Artículos de revistas: "Fossil Geographical distribution"

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PINTO, IRAJÁ DAMIANI. "The Fossil Blattoid Genus Amozonina. Taxonomy and Geographical Distribution." Pesquisas em Geociências 18, no. 1 (June 30, 1991): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21370.

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É descrito um novo blatóide fóssil (Insecta) Amazonina purperae Pinto, sp. nov., do Estado de Minas Gerais, encontrado em argilito arrocheado associado a uma tafoflora atribuída ao Pleistoceno. O material é proveniente do km 30,25 da Rodovia BR-262, Belo Horizonte – Uberaba. A amostra contém um único élitro. Trata-se do primeiro blatídeo fóssil de Amazonina, Hebard, 1929, gênero de ampla distribuição na América do Sul e América Central. O élitro apresenta extraordinária semelhança com os élitros de Amazonina rehni Albuquerque, 1964, dos quais se diferencia pelo número de ramos e pela bifurcação mais proximal do ramo posterior de R. Outrossim, A. rehni apresenta uma bifurcação distal de M que não existe na nova espécie.

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Wani, Ryoji. "Geological duration of ammonoids controlled their geographical range of fossil distribution." PeerJ 5 (November 28, 2017): e4108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4108.

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The latitudinal distributions in Devonian–Cretaceous ammonoids were analyzed at the genus level, and were compared with the hatchling sizes (i.e., ammonitella diameters) and the geological durations. The results show that (1) length of temporal ranges of ammonoids effected broader ranges of fossil distribution and paleobiogeography of ammonoids, and (2) the hatchling size was not related to the geographical range of fossil distribution of ammonoids. Reducing the influence of geological duration in this analysis implies that hatchling size was one of the controlling factors that determined the distribution of ammonoid habitats at any given period in time: ammonoids with smaller hatchling sizes tended to have broader ammonoid habitat ranges. These relationships were somewhat blurred in the Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, and Jurassic, which is possibly due to (1) the course of development of a reproductive strategy with smaller hatchling sizes in the Devonian and (2) the high origination rates after the mass extinction events.

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Brizuela, Santiago, and Adriana María Albino. "Tupinambine teiids from the middle Miocene of north-western Patagonia (Argentina)." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 3 (2008): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808785112110.

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Abstract Remains of teiids assignable to the Tupinambinae (Tupinambis sp. or Crocodilurus sp.) are here described from the middle Miocene Collón Curá Formation at Cañadón del Tordillo, in Neuquén province, Argentina. No tupinambine species presently inhabits the region of the fossil locality. The fossils represent the westernmost distribution of fossil tupinambine teiids in Patagonia, enlarging the known geographical distribution of the teiids through the Miocene in a longitudinal range. Also, they constitute the first record of lizards from the Colloncuran SALMA, partially filling the record of tupinambine teiids for the South American Miocene.

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Tell, Guillermo. "Recent and fossil species of the genus Pediastrum Meyen (Chlorococcales) from Argentina and their geographical distribution." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 112 (May 1, 2004): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2004/0112-0049.

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Pan, Y. R., and N. G. Jablonski. "The age and geographical distribution of fossil cercopithecids in China." Human Evolution 2, no. 1 (February 1987): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02436531.

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Terrill, David F., Charles M. Henderson, and Jason S. Anderson. "New application of strontium isotopes reveals evidence of limited migratory behaviour in Late Cretaceous hadrosaurs." Biology Letters 16, no. 3 (March 2020): 20190930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0930.

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Dinosaur migration patterns are very difficult to determine, often relying solely on the geographical distribution of fossils. Unfortunately, it is generally not possible to determine if a fossil taxon's geographical distribution is the result of migration or simply a wide distribution. Whereas some attempts have been made to use isotopic systems to determine migratory patterns in dinosaurs, these methods have yet to achieve wider usage in the study of dinosaur ecology. Here, we have used strontium isotope ratios from fossil enamel to reconstruct the movements of an individual hadrosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada. Results from this study are consistent with a range or migratory pattern between Dinosaur Provincial Park and a contemporaneous locality in the South Saskatchewan River area, Alberta, Canada. This represents a minimum distance of approximately 80 km, which is consistent with migrations seen in modern elephants. These results suggest the continent-wide distribution of some hadrosaur species in the Late Cretaceous of North America is not the result of extremely long-range migratory behaviours.

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Hayashi, Ryota. "A checklist of turtle and whale barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Coronuloidea)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 1 (August 10, 2012): 143–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000847.

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A checklist of published records of coronuloid barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Coronuloidea) attached to marine vertebrates is presented, with 44 species (including 15 fossil species) belonging to 14 genera (including 3 fossil genera) and 3 families recorded. Also included is information on their geographical distribution and the hosts with which they occur.

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TAN, JING J., DONG REN, and CHUNG K. SHIH. "First record of fossil Priacma (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Cupedidae) from the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China." Zootaxa 1326, no. 1 (October 2, 2006): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1326.1.6.

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Four new fossil species of the genus Priacma, P. latidentata sp. nov., P. tuberculosa sp. nov., P. clavata sp. nov. and P. renaria sp. nov., are described from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. This finding documents the first record of fossil Priacma in China and extends the geographical distribution of this genus.

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Santos, Rodolfo Otávio, Michel Laurin, and Hussam Zaher. "A review of the fossil record of caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophionomorpha) with comments on its use to calibrate molecular timetrees." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa148.

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Abstract Gymnophiona, popularly known as caecilians, the most poorly known major taxon of extant amphibians, are elongate and limbless tetrapods, with compact ossified skulls and reduced eyes, mainly adapted to fossorial life as adults. Caecilians are poorly represented in the fossil record, but despite the scarcity of fossil specimens described (only four named taxa, in addition to indeterminate fragmentary material), their fossils play a key role in our knowledge of the origin and evolution of Lissamphibia, as well as contribute directly to a better understanding of the phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of extant gymnophionan taxa. These records are scattered throughout geological time (from the Jurassic to the sub-Recent) and space (North and South America and Africa). Here, we revisit the caecilian fossil record, providing a brief description of all known extinct taxa described so far, along with general remarks about their impact on systematics, time range, and geographical distribution of the clade, as well as prospects for future research. Possible calibration constraints based on the caecilian fossil record are provided.

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Murienne, Jerome, Savel R. Daniels, Thomas R. Buckley, Georg Mayer, and Gonzalo Giribet. "A living fossil tale of Pangaean biogeography." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1775 (January 22, 2014): 20132648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2648.

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The current distributions of widespread groups of terrestrial animals and plants are supposedly the result of a mixture of either vicariance owing to continental split or more recent trans-oceanic dispersal. For organisms exhibiting a vicariant biogeographic pattern—achieving their current distribution by riding on the plates of former supercontinents—this view is largely inspired by the belief that Pangaea lacked geographical or ecological barriers, or that extinctions and dispersal would have erased any biogeographic signal since the early Mesozoic. We here present a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Onychophora (velvet worms), an ancient and exclusively terrestrial panarthropod group distributed throughout former Pangaean landmasses. Our data not only demonstrate that trans-oceanic dispersal does not need be invoked to explain contemporary distributions, but also reveal that the early diversification of the group pre-dates the break-up of Pangaea, maintaining regionalization even in landmasses that have remained contiguous throughout the history of the group. These results corroborate a growing body of evidence from palaeontology, palaeogeography and palaeoclimatic modelling depicting ancient biogeographic regionalization over the continuous landmass of Pangaea.

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11

McGlade, Christophe, and Paul Ekins. "The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 °C." Nature 517, no. 7533 (January 2015): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14016.

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Chény, Cédric, Elvis Guillam, André Nel, and Vincent Perrichot. "A new species of Ampulicomorpha Ashmead from Eocene French amber, with a list of fossil and extant Embolemidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of the world." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020020.

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Embolemidae is a cosmopolitan but species-poor group of chrysidoid wasps with a scarce fossil record, despite a long evolutionary history since at least the Early Cretaceous. Here, the new species, Ampulicomorpha quesnoyensis sp. nov., is illustrated and described based on a single female found in Early Eocene amber of Oise (France). The new species is compared with the three other known fossil species of the genus, and a key to all fossil species of Ampulicomorpha is provided. This is the third European fossil species of Ampulicomorpha, which suggests that the genus was once well established in Western Europe while it is more widely distributed in the Eastern Palaearctic region today. A list of all fossil and extant Embolemidae of the world, as well as a map of their geographical distribution map, are provided.

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Jovanovic, Gordana, Nicolae Trif, Vlad Codrea, and Dragana Djuric. "Middle Miocene shark teeth from the southern margin of the Pannonian basin system (Serbia, Central Paratethys)." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique 80, no. 1 (2019): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1901029j.

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This paper describes Middle Miocene (Badenian) shark teeth from Serbia and discusses their geographical distribution at other localities of the Central Paratethys. The shark teeth originate from Visnjica (near Belgrade), from Visnjica Clay, or the ?Pleurotoma Clay?. The variety of sharks is very low, but according to these fossils Visnjica is the richest among serbian localities. The sharks teeth reported in the paper belong to the following taxa: Otodus (Megaselachus) megalodon (AgAssiz, 1835), Hemipristis serra AgAssiz, 1835 and Odontaspididae indet. The high diversity of invertebrates (molluscs, echinoids, corals etc.) and other coeval fossil assemblages indicate a warm period (the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum), which preceded the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition.

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Villalobos, Fabricio, Francesco Carotenuto, Pasquale Raia, and José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho. "Phylogenetic fields through time: temporal dynamics of geographical co-occurrence and phylogenetic structure within species ranges." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1691 (April 5, 2016): 20150220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0220.

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Species co-occur with different sets of other species across their geographical distribution, which can be either closely or distantly related. Such co-occurrence patterns and their phylogenetic structure within individual species ranges represent what we call the species phylogenetic fields (PFs). These PFs allow investigation of the role of historical processes—speciation, extinction and dispersal—in shaping species co-occurrence patterns, in both extinct and extant species. Here, we investigate PFs of large mammalian species during the last 3 Myr, and how these correlate with trends in diversification rates. Using the fossil record, we evaluate species' distributional and co-occurrence patterns along with their phylogenetic structure. We apply a novel Bayesian framework on fossil occurrences to estimate diversification rates through time. Our findings highlight the effect of evolutionary processes and past climatic changes on species' distributions and co-occurrences. From the Late Pliocene to the Recent, mammal species seem to have responded in an individualistic manner to climate changes and diversification dynamics, co-occurring with different sets of species from different lineages across their geographical ranges. These findings stress the difficulty of forecasting potential effects of future climate changes on biodiversity.

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Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge, Christopher A. Brochu, and Hernán Santos. "A gharial from the Oligocene of Puerto Rico: transoceanic dispersal in the history of a non-marine reptile." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1615 (March 6, 2007): 1245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0455.

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The Indian gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) is not found in saltwater, but the geographical distribution of fossil relatives suggests a derivation from ancestors that lived in, or were at least able to withstand, saline conditions. Here, we describe a new Oligocene gharial, Aktiogavialis puertoricensis , from deltaic–coastal deposits of northern Puerto Rico. It is related to a clade of Neogene gharials otherwise restricted to South America. Its geological and geographical settings, along with its phylogenetic relationships, are consistent with two scenarios: (i) that a single trans-Atlantic dispersal event during the Tertiary explains the South American Neogene gharial assemblage and (ii) that stem gharials were coastal animals and their current restriction to freshwater settings is a comparatively recent environmental shift for the group. This discovery highlights the importance of including fossil information in a phylogenetic context when assessing the ecological history of modern organisms.

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Signorelli, Javier H., and J. G. M. (Han) Raven. "Current knowledge of the family Cardiliidae (Bivalvia, Mactroidea)." Journal of Paleontology 92, no. 2 (February 20, 2018): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2017.86.

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AbstractThe family Cardiliidae has been scarcely studied. It was historically placed in the superfamily Mactroidea. Members of this family are characterized by a cordiform shell with a typical mactrid hinge, posterior adductor muscle placed into a myophore and three ornamental areas on the external surface of the shell. Six extant and 14 exclusively fossil species have been previously mentioned in the literature as belonging to the genusCardilia. The geographical distribution, stratigraphic range, type material and type locality of each extant and fossil species are provided. In this work, four extant species and 11 exclusively fossil species belonging to the genusCardiliaare recognized. Extant species are from the western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and eastern Atlantic Ocean, while fossil taxa are recorded from deposits of middle Eocene to late Pliocene in Europe and Asia,. One of them is formally described herein asCardilia edwardsinew species.

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Jones, Washington, Andrés Rinderknecht, Rafael Migotto, and R. Ernesto Blanco. "Body mass estimations and paleobiological inferences on a new species of large Caracara (Aves, Falconidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 1 (January 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-026r.1.

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The caracaras belong to a group of falconids with widespread geographical distribution in the Western Hemisphere, particularly in South America. Here we report fossil remains of a new species attributed to the genusCaracarafrom the late Pleistocene of Uruguay. This bird would have had an estimated body mass of 3700 grams, a value that greatly exceeds the maximum body mass reported for living falconids. Apparently, it would have had flying capabilities, in contrast to another paleospecies recently described from the Holocene of Jamaica. This fossil bird was found in association with mammal megafaunal remains and could offer new insights about the role of carnivorous birds in late Pleistocene environments of South America.

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Boev, Zlatozar. "Past distribution of Ursus arctos in Bulgaria: fossil and subfossil records (Carnivora: Ursidae)." Lynx new series 51, no. 1 (2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2020.001.

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The paper summarizes numerous scattered data from the last 120 years on the former distribution of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Bulgaria. Data from 52 (13 fossil and 39 subfossil) sites (from the Middle Pleistocene to the 19th century AD) are presented. The brown bear former distribution was much wider than the present occurrence. The species range covered the whole territory of the country, including mountain regions, as well as vast lowland and plain landscapes. The geographical, altitudinal and chronological distribution are presented and analyzed. The record from the Kozarnika Cave (1.000,000–700,000 years BP) is one of the earliest records of this species in Europe. About 73% of the localities are situated between 100 and 500 m a. s. l. Twelve sites contain Paleolithic finds, one Mesolithic, 14 Neolithic, six Chalcolithic, five from the Bronze Age, and two from the Iron Age. The remaining 12 subrecent sites are dated to the last ca. 2,400 years. Most of the species findings came from archeological sites – prehistoric and ancient settlements. The distribution of Ursus arctos once covered the entire territory of the country, including the vast regions such as Ludogorie, Dobruja, the Danube Lowland, the Upper Thracian Lowland, as well as the Sakar, Strandja, Sredna Gora, and the Predbalkan Mts.

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Stimpson, C. M., S. O'Donnell, N. T. M. Huong, R. Holmes, B. Utting, T. Kahlert, and R. J. Rabett. "Confirmed archaeological evidence of water deer in Vietnam: relics of the Pleistocene or a shifting baseline?" Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 210529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210529.

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Studies of archaeological and palaeontological bone assemblages increasingly show that the historical distributions of many mammal species are unrepresentative of their longer-term geographical ranges in the Quaternary. Consequently, the geographical and ecological scope of potential conservation efforts may be inappropriately narrow. Here, we consider a case-in-point, the water deer Hydropotes inermis , which has historical native distributions in eastern China and the Korean peninsula. We present morphological and metric criteria for the taxonomic diagnosis of mandibles and maxillary canine fragments from Hang Thung Binh 1 cave in Tràng An World Heritage Site, which confirm the prehistoric presence of water deer in Vietnam. Dated to between 13 000 and 16 000 years before the present, the specimens are further evidence of a wider Quaternary distribution for these Vulnerable cervids, are valuable additions to a sparse Pleistocene fossil record and confirm water deer as a component of the Upper Pleistocene fauna of northern Vietnam. Palaeoenvironmental proxies suggest that the Tràng An water deer occupied cooler, but not necessarily drier, conditions than today. We consider if the specimens represent extirpated Pleistocene populations or indicate a previously unrecognized, longer-standing southerly distribution with possible implications for the conservation of the species in the future.

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Hernández, Carolina, João Aristeu da Rosa, Gustavo A. Vallejo, Felipe Guhl, and Juan David Ramírez. "Taxonomy, Evolution, and Biogeography of the Rhodniini Tribe (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)." Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030097.

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The Triatominae subfamily includes 151 extant and three fossil species. Several species can transmit the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, significantly impacting public health in Latin American countries. The Triatominae can be classified into five tribes, of which the Rhodniini is very important because of its large vector capacity and wide geographical distribution. The Rhodniini tribe comprises 23 (without R. taquarussuensis) species and although several studies have addressed their taxonomy using morphological, morphometric, cytogenetic, and molecular techniques, their evolutionary relationships remain unclear, resulting in inconsistencies at the classification level. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin, diversification, and identification of these species in Latin America, muddying our understanding of their dispersion and current geographic distribution. Clarifying these factors can help for the design of vector control strategies. The aim of this review is to depict the different approaches used for taxonomy of the Rhodniini and to shed light on their evolution and biogeography.

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WALKER, C. A., E. BUFFETAUT, and G. J. DYKE. "Large euenantiornithine birds from the Cretaceous of southern France, North America and Argentina." Geological Magazine 144, no. 6 (September 26, 2007): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003871.

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AbstractWe review historical approaches to the systematics of Enantiornithes, the dominant birds of the second half of the Mesozoic, and describe the forelimb remains of a new Cretaceous euenantiornithine. This taxon is known on the basis of fossil specimens collected from southern France, Argentina and the United States; such a wide geographical distribution is uncharacteristic for Enantiornithes as most taxa are known from single localities. Fossils from the Massecaps locality close to the village of Cruzy (Hérault, southern France), in combination with elements from New Mexico (USA) and from the Argentine locality of El Brete (Salta Province) testify to the global distribution of large flighted euenantiornithine birds in the Late Cretaceous. We discuss the systematics and taxonomy of additional isolated bones of Enantiornithes that were collected from the Argentine El Brete locality in the 1970s; the presence of these flying birds in Cretaceous rocks on both sides of the equator, in both northern and southern hemispheres, further demonstrates the ubiquity of this avian lineage by the latter stages of the Mesozoic.

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SUN, LI-WEI, S. ROBBERT GRADSTEIN, ZUN DAI, WEN-ZHANG MA, RUI-PING SHI, QIAN-QIAN WEI, XUE-DI GAO, and JIAN WANG. "Notes on the distribution of Acrolejeunea sandvicensis (Gottsche) Steph., a liverwort species disjunctive between East Asia and Hawaii." Phytotaxa 367, no. 2 (September 4, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.5.

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Based on the examination of herbarium material, the extant distribution of Acrolejeunea sandvicensis is shown to be disjunctive between subtropical East Asia and Hawaii. All tropical records of the species with one exception (southern India: Palani Hills) are erroneous. Close similarity to the fossil A. ucrainica may indicate that the species was widespread in the Holarctic during the Tertiary. The Asia-Hawaii disjunct plant relationships, especially liverworts, are briefly discussed. Verification of published records is essential for the assessment of the geographical ranges of species and is a key step towards the prediction of the species occurrences.

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Löser, Hannes. "Database applications in coral research." Paleontological Society Papers 1 (October 1996): 207–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000115.

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Data on extant and fossil corals are analyzed. The characteristics of the organisms are divided into five basic units of data: morphology, ecology, taxonomical relations, stratigraphical, and (paleo-) geographical occurrence. Six data complexes are derived from these units. Their relationships are defined and the database structures designed on the basis of the Entity-Relationship-Model. The data structures are described in detail and advice is given for building up databases. The various opportunities of querying the database and particularly of assessing the data are thoroughly discussed. Data obtainable by transactions on the stratigraphical and (paleo-) geographical distribution of the organisms are considered. Finally, the database on Mesozoic corals compiled by the author is introduced and some preliminary results as well as future projects are presented.

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Prorokovic, Dusan. "The geopoliticAl context of energy security." Medjunarodni problemi 72, no. 1 (2020): 254–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2001254p.

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Geopolitical conceptions also have an ?energy dimension?, just as energy security can and must be considered in the context of geopolitics. The twenty-first century remains a century of fossil fuel use. It should be expected that the share of coal in the total energy balance will decline, but also that the share of natural gas use will increase. Political decisions and international relations as a whole will be correlated with the geographical distribution of oil and natural gas sources and routes of the strategic pipelines. This paper discusses this issue in five chapters. The first is introductory, explaining the definitions of energy security and geopolitics. The second chapter is devoted to explaining the importance of energy issues for political relations, and the third presents the geographical distribution of energy sources and reserves. The geopolitics of energy security with some examples from contemporary international relations is described in Chapter Four, while the last part of the paper deals with concluding considerations.

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Barrett, Paul M., Roger B. J. Benson, Thomas H. Rich, and Patricia Vickers-Rich. "First spinosaurid dinosaur from Australia and the cosmopolitanism of Cretaceous dinosaur faunas." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (June 21, 2011): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0466.

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A cervical vertebra from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria represents the first Australian spinosaurid theropod dinosaur. This discovery significantly extends the geographical range of spinosaurids, suggesting that the clade obtained a near-global distribution before the onset of Pangaean fragmentation. The combined presence of spinosaurid, neovenatorid, tyrannosauroid and dromaeosaurid theropods in the Australian Cretaceous undermines previous suggestions that the dinosaur fauna of this region was either largely endemic or predominantly ‘Gondwanan’ in composition. Many lineages are well-represented in both Laurasia and Gondwana, and these observations suggest that Early–‘middle’ Cretaceous theropod clades possessed more cosmopolitan distributions than assumed previously, and that caution is necessary when attempting to establish palaeobiogeographic patterns on the basis of a patchily distributed fossil record.

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Kiessling, Wolfgang, and Ádám T. Kocsis. "Adding fossil occupancy trajectories to the assessment of modern extinction risk." Biology Letters 12, no. 10 (October 2016): 20150813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0813.

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Besides helping to identify species traits that are commonly linked to extinction risk, the fossil record may also be directly relevant for assessing the extinction risk of extant species. Standing geographical distribution or occupancy is a strong predictor of both recent and past extinction risk, but the role of changes in occupancy is less widely assessed. Here we demonstrate, based on the Cenozoic fossil record of marine species, that both occupancy and its temporal trajectory are significant determinants of risk. Based on extinct species we develop a model on the additive and interacting effects of occupancy and its temporal changes on extinction risk. We use this model to predict extinction risk of extant species. The predictions suggest a moderate risk for marine species on average. However, some species seem to be on a long-term decline and potentially at a latent extinction risk, which is not considered in current risk assessments.

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Apesteguía, Sebastián, Juan D. Daza, Tiago R. Simões, and Jean Claude Rage. "The first iguanian lizard from the Mesozoic of Africa." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 9 (September 2016): 160462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160462.

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The fossil record shows that iguanian lizards were widely distributed during the Late Cretaceous. However, the biogeographic history and early evolution of one of its most diverse and peculiar clades (acrodontans) remain poorly known. Here, we present the first Mesozoic acrodontan from Africa, which also represents the oldest iguanian lizard from that continent. The new taxon comes from the Kem Kem Beds in Morocco (Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous) and is based on a partial lower jaw. The new taxon presents a number of features that are found only among acrodontan lizards and shares greatest similarities with uromastycines, specifically. In a combined evidence phylogenetic dataset comprehensive of all major acrodontan lineages using multiple tree inference methods (traditional and implied weighting maximum-parsimony, and Bayesian inference), we found support for the placement of the new species within uromastycines, along with Gueragama sulamericana (Late Cretaceous of Brazil). The new fossil supports the previously hypothesized widespread geographical distribution of acrodontans in Gondwana during the Mesozoic. Additionally, it provides the first fossil evidence of uromastycines in the Cretaceous, and the ancestry of acrodontan iguanians in Africa.

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Prado, José L., Ricardo Bonini, Cristian Favier-Dubois, Gustavo N. Gómez, Pamela Steffan, and María T. Alberdi. "Fossil horses from the Late Pleistocene of Tapalqué Creek (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 294, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2019/0860.

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A comparative study was made with the known record of equids species in South America, identifying the remains as Equus neogeus, Hippidion devillei, and Hippidion principale. These data increase the record of Equidae in South America and provide new evidence about the chronological and geographical distribution. The sedimentary deposits of the Lujan Formation outcropping at Tapalqué creek (4 to 120 ky) were accumulated through fluvial processes. This Formation comprises a rich vertebrate fauna corresponding to the Lujanian South American Land Mammal Age, which includes numerous and diverse vertebrate remains. The taphonomic analysis indicates that the faunistic assemblage was formed and was subject to diagenetic processes without distinction of its action in the fossiliferous levels, that can be recognized as fluvial deposits.

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MacDonald, Glen M., and Les C. Cwynar. "A fossil pollen based reconstruction of the late Quaternary history of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia) in the western interior of Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-168.

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Previous reconstructions of the late Quaternary biogeographical history of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) have been based upon inferences from the modern geographical distribution of morphological and genetic variation. These studies have led to the widely accepted conclusion that relict populations of the Rocky Mountain subspecies of lodgepole pine (ssp. latifolia Engelm.) persisted in glacial refugia located in northwestern Canada. New fossil pollen evidence of the late Pleistocene and Holocene distribution of lodgepole pine in the western interior of Canada contradicts this view. Pinuscontorta ssp. latifolia migrated northward into Canada from refugia located south of the continental glacial limits and did not reach its northern range limits in the southern Yukon until the late Holocene.

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30

Xu, Guang-Hui, Li-Jun Zhao, Ke-Qin Gao, and Fei-Xiang Wu. "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic of China shows the earliest over-water gliding strategy of the vertebrates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1750 (January 7, 2013): 20122261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2261.

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Flying fishes are extraordinary aquatic vertebrates capable of gliding great distances over water by exploiting their enlarged pectoral fins and asymmetrical caudal fin. Some 50 species of extant flying fishes are classified in the Exocoetidae (Neopterygii: Teleostei), which have a fossil record no older than the Eocene. The Thoracopteridae is the only pre-Cenozoic group of non-teleosts that shows an array of features associated with the capability of over-water gliding. Until recently, however, the fossil record of the Thoracopteridae has been limited to the Upper Triassic of Austria and Italy. Here, we report the discovery of exceptionally well-preserved fossils of a new thoracopterid flying fish from the Middle Triassic of China, which represents the earliest evidence of an over-water gliding strategy in vertebrates. The results of a phylogenetic analysis resolve the Thoracopteridae as a stem-group of the Neopterygii that is more crown-ward than the Peltopleuriformes, yet more basal than the Luganoiiformes. As the first record of the Thoracopteride in Asia, this new discovery extends the geographical distribution of this group from the western to eastern rim of the Palaeotethys Ocean, providing new evidence to support the Triassic biological exchanges between Europe and southern China. Additionally, the Middle Triassic date of the new thoracopterid supports the hypothesis that the re-establishment of marine ecosystems after end-Permian mass extinction is more rapid than previously thought.

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31

Maliska, Max E., Matthew W. Pennell, and Billie J. Swalla. "Developmental mode influences diversification in ascidians." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0068.

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Ascidian species (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) usually have tailed, hatching tadpole larvae. In several lineages, species have evolved larvae that completely lack any tail tissues and are unable to disperse actively. Some tailless species hatch, but some do not hatch before going through metamorphosis. We show here that ascidian species with the highest speciation rates are those with the largest range sizes and tailed hatching larval development. We use methods for examining diversification in binary characters across a posterior distribution of trees, and show that mode of larval development predicts geographical range sizes. Conversely, we find that species with the least dispersive larval development (tailless, non-hatching) have the lowest speciation rates and smallest geographical ranges. Our speciation rate results are contrary to findings from sea urchins and snails examined in the fossil record, and further work is necessary to reconcile these disparate results.

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32

Friedman, Matt, Benjamin P. Keck, Alex Dornburg, Ron I. Eytan, Christopher H. Martin, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright, and Thomas J. Near. "Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1733.

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Cichlid fishes are a key model system in the study of adaptive radiation, speciation and evolutionary developmental biology. More than 1600 cichlid species inhabit freshwater and marginal marine environments across several southern landmasses. This distributional pattern, combined with parallels between cichlid phylogeny and sequences of Mesozoic continental rifting, has led to the widely accepted hypothesis that cichlids are an ancient group whose major biogeographic patterns arose from Gondwanan vicariance. Although the Early Cretaceous ( ca 135 Ma) divergence of living cichlids demanded by the vicariance model now represents a key calibration for teleost molecular clocks, this putative split pre-dates the oldest cichlid fossils by nearly 90 Myr. Here, we provide independent palaeontological and relaxed-molecular-clock estimates for the time of cichlid origin that collectively reject the antiquity of the group required by the Gondwanan vicariance scenario. The distribution of cichlid fossil horizons, the age of stratigraphically consistent outgroup lineages to cichlids and relaxed-clock analysis of a DNA sequence dataset consisting of 10 nuclear genes all deliver overlapping estimates for crown cichlid origin centred on the Palaeocene ( ca 65–57 Ma), substantially post-dating the tectonic fragmentation of Gondwana. Our results provide a revised macroevolutionary time scale for cichlids, imply a role for dispersal in generating the observed geographical distribution of this important model clade and add to a growing debate that questions the dominance of the vicariance paradigm of historical biogeography.

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33

Zelenkov, Nikita V. "The first fossil parrot (Aves, Psittaciformes) from Siberia and its implications for the historical biogeography of Psittaciformes." Biology Letters 12, no. 10 (October 2016): 20160717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0717.

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Modern parrots (crown Psittaciformes) are a species-rich group of mostly tropical and subtropical birds with a very limited fossil record. A partial tarsometatarsus from the late Early Miocene of Siberia (Baikal Lake) is the first pre-Quaternary find of crown Psittaciformes in Asia (and Siberia in particular) and is also the northern-most find of this bird order worldwide. This find documents a broad geographical distribution of parrots during the warmest phase of the Miocene (the so-called ‘Miocene Climatic Optimum’), which has implications for the historical biogeography of Psittaciformes. The presence of parrots on both sides of the Pacific Ocean at the end of the Early Miocene implies a (most probably eastwards) trans-Beringian dispersal which likely took place about 16–18 Ma. The broad Eurasian distribution of parrots in the past further supports a hypothesis that ancestors of modern genera Coracopsis and Agapornis could reach Africa from Eurasia.

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34

LIAO, HUAN-YU, XIN-NENG LIAN, JIAN GAO, CHEN-YANG CAI, ZHUO FENG, and DI-YING HUANG. "Discovery of Pemphilimnadiopsis cheni (Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Spinicaudata) from the Benxi Formation in Taiyuan, North China and its stratigraphic significance." Palaeoentomology 3, no. 6 (December 21, 2020): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.9.

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Clam shrimp (Spinicaudata) are worldwide distributed branchiopod crustaceans specialised in ephemeral freshwater habitats. The Carboniferous is an important period for the early evolution and diversification of clam shrimp. Compared with the rare and geographically confined fossil record of the Devonian, clam shrimp in the Carboniferous have a much wider geographical distribution and higher biodiversity. Over 20 genera of clam shrimp have been recorded in the Carboniferous all over the world, but they are sparse in China. To date, five records of Carboniferous clam shrimp have been reported from China (Pruvost, 1927; Zhang et al., 1976; Wang, 1987; Zheng et al., 1988; Liu & Fan, 1995; Liao et al., 2019). Among them, four species Lioestheria? mathieui Pruvost, 1927, Protomonocarina huixianensis Wang, 1987, Retrofractus lingyuanensis Liu & Fan, 1995, and Pemphilimnadiopsis cheni Liao, Shen & Huang, 2019, are found in the Pennsylvanian Benxi Formation in North China (Pruvost, 1927; Zhang et al., 1976; Wang, 1987; Liu & Fan, 1995; Liao et al., 2019).

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35

SZADZIEWSKI, RYSZARD, and ELŻBIETA SONTAG. "First male of Corethrella andersoni Poinar & Szadziewski, 2007 (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber." Palaeoentomology 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.1.1.6.

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The family Corethrellidae, called frog-biting midges, with the single genus Corethrella Coquillett, 1902, is a small group of dipterans including 107 extant species (Borkent, 2017). Females of most species are haematophagous and feed on males of frogs and toads locating them by their calls (Borkent, 2008). Extant frog-biting midges have a pantropical distribution, absent in Europe, north Africa, middle and northern Asia (Giłka & Szadziewski, 2009). The genus during its phylogenetic history dated back to Lower Cretaceous (125–129 Ma) had a broader geographical distribution, and during Eocene was present in Europe. Till now nine fossil species have been described from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (1), mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (1), Eocene Baltic amber (5) and Miocene Dominican amber (2) (a complete annotated list is provided below).

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36

Saenger, P. "Mangrove vegetation: an evolutionary perspective." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97139.

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The world-wide occurrence of mangrove vegetation and the modern floristic divergence between the Indo–Pacific and the Atlantic mangroves, can only be explained by historical processes, in that the composition of the modern mangrove flora at any one location, while subject to present-day climatic and geographical conditions, is largely relict. Although several interpretations have been offered to relate mangrove distributions to past events, none has been universally accepted. What is explored here, is that there are several historical and modern processes which in combination, have resulted in the present day distribution of mangroves. Evolutionary processes are reviewed from the fossil record and from the data on continental drift. Next, the ecological processes that are selectively acting on the various species and their distributions are examined with particular emphasis on aridity, temperature and latitudinal attentuation of species. Finally, some modern anthropogenic processes (e.g. species introductions, over-exploitation and habitat modification, afforestation) are examined in terms of their effects on mangrove distribution. As an outcome of these various processes, the modern mangrove vegetation is analysed particularly in relation to regions of endemism, vicariance among species, discontinuous distributions, hybridization and divergence. Finally, some speculation is offered in terms of future trends and evolutionary possibilities.

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37

Silvestro, Daniele, Alexander Zizka, Christine D. Bacon, Borja Cascales-Miñana, Nicolas Salamin, and Alexandre Antonelli. "Fossil biogeography: a new model to infer dispersal, extinction and sampling from palaeontological data." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1691 (April 5, 2016): 20150225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0225.

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Methods in historical biogeography have revolutionized our ability to infer the evolution of ancestral geographical ranges from phylogenies of extant taxa, the rates of dispersals, and biotic connectivity among areas. However, extant taxa are likely to provide limited and potentially biased information about past biogeographic processes, due to extinction, asymmetrical dispersals and variable connectivity among areas. Fossil data hold considerable information about past distribution of lineages, but suffer from largely incomplete sampling. Here we present a new dispersal–extinction–sampling (DES) model, which estimates biogeographic parameters using fossil occurrences instead of phylogenetic trees. The model estimates dispersal and extinction rates while explicitly accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Rates can vary between areas and through time, thus providing the opportunity to assess complex scenarios of biogeographic evolution. We implement the DES model in a Bayesian framework and demonstrate through simulations that it can accurately infer all the relevant parameters. We demonstrate the use of our model by analysing the Cenozoic fossil record of land plants and inferring dispersal and extinction rates across Eurasia and North America. Our results show that biogeographic range evolution is not a time-homogeneous process, as assumed in most phylogenetic analyses, but varies through time and between areas. In our empirical assessment, this is shown by the striking predominance of plant dispersals from Eurasia into North America during the Eocene climatic cooling, followed by a shift in the opposite direction, and finally, a balance in biotic interchange since the middle Miocene. We conclude by discussing the potential of fossil-based analyses to test biogeographic hypotheses and improve phylogenetic methods in historical biogeography.

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38

Akhoundi, Mohammad, Denis Sereno, Remy Durand, Asad Mirzaei, Christiane Bruel, Pascal Delaunay, Pierre Marty, and Arezki Izri. "Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimicidae): Overview of Classification, Evolution and Dispersion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 4576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124576.

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The bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus) have undergone a significant resurgence worldwide since the 1990s. A compilation of findings from a database, including 2650 scientific publications from seven major medical databases, allowed us to document main evolutionary events, from fossil evidence, dating from 11,000 years ago, until the present that has led to the current worldwide expansion of Cimicid species. We present the hypotheses on the possible dispersion pathways of bed bugs in light of the major historical and evolutionary events. A detailed classification of the Cimicidae family and finally, an illustrative map displaying the current distribution of known Cimex species in each geographical ecozone of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Australia are presented.

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39

PILLAI, T. GOTTFRIED. "A revision of the genera Galeolaria and Pyrgopolon (Polychaeta: Serpulidae), with discussions on opercular insertion as a character in their taxonomy and relationships, and their zoogeography." Zootaxa 2060, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2060.1.4.

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While earlier works have shown that the operculum is inserted in the position of the first or second branchial radiole in serpulimorph taxa, the present paper shows that it is inserted independently of the branchial radioles of both sides in the genera Galeolaria and Pyrgopolon. Although both genera possess several characters in common with the group consisting of Pomatoleios, Pomatoceros and Spirobranchus, a cladistic analysis revealed that they form two distinct clades, as sister groups to each other. Extant species of Pyrgopolon occur mainly in the Caribbean region, and of Galeolaria in eastern Australia and New Zealand. However, there is palaeontological evidence indicating that fossil species of Pyrgopolon had a wider geographical distribution, having existed in Europe during geological times.

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40

Carroll, Robert L. "Evaluation of geological age and environmental factors in changing aspects of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna during the Carboniferous." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 84, no. 3-4 (1993): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006222.

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ABSTRACTOf all the localities that have yielded a diversity of Carboniferous tetrapods, the fossil assemblage at East Kirkton most closely resembles that of the Joggins locality in Nova Scotia. Both assemblages are dominated by dendrerpetontid temnospondyls and a smaller number of small anthracosaurs, which are thought to have been primarily terrestrial in habits. Both localities lack adelogyrinids and lysorophids, and such presumably deep water genera as Crassigyrinusand large embolomeres. The East Kirkton Limestone differs in the presence of aïstopods and a possible nectridean, which are associated with a shallow-water environment in other localities. The absence of amniotes and microsaurs may be explained by the later evolution of these groups, their limited geographical distribution, or the lack of any aspects of the depositional environment that would preferentially select primarily terrestrial animals.

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41

Xi, Huacong, Younan Wang, Tong Liu, Xingke Yang, Haoyu Liu, and Yuxia Yang. "Spatial Origin and Diversification of the Lycocerus fainanus Species Group (Coleoptera, Cantharidae), with Descriptions of Four New Species from China and Vietnam." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050445.

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Five previously known species were attributed to the Lycocerus fainanus species group, including L. inopaciceps (Pic 1926), L. oberthueri (Gorham 1889), L. oudai (Švihla 2004), L. metallipennis (Fairmaire 1887), and L. nigripes (Wittmer, 1995). Four new species of this group were discovered from China and Vietnam, L. binotatus sp. nov., L. testacicollis sp. nov., L. daliensis sp. nov., and L. vietnamensis sp. nov. An updated key to all species was provided. A geographical distribution map is presented, which shows that all the members were located between 18.69041–33.93441° N, and between 98.61413–121.77102° E. The ancestral geographical range was reconstructed based on a phylogeny of morphological data by the Bayesian Binary MCMC method. The result showed that the spatial origin of L. fainanus species group was probably located in northern Vietnam and southwest China. The divergence of the species in southwest China and Taiwan was caused by vicariance about 24 Ma ago, when the latter was separated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the remaining species of mainland China all originated from Taiwan after traveling around Southeast Asia and back to China. Nevertheless, this conclusion should be verified when fossil evidence and molecular data are available.

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42

Łukowiak, Magdalena. "Fossil and modern sponge fauna of southern Australia and adjacent regions compared: interpretation, evolutionary and biogeographic significance of the late Eocene ‘soft’ sponges." Contributions to Zoology 85, no. 1 (January 12, 2016): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08501002.

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The late Eocene ‘soft’ sponge fauna of southern Australia is reconstructed based on disassociated spicules and is used to interpret the paleoecology and environmental context of shallow marine communities in this region. The reconstructed sponge association was compared with coeval sponge assemblages from the Oamaru Diatomite, New Zealand, and with the modern ‘soft’ sponge fauna of southern coastal of Australia. Based on the predominance of shallow- and moderately shallow-water species, the late Eocene assemblage is interpreted to have inhabited waters depths of about 100 m. This contrast with the spicule assemblage from New Zealand, which characterized deeper waters based on the presence of numerous strictly deepwater sponge taxa, and the absence of spicules of shallow-water demosponges represented in the Australian material. The southern Australian Eocene sponge assemblages have clear Tethyan affinities evidenced by the occurrence of sponges known today from diverse regions. This distribution suggests much wider geographical ranges of some sponge taxa during the Eocene. Their present distributions may be relictual. The modern sponge fauna inhabiting southern Australian waters shows only moderate differences from these of the late Eocene. Differences are more pronounced at lower taxonomic levels (family and genus).

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43

Navarro, Nicolas, Sophie Montuire, Rémi Laffont, Emilie Steimetz, Catalina Onofrei, and Aurélien Royer. "Identifying Past Remains of Morphologically Similar Vole Species Using Molar Shapes." Quaternary 1, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat1030020.

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Accurate species identification in fossil remains is a complex task but is a key component for developing good inferences on many, if not all, fundamental questions in macroecology and macroevolution. In the Quaternary, arvicolines are very abundant remains in archeological and paleontological sites in Western Europe and their identification is often based on the first lower molar. The common vole Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) and the field vole Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761) are commonly found in those deposits. These two species are genetically and ecologically divergent. Nonetheless, their lower molars, on which species identification is done, exhibit a large morphological variation that can potentially lead to some confusion and misinterpretation. Moreover, molecular data suggest that present-day M. agrestis populations are a complex of divergent lineages, some of them being recognized nowadays as valid species. On the basis of extant populations representing a large part of the present-day geographical distribution of these two species, we developed a classification model based on geometric morphometrics of the first lower molar. Our statistical model was then applied on four fossil sites selected to evaluate the relevance of taxonomic determination found in species lists. The model using landmarks describing the overall shape of the first lower molar classifies the two species with the smallest prediction error together with very high individual posterior probabilities. The obtained classification is much better than those arising from shapes of any specific molar part such as the anterior loop, asymmetry or peculiar triangle shape. Discrepancies with expert classification on fossils suggest that existing faunal lists should always be considered cautiously for these two species. Our morphometric model provides a first step towards a rationalized way of revising past collections and expertise for future small mammal assemblages. It will thus help us better understand the paleobiogeographical expansion of these two key species in Quaternary faunas.

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Landis, Michael, Erika J. Edwards, and Michael J. Donoghue. "Modeling Phylogenetic Biome Shifts on a Planet with a Past." Systematic Biology 70, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa045.

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Abstract The spatial distribution of biomes has changed considerably over deep time, so the geographical opportunity for an evolutionary lineage to shift into a new biome may depend on how the availability and connectivity of biomes has varied temporally. To better understand how lineages shift between biomes in space and time, we developed a phylogenetic biome shift model in which each lineage shifts between biomes and disperses between regions at rates that depend on the lineage’s biome affinity and location relative to the spatial distribution of biomes at any given time. To study the behavior of the biome shift model in an empirical setting, we developed a literature-based representation of paleobiome structure for three mesic forest biomes, six regions, and eight time strata, ranging from the Late Cretaceous (100 Ma) through the present. We then fitted the model to a time-calibrated phylogeny of 119 Viburnum species to compare how the results responded to various realistic or unrealistic assumptions about paleobiome structure. Ancestral biome estimates that account for paleobiome dynamics reconstructed a warm temperate (or tropical) origin of Viburnum, which is consistent with previous fossil-based estimates of ancestral biomes. Imposing unrealistic paleobiome distributions led to ancestral biome estimates that eliminated support for tropical origins, and instead inflated support for cold temperate ancestry throughout the warmer Paleocene and Eocene. The biome shift model we describe is applicable to the study of evolutionary systems beyond Viburnum, and the core mechanisms of our model are extensible to the design of richer phylogenetic models of historical biogeography and/or lineage diversification. We conclude that biome shift models that account for dynamic geographical opportunities are important for inferring ancestral biomes that are compatible with our understanding of Earth history.[Ancestral states; biome shifts; historical biogeography; niche conservatism; phylogenetics]

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45

Weaver, P. P. E., and H. Bergsten. "Assessing the Accuracy of Fossil Datum Levels: <i>Globorotalia margaritae</i> Foraminiferida, a Pliocene Test Case." Journal of Micropalaeontology 9, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.9.2.225.

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Abstract. The stratigraphic distribution of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globorotalia margaritae has been determined in 34 DSDP, ODP and piston core sites from throughout the world’s oceans and from one land section. All these sites have good palaeomagnetic records, and thus the age of the first and last appearance of G. margaritae can be determined in each case. The results show strong diachronism and indicate that this is not a good species to use for correlation. There appears to be no simple explanation for this diachronism, dissolution is probably a contributing factor in the deeper sites, and the edges of the geographical range of the species show shorter stratigraphic ranges but these factors do not explain all the data. We suggest that diachronism in planktonic foraminifera may be common, but without global arrays of palaeomagnetically dated cores it will be very difficult to distinguish reliable species from unreliable ones.

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46

Sun, Lin, Huang, Ye, Lai, and Zheng. "Phylogeographical Structure of Liquidambar formosana Hance Revealed by Chloroplast Phylogeography and Species Distribution Models." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100858.

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To understand the origin and evolutionary history, and the geographical and historical causes for the formation of the current distribution pattern of Lquidambar formosana Hance, we investigated the phylogeography by using chloroplasts DNA (cpDNA) non-coding sequences and species distribution models (SDM). Four cpDNA intergenic spacer regions were amplified and sequenced for 251 individuals from 25 populations covering most of its geographical range in China. A total of 20 haplotypes were recovered. The species had a high level of chloroplast genetic variation (Ht = 0.909 ± 0.0192) and a significant phylogeographical structure (genetic differentiation takes into account distances among haplotypes (Nst) = 0.730 > population differentiation that does not consider distances among haplotypes (Gst) = 0.645; p < 0.05), whereas the genetic variation within populations (Hs = 0.323 ± 0.0553) was low. The variation of haplotype mainly occurred among populations (genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) = 0.73012). The low genetic diversity within populations may be attributed to the restricted gene flow (Nm = 0.18). The time of the most recent common ancestor for clade V mostly distributed in Southwestern China, Central China, Qinling and Dabieshan mountains was 10.30 Ma (95% Highest posterior density (HPD): 9.74–15.28) dating back to the middle Miocene, which revealed the genetic structure of L. formosana was of ancient origin. These results indicated that dramatic changes since the Miocene may have driven the ancestors of L. formosana to retreat from the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere to subtropical China in which the establishment and initial intensification of the Asian monsoon provided conditions for their ecological requirements. This scenario was confirmed by the fossil record. SDM results indicated there were no contraction–expansion dynamics, and there was a stable range since the last interglacial period (LIG, 130 kya). Compared with the population expansion detected by Fu’s Fs value and the mismatch distribution, we speculated the expansion time may happen before the interglacial period. Evidence supporting L. formosana was the ancient origin and table range since the last interglacial period.

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47

Masini, Federico, Lutz C. Maul, Laura Abbazzi, Daria Petruso, and Andrea Savorelli. "Independent water vole (Mimomys savini, Arvicola: Rodentia, Mammalia) lineages in Italy and Central Europe." Fossil Imprint 76, no. 1 (2020): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2020.005.

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Water voles are important key fossils of the Quaternary. Given their wide distribution, regional differences were expected to exist in different areas. Early hints on possible independent evolutionary trends of water voles in Italy came from palaeontology and specifically from the comparison of enamel differentiation (SDQ value) of the first lower molars between specimens from Italy and Germany. The data available at that time indicated that in the early Middle Pleistocene there were only minor enamel differences between first lower molars of water voles from these two geographical regions, whereas from the late Middle Pleistocene onwards, two lineages were clearly distinguished. Examination of mitochondrial DNA of extant Arvicola populations from across Europe by Wust-Saucy led to a similar conclusion that Arvicola populations from the Italian Peninsula had undergone independent evolution during the last 0.2 million years. The inclusion of new fossil and extant Arvicola samples from Italy and Central Europe, together with the examination of additional morphological parameters of the occlusal surface (so-called van der Meulen indexes), have provided further support for the proposed evolutionary pattern. The combined analysis of length, SDQ and A/L index reveal a certain degree of intercorrelation and indicate an essentially continuous evolutionary trend. However, variations are discernible, related to the age and geographical origins of the samples, and become more clearly seen at least since the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. Italian samples have a characteristic tendency to grow larger, elongate the anteroconid, and have less derived SDQ. This corroborates the suggestion that Italian water voles underwent an evolutionary history distinct from that of their Central European counterparts. The differences in morphology may be related to a combination of etho-/ecological (aquatic or terrestrial habits) and palaeobiogeographical factors.

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48

Horáčková, Jitka, Štěpánka Podroužková, and Lucie Juřičková. "River Floodplains as Habitat and Bio-Corridors for Distribution of Land Snails: Their Past and Present." Journal of Landscape Ecology 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2015-0012.

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Abstract River floodplains of Czech rivers serve as refugia to woodland or hydrophilous gastropods, in current intensively agriculturally utilised, urbanised and largely fragmented landscape. This habitat often form one of the last refuge and replace the natural habitat of these species. River floodplains also represent linear bio-corridors in landscape and allow gastropods to spread through the landscape in both directions, up and down the stream. We showed based on available fossil mollusc successions that development of the floodplain mollusc fauna took place quite different way in various river floodplains, depending on their specifics and geographical location, because especially the ones situated in the chernozem area of the Czech Republic had very different history in comparison with those in higher altitudes. The species richness and composition of recent floodplain malacofauna arises from historical development of particular area/site and depends also on environmental factors such as an elevation, humidity gradient, vegetation type and its biomass, light conditions of the site and soil reaction. Recently, the invasive plants represent a serious problem for current floodplain ecosystems; species richness and abundances of terrestrial mollusc floodplain assemblages are changing due to their effect. The impact on gastropods is species-specific and was described for the following species: Impatiens glandulifera, Fallopia japonica subsp. japonica, F. sachalinensis, F. ×bohemica.

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Forey, Peter L., Richard A. Fortey, Paul Kenrick, and Andrew B. Smith. "Taxonomy and fossils: a critical appraisal." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1444 (April 29, 2004): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1453.

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Many compendia at the species, genus and family levels document the fossil record, but these are not standardized, nor usually critical in content, and few are available on the World Wide Web. The sampling of the available record is good for organisms with fossilizable parts, but preservational constraints on the entire morphology, life history and geographical distribution lead to difficulties in recognizing and naming species. We recommend abandoning some of the palaeontological species concepts such as chronospecies and stratospecies, and we advocate species recognition based on unique combinations of characters. The compilation of species lists is extremely time consuming, and given the inherent problems we suggest that compilation of generic lists is a more achievable goal because genera are recognized by definitive morphological characters. In calculating taxon duration, care must be taken to distinguish between mono–, para– and polyphyletic groups, the first being the only reliable unit for use in calculating diversity curves. We support the inclusion of fossils into classifications based on Recent organisms, but we recognize some of the problems this may pose for standard Linnaean classifications. Web–based taxonomy is the way forward, having the advantages of speed and currency of information dissemination, universal access with links to primary literature and increasingly sophisticated imagery. These advantages over conventional outlets will only be realized with careful Web design and a commitment to maintenance.

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50

Halder, Kalyan, and Piyali Sinha. "Some Eocene Cerithioids (Gastropoda, Mollusca) from Kutch, Western India, and Their Bearing on Palaeobiogeography of the Indian Subcontinent." Paleontology Journal 2014 (August 6, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/673469.

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The cerithioids are a diverse group of gastropods found globally as fossil and living animals during the Cenozoic Era. Their systematics is riddled with problems stemming from large morphological variability, homoplasy, and wide geographical distribution. Six cerithioid species are described here from the lower Middle Eocene of Kutch, Gujarat, western India. All but two are new species. They are Palmerella kutchensis, Tenagodus? sowerbyi, Potamides archiaci, and Cerithium harudiensis. The rest are new records from Kutch and were known only from Pakistan. A palaeobiogeographical review based on major published records of benthic molluscs from Pakistan reveals strong endemism. The cerithioid faunas from different parts of Pakistan and this report from Kutch also show strong endemism and often quite localized development. It is argued here that unhindered faunal mixing was not possible in this province since these newly evolved basins were restricted in nature in their Lower Cenozoic history.

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