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds against common fouling organisms. P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 biofilms with cell densities ranging from 102 to 108 cells cm−2 were established on polystyrene petri dishes. Attachment and settlement assays were performed with marine fungi (uncharacterized isolates from U. australis), marine bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis, Alteromonas sp., and Cellulophaga fucicola), invertebrate larvae (Bugula neritina), and algal spores (Polysiphonia sp.) and gametes (U. australis). Remarkably low cell densities (102 to 103 cells cm−2) of P. tunicata were effective in preventing settlement of algal spores and marine fungi in petri dishes. P. tunicata also prevented settlement of invertebrate larvae at densities of 104 to 105 cells cm−2. Similarly, low cell densities (103 to 104cells cm−2) of Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 had antilarval and antibacterial activity. Previously, it has been shown that abundance of P. tunicata on marine eukaryotic hosts is low (<1 × 103 cells cm−2) (T. L. Skovhus et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2373-2382, 2004). Despite such low numbers of P. tunicata on U. australis in situ, our data suggest that P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 are present in sufficient quantities on the plant to inhibit fouling organisms. This strongly supports the hypothesis that P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 can play a role in defense against fouling on U. australis at cell densities that commonly occur in situ.

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37

Angulo-Preckler, C., E. García-Lopez, B. Figuerola, C. Avila y C. Cid. "Natural chemical control of marine associated microbial communities by sessile Antarctic invertebrates". Aquatic Microbial Ecology 85 (3 de diciembre de 2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01948.

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Organisms living in the sea are exposed to fouling by other organisms. Many benthic marine invertebrates, including sponges and bryozoans, contain natural products with antimicrobial properties, since microbes usually constitute the first stages of fouling. Extracts from 4 Antarctic sponges (Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis, Mycale tylotornota, Rossella nuda, and Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini) and 2 bryozoan species (Cornucopina pectogemma and Nematoflustra flagellata) were tested separately for antifouling properties in field experiments. The different crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated into a substratum gel at natural concentrations for an ecological approach. Treatments were tested by submerging plates covered by these substratum gels under water in situ during 1 lunar cycle (28 d) at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Remarkably, the butanolic extracts of M. tylotornota and C. pectogemma showed complete growth inhibition of microscopic eukaryotic organisms, one of the succession stages involved in biofouling. Our results suggest that different chemical strategies may exist to avoid fouling, although the role of chemical defenses is often species-specific. Thus, the high specificity of the microbial community attached to the coated plates seems to be modulated by the chemical cues of the crude extracts of the invertebrates tested.

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Chen, Rongrong, Yakun Li, Liang Tang, Haocheng Yang, Zetong Lu, Jun Wang, Lianhe Liu y Kazunobu Takahashi. "Synthesis of zinc-based acrylate copolymers and their marine antifouling application". RSC Advances 7, n.º 63 (2017): 40020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04840h.

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Guschin, A. V., E. E. Ezhova y Е. А. Borovikova. "FEEDING OF THE INVASIVE ROUND GOBY <i>Neogobius melanostomus</i> (Perciformes: Gobiidae) IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN BALTIC". Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 14, n.º 4 (26 de noviembre de 2021): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1996-1499-2021-14-4-43-53.

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The feeding of the Ponto-Caspian invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea near the Curonian Spit, in the Vistula Lagoon and in the eastern part of the Gdansk Bay has been studied. The round goby in coastal waters prefers biotopes with various shelters - boulders, large pebbles, etc. In the diet of the round goby, there is a significant proportion of fouling organisms inhabiting these objects. If fouling organisms are absent for some reason, the goby switches to other types of prey: molluscs, free-living crustaceans, insect larvae and other groups of benthic and nektobenthic organisms. There is a connection between the food spectrum and the size of the round goby: large individuals consume larger prey. The round goby implements a food strategy, which consists in the fact that all organisms that are available territorially and in size are used for food. Such food plasticity is one of the reasons for the wide expansion of this species outside the native range.

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40

Yang, Qiang, Zhanping Zhang, Yuhong Qi y Hongyang Zhang. "The Antifouling and Drag-Reduction Performance of Alumina Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings Containing Phenylmethylsilicone Oil". Polymers 13, n.º 18 (10 de septiembre de 2021): 3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183067.

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Fouling-release coatings reinforced with micro-alumina and nano-alumina were prepared based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing phenylmethylsilicone oil. The surface properties, mechanical properties, leaching behavior of silicone oil, anti-fouling and drag-reduction performance of the coating were studied. The results show that the addition of alumina can significantly improve the tensile strength, elastic modulus and Shore’s hardness of the coating. The adhesion experiments of marine bacteria and Navicula Tenera show that the addition of alumina can reduce the antifouling performance of the coating, which is related to the stripping mode of fouling organisms. The fouling organisms leave the coating surface by shearing, and the energy required for shearing is proportional to the elastic modulus of the coating. At 800–1400 rpm, the addition of alumina will reduce the drag reduction performance of the coating, which is related to the drag reduction mechanism of PDMS. PDMS counteracts part of the resistance by surface deformation. The larger the elastic modulus is, the more difficult the surface deformation is. The experiment of silicone oil leaching shows that the increase of alumina addition amount and the decrease of particle size will inhibit the leaching of silicone oil.

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41

Varigin, A. Y. "Trophic structure of the fouling community in Odessa Bay (Black Sea)". Biosystems Diversity 24, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2016): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011635.

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The trophic structure of the coastal fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea), which was composed of 10 species of macrophytes, 57 invertebrate species and 4 species of fish, was determined. The basic trophic relationship between organisms composing the community is shown. A minimization of interspecific trophic competition within the community is noted. The main sources of food material entering the fouling community were determined. We show that a significant proportion of food in the form of detritus, dissolved organic matter and small planktonic organisms enters the community from the water column. Filtration and pumping activity of sestonophage-organisms, particularly mussels, helps to attract food material to the community. Primary producers of the community are macrophytes and microphytes, which develop on account of their photosynthetic activity and ensure the provision of food to herbivores. The trophic group of detritophages consumes different fractions of the detritus which accumulates in the byssus threads of bivalve molluscs. In this context, mussel druses act as sediment traps, collecting detritus. Numerous polyphages, which are essentially omnivores and do not usually lack food material, were noted in the community. A small group of carnivorous invertebrates, whose representatives actively attack small animals, was identified. The abundance of these species in the community was about 1%, and their biomass less than 0.6%. Fish living in macrophyte weeds are the consumers in the community. We determined that the highest relative abundance (over 36%) in the fouling community was reached by sestonophages and polyphages. We found that the undisputed leader in the relative biomass (over 97%) in the fouling community ofOdessaBaywas the sestonophages (mainly composed of mussels). We determined that the trophic structure index of the community was 0.94, which confirms the significant dominance in biomass of bivalves over other species in the fouling community.

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42

Varigin, A. Y. "Biotic links in the fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea)". Biosystems Diversity 26, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011804.

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This paper reveals the character of the biotic links between the various organisms that compose the fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea). The fouling community of solid substrates is formed by 62 species of invertebrates and 12 species of macrophytes. The edificator species of the community is the Black Sea mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. The environment-forming role of the mussel, which is represents the core of the corresponding consortia, was examined. The leading role of sessile organisms in the formation of a superorganismic structure that significantly modifies the properties of the environment was revealed. Together with the mussel, this structure is formed by the bivalve mollusc Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) and the barnacle crustacean Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854). The proportion of sessile organisms accounts for 24.6% of the total number of species in the community. In this case, they significantly dominate in relative abundance and biomass (78.9% and 98.8%, respectively). The mussels during the process of growth form complexly organized druses, which are peculiar three-dimensional formations, consisting of mussels of different sizes, fastened together with a substrate by an entire network of strong byssus threads. These formations increase the level of heterogeneity of the substrate and increase the variety of available habitats for other animals. The aggregate of these druses is a kind of sedimentary trap in which particles of nutritive detritus accumulate. The availability of accessible habitats, convenient shelters and food reserves attracts various species of invertebrates to the community. Around the core of the consortia a cluster of organisms formed associated with edificator species. An important role is played by trophic links between different mobile organisms and the phyto-component of the community. The ability of the Black Sea mussel to condition the environment, creating favourable conditions for the development of other organisms, characterizes it as an autogenic ecosystem engineer. Trophic and mediopathic links between the organisms that compose the fouling community go beyond it and extend to the inhabitants of the pelagic environment.

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Ista, Linnea K., Víctor H. Pérez-Luna y Gabriel P. López. "Surface-Grafted, Environmentally Sensitive Polymers for Biofilm Release". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1999): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1603-1609.1999.

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ABSTRACT Controlling bacterial biofouling is desirable for almost every human enterprise in which solid surfaces are introduced into nonsterile aqueous environments. One approach that is used to decrease contamination of manufactured devices by microorganisms is using materials that easily slough off accumulated material (i.e., fouling release surfaces). The compounds currently used for this purpose rely on low surface energy to inhibit strong attachment of organisms. In this study, we examined the possible use of environmentally responsive (or “smart”) polymers as a new class of fouling release agents; a surface-grafted thermally responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM), was used as a model compound. PNIPAAM is known to have a lower critical solubility temperature of ∼32°C (i.e., it is insoluble in water at temperatures above 32°C and is soluble at temperatures below 32°C). Under experimental conditions, >90% of cultured microorganisms (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Halomonas marina) and naturally occurring marine microorganisms that attached to grafted PNIPAAM surfaces during 2-, 18-, 36-, and 72-h incubations were removed when the hydration state of the polymer was changed from a wettability that was favorable for attachment to a wettability that was less favorable. Of particular significance is the observation that an organism known to attach in the greatest numbers to hydrophobic substrata (i.e., H. marina) was removed when transition of PNIPAAM to a more hydrated state occurred, whereas an organism that attaches in the greatest numbers to hydrophilic substrata (i.e., S. epidermidis) was removed when the opposite transition occurred. Neither solvated nor desolvated PNIPAAM exhibited intrinsic fouling release properties, indicating that the phase transition was the important factor in removal of organisms. Based on our observations of the behavior of this model system, we suggest that environmentally responsive polymers represent a new approach for controlling biofouling release.

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Bauer, Stella, Maria Pilar Arpa-Sancet, John A. Finlay, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Callow y Axel Rosenhahn. "Adhesion of Marine Fouling Organisms on Hydrophilic and Amphiphilic Polysaccharides". Langmuir 29, n.º 12 (15 de marzo de 2013): 4039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la3038022.

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45

Cagda Kandemir, Elif, Hakan Alyuruk y Levent Cavas. "Fouling organisms on the rebars and protection by antifouling paint". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 59, n.º 5 (8 de septiembre de 2012): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035591211265442.

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Iwanami, Mitsuyasu, Hiroshi Yokota, Hidenori Hamada, Toru Yamaji y Hiroko Watanabe. "Can Marine Fouling Organisms Extend the Life of Concrete Structures?" IABSE Symposium Report 86, n.º 6 (1 de enero de 2002): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137802796337062.

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47

Jamieson, Tamar, Harriet Whiley, Jason R. Gascooke y Sophie C. Leterme. "Can Aggregate-Associated Organisms Influence the Fouling in a SWRO Desalination Plant?" Microorganisms 10, n.º 4 (22 de marzo de 2022): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040682.

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This pilot study investigates the formation of aggregates within a desalination plant, before and after pre-treatment, as well as their potential impact on fouling. The objective is to provide an understanding of the biofouling potential of the feed water within a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant, due to the limited removal of fouling precursors. The 16S and 18S rRNA was extracted from the water samples, and the aggregates and sequenced. Pre-treatment systems, within the plant remove < 5 µm precursors and organisms; however, smaller size particles progress through the plant, allowing for the formation of aggregates. These become hot spots for microbes, due to their nutrient gradients, facilitating the formation of niche environments, supporting the proliferation of those organisms. Aggregate-associated organisms are consistent with those identified on fouled SWRO membranes. This study examines, for the first time, the factors supporting the formation of aggregates within a desalination system, as well as their microbial communities and biofouling potential.

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48

Masi, Bruno Pereira, Ilana Zalmon y Ricardo Coutinho. "Effects of structural factors on upwelling fouling community, Southeast Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 64, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592016128706404.

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Abstract To assess the successional pattern of fouling organisms three hypotheses were tested: 1) a thermocline is caused by seasonal upwelling events, and therefore, depth influences the successional trajectory of the fouling community; 2) a reduction in the intensity of natural light of the substrate influences the fouling composition and the successional trajectory; 3) fish predation influences the community composition and its successional trajectory. During one year, up-facing and down-facing PVC panels on open, partially caged or fully caged, and placed at depths of 1.5 and 3.5 meters were monthly sampled by digital photograph to determine the community composition and by contact point to estimate the percent coverage of organisms. The upwelling impact provided different water masses, and light intensity was also a determining factor of the overall successional trajectory of the fouling community. After the installation of full and partial cages, differences were identified in the respective successional trajectories. The results of this study suggest that each physical factor or biological process can change the successional trajectory of the community, and the successional model (e.g., convergent, divergent, parallel, or cyclic) depends on the magnitudes of the determinants that act on the community at each stage of its trajectory.

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Gangadharan, Sathya N. "Experimental Investigation of Enteromorpha clathrata Biofouling on Lifting Surfaces of Marine Vehicles". Marine Technology and SNAME News 38, n.º 01 (1 de enero de 2001): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2001.38.1.31.

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Biological fouling can adversely affect the hydrodynamic performance characteristics of hydrofoil surfaces and lead to deterioration in the vehicle performance and maneuvering abilities and higher fuel and maintenance costs. Much attention has been drawn to the frictional resistance caused by large organisms, such as barnacles, bryozoa, and tubeworms in the past. Resistance to adhesion of many of these large organisms has been demonstrated by the use of antifouling paints. This paper describes the experimental results for fouling of Enteromorpha clathrata on marine surfaces and its impact on hydrodynamic performance characteristics, in conjunction with the design, construction, and operation of a water tunnel. It includes a description of the force balance system, laser Dopplervelocimeter(LDV) system, and the data acquisition system used to conduct the experimental study. Results of the experiments with Enteromorpha clathrata fouling are presented, and the effects of biofilms on turbulent boundary layer structure are outlined. The experimental results of the force balance experiment showed a constant increase in zero-lift angle of attack by 10 deg for as little as 10% fouling, and a reduction in maximum lift by as much as 70%. Similarly, the LDV experiment found an increase in the skin friction coefficient for all fouled surfaces, and an average increase of 187% for a surface dominated by an Enteromorpha species.

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50

de Castro, Maria Cecilia T., Thomas Vance, Anna L. E. Yunnie, Timothy W. Fileman y Jason M. Hall-Spencer. "Low salinity as a biosecurity tool for minimizing biofouling on ship sea chests". Ocean Science 14, n.º 4 (18 de julio de 2018): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-661-2018.

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Abstract. Biofouling is a major vector in the transfer of non-native species around the world. Species can be transported on virtually all submerged areas of ships (e.g. hulls, sea chests, propellers) and so antifouling systems are used to reduce fouling. However, with increased regulation of biocides used in antifoulants (e.g. the International Maritime Organization tributyltin ban in 2008), there is a need to find efficient and sustainable alternatives. Here, we tested the hypothesis that short doses of low salinity water could be used to kill fouling species in sea chests. Settlement panels were suspended at 1.5 m depth in a Plymouth marina for 24 months by which time they had developed mature biofouling assemblages. We exposed these panels to three different salinities (7, 20 and 33) for 2 hours using a model sea chest placed in the marina and flushed with freshwater. Fouling organism diversity and abundance were assessed before panels were treated, immediately after treatment, and then 1 week and 1 month later. Some native ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia survived, but all other macrobenthos were killed by the salinity 7 treatment after 1 week. The salinity 20 treatment was not effective at killing the majority of fouling organisms. On the basis of these results, we propose that sea chests be flushed with freshwater for at least 2 hours before ships leave port. This would not cause unnecessary delays or costs and could be a major step forward in improving biosecurity.

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