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1
Carpenter, Raymond J., Myall Tarran y Robert S. Hill. "Leaf fossils of Proteaceae subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae: tracing the past of an important Australasian sclerophyll lineage". Australian Systematic Botany 30, n.º 2 (2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16045.
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Fossils from the Eocene of South Australia and Western Australia and the Oligo–Miocene of Victoria represent the first known Australian leaf fossils of subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae. Persoonieaephyllum blackburnii sp. nov. is described from Middle Eocene Nelly Creek sediments near Lake Eyre, South Australia. Persoonieae are an important clade for understanding vegetation transitions in Australasia. The Nelly Creek leaf fossils are small (~6mm wide) and belong to an assemblage that has some characteristics of open vegetation, which is also inferred for the Oligo–Miocene of the Latrobe Valley, Victoria. In contrast, the Western Australian Late Eocene Persoonieae occur with diverse Lauraceae and other elements now typical of closed rainforests, and may, therefore, have been derived from communities that are unlike those in which most Persoonieae now occur. All fossil Persoonieae leaves so far known are hypostomatic (or virtually so), a state of stomatal distribution now only found in species of reasonably mesic habitats in New Zealand, New Caledonia and eastern Australian eucalypt forests. The ancestral state of stomatal distribution in Persoonieae leaves is unclear, but evidence suggests ancient associations of amphistomaty with open habitats, evolutionary loss of adaxial stomata in more closed vegetation, and the evolution of pronounced xerophylly within south-western Australian heathlands.
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Greenwood, DR. "Early Tertiary Podocarpaceae - Megafossils From the Eocene Anglesea Locality, Victoria, Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 35, n.º 2 (1987): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870111.
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The nomenclature of some Tertiary fossil Podocarpaceae is reviewed. Fossil Podocarpaceae from the Eocene Anglesea locality in Victoria are described and assigned to six species from five modern genera using cuticular and other vegetative morphology. Falcatifolium australis D. R. Greenwood is the first record for this genus in Australia. Dacrycarpus eocenica D. R. Greenwood, Podocarpus platyphyllum D. R. Greenwood and Prumnopitys lanceolata D. R. Greenwood are new species. Decussocarpus brownei (Selling) D. R. Greenwood and Prumnopitys aff. Pr. Tasmanica (Townrow) D. R. Greenwood have previously been recorded as megafossils from the Australian Tertiary. The diversity of Podocarpaceae recorded from Anglesea is far greater than in any modern Australian forests.
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Turner, S. "Australia's first discovered fossil fish is still missing!" Geological Curator 9, n.º 5 (mayo de 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc83.
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Seeking Australian specimens collected in the 19th century always needs detective work. Fossils collected by one colourful collector, the Polish 'Count' Paul Strzelecki, from early travels in the colony of New South Wales are being sought. A 30-year search has still not brought to light in Australia or Britain the first fossil fish found from the Lower Carboniferous of New South Wales.
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Rix, Alan. "The Triassic insects of Denmark Hill, Ipswich, Southeast Queensland: the creation, use and dispersal of a collection". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Nature 62 (18 de marzo de 2021): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17082/j.2204-1478.62.2021.2020-11.
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Type and additional fossil insects from the Late Triassic Denmark Hill locality in Southeast Queensland, Australia, are held in the collections of the Queensland Museum (Brisbane), the Australian Museum (Sydney) and the Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (London). The history of these collections shows that they were the product of a concerted effort in the first two decades of the twentieth century to extract the fossils by Benjamin Dunstan, Queensland’s Chief Government Geologist, and to describe the fossils by Dunstan and Robin Tillyard, the foremost Australian entomologist of the time. They collaborated closely to document the late Triassic insects of Australia, at the same time as Dunstan carefully curated and organised both the official government collection of these insects for the Geological Survey of Queensland, and his own private collection. The death of the two men in the 1930s led to the sale by his widow of Dunstan’s private fossil collection (including type and type counterpart specimens) to the British Museum, and the donation of Tillyard’s by his widow to the same institution, in addition to some material that went to the Australian Museum. This paper documents the locations of all of the published specimens. The history of the Denmark Hill fossils (a site no longer accessible for collection) highlights the problems for researchers of the dispersal of holdings such as these, and in particular the separation of the part and counterpart of the same insect fossils. It also raises ethical questions arising from the ownership and disposal of private holdings of important fossil material collected in an official capacity.
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Bell, Phil R., Russell D. C. Bicknell y Elizabeth T. Smith. "Crayfish bio-gastroliths from eastern Australia and the middle Cretaceous distribution of Parastacidae". Geological Magazine 157, n.º 7 (30 de octubre de 2019): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819001092.
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AbstractFossil crayfish are typically rare, worldwide. In Australia, the strictly Southern Hemisphere clade Parastacidae, while ubiquitous in modern freshwater systems, is known only from sparse fossil occurrences from the Aptian–Albian of Victoria. We expand this record to the Cenomanian of northern New South Wales, where opalized bio-gastroliths (temporary calcium storage bodies found in the foregut of pre-moult crayfish) form a significant proportion of the fauna of the Griman Creek Formation. Crayfish bio-gastroliths are exceedingly rare in the fossil record but here form a remarkable supplementary record for crayfish, whose body and trace fossils are otherwise unknown from the Griman Creek Formation. The new specimens indicate that parastacid crayfish were widespread in eastern Australia by middle Cretaceous time, occupying a variety of freshwater ecosystems from the Australian–Antarctic rift valley in the south, to the near-coastal floodplains surrounding the epeiric Eromanga Sea further to the north.
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Conran, John G., Raymond J. Carpenter y Gregory J. Jordan. "Early Eocene Ripogonum (Liliales: Ripogonaceae) leaf macrofossils from southern Australia". Australian Systematic Botany 22, n.º 3 (2009): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08050.
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We present evidence that fossil leaves from an early Eocene estuarine mudstone deposit at Lowana Road in western Tasmania include the oldest records of the extant monocot genus, Ripogonum (Ripogonaceae). These fossils are similar to the extant eastern Australian and Papua New Guinean R. album R.Br. and New Zealand R. scandens J.R. et G.Forst., and are described as a new species, R. tasmanicum Conran, R.J.Carp. & G.J.Jord. The venation, cuticular and other leaf features of this fossil are included in a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis for the genus, and character evolution is discussed in relation to the ecology of the extant species and the palaeoenvironments of known Ripogonaceae fossil sites. The fossil (albeit on leaf characters) was placed close to the base of a black-fruited, Australian endemic Ripogonum clade. This suggests that the family have a long and conservative evolutionary history in association with moist forests, with the fossil locality showing palaeoclimate similar to the environments that most Ripogonum species still occupy today.
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Earp, Clem. "Early Devonian fossils from the Broadford Formation, central Victoria". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, n.º 2 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15014.
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The Broadford Formation of central Victoria, Australia, hitherto lacked an identifiable fossil record but has, nevertheless, recently been considered to be wholly Silurian. Shelly fossil localities below and within the Broadford Formation reported in this study have yielded Boucotia australis and other brachiopods, indicating that much of the formation has a maximum age of Early Devonian.
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Kemp, Anne. "Lungfish and the Long Defeat". Diversity 15, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010063.
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Australia has an excellent fossil record of lungfish that begins in the Devonian and includes many species in Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. The extant Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, occurs in Pliocene deposits, but is now restricted to a handful of coastal rivers in Queensland. Some of the fossil taxa, belonging to species related to N. forsteri, are represented by only a few specimens, but others include large numbers of tooth plates. The existence of these taxa, even if they are represented by only a few specimens, indicates that lungfish were present in lakes and rivers in central and northern Australia in the past, and that the potential habitats for these fish were more extensive then than they are now. Many of the fossil populations died out because Australia became more arid, and the remaining species became isolated in large river systems in the north and east of the continent. However, the cause of extinction of some fossil populations was not always related to increasing aridity. Several fossil populations were apparently living in poor conditions. They stopped spawning and adding new members to the population. The remaining individuals showed advanced age and many diseases before the population disappeared. This can be observed in the present day, and one population in an isolated reservoir is already extinct.
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Sappenfield, Aaron, Mary L. Droser y James G. Gehling. "Problematica, trace fossils, and tubes within the Ediacara Member (South Australia): redefining the ediacaran trace fossil record one tube at a time". Journal of Paleontology 85, n.º 2 (marzo de 2011): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-068.1.
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Ediacaran trace fossils are becoming an increasingly less common component of the total Precambrian fossil record as structures previously interpreted as trace fossils are reinterpreted as body fossils by utilizing qualitative criteria. Two morphotypes, Form E and Form F of Glaessner (1969), interpreted as trace fossils from the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite in South Australia are shown here to be body fossils of a single, previously unidentified tubular constructional morphology formally described herein as Somatohelix sinuosus n. gen. n. sp. S. sinuosus is 2-7 mm wide and 3-14 cm long and is preserved as sinusoidal casts and molds on the base of beds. Well-preserved examples of this fossil preserve distinct body fossil traits such as folding, current alignment, and potential attachment to holdfasts. Nearly 200 specimens of this fossil have been documented from reconstructed bedding surfaces within the Ediacara Member. When viewed in isolated hand sample, many of these specimens resemble ichnofossils. However, the ability to view large quantities of reassembled and successive bedding surfaces within specific outcrops of the Ediacara Member provides a new perspective, revealing that isolated specimens of rectilinear grooves on bed bases are not trace fossils but are poorly preserved specimens of S. sinuosus. Variation in the quality and style of preservation of S. sinuosus on a single surface and the few distinct characteristics preserved within this relatively indistinct fossil also provides the necessary data required to define a taphonomic gradient for this fossil. Armed with this information, structures which have been problematic in the past can now be confidently identified as S. sinuosus based on morphological criteria. This suggests that the original organism that produced this fossil was a widespread and abundant component of the Ediacaran ecosystem.
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Haverd, V., M. R. Raupach, P. R. Briggs, J. G. Canadell, S. J. Davis, R. M. Law, C. P. Meyer, G. P. Peters, C. Pickett-Heaps y B. Sherman. "The Australian terrestrial carbon budget". Biogeosciences Discussions 9, n.º 9 (12 de septiembre de 2012): 12259–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-12259-2012.
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Abstract. This paper reports a study of the full carbon (C-CO2) budget of the Australian continent, focussing on 1990–2011 in the context of estimates over two centuries. The work is a contribution to the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, as one of numerous regional studies being synthesised in RECCAP. In constructing the budget, we estimate the following component carbon fluxes: Net Primary Production (NPP); Net Ecosystem Production (NEP); fire; Land Use Change (LUC); riverine export; dust export; harvest (wood, crop and livestock) and fossil fuel emissions (both territorial and non-territorial). The mean NEP reveals that climate variability and rising CO2 contributed 12 ± 29 (1σ error on mean) and 68 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 respectively. However these gains were partially offset by fire and LUC (along with other minor fluxes), which caused net losses of 31 ± 5 Tg C yr−1 and 18 ± 7 Tg C yr−1 respectively. The resultant Net Biome Production (NBP) of 31 ± 35 Tg C yr−1 offset fossil fuel emissions (95 ± 6 Tg C yr−1) by 32 ± 36%. The interannual variability (IAV) in the Australian carbon budget exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions by fossil fuel combustion and is dominated by IAV in NEP. Territorial fossil fuel emissions are significantly smaller than the rapidly growing fossil fuel exports: in 2009–2010, Australia exported 2.5 times more carbon in fossil fuels than it emitted by burning fossil fuels.
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Duncan, Ian J. "Australia's Energy Use and Export". Energy & Environment 19, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830508783563163.
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Australia is dependent on fossil fuel and exports significant quantities of coal and gas. Additionally, it has major uranium reserves and is the world's second largest exporter. It has one research reactor but no nuclear power electricity generation. Until 2007, Australia declined to endorse the Kyoto Protocol but has volunteered to limit the growth of CO2 emissions. This paper considers the greenhouse debate and nuclear energy. It concludes that whether the cause of global warming is the use of fossil fuel or solar activity, the remedy is the same. Reducing CO2 in the atmosphere will allow more heat to escape to space. Reducing the use of fossil fuel will reduce atmospheric CO2. For environmental, economic and global reasons the more populated Australian states should now consider the use of nuclear powered electricity generation.
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Bicknell, Russell D. C. y Patrick M. Smith. "The first fossil scorpion from Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 45, n.º 4 (2 de octubre de 2021): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2021.1983874.
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Fehse, Dirk. "New Species of fossil Cypraeoidea from Europe and Australia (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". Palaeontographica Abteilung A 292, n.º 1-3 (4 de octubre de 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/292/2010/1.
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Kemp, A. "A revision of Australian Mesozoic and Cenozoic lungfish of the family Neoceratodontidae (Osteichthyes:Dipnoi), with a description of four new species". Journal of Paleontology 71, n.º 4 (julio de 1997): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000040166.
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The taxonomy of the predominantly Australian fossil dipnoan genus, Neoceratodus, is revised and the Recent Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, and two fossil species, Neoceratodus eyrensis and Neoceratodus nargun, are redefined. Two new species of the related Tertiary genus, Mioceratodus, are described on the basis of tooth plates from central and northern localities in Australia. These are Mioceratodus diaphorus and Mioceratodus poastrus. A new genus, Archaeoceratodus, is erected to include three rare Tertiary species and one Mesozoic species. The Tertiary members of this genus are the type species, Archaeoceratodus djelleh, described originally as Neoceratodus djelleh, and two new species, Archaeoceratodus rowleyi and Archaeoceratodus theganus. The Mesozoic species is Archaeoceratodus avus from Triassic and Cretaceous deposits in southeastern Australia, described originally as Ceratodus avus. All three genera belong in the family Neoceratodontidae.
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Droser, Mary L., Lidya G. Tarhan, Scott D. Evans, Rachel L. Surprenant y James G. Gehling. "Biostratinomy of the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia): implications for depositional environments, ecology and biology of Ediacara organisms". Interface Focus 10, n.º 4 (12 de junio de 2020): 20190100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0100.
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The Precambrian Ediacara Biota—Earth's earliest fossil record of communities of macroscopic, multicellular organisms—provides critical insights into the emergence of complex life on our planet. Excavation and reconstruction of nearly 300 m 2 of fossiliferous bedding planes in the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite, at the National Heritage Ediacara fossil site Nilpena in South Australia, have permitted detailed study of the sedimentology, taphonomy and palaeoecology of Ediacara fossil assemblages. Characterization of Ediacara macrofossils and textured organic surfaces at the scale of facies, bedding planes and individual specimens has yielded unprecedented insight into the manner in which the palaeoenvironmental settings inhabited by Ediacara communities—particularly hydrodynamic conditions—influenced the aut- and synecology of Ediacara organisms, as well as the morphology and assemblage composition of Ediacara fossils. Here, we describe the manner in which environmental processes mediated the development of taphofacies hosting Ediacara fossil assemblages. Using two of the most common Ediacara Member fossils, Arborea and Dickinsonia , as examples, we delineate criteria that can be used to distinguish between ecological, environmental and biostratinomic signals and reconstruct how interactions between these processes have distinctively shaped the Ediacara fossil record.
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Miller, Joseph T., Daniel J. Murphy, Simon Y. W. Ho, David J. Cantrill y David Seigler. "Comparative dating of Acacia: combining fossils and multiple phylogenies to infer ages of clades with poor fossil records". Australian Journal of Botany 61, n.º 6 (2013): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13149.
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The ubiquitous and highly diverse element Australian Acacia makes an ideal candidate for investigating a range of questions about the evolution of the flora of continental Australia. In the past, such efforts have been hampered by a lack of well-supported phylogenies and by the relatively poor macrofossil record, which probably reflects the depositional environment in which Acacia species are predominantly found. However, the broader subfamily Mimosoideae offers several reliably age-constrained fossils that can be used as calibrations in divergence-dating analyses of DNA sequence data. In addition, the microfossil pollen record of Acacia is relatively rich and provides a good age constraint for the entire Acacia clade. By using multiple reliable fossil constraints, we applied a combination of primary calibration points to produce a comprehensive study of divergence dates in Acacia s.s. and related mimosoid legumes. Previous dating studies included very limited samples of the diversity of Australian Acacia and experienced difficulties in identifying appropriate age calibrations for the lineage, leading to considerable variation in their results. We used novel calibration schemes and multiple nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence markers to produce the first estimates of divergence dates for major lineages within the Australian Acacia s.s. clade and for related lineages across the Mimosoideae subfamily. We estimate average crown divergence dates for Vachellia at 13–17 Ma, Senegalia at 31.0–33.4 Ma and Acacia s.s. at 21.0–23.9 Ma. The timing of radiations within these lineages is consistent with the hypothesis that Miocene aridification in Africa, the Americas and Australia was a driver for the diversificationss of lineages in Acacia s.l.
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Mcnamara, Kenneth y Frances Dodds. "The Early History of Palaeontology in Western Australia: 1791-1899". Earth Sciences History 5, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1986): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.5.1.t85384660311h176.
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The exploration of the coast of Western Australia by English and French explorers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the first recorded discoveries of fossiliferous rocks in Western Australia. The first forty years of exploration and discovery of fossil sites in the State was restricted entirely to the coast of the Continent. Following the establishment of permanent settlements in the 1820s the first of the inland fossil localities were located in the 1830s, north of Albany, and north of Perth. As new land was surveyed; particularly north of Perth, principally by the Gregory brothers in the 1840s and 1850s, Palaeozoic rocks were discovered in the Perth and Carnarvon Basins. F.T. Gregory in particular developed a keen interest in the geology of the State to such an extent that he was able, at a meeting of the Geological Society of London in 1861, to present not only a geological map of part of the State, but also a suite of fossils which showed the existence of Permian and Hesozoic strata. The entire history of nineteenth century palaeontology in Western Australia was one of discovery and collection of specimens. These were studied initially by overseas naturalists, but latterly, in the 1890s by Etheridge at The Australian Museum in Sydney. Sufficient specimens had been collected and described by the turn of the century that the basic outline of the Phanerozoic geology of the sedimentary basins was reasonably well known.
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Marx, Felix G., Travis Park, Erich M. G. Fitzgerald y Alistair R. Evans. "A Miocene pygmy right whale fossil from Australia". PeerJ 6 (22 de junio de 2018): e5025. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5025.
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Neobalaenines are an enigmatic group of baleen whales represented today by a single living species: the pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata, found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular divergence estimates date the origin of pygmy right whales to 22–26 Ma, yet so far there are only three confirmed fossil occurrences. Here, we describe an isolated periotic from the latest Miocene of Victoria (Australia). The new fossil shows all the hallmarks of Caperea, making it the second-oldest described neobalaenine, and the oldest record of the genus. Overall, the new specimen resembles C. marginata in its external morphology and details of the cochlea, but is more archaic in it having a hypertrophied suprameatal area and a greater number of cochlear turns. The presence of Caperea in Australian waters during the Late Miocene matches the distribution of the living species, and supports a southern origin for pygmy right whales.
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Dettmann, Mary E. y David M. Jarzen. "Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests". Canadian Journal of Botany 69, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1991): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-116.
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Amongst diverse and abundant fossil proteaceous pollen in southeastern Australian Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sediments are forms identical with pollen of extant taxa within subfamilies Proteoideae, Persoonioideae, Carnarvonioideae, and Grevilleoideae. Taxa identified now have disparate geographic ranges within Australasia. Sclerophyllous Adenanthos and Stirlingia (Proteoideae) are restricted to the southern Australian Mediterranean climatic region; Persoonia (Persoonioideae) ranges into higher rainfall areas of eastern and northern Australia. Grevillea exul – Grevillea robusta and Telopea (Grevilleoideae) and Carnarvonia (Carnarvonioideae) occur in or fringe rain forests in eastern Australasia, as do other members (Macadamia, Gevuina–Hicksbeachia, Knightia, and Beauprea) reported previously. Pollen evidence thereby confirms evolution of both rain forest and sclerophyll members by the Campanian–Maastrichtian. Turnover of proteaceous pollen taxa near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary may reflect contemporaneous modifications to the proteaceous communities. Associated with the Late Cretaceous Proteaceae were diverse conifers (Microcachrys, Lagarostrobus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, and Araucariaceae), Nothofagus, Ilex, Gunnera, Ascarina, Winteraceae, Trimeniaceae, and probable Epacridaceae. The vegetation, which fringed a narrow estuary separating Antarctica from southern Australia, implies a mosaic of rain forest and sclerophyll communities but has no modern analogue. Key words: Proteaceae, Late Cretaceous, Australia, Antarctica.
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Macphail, Mike y Andrew H. Thornhill. "How old are the eucalypts? A review of the microfossil and phylogenetic evidence". Australian Journal of Botany 64, n.º 8 (2016): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16124.
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Molecular age estimates for the Eucalypteae (family Myrtaceae) suggest that the eucalypts, possibly associated with fire, have been present for ~65 million years. In contrast, macrofossils and fossil pollen attributable to three important eucalypt genera (Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus) in the Eucalypteae date to ~51–53 million years ago (mid-Early Eocene) in Patagonia, eastern Antarctica and south-eastern Australia. At present, there is no fossil evidence to show that eucalypts had evolved before this epoch, i.e. when Australia was part of eastern Gondwana, although this seems probable on the basis of molecular-dated phylogenetic analyses. The primary reason is the absence of macrofossils, whereas the earliest fossil eucalypt-type pollen recorded (Myrtaceidites tenuis) is attributed to Angophora and Corymbia, not Eucalyptus. This pollen type is recorded in Australia and Antarctica but not in New Zealand or South America. The only Myrtaceidites morphospecies found in Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene deposits in Australia is M. parvus, whose affinity lies with multiple extant Myrtaceae groups other than the Eucalypteae. In the present paper, we review current phylogenetic and microfossil databases for the eucalypts and assess this evidence to develop a ‘consensus’ position on the origin and evolution of the eucalypts in the Australian region.
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Rowlands, William. "Challenges and opportunities for fossil fuels in a carbon - constrained world – an Australian perspective". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, n.º 2 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14013.
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With climate change undeniable, what are Australia’s opportunities for achieving more controlled greenhouse gases releases, while still using fossil fuels? How does this interplay with the reduction of fossil crude oil supply and the increasing shift in Australia towards importing finished products, declining refinery infrastructure and consequently reduction in the availability of chemical feed stocks for the local chemical industry? In fact, will there be an Australian chemicals and refining industry 30 years from now? The talk discussed these questions and aimed to outline a vision for Australia that might successfully deal with some of their aspects. Furthermore, this vision will be partially translated and exemplified with our lignite value add project in Victoria.
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Tarran, Myall, Peter G. Wilson, Rosemary Paull, Ed Biffin y Robert S. Hill. "Identifying fossil Myrtaceae leaves: the first described fossils of Syzygium from Australia". American Journal of Botany 105, n.º 10 (octubre de 2018): 1748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1163.
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Rothschild, Bruce M. y Ralph E. Molnar. "Osteoarthritis in fossil marsupial populations of Australia". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 57 (15 de septiembre de 1988): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.226657.
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Pledge, Neville. "Sirenians in southern Australia — first fossil record". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31 (2006): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510608619587.
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PLEDGE, NEVILLE S. "Sirenians in southern Australia—first fossil record". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 30, sup1 (enero de 2006): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510609506868.
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Haverd, V., M. R. Raupach, P. R. Briggs, S. J. Davis, R. M. Law, C. P. Meyer, G. P. Peters, C. Pickett-Heaps y B. Sherman. "The Australian terrestrial carbon budget". Biogeosciences 10, n.º 2 (7 de febrero de 2013): 851–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-851-2013.
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Abstract. This paper reports a study of the full carbon (C-CO2) budget of the Australian continent, focussing on 1990–2011 in the context of estimates over two centuries. The work is a contribution to the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, as one of numerous regional studies. In constructing the budget, we estimate the following component carbon fluxes: net primary production (NPP); net ecosystem production (NEP); fire; land use change (LUC); riverine export; dust export; harvest (wood, crop and livestock) and fossil fuel emissions (both territorial and non-territorial). Major biospheric fluxes were derived using BIOS2 (Haverd et al., 2012), a fine-spatial-resolution (0.05°) offline modelling environment in which predictions of CABLE (Wang et al., 2011), a sophisticated land surface model with carbon cycle, are constrained by multiple observation types. The mean NEP reveals that climate variability and rising CO2 contributed 12 ± 24 (1σ error on mean) and 68 ± 15 TgC yr−1, respectively. However these gains were partially offset by fire and LUC (along with other minor fluxes), which caused net losses of 26 ± 4 TgC yr−1 and 18 ± 7 TgC yr−1, respectively. The resultant net biome production (NBP) is 36 ± 29 TgC yr−1, in which the largest contributions to uncertainty are NEP, fire and LUC. This NBP offset fossil fuel emissions (95 ± 6 TgC yr−1) by 38 ± 30%. The interannual variability (IAV) in the Australian carbon budget exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions by fossil fuel combustion and is dominated by IAV in NEP. Territorial fossil fuel emissions are significantly smaller than the rapidly growing fossil fuel exports: in 2009–2010, Australia exported 2.5 times more carbon in fossil fuels than it emitted by burning fossil fuels.
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Hill, Robert S., Tom Lewis, Raymond J. Carpenter y Sung Soo Whang. "Agathis (Araucariaceae) macrofossils from Cainozoic sediments in south-eastern Australia". Australian Systematic Botany 21, n.º 3 (2008): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08006.
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Organically preserved Cainozoic leaf fossils previously referred to Agathis are re-examined, and in all cases their affinity with that genus is confirmed. Previously undescribed organically preserved leaf fossils from several Cainozoic sites in south-eastern Australia are compared with Agathis and Wollemia and two new species of Agathis are described. Intraspecific variation in leaf cuticle morphology is examined in extant A. macrophylla in particular, and is found to be much higher than previously recorded. This makes assignment of fossil Agathis leaves to species difficult, especially when only leaf fragments are available. The new fossils extend the record of organically preserved Agathis macro-remains back to the Late Paleocene, but do not significantly extend the known spatial distribution.
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Hill, Robert S. "Origins of the southeastern Australian vegetation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n.º 1450 (29 de octubre de 2004): 1537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1526.
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Australia is an ancient continent with an interesting geological history that includes a recent major shift in its position, both globally and compared with neighbouring land masses. This has led to a great deal of confusion over many years about the origins of the Australian biomes. The plant fossil record is now clarifying this, and it is clear that the ancient Gondwanan rainforests that covered Australia while it was still part of that supercontinent contained many of the elements of the modern vegetation. However, major climatic sifting, along with responses to other factors, including soil nutrient levels, disturbance regimes, atmospheric CO 2 levels, fire frequency and intensity, glaciations and the arrival of humans, have had profound impacts on the Australian vegetation, which today reflects the sum of all these factors and more. The origins of Australian vegetation and its present–day management cannot be properly understood without an appreciation of this vast history, and the fossil record has a vital role to play in maintaining the health of this continent's vegetation into the future.
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Nguyen, Jacqueline M. T., Martyna Molak, Karen H. Black, Erich M. G. Fitzgerald, Kenny J. Travouillon y Simon Y. W. Ho. "Vertebrate palaeontology of Australasia into the twenty-first century". Biology Letters 7, n.º 6 (29 de junio de 2011): 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0549.
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The 13th Conference on Australasian Vertebrate Evolution Palaeontology and Systematics (CAVEPS) took place in Perth, Western Australia, from 27 to 30 April 2011. This biennial meeting was jointly hosted by Curtin University, the Western Australian Museum, Murdoch University and the University of Western Australia. Researchers from diverse disciplines addressed many aspects of vertebrate evolution, including functional morphology, phylogeny, ecology and extinctions. New additions to the fossil record were reported, especially from hitherto under-represented ages and clades. Yet, application of new techniques in palaeobiological analyses dominated, such as dental microwear and geochronology, and technological advances, including computed tomography and ancient biomolecules. This signals a shift towards increased emphasis in interpreting broader evolutionary patterns and processes. Nonetheless, further field exploration for new fossils and systematic descriptions will continue to shape our understanding of vertebrate evolution in this little-studied, but most unusual, part of the globe.
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Ziehn, T., A. Nickless, P. J. Rayner, R. M. Law, G. Roff y P. Fraser. "Greenhouse gas network design using backward Lagrangian particle dispersion modelling − Part 1: Methodology and Australian test case". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, n.º 17 (10 de septiembre de 2014): 9363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9363-2014.
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Abstract. This paper describes the generation of optimal atmospheric measurement networks for determining carbon dioxide fluxes over Australia using inverse methods. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model is used in reverse mode together with a Bayesian inverse modelling framework to calculate the relationship between weekly surface fluxes, comprising contributions from the biosphere and fossil fuel combustion, and hourly concentration observations for the Australian continent. Meteorological driving fields are provided by the regional version of the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS) at 12 km resolution at an hourly timescale. Prior uncertainties are derived on a weekly timescale for biosphere fluxes and fossil fuel emissions from high-resolution model runs using the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model and the Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS) respectively. The influence from outside the modelled domain is investigated, but proves to be negligible for the network design. Existing ground-based measurement stations in Australia are assessed in terms of their ability to constrain local flux estimates from the land. We find that the six stations that are currently operational are already able to reduce the uncertainties on surface flux estimates by about 30%. A candidate list of 59 stations is generated based on logistic constraints and an incremental optimisation scheme is used to extend the network of existing stations. In order to achieve an uncertainty reduction of about 50%, we need to double the number of measurement stations in Australia. Assuming equal data uncertainties for all sites, new stations would be mainly located in the northern and eastern part of the continent.
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Decombeix, Anne-Laure. "Bark Anatomy of an Early Carboniferous Tree from Australia". IAWA Journal 34, n.º 2 (2013): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000016.
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Our knowledge of the evolution of secondary phloem and periderm anatomy in early lignophytes (progymnosperms and seed plants) is limited by the scarcity of well-preserved fossil bark. Here, I describe the bark of a Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) tree from Australia based on macro- and microscopic observation of two permineralized specimens. The bark tissues are up to 1.5 cm in thickness. The secondary phloem is organized in repeated, multicellular tangential layers of fibers and of thin-walled cells that correspond to axial parenchyma and sieve cells. Fibers are abundant even in the youngest, presumably functional, secondary phloem. Older phloem shows a proliferation of axial parenchyma that further separates the fiber layers. Successive periderm layers originate deep within the phloem and lead to the formation of a rhytidome-type bark, one of the oldest documented in the fossil record. These fossils add to our knowledge of the bark anatomy of Early Carboniferous trees, previously based on a few specimens from slightly younger strata of Western Europe. The complexity of the secondary phloem tissue in Devonian-Carboniferous lignophytes and possible anatomical differences related to growth habit are discussed.
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Milne, Lynne A. "Tertiary palynology: Beaupreaidites and new Conospermeae (Proteoideae) affiliates". Australian Systematic Botany 11, n.º 4 (1998): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97013.
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Late Eocene proteaceous pollen assemblages of southern Australia containnumerous specimens of Conospermeae affiliation. As many of these aremorphologically confusing or nondescript, they have often been overlooked orgrouped within other fossil pollen species. In the western Eucla and MurrayBasins these fossil pollen types fall into two major categories: small speciesconventionally referred to unrelated New Zealand fossil taxa, and thoseincluded in Beaupreaidites elegansiformis Cookson 1950or Beaupreaidites spp. Integrated microscopy of singlefossil grains and a thorough investigation of extant Conospermeae pollen typesaided an investigation of the morphology and affiliations of these problematicgroups. Beaupreaidites elegansiformis was originallyillustrated by three dissimilar specimens, each from a different locality. Ofthese, two can be aligned with Beauprea Brongn. & Gris., and the other, the former lectotype, is an extinct form unrelated toBeauprea. The diagnosis ofBeaupreaidites Cookson emend. Martin is amplified;B. elegansiformis is emended and its lectotypesuperseded; B. orbiculatus Dettmann & Jarzen 1988 istransferred to Proteacidites; and five new species aredescribed (Beaupreaidites diversiformis,Proteacidites bireticulatus,P. carobelindiae, P. cirritulus,and P. marginatus).Proteacidites cirritulus can be positively aligned withpollen of the sclerophyllous genus Petrophile R.Br., inparticular with species now endemic to eastern Australia. The remainingProteacidites species, previously assigned toBeaupreaidites, were likely to have been shed by extinctproteaceous taxa closely allied to Petrophile. Therelative abundance of Petrophile-like pollen in thepalynofloras of the western Eucla and Murray Basins implies the presence ofsclerophyll communities akin to heath, woodland, and/or dry sclerophyllforests in coastal southern Australia during the Late Eocene. Fossilproteaceous genera are reviewed. The species referred here toProteacidites cannot be accommodated within any singlegenus as described in a recent revision of fossil proteaceous genera. Therehas long been quiet dissent among Australian Tertiary palynologists withrespect to revisions of fossil proteaceous genera and their subsequentinterpretation. Consensus, rather than individual determination and conflict,is overdue.
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COOPER, BARRY J. y JAMES B. JAGO. "ROBERT BEDFORD (1874–1951), THE KYANCUTTA MUSEUM, AND A UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY". Earth Sciences History 37, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2018): 416–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.2.416.
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Robert Bedford (1874–1951), based in the isolated community of Kyancutta in South Australia, was a unique contributor to world geology, specifically in the field of meteorites and fossil archaeocyatha. Born Robert Arthur Buddicom in Shropshire, UK, he was an Oxford graduate who worked as a scientist in Freiberg, Naples, Birmingham and Shrewsbury as well as with the Natural History Museum, Kensington and the Plymouth Museum in the United Kingdom. He was a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, 1899–1910. In 1915, Buddicom changed his surname to Bedford and relocated to South Australia. During the 1920s, Bedford expanded his geological interests with the establishment of a public museum in Kyancutta in 1929. This included material previously collected and stored in the United Kingdom before being sent to Australia. Bedford was very successful in collecting material from the distant Henbury meteorite craters in Australia's Northern Territory, during three separate trips in 1931–1933. He became an authority on meteorites with much Henbury material being sent to the British Museum in London. However, Bedford's work on, and collecting of, meteorites resulted in a serious rift with the South Australian scientific establishment. Bedford is best known amongst geologists for his five taxonomic papers on the superbly preserved lower Cambrian archaeocyath fossils from the Ajax Mine near Beltana in South Australia's Flinders Ranges with field work commencing in about 1932 and extending until World War II. This research, describing thirty new genera and ninety-nine new species, was published in the Memoirs of the Kyancutta Museum, a journal that Bedford personally established and financed in 1934. These papers are regularly referenced today in international research dealing with archaeocyaths.
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OBERPRIELER, STEFANIE K., ALEXANDR P. RASNITSYN y DENIS J. BROTHERS. "The first wasps from the Upper Jurassic of Australia (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea, Praeaulacidae) STEFANIE K." Zootaxa 3503, n.º 1 (2 de octubre de 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3503.1.3.
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The Hymenoptera fossils discovered in the Upper Jurassic Talbragar Fish Bed in Australia are described and illustrated. Gulgonga beattiei gen. et sp. nov., described from a single specimen, is assigned to the apocritan subfamily Praeaulacinae based primarily on wing venation, mesosomal structure, metasomal articulation, ovipositor shape and antennal form. It is the second member of Praeaulacidae known from Australia; all other praeaulacids have been found in the northern hemisphere. A second Talbragar wasp fossil is assigned to Apocrita incertae sedis because it is too poorly preserved for proper identification.
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Basinger, J. F., D. R. Greenwood, P. G. Wilson y D. C. Christophel. "Fossil flowers and fruits of capsular Myrtaceae from the Eocene of South Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, n.º 2 (enero de 2007): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-001.
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Flowers and fruits of the Myrtaceae are described from the Middle Eocene Golden Grove locality of South Australia, and the taxon is here named Tristaniandra alleyi gen. et sp.nov. Flowers are pentamerous and perigynous, with sepals, petals, and stamens inserted on the rim of a hypanthium. Filaments are basally fused to form antepetalous stamen bundles, each consisting of about 6–8 stamens. The tricarpellate ovary becomes exserted on maturation, forming a partly exserted, dry fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. These features are typical of capsular-fruited members of the Myrtaceae; in particular, taxa in the tribe Kanieae. While the characteristics of the fossils are not found within any one extant genus, the fossils show some similarity to living species of Tristaniopsis , although the staminal bundles are more comparable to those found in Tristania , which is only distantly related and has a rather different fruit. Capsular-fruited Myrtaceae are now primarily confined to Australasia, and appear to have had a Gondwanic origin in the latest Cretaceous to Paleogene. Nevertheless, as fossil flowers and fruits are rare, and infrafamilial identification of pollen and leaves is difficult, the Paleogene record of capsular Myrtaceae is largely equivocal. The Golden Grove fossils establish a record of the tribe Kanieae within Eocene coastal rainforest vegetation at paleolatitude 55°–58°S during a time of global warmth.
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Greenwood, DR. "Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?" Australian Systematic Botany 9, n.º 2 (1996): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960095.
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The Australian Tertiary plant fossil record documents rainforests of a tropical to temperate character in south-eastern and south-western Australia for much of the Early Tertiary, and also shows the climatically mediated contraction of these rainforests in the mid to Late Tertiary. The fossil record of Australian monsoon forests, that is semi-evergreen to deciduous vine forests and woodlands of the wet-dry tropics, however, is poorly known. Phytogeographic analyses have suggested an immigrant origin for some floral elements of present day monsoon forests in northern Australia, while other elements appear to have a common history with the tropical rainforests sensu stricto and/or the sclerophyllous flora. Early Tertiary macrofloras in northern South Australia may provide some insight into the origins of Australian tropical monsoon forests. The Middle Eocene macrofloras of the Poole Creek palaeochannel, and the ?Eocene-Oligocene silcrete macrofloras of Stuart Creek, both in the vicinity of modern Lake Eyre South, have foliar physiognomic characteristics which distinguish them from both modern rainforest and Eocene-Oligocene floras from south-eastern Australia. Preliminary systematic work on these floras suggests the presence of: (1) elements not associated today with monsoon forests (principally 'rainforest' elements, e.g. Gymnostoma, cf. Lophostemon, cf. Athertonia, Podocarpaceae, ?Cunoniaceae); (2) elements typical of both monsoon forests and other tropical plant communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, cf. Syzygium, and Elaeocarpaceae); (3) elements likely to be reflecting sclerophyllous communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, Banksieae and other Proteaceae); and (4) elements more typically associated with, but not restricted to, monsoon forests (e.g. Brachychiton). The foliar physiognomic and floristic evidence is interpreted as indicating a mosaic of gallery or riverine rainforests, and interfluve sclerophyllous plant communities near Lake Eyre in the Early Tertiary; deciduous forest components are not clearly indicated. Palaeoclimatic analysis of the Eocene Poole Creek floras suggests that rainfall was seasonal in the Lake Eyre area in the Eocene; however, whether this seasonality reflects a monsoonal airflow is not clear.
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Martin, Helene A. "The family Convolvulaceae in the Tertiary of Australia: evidence from pollen". Australian Journal of Botany 49, n.º 2 (2001): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00057.
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A study of fossil and modern pollen of the family Convolvulaceae is presented and five fossil types are identified. Two types, one a large tricolpate of the form species Perfotricolpites digitatus, with similarities to Convolvulus, Operculina and probably other genera, and the second, a small tricolpate, Tricolpites trioblatus, with affinities to Wilsonia and possibly Cressa, first appear in the late Eocene of southern Australia. Fossil pollen is found worldwide, with the oldest occurrence being Calystegiapollis microechinatus from the early Eocene of Africa. Perfotricolpites digitatus first appears in the mid-Eocene of Brazil, and specimens similar to P. digitatus from Antarctica suggest that it migrated into Australia by the Antarctic route. Wilsonia is endemic to Australia today, but it was in New Zealand in the mid–late Miocene.
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Evans, Scott D., Ian V. Hughes, James G. Gehling y Mary L. Droser. "Discovery of the oldest bilaterian from the Ediacaran of South Australia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 14 (23 de marzo de 2020): 7845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001045117.
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Analysis of modern animals and Ediacaran trace fossils predicts that the oldest bilaterians were simple and small. Such organisms would be difficult to recognize in the fossil record, but should have been part of the Ediacara Biota, the earliest preserved macroscopic, complex animal communities. Here, we describeIkaria wariootiagen. et sp. nov. from the Ediacara Member, South Australia, a small, simple organism with anterior/posterior differentiation. We find that the size and morphology ofIkariamatch predictions for the progenitor of the trace fossilHelminthoidichnites—indicative of mobility and sediment displacement. In the Ediacara Member,Helminthoidichnitesoccurs stratigraphically below classic Ediacara body fossils. Together, these suggest thatIkariarepresents one of the oldest total group bilaterians identified from South Australia, with little deviation from the characters predicted for their last common ancestor. Further, these trace fossils persist into the Phanerozoic, providing a critical link between Ediacaran and Cambrian animals.
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Pole, Mike. "The Fossil Flora of Melville Island, Northern Australia". Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 14 (octubre de 1998): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.266449.
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Conran, John G. y David C. Christophel. "A Fossil Byblidaceae Seed from Eocene South Australia". International Journal of Plant Sciences 165, n.º 4 (julio de 2004): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386555.
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Macphail, Mike y Alan D. Partridge. "First fossil pollen record ofAuriculiiditesElsik, 1964 in Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 36, n.º 2 (junio de 2012): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2012.667989.
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Wroe, S. "A review of terrestrial mammalian and reptilian carnivore ecology in Australian fossil faunas, and factors influencing their diversity: the myth of reptilian domination and its broader ramifications". Australian Journal of Zoology 50, n.º 1 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01053.
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The notion that Australia’s large, terrestrial carnivore faunas of the middle Tertiary to Pleistocene were dominated by reptiles has gained wide acceptance in recent decades. Simple but sweeping hypotheses have been developed seeking to explain this perceived ecological phenomenon. However, a review of the literature does not support these interpretations, which are based on largely speculative and, in many cases, clearly erroneous assumptions. Few size estimates of fossil reptilian taxa are based on quantitative methodology and, regardless of method, most are restricted to maximum dimensions. For species of indeterminate growth, this practice generates misleading perceptions of biological significance. In addition to misconceptions with respect to size, much speculation concerning the lifestyles of large extinct reptiles has been represented as fact. In reality, it has yet to be demonstrated that the majority of fossil reptiles underpinning the story of reptilian domination were actually terrestrial. No postcranial evidence suggests that any Australian mekosuchine crocodylian was less aquatic than extant species, while a semi-aquatic habitus has been posited for madtsoiid snakes and even the giant varanid, Megalania. Taphonomic data equivocally supports the hypothesis that some Australian mekosuchines were better adapted to life on land than are most extant crocodylians, but still semi-aquatic and restricted to the near vicinity of major watercourses. On the other hand, the accelerating pace of discovery of new large mammalian carnivore species has undermined any prima facie case for reptilian supremacy regarding pre-Pleistocene Australia (that is, if species richness is to be used as a gauge of overall impact). However, species abundance and consumption, not richness, are the real measures. On this basis, even in Pleistocene Australia, where species richness of large mammalian carnivores was relatively low, available data expose the uncommon and geographically restricted large contemporaneous reptiles as bit players. In short, the parable of a continent subject to a Mesozoic rerun, wherein diminutive mammals trembled under the footfalls of a menagerie of gigantic ectotherms, appears to be a castle in the air. However, there may be substance to some assertions. Traditionally, erratic climate and soil-nutrient deficiency have been invoked to explain the perception of low numbers or relatively small sizes of fossil mammalian carnivore taxa in Australia. But these arguments assume a simple and positive relationship between productivity, species richness and maximum body mass and either fail to recognise, or inappropriately exclude, other factors. Productivity has undoubtedly played a role, but mono-factorial paradigms cannot account for varying species richness and body mass among Australia’s fossil faunas. Nor can they explain differences between Australian fossil faunas and those of other landmasses. Other factors that have contributed include sampling bias, a lack of internal geographic barriers, competition with large terrestrial birds and aspects of island biogeography unique to Australia, such as landmass area and isolation, both temporal and geographic.
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Hill, Robert S. y Sung Soo Whang. "Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae) macrofossils from Miocene sediments at Elands, eastern Australia". Australian Systematic Botany 13, n.º 3 (2000): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98007.
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Vegetative remains and male cones containing pollen grains from Miocene sediments at Elands in northern New South Wales are assigned to the new Podocarpaceae species Dacrycarpus elandensis. This species represents the most complete and best preserved Dacrycarpus macrofossil remains known. These fossils are morphologically most similar to extant D. imbricatus and fossil D. latrobensis and D. linifolius, but the phylogenetic significance of many of the characters used to make this comparison is unknown. Dacrycarpus is now extinct in Australia, but D. elandensis confirms a presence for it in eastern Australia at a time when rainforest was drying and retracting and Eucalyptus was expanding its range in the region.
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Crisp, Mike, Lyn Cook y Dorothy Steane. "Radiation of the Australian flora: what can comparisons of molecular phylogenies across multiple taxa tell us about the evolution of diversity in present–day communities?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n.º 1450 (29 de octubre de 2004): 1551–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1528.
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The Australian fossil record shows that from ca . 25 Myr ago, the aseasonal–wet biome (rainforest and wet heath) gave way to the unique Australian sclerophyll biomes dominated by eucalypts, acacias and casuarinas. This transition coincided with tectonic isolation of Australia, leading to cooler, drier, more seasonal climates. From 3 Myr ago, aridification caused rapid opening of the central Australian arid zone. Molecular phylogenies with dated nodes have provided new perspectives on how these events could have affected the evolution of the Australian flora. During the Mid–Cenozoic (25–10 Myr ago) period of climatic change, there were rapid radiations in sclerophyll taxa, such as Banksia , eucalypts, pea–flowered legumes and Allocasuarina . At the same time, taxa restricted to the aseasonal–wet biome ( Nothofagus , Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae) did not radiate or were depleted by extinction. During the Pliocene aridification, two Eremean biome taxa ( Lepidium and Chenopodiaceae) radiated rapidly after dispersing into Australia from overseas. It is clear that the biomes have different histories. Lineages in the aseasonal–wet biome are species poor, with sister taxa that are species rich, either outside Australia or in the sclerophyll biomes. In conjunction with the fossil record, this indicates depletion of the Australian aseasonal–wet biome from the Mid–Cenozoic. In the sclerophyll biomes, there have been multiple exchanges between the southwest and southeast, rather than single large endemic radiations after a vicariance event. There is need for rigorous molecular phylogenetic studies so that additional questions can be addressed, such as how interactions between biomes may have driven the speciation process during radiations. New studies should include the hitherto neglected monsoonal tropics.
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Kaulfuss, Uwe y Gennady M. Dlussky. "Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance". Journal of Paleontology 89, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2015): 1043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2015.62.
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AbstractThe fossil record of Australasian Formicidae is extremely sparse. It currently comprises two ants in the subfamilies Ponerinae and Dolichoderinae from Plio/Pleistocene strata in Victoria, Australia, 14 as-yet undescribed ants from Cape York amber, and one ant in the subfamily Amblyoponinae from the early Miocene Foulden Maar in southern New Zealand. Here, we report on a diverse myrmecofauna preserved as compression fossils from Foulden Maar and describe Amblyoponinae gen. et sp. indet.,Rhytidoponera waipiatan. sp.,Rhytidoponera gibsonin. sp.,Myrmecorhynchus novaeseelandiaen. sp., andAustroponera schneiderin. sp. Further isolated wings are designated as Formicidae sp. A, B, and C, the former resembling a member of subfamily Dolichoderinae. Fossils ofAustroponeraandMyrmecorhynchusare reported for the first time, whereasRhytidoponera waipiatan. sp. andR.gibsonin. sp. are the first Southern Hemisphere fossil records of this genus.The fossil taxa from Foulden Maar establish the subfamilies Ectatomminae, Formicinae, Ponerinae and, possibly, Dolichoderinae in the Australasian region in the early Miocene and provide evidence that the few native ants in the extant New Zealand fauna are the surviving remnant of taxonomically different, possibly more diverse, warm-temperate to subtropical myrmecofauna.
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Susan, Turner. "Charles Moore's Fossil Fish From Queensland". Geological Curator 5, n.º 1 (marzo de 1988): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc550.
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In 1870 Charles Moore (see e.g. Plckford 1971) wrote a paper on the geology and palaeontology of the Mesozoic of Australia in which he presented a short note on Cretaceous fossil fish from Wollumbilla Creek', Queensland (Moore 1870, p.238).
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Easton, L. C. "Pleistocene Grey Kangaroos from the Fossil Chamber of Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 130, n.º 1 (enero de 2006): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/3721426.2006.10887045.
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Chappell, A., N. P. Webb, R. A. Viscarra Rossel y E. Bui. "Australian net (1950s–1990) soil organic carbon erosion: implications for CO<sub>2</sub> emission and land–atmosphere modelling". Biogeosciences 11, n.º 18 (29 de septiembre de 2014): 5235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5235-2014.
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Abstract. The debate remains unresolved about soil erosion substantially offsetting fossil fuel emissions and acting as an important source or sink of CO2. There is little historical land use and management context to this debate, which is central to Australia's recent past of European settlement, agricultural expansion and agriculturally-induced soil erosion. We use "catchment" scale (∼25 km2) estimates of 137Cs-derived net (1950s–1990) soil redistribution of all processes (wind, water and tillage) to calculate the net soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution across Australia. We approximate the selective removal of SOC at net eroding locations and SOC enrichment of transported sediment and net depositional locations. We map net (1950s–1990) SOC redistribution across Australia and estimate erosion by all processes to be ∼4 Tg SOC yr−1, which represents a loss of ∼2% of the total carbon stock (0–10 cm) of Australia. Assuming this net SOC loss is mineralised, the flux (∼15 Tg CO2-equivalents yr−1) represents an omitted 12% of CO2-equivalent emissions from all carbon pools in Australia. Although a small source of uncertainty in the Australian carbon budget, the mass flux interacts with energy and water fluxes, and its omission from land surface models likely creates more uncertainty than has been previously recognised.
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Chappell, A., N. P. Webb, R. A. Viscarra Rossel y E. Bui. "Australian net (1950s–1990) soil organic carbon erosion: implications for CO<sub>2</sub> emission and land–atmosphere modelling". Biogeosciences Discussions 11, n.º 5 (12 de mayo de 2014): 6793–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-6793-2014.
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Abstract. The debate about soil erosion substantially offsetting fossil fuel emissions and acting as an important source or sink of CO2 remains unresolved. There is little historical land use and management context to this debate which is central to Australia's recent past of European settlement, agricultural expansion and agriculturally-induced soil erosion. We use "catchment" scale (∼25 km2) estimates of 137Cs-derived net (1950s–1990) soil redistribution of all processes (wind, water and tillage) to calculate the net soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution across Australia. We approximate the selective removal of SOC at net eroding locations and SOC enrichment of transported sediment and net depositional locations. We map net (1950s–1990) SOC redistribtion across Australia and estimate erosion by all processes ∼4 Tg SOC yr−1 which represents a~loss of ∼2% of the total carbon stock (0–10 cm) of Australia. Assuming this net SOC loss is mineralised, the flux (∼15 Tg CO2-e yr−1) represents an omitted 12% of CO2-e emissions from all carbon pools in Australia. Although a small source of uncertainty in the Australian carbon budget, the mass flux interacts with energy and water fluxes and its omission from land surface models likely creates more uncertainty than has been previously recognised.
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Hill, RS. "Araucaria (Araucariaceae) species from Australian tertiary sediments — a micromorphological study". Australian Systematic Botany 3, n.º 2 (1990): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900203.
Texto completoResumen
The cuticular micromorphology of four existing and four new species of Araucaria from Australian Tertiary sediments is examined using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy is very useful for distinguishing species, but less successful for determining the affinities of the fossil species within the genus. Two fossil species, A. balcombensis Selling and A. hastiensis Bigwood & Hill, are closely related to the extant South American species A. araucana (Molina) K. Koch (section Columbea). Five fossil species, A. lignitici Cookson & Duigan, A. planus R. Hill, sp. nov., A. prominens R. Hill, sp. nov., A. readiae R. Hill & Bigwood and A. uncinatus R. Hill, sp. nov., are assigned to section Eutacta, but their affinities within that section are uncertain. One fossil species, A. fimbriatus R. Hill, sp. nov., cannot be placed into a section with confidence. The presence of A. balcombensis and A. hastiensis in south-eastern Australia in the early Tertiary, along with species of Nothofagus in a subgenus now restricted to South America, suggests that there may have been early Tertiary forests in Australia similar to the Araucaria araucana–Nothofagus associations found today near the tree line in the Andes. The presence of at least three Araucaria species at the late Oligocene-early Miocene Monpeelyata deposit suggests that complex araucarian forests similar to those found today in New Caledonia may have been more widespread in the region in the past.