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Tesis sobre el tema "Fossil Australia"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 29 de enero de 2023

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1

O'Brien, Jane y n/a. "Tertiary fossil wood in South Eastern Australia". University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060821.132803.

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Palaeobotany illuminates past environments by relating the fossilised species to the existing geological conditions. This has previously been done with fossilised leaves and spores but not with fossilised wood. The recovery of a significant quantity of wood from an area of Tertiary sediments in New South Wales, enabled the used of fossilised wood as a palaeoenvironmental tool. Tertiary sedimentary deposits of south eastern Australia are diverse lithologically, occupy distinct areas and are limited in vertical and horizontal extent. However, samples in museum collections together with samples from field work and descriptions of fossil wood from previous researchers enabled an analysis of the fossil wood. The geological and palaeontological aspects of the fossil wood were considered for each specimen. Only specimens with precise information concerning location and description of the sedimentary deposits in which the specimens were found were investigated. Lithology, sedimentary structures and the relationship with surrounding geological units were also considered. The samples were then classified and identified. It was possible to identify fossil wood to Family level by comparison with existing taxa. In the majority of cases, identification to species level was not possible due to the lack of detail in the specimen and because features such as colour cannot be used with fossilised specimens. With Australian fossilised wood, a systematic nomenclature based on structure observed within the palaeotaxa, would be more relevant. Comparisons of cell structures with previous work on palaeoenvironmental indicators was found to be possible. Fossil wood has two uses. Firstly, as a local environmental indicator, usually in conjunction with sedimentological data, assessing the rate and direction of water flow, types of depositional environments and localised floral assemblages. Secondly, as an indicator of regional climate. Within any one particular time period, comparisons between the cellular structures of wood found in different parts of south eastern Australia show gross changes in cell size, mean growth ring size and vessel size, which enabled generalisations about climate for each epoch in the Tertiary. Palaeoclimatic indicators from the wood concurred with previous climatic interpretations based on palynology and sedimentology. Cool conditions during the Palaeocene were clearly indicated by small cells and small growth rings which gradually increased throughout the remainder of the Tertiary. Several areas e.g., Dargo High Plains, where cold conditions existed in isolation could be clearly distinguished. This corresponds with the gradual northward movement of the Australian plate with consequent increasing temperatures on the mainland.
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2

May, John R. (John Robert) 1978. "Sustainability of electricity generation using Australian fossil fuels". Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9537.

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3

Ferdinando, Darren. "Ostracode and foraminiferal taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Fossil Cliff Member of the Holmwood Shale, northern Perth Basin, Western Australia". University of Western Australia. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 2001. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0019.

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The Sakmarian (Cisuralian, Permian) Fossil Cliff Member of the Holmwood Shale is situated in the northern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and consists of alternating beds of shale and silty calcarenite forming three parasequences. Within this member a diverse fauna of ostracodes and foraminifera are present. During the Cisuralian the northern Perth Basin formed part of the Gondwanan supercontinent and was linked to Greater India via an epeiric sea that opened to the north. The ostracode fauna is restricted to the calcareous beds of the member and consists of a diverse benthic fauna comprising 31 new species and 13 previously recorded species. Species from the Healdioidea, Bairdioidea, Youngielloidea, and Thlipsuroidea dominate the assemblage and suggest a normal-marine environment during the period represented by the calcareous beds, with an overall shallowing trend up the sequence. The fauna shows some similarity to faunas from the Tethyan deposits of North America and the Boreal deposits of Russia during the Late Carboniferous and Cisuralian. Twenty-eight species of foraminifera were recorded from the Fossil Cliff Member and underlying Holmwood Shale and comprise two distinct faunas, an agglutinated benthic foraminiferal fauna found within the shale beds and a calcareous benthic foraminiferal fauna present in the calcarenite units. The agglutinated foraminifera are inferred to represent deposition in dysoxic to suboxic (0.1-1.5 mL/LO2;), poorly circulated bottom waters below wave base. The calcareous foraminifera are inferred to represent deposition in normal-marine conditions. Both foraminiferal assemblages show a shallowing trend in their distribution that matches the trend identified in the ostracode fauna. Based upon the palaeoecology of the ostracode and foraminiferal faunas, the depositional environment for the Fossil Cliff Member is inferred to have been within shallow water in an epeiric basin during an overall marine regression that is overprinted by eustatic and isostatic oscillations resulting from deglaciation that occurred during the early Sakmarian (Cisuralian). These sea-level oscillations raised and lowered the oxic surface waters of the epeiric sea above and below the substrate resulting in a sparse agglutinated foraminiferal fauna or an abundant and diverse ostracode and calcareous foraminiferal fauna respectively.
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4

Fuller, Margaret. "Early Cambrian corals from the Moorowie Formation, Eastern Flinders Ranges, South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smf967.pdf.

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5

Greenwood, David Robert. "The foliar physiognomic analysis and taphonomy of leaf beds derived from modern Australia rainforest". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg8165.pdf.

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6

Schmidt, Rolf. "Eocene bryozoa of the St Vincent Basin, South Australia - taxonomy, biogeography and palaeoenvironments /". Title page, abstract and contents only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs3491.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geology and Geophysics, 2003?
Includes Publication list by the author as appendix A. "July 2003." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-324).
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7

Eliassen, Nicole. "Cell Size Variation in Fossil Coccolithophores (Haptophyta) : A Study of Pliocene Sediments from Northwestern Australia". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353793.

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This report examines the size variations of fossil carbonate-producing haptophyte microalgae, coccolithophores, using sediments deposited during the Pliocene. The sediments were collected by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) in 2015, off the coast of NW Australia (Gallagher et al., 2017). A climate shift from arid to humid, warm climate occurred over northwest Australia during the early Pliocene, leading to the so-called “Humid Interval” 5.5-3.3 Ma (Christensen et al., 2017). The investigated samples cover approximately 1 million years within this Humid Interval (~4.5 to 3.5 million years ago, Ma). The cell size of coccolithophores can be related to growth and carbonate production rates, and thus size becomes important to examine as these marine algae are considered to be a big part of the carbon cycle. Previous laboratory work has shown that environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient availability, and pH affect extant coccolithophore cell size. By looking at reports concerning related extant species, such as Emiliania huxleyi, clues can be given as to why the fossil genusReticulofenestra may have changed in cell size during the Pliocene. The measurements of fossil Reticulofenestra coccospheres in this report show an increase in cell size during the studied interval that could be due to heat stress, limited nutrient availability, or other factors, that are less beneficial for the growth of coccolithophores.
Denna rapport undersöker storleksvariationerna av fossila kalkproducerande fästalger, kokkolitoforider, i sediment avsatta under Pliocen. Sedimenten samlades in av International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) under år 2015, utanför Australiens nordvästra kust (Gallagher et al., 2017). En klimatskiftning inträffade över nordvästra Australien under tidig Pliocen, från ett torrt klimat till ett varmt och fuktigt klimat 5.5 miljoner år sedan och dessa klimatförhållanden varade till ca. 3.3 miljoner år sedan (Christensen et al., 2017). De prov som studerades i denna studie täcker en tidsperiod på 1 miljon år (från ca 4,5 till 3,5 miljoner år sedan, Ma). Kokkolitoforidernas cellstorlek kan indikera tillväxthastighet och karbonatproduktionshastighet, och således blir storleken viktig att undersöka eftersom dessa alger är en stor del av kolcykeln. Tidigare laboratoriearbete har visat att miljöfaktorer som temperatur, näringstillgänglighet och pH påverkar existerande fästalgers cellstorlek genom förändrade tillväxthastigheter och deras förmåga att bilda kalk. Genom att titta på rapporter om besläktade levande arter, såsom Emiliania huxleyi, kan ledtrådar ges till varför det fossila släkte Reticulofenestra kan ha förändrats i cellstorlek under Pliocens varma klimat. Mätningarna av fossila Reticulofenestra cellerna i denna rapport visar att en ökning av cellstorleken kan ses under intervallet, vilket kan bero på antingen förhöjda temperaturer, begränsad tillgång till näringsämnen eller andra faktorer som är mindre fördelaktiga för fästalgernas tillväxt.
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8

Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "Changes in the abundance and diversity of the Proteaceae over the Cainozoic in south-western Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0040.

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South-western Australia is a globally significant hotspot of plant species diversity, with high endemism and many rare plant species. Proteaceae is a major component of the south-western flora, though little is known about how its diversity developed. This prompted the present study to investigate changes in the abundance and diversity of Proteaceae, in south-western Australia, by concurrently studying three sediment sequences of different ages over the Cainozoic and a modern pollen rain study. Modern pollen-vegetation relationships in the two Proteaceae species rich nodes of the northern and southern sandplains were quantified. It was found that Proteaceous genera can contribute up to 50% of the total pollen rain. Banksia/Dryandra pollen was the most abundant with Isopogon, Petrophile and Lambertia also commonly noted. The vegetation and environmental setting during three pivotal periods of the Cainozoic: Holocene, Pliocene and Eocene, were investigated. Eocene sediment from Lake Lefroy confirmed the presence of a Nothofagus dominated rainforest in the Middle to Late Eocene. At this time Proteaceae species were at least as diverse as today, if not more so, contributing up to a maximum of 42% of the total pollen rain. Taxa recorded included: Banksieaeidites arcuatus, Propylipollis biporus, Proteacidites confragosus, Proteacidites crassus, Proteacidites nasus and Proteacidites pachypolus. Several taxa remain undescribed and unnamed. This study also identified that Proteaceae pollen representation varies across small lateral distances. Thus as samples varied spatially and temporally, single core samples are not sufficient to identify spatial patterns in Proteaceae or other low pollen producing taxa. Some 7.91 cm of laminated Pliocene sediment from Yallalie, south-western Australia, was also examined. It covers 84 years of record and confirmed other regional reports that south-western Australia was covered by a rich vegetation mosaic consisting of heathy and wet rainforest elements. Although Proteaceae species were a consistent component of the pollen counts, diversity and abundance (maximum of 5%) was low throughout the studied section. Banksia/Dryandra types were most commonly noted. A 2 m core was retrieved from Two Mile Lake, near the Stirling Ranges and provided an early Holocene vegetation history. Geochemical and palynological evidence recorded little change, suggesting the environment of deposition was relatively uniform. Proteaceae species were noted throughout the core, though in low numbers, at a maximum of 3.5 % of the total pollen rain. Banksia/Dryandra was the most abundant while Isopogon, Lambertia, Petrophile and Franklandia were also noted. A regression model was developed through the modern pollen rain study to predict the number of Proteaceae in the vegetation. This was also applied to the fossil pollen records. The estimated number of Proteaceae species in the Eocene suggests a maximum of 20 and a minimum of 10 taxa. For the Pliocene record, an estimated 7 - 9 species was found and for the Holocene pollen, between 7 - 8 were present. Thus the Eocene was similar in Proteaceae diversity to today. The results from the Pliocene and Holocene suggest that Proteaceae diversity was lower than today. Findings of this research indicate that Proteaceae species are an important and consistent component of vegetation in south-western Australia over the Cainozoic. It is likely that both changing pollination mechanisms and changes in associated vegetation are important in the determining the dispersal of Proteaceaous pollen. By understanding how the vegetation has changed and developed in south-western Australia, present vegetation can be managed to include intra-specific variation and ensure the majority of species are conserved for present and future generations to enjoy.
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9

Travouillon, Kenny James Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Palaeoecological and biochronological studies of Riversleigh, world heritage property, Oligo-Miocene fossil localities, north-western Queensland, Australia". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41305.

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Riversleigh, World Heritage Property, located in North-western Queensland, Australia, contains over 200 fossil bearing localities from the Oligo-Miocene. The study presented here aims at finding new methods to improve the accuracy of palaeoecological and biochronological studies and describe the palaeoenvironmental and chronological settings of the Riversleigh fossil deposits. One of the methods developed in this thesis, Minimum Sample Richness (MSR), determines the minimum number of species that must be present in a fauna to allow meaningful comparisons using multivariate analyses. Using MSR, several Riversleigh localities were selected for a palaeoecological study using the cenogram method to determine the palaeoenvironment during the Oligo-Miocene. Finally, the Numerical ages method was used to refine the relative ages of the Riversleigh localities and a re-diagnosis of the Riversleigh Systems is proposed.
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10

Campbell, Robert John. "Calcareous nannofossil and foraminiferal analysis of the middle to upper cretaceous Bathurst Island Group, Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf, Northern Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0025.

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[Truncated abstract] The Northern Bonaparte Basin and adjacent Darwin Shelf form part of a major petroleum province on the northwestern margin of Australia. The middle to Late Cretaceous Bathurst Island Group consists of siliciclastic and pelagic carbonate strata that form the regional seal to underlying Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoir sandstones. The Bathurst Island Group has previously been subdivided into four stratigraphic sequences or ‘play intervals’ bound by regional disconformities in the Valanginian (KV horizon), Lower Aptian (KA horizon), upper Lower Cenomanian (KC horizon), Middle Campanian (KSC horizon), and at the CretaceousPaleocene boundary (T horizon). Correlation of these sedimentary packages and stratigraphic surfaces requires high-resolution calcareous microfossil biostratigraphy, while palaeobathymetric determinations based on benthonic foraminiferal assemblages are important for determining the subsidence history of the area and relative sea-level changes. This study presents the first detailed stratigraphic distributions, taxonomic lists and illustrations of foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils from the Bathurst Island Group of the Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf. A biostratigraphic framework has been constructed for the study area incorporating ‘standard’ (Tethyan) Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil events where applicable, and integrating locally defined events where necessary. This framework allows Cretaceous strata to be correlated regionally across the study area and to the global chronostratigraphic scale. Correlation of the Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf strata to the Cretaceous Stages and international time scale is based on recent ties of nannofossil and foraminiferal events to macrofossil zones and palaeomagnetic polarity chrons at ratified and proposed Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs). Calcareous nannofossil events recorded in the study area that are critical for defining stage boundaries include the lowest occurrences of Prediscosphaera columnata, Micula decussata, Lithastrinus grillii, and Aspidolithus parcus parcus, and the highest occurrences of Helenea chiastia, Lithastrinus moratus, Aspidolithus parcus constrictus, and Eiffellithus eximius. Important planktonic foraminiferal events for correlation include the lowest occurrences of Rotalipora gr. globotruncanoides, and Dicarinella asymetrica, and the highest occurrences of Planomalina buxtorfi, Rotalipora cushmani, and Dicarinella asymetrica. During the middle to Late Cretaceous the Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf occupied mid-high palaeolatitudes between 35ºS to 45ºS. These palaeolatitudes are reflected in the transitional character of the planktonic microfossil assemblages, which combine elements of the low-latitude, warm-water Tethyan Province to the north and the cool-water high-latitude Austral Province to the south. ‘Standard’ Tethyan zonations are most applicable for uppermost AlbianMiddle Campanian strata because equator-to-pole temperature gradients were weakly developed, and global climate was warm and equable during this interval. These conditions resulted in broad latitudinal distributions for Tethyan marker species, and consequently most UC calcareous nannofossil zones and European-Mediterranean planktonic foraminiferal zones are recognised. In contrast, the EarlyLate Albian and the late Middle CampanianMaastrichtian were intervals of greater bioprovinciality and stronger palaeotemperature gradients. In these intervals application of the Tethyan zonations is more difficult, and a number of the Tethyan biostratigraphic markers are absent from the study area (e.g. Ticinella species in the Albian and Radotruncana calcarata in the Late Campanian). Cretaceous palaeobathymetric reconstruction of the study area is based on comparison of the foraminiferal assemblages with those of previous Cretaceous palaeobathymetric studies. Marginal marine assemblages consist solely of low diversity siliceous agglutinated foraminifera (e.g. Trochammina). Inner and middle neritic water depths (0-100 m) contain rare to common planktonic foraminifera (mainly globigerine forms), robertinids (e.g. Epistomina), siliceous agglutinates, lagenids, buliminids (e.g. Neobulimina), and rotaliids. The outer neritic zone (100-200 m water depth) contains abundant planktonic foraminifera (keeled and globigerine), calcareous agglutinates (e.g. Dorothia), and diverse lagenids, buliminids, and rotaliids. Upper-middle bathyal water depths (200-1000 m) are characterised by abundant planktonic foraminifera, common siliceous agglutinated taxa (e.g. Glomospira), rare to common Osangularia, and globular species of Gyroidinoides, Pullenia, and Paralabamina.
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11

Yahya, Padillah. "DNA analysis of human skeletal remains associated with the Batavia mutiny of 1629". University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0034.

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In this thesis human skeletal remains believed to be the victims of the Batavia Mutiny of 1629 were subjected to DNA analysis. So far the remains of 10 individuals (of which 9 were available for this study) have been exhumed from Beacon Island, in the Houtman’s Abrolhos, off the coast of Western Australia. The remains are now stored in the Western Australia Maritime Museum (WAMM) in Fremantle. In this research an attempt is made to type ancient DNA (aDNA) from the remains of the Batavia Mutiny, which are almost 400 years old. Previous anthropological studies have been performed on these remains in order to assign sex, age and stature. The aim of the present project is to study the familial relationships of the remains and to determine their sex based on molecular genetic analysis. In order to protect the invaluable museum specimens and minimise the risk of contamination from exogenous contemporary DNA, a tooth sample from each available individual (designated A15507, A16316, A15831, M3901, SK5, SK6, SK7, SK8 and SK9) was subjected to DNA extraction. Comparison and optimisation of DNA extraction methods from more recent teeth samples was performed in order to determine the most suitable method for the DNA extraction of the ancient teeth samples. Three types of genetic markers were analysed in an attempt to study the familial relationships and determine the sex of each individual. Multiplex primers (Hummel, 2003) which simultaneously amplify the HV1 and HV2 regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used in this research to analyse familial relationships. These primers were selected because of their ability to amplify small fragments (131bp, 168bp and 217bp) of DNA template, which suit the nature of aDNA samples. Primers published by Sullivan et al.(1993), which amplify a 106bp region on chromosome X and 112bp on chromosome Y of the amelogenin gene, were used to determine sex. In addition, short tandem repeat (STR) marker were also analysed to determine familial and sex using the AmpFlSTR®Profiler PlusTMPCR kit from Applied Biosystems. The PCR conditions of all primers were optimised before usage on the Batavia remains. As aDNA analysis is prone to contamination, stringent precautions were undertaken throughout this research. Despite this, contamination is suspected in some of the mtDNA sequences obtained (particularly from SK5, SK7, A15507 and A15831), which most probably came from the positive control used in the optimisation analysis. For these samples the sequences for the HV2 region were poor and polymorphisms relative to a reference were similar to each other and to the positive control profile. However, some conclusions have been made on other individuals (SK8, SK9, M3901, A16316) based on the HV1 and HV2 sequences obtained. Based on two or more different polymorphisms observed in the individuals it was concluded that it is likely there is no maternal relationship between individuals A16316 and SK8, SK9 and M3901 and between individuals SK8, M3901 and SK9. However these results require repetition for confirmation. The attempt to type the amelogenin gene on chromosomes X and Y was unsuccessful most likely due to the poor preservation of the remains. It is apparent from this research that although it was possible to extract aDNA (especially multicopy mtDNA) from teeth material that were almost 400 years old, the main hurdle in this aDNA analysis was contamination and DNA degradation.
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12

Wellman, Toby. "Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes from recent and fossil Australian crustaceans /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw4528.pdf.

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13

Thomson, A. J. "Lower Cambrian trace fossils of the Amadeus Basin, central Australia /". Title page, abstract and contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbt482.pdf.

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14

Musser, Anne Marie School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Investigations into the evolution of Australian mammals with a focus on monotremata". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25739.

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This thesis began as an investigation into evolution of the platypus family (Ornithorhynchidae, Monotremata), now known from both Australia and South America. The thesis broadened its scope with inclusion of non-ornithorhynchid Mesozoic monotremes from Lightning Ridge, NSW. This change in direction brought an unexpected result: a fossil mammal from Lightning Ridge investigated for this thesis (presumed to be monotreme: Flannery et al., 1995) appears to be a new and unique type of mammal. Specimens were procured through Queensland Museum (Riversleigh material); Australian Museum (Lightning Ridge material); and Museum of Victoria and the South Australian Museum (fossil ornithorhynchids). Specimens were examined under a light microscope and scanning electron microscope; specimens were photographed using light photography and a scanning electron microscope; and illustrations and reconstructions were done with a camera lucida microscope attachment and photographic references. Parsimony analysis utilised the computer programs PAUP and MacClade. Major conclusions: 1) analysis and reconstruction of the skull of the Miocene platypus Obdurodon dicksoni suggest this robust, large-billed platypus was a derived northern offshoot off the main line of ornithorhynchid evolution; 2) the well-preserved skull of Obdurodon dicksoni shows aspects of soft anatomy previously unknown for fossil ornithorhynchids; 3) two upper molars from Mammalon Hill (Etadunna Formation, late Oligocene, central Australia) represent a third species of Obdurodon; 4) the South American ornithorhynchid Monotrematum sudamericanum from the Paleocene of Argentina is very close in form to the Oligocene-Miocene Obdurodon species from Australia and should be considered congeneric; 5) a revised diagnosis of the lower jaw of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Steropodon galmani includes the presence of two previously undescribed archaic features: the probable presence of postdentary bones and a meckelian groove; 6) morphological evidence is presented supporting a separate family Steropodontidae; and 7) analysis of new fossil material for Kollikodon ritchiei suggests that this taxon is not a monotreme mammal as originally identified but is a basal mammal with close relationships to allotherian mammals (Morganucodonta; Haramiyida). Kollikodon is provisionally placed as basal allotherian mammal (Allotheria sensu Butler 2000) and is unique at the ordinal level, being neither haramiyid nor multituberculate. A new allotherian order ??? Kollikodonta ??? is proposed.
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15

Baghiyan-Yazd, Mohammad Hassan. "Palaeoichnology of the terminal Proterozoic-Early Cambrian transition in central Australia : interregional correlation and palaeoecology". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb1445.pdf.

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16

Lepot, Kevin. "Recherche et caractérisation de traces fossiles d'activité microbienne archéenne (Pilbara Drilling Project, Australie)". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0007.

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Les stromatolites, dépôts carbonatés aux morphologies singulières, sont parmi les plus notables Archéenne (2,5 à 4 milliards d'années). Si on sait que de tels dépôts se forment sous l'influence de tapis microbiens dans lesenvironnements modernes, l'origine biologique des stromatolites "fossiles"Archéensreste débattue. L'utilisation de techniques de microscopie et spectroscopie de haute résolution a permis d'étudier la matière organique et les minéraux associés directement au sein de la roche jusqu'à l'échelle du nanomètre. Cette étude a révélé la présence de globules de matière organique évoquant des microorganismes procaryotes dans les stromatolites de Tumbiana (2,7 milliards d'années). Ces globules sont intimement associés à des nano-cristaux d'aragonite. La haute similitude de cette association avec les nanocomposites organo-minéraux formant les stromatolites modernes défend l'origine biologique des stromatolites de Tumbiana. Cette aragonite, présumée hautement instable, est 2,3 milliards d'années plus ancienne que les autres aragonites découvertes jusqu'alors. L'étude systématique des associations organo-minérales dans ces stromatolites montre l'absence de textures caractéristiques d'une remobilisation de matière organique en association avec les globules, ce qui soutient leur interprétation en tant que microbes fossiles. Cette distribution, ainsi que la spectroscopie (NEXAFS, EDX) de la matière organique, suggèrent de plus que la préservation des globules est liée à une action commune de la sulphurisation de la matière organique et de son encapsulation par les minéraux
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17

De, Deckker P. "Australian Quaternary studies : a compilation of papers and documents submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SD/09sdd299.pdf.

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18

Travouillon, Kenny James. "Étude paléoécologique et biochronologique de Riversleigh, Patrimoine Mondial de l’humanité, localités fossilifères oligo-miocènes du nord-ouest du Queensland, Australie". Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10335.

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Riversleigh, Patrimoine Mondial de l’humanité, dans le nord-ouest du Queensland en Australie, contient plus de 200 localités fossilifères de l’Oligo-Miocène. L’étude présentée ici vise à trouver de nouvelles méthodes pour améliorer l'exactitude des études paléoécologique et biochronologique et décrire les paramètres paléoenvironnementaux et chronologique des localités de Riversleigh. L'une des méthodes développées dans cette thèse, le Minimum Sample Richness (MSR), détermine le nombre minimum d'espèces qui doivent être présents dans une faune pour permettre des comparaisons significatives avec les analyses multivariées. En utilisant le MSR, plusieurs localités de Riversleigh ont été choisies pour une étude paléoécologique utilisant la méthode des cénogrammes, permettant de déterminer les paléoenvironnements pendant l’Oligo-Miocène. Enfin, la méthode des âges numériques a été utilisée pour raffiner l’âge relatif des localités de Riversleigh et une réévaluation des Systems de Riversleigh est proposée
Riversleigh, World Heritage Property, located in North-western Queensland, Australia, contains over 200 fossil bearing localities from the Oligo-Miocene. The study presented here aims at finding new methods to improve the accuracy of palaeoecological and biochronological studies and describe the palaeoenvironmental and chronological settings of the Riversleigh fossil deposits. One of the methods developed in this thesis, Minimum Sample Richness (MSR), determines the minimum number of species that must be present in a fauna to allow meaningful comparisons using multivariate analyses. Using MSR, several Riversleigh localities were selected for a palaeoecological study using the cenogram method to determine the palaeoenvironment during the Oligo-Miocene. Finally, the Numerical ages method was used to refine the relative ages of the Riversleigh localities and a re-diagnosis of the Riversleigh Systems is proposed
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19

Truc, Loïc. "Développement et application d'une méthode de reconstitution paléoclimatique quantitative basée sur des données polliniques fossiles en Afrique australe". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20200/document.

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Idéalement située à la confluence entre climat tropical et climat tempéré, l'Afrique australe est une zone très sensible aux variations des conditions climatiques. Cette région fait cependant preuve d'un manque de données paléoclimatiques important, et les méthodes de reconstruction traditionnelles trouvent rapidement leurs limites face aux conditions particulières qui y sévissent. Les méthodes de reconstruction quantitatives communément employées se révèlent inutilisables face aux conditions d'aridité extrêmes qui ne permettent que très rarement l'accumulation et la préservation de pollen moderne et fossile et se confrontent également aux particularités de la végétation abritée par cette région. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse vise à développer une méthode de reconstruction quantitative basée sur des données polliniques fossiles, à partir de la relation entre la distribution actuelle des taxons polliniques et le climat en Afrique australe. Nous avons développé une fonction de transfert utilisant les propriétés des fonctions de densité de probabilité (pdfs), permettant de transformer l'information contenue dans un assemblage pollinique en estimation quantitative du climat. En parallèle, cette étude a permis de développer une méthode permettant de sélectionner les espèces les plus probables à inclure dans chaque type pollinique qui compose un assemblage. Cette méthode de sélection des espèces (SSM) a permis de pallier la faible résolution taxonomique des données polliniques de cette région caractérisée par une biodiversité élevée et d'affiner la méthode des espèces indicatrices, afin de la rendre utilisable en Afrique australe. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée aux données polliniques du site de Wonderkrater (Afrique du Sud). Les résultats observés et leur comparaison avec ceux provenant de sites régionaux ont permis de déterminer que les températures estivales et hivernales étaient 6±2°C inférieure au cours du LGM et du Younger Dryas et que les précipitations au cours de la saison humide étaient 50% moins importantes qu'actuellement. Ces résultats montrent que les SST enregistrées dans le canal du Mozambique régissent les conditions hydrologiques du continent adjacent, en opposition avec la possible implication de l'ITCZ sous ces latitudes. Les résultats indiquent également que les deux tropiques montrent des tendances climatiques similaires au cours des derniers 20 000 ans. La méthode a ensuite été appliquée à un enregistrement pollinique provenant de la région du fynbos (Afrique du Sud). Les résultats ont montré les limites de la méthode au vu de la faible amplitude de reconstruction obtenue pour les températures entre le LGM et l'Holocène (~2°C). Les résultats ont néanmoins permis de mettre en évidence que les températures montraient un pattern similaire à celui observé en Antarctique. Nous avons également pu montrer que les périodes glaciaires coïncidaient avec les périodes les plus humides, en accord avec le modèle de Cockroft (1987). Ce modèle dérive du mécanisme de migration des « westerlies » vers l'équateur au cours des périodes glaciaires, en réponse au déplacement du vortex circcum polaire. Les travaux issus de cette thèse ont montré qu'il était possible d'utiliser la distribution actuelle des plantes pour estimer les variations quantitatives des changements climatiques passés, dans la plupart des configurations botaniques et climatiques rencontrées en Afrique australe. La méthode de sélection des espèces se révèle être un outil indispensable dans cette région de haute biodiversité. Ces travaux offrent des perspectives intéressantes dans cette zone actuellement dépourvue de reconstructions climatiques quantitatives. Cependant, les résultats émanant des deux cas d'études ont mis en évidence des faiblesses et des limites méthodologiques qui devront faire l'objet d'études supplémentaires afin d'en améliorer les performances
Located at the interface between tropical and temperate climate systems, southern Africa is a particularly sensitive region in terms of long-term climate change. However, few reliable paleoclimatic records exist from the region – largely as a result of the arid climate with precludes the preservation of wetland sequences - , and virtually no quantitative reconstructions are available.The aim of this thesis is to develop quantitative palaeoclimate reconstruction method based the relation between modern plant distributions and climate in southern Africa. We develop botanical-climatological transfer functions derived from probability density functions (pdfs), allowing for quantitative estimates of the palaeoclimatic variables to be calculated from fossil pollen assemblages. In addition, a species-selection method (SSM) based on Bayesian statistics is outlined, which provides a parsimonious choice of most likely plant species from what are otherwise taxonomically broad pollen-types. This method addresses limitations imposed by the low taxonomic resolution of pollen identification, which is particularly problematic in areas of high biodiversity such as many regions of southern Africa.This methodology has been applied to pollen record from Wonderkrater (South Africa). Results indicate that temperatures during both the warm and cold season were 6±2°C colder during the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas, and that rainy season precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum was ~50% of that during the mid-Holocene. Our results also imply that changes in precipitation at Wonderkrater generally track changes in Mozambique Channel sea-surface temperatures, with a steady increase following the Younger Dryas to a period of maximum water availability at Wonderkrater ~3-7 ka. These findings indicate that the northern and southern tropics experienced similar climatic trends during the last 20 kyr, and highlight the role of variations in sea-surface temperatures over the more popularly perceived role of a shifting Intertropical Convergence Zone in determining long-term environmental trends.This method has also been applied to a pollen record from Pakhuis Pass, in the Fynbos Biome (South Africa). Results show the limitations of quantitative methods, with only unrealistically low amplitude being reconstructed between the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene (~2°C). However, results indicate that the reconstructed temperature trends, if not amplitudes, are similar to trends observed in Antarctic ice core records. Further, in reconstructing past humidity, we show that over the last 18 kyr, cooler conditions appear to be generally wetter at the site. These results are consistent with Cockcroft model (1987), derived from equatorward shift of the westerlies resulting from expansions of the circum-polar vortex.This study shows the potential of using modern plant distributions to estimates past climate parameters in southern Africa, and the species selection method proves to be a useful tool in region with high biodiversity. This work provides a novel perspective in the region, where no quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions have been available. However, results from Pakhuis Pass highlight some of the limitations of this methodology, which will be subject of future work in this promising field of inquiry
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20

Roche, Damien. "Apport de l'étude isotopique de l'émail dentaire des grands mammifères herbivores pour la reconstitution des environnements néogènes d'Afrique australe et orientale". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066279.

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Reconstituer des environnements néogènes d’Afrique australe et orientale à travers une approche géochimique constitue l’objectif de cette étude. L’émail dentaire des grands mammifères herbivores fossiles est le support analytique choisi. Les gisements dans lesquels a été récolté le matériel sont situés dans quatre régions : la Sperrgebiet (Namibie), les Collines Tugen (Kenya), la région de Kaiso-Nkondo (partie occidentale de l’Ouganda) et la zone est-ougandaise comprenant le Karamoja et la localité de Bukwa. Avant tout travail de reconstitution, la qualité de préservation chimique de l’émail fossile a été contrôlée. En dépit de modifications élémentaires, la composition isotopique des carbonates de la bioapatite n’a pas été significativement affectée par la diagenèse, et reste fiable pour les reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales. Des variations géographiques et temporelles des rapports isotopiques de l’émail fossile ont été mises en évidence. L’analyse du δ13C révèle que les grands herbivores du Miocène inférieur et moyen, provenant de la Sperrgebiet et de la région est-ougandaise, étaient des consommateurs de plantes en C3. Les valeurs du δ13C et du δ18O les plus élevées étant enregistrées par les spécimens namibiens, les milieux devaient être plus ouverts, plus secs voire plus chauds dans la Sperrgebiet que dans la région est-ougandaise, pendant cette période. Le Miocène supérieur et le Pliocène sont marqués par l’apparition de consommateurs de plantes en C4. Les valeurs du δ13C traduisent l’existence de forêts plus humides et/ou plus denses dans la région de Kaiso-Nkondo que dans celle des Collines Tugen, lors de cette période.
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21

Pouille, Lauren. "Paléobiodiversité des Radiolaires du Paléozoique inférieur (Cambrien-Ordovicien) : Aperçu à travers une étude des assemblages à radiolaires provenant des montagnes de l’Altai (Russie), d’Aksuran (Kazakstan), du bassin de Georgina (Australie) et de la Terre Neuve occidentale (Canada)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10152/document.

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Notre compréhension de la structuration des chaînes trophiques pélagiques du Paléozoïque inférieur, mise en place lors des évènements d’« explosion Cambrienne » et de « Grande Biodiversification Ordovicienne » et qui a abouti à la mise en place des écosystèmes marins à « caractère moderne », reste encore très fragmentaire. Nous nous intéressons ici à comprendre les origines et la dynamique de paléobiodiversité des Radiolaires polycystines, composantes biotiques clefs du plancton hétérotrophe, dans le but de mieux comprendre le calendrier et la dynamique de diversification du plancton au cours du Paléozoïque inférieur. La découverte de nouveau matériel provenant des montagnes de l’Altaï (Sibérie) apporte de nouvelles données sur l’enregistrement fossilifère des premiers radiolaires biominéralisés avec l’identification des plus anciens représentant de la famille des Archéoentactinidae d’âge Botomien. Des études menées sur du matériel de Terre-Neuve et d’Australie ont permis de caractériser l’ensemble des changements biotiques intervenus au sein des assemblages à radiolaires à l’aube de la révolution planctonique mais également de préciser la répartition paléogéographique des radiolaires au Cambrien supérieur. Une étude taxonomique menée sur un échantillon provenant du Kazakhstan a également permis la découverte d’un nouvel assemblage à radiolaire enrichissant considérablement notre connaissance de la diversité des radiolaires à l’Ordovicien moyen
Our understanding of the structuration of Lower Paleozoic pelagic trophic chains during the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ and the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’, which has lead to the establishment of modern marine ecosystems, is still very fragmentary. We are here interested in understanding the paleodiversity dynamics of polycystines Radiolaria planctonic group, a key biotic component of the heterotrophic plankton, in order get a better idea of the timing and dynamics of plankton diversification at the Lower Paleozoic. The discovery of new material from the Altai Mountains (Siberia) brings new data on the fossil record of the first biomineralized radiolarians with the identification of the oldest representatives of the Archeoentactinidae family dated of a Botomian age. Study conducted on Newfoundland and Australian material allowed us to characterize precisely the various biotic changes undergone by radiolarians during the Cambrian-Ordovician transition, at the dawn of the planktonic revolution but also to precise their paleogeographic distribution at the Late Cambrian. A detailed taxonomic study conducted on a Kazakhstanian sample has allowed us to describe a new radiolarian assemblage enriching considerably our knowledge on the radiolarian diversity at the middle Ordovician
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22

Jacob, Jensen. "Contribution à la tectonique des plaques de l'océan Indien oriental". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0002.

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20 jeune à 26 vieux, et par reconstructions à trois plaques impliquant l'Australie, l'Antarctique et l'Inde pour les chrons plus âgés 34 à 27 jeune, pour lesquels n'existent aucune anomalie conjuguée dans le bassin. Les âges et structure résultants pour la partie manquante du bassin sont drapés sur le toit de la lithosphère subduite telle que déterminé par la tomographie sismique, afin d'étudier les processus de la subduction et leurs conséquences. L'âge et le taux d'expansion influencent des paramètres physiques tels que l'épaisseur, la densité, et la rhéologie de la lithosphère en subduction, qui en retour entraînent une "subductabilité" variable de la lithosphère, des variations de profondeur de la fosse et sa déviation d'un arc de cercle régulier. La présence de zones de fracture à grand décalage et d'axe de dorsale subduits joue un rôle géodynamique important en ouvrant des fenêtres asthénosphériques dans le panneau plongeant profond, alors que des structures en subduction telles que plateaux ou monts sousmarins affectent les processus superficiels à la fosse et dans la zone sismogène. Pour étendre les résultats obtenus par nos reconstructions à trois plaques sur l'histoire, controversée, de l'expansion océanique entre l'Australie et l'Antarctique au Crétacé Supérieur, nous étudions l'ouverture initiale et l'expansion océanique de cette frontière de plaque en utilisant la méthode d'ajustement des contours de Bullard. Cette méthode est appropriée pour des isochrones sinueuses et en absence de zones de fracture claires. Deux paires de structures symétriques sont observées sur la carte des anomalies gravimétriques à l'air libre dérivées de l'altimétrie satellitaire à l'aplomb des marges conjuguées, la plus forte interprétée comme la limite continent-océan. Ces structures sont considérées comme isochrones et datée approximativement de 128 et 94 Ma. Une reconstruction satisfaisante à 128 Ma est atteinte en trois sections distinctes, la section occidentale correspondant au mouvement Australie- Antarctique Est, la section centrale au mouvement du bloc de Polda (un micro-continent transitoire) et de l'Antarctique Est, et la section orientale au mouvement Tasmanie-Antarctique Ouest. Les marges orientales de l'Australie et de la Tasmanie sont alignées. Les marges conjuguées de l'Australie, la Tasmanie et l'Antarctique Ouest reconstruits d'une part, de la ride de Lord Howe et du plateau de Campbell Plateau reconstruits (Zelandia) d'autre part, s'ajustent à un petit cercle et suggèrent un mouvement transformant. Si l'on aligne le fossé de Bellona au détroit de Bass en le considérant comme l'extension orientale de la Zone de Fracture Sud Australienne, on obtient un mouvement transformant total de 600 km avant l'ouverture de la mer de Tasman et de la dorsale Pacifique-Antarctique à ~83 Ma. Le déplacement sud-est de l'Antarctique Est induit la compression and l'épaississement crustal de l'Antarctique Ouest, créant les montagnes Trans- Antarctiques à la bordure de différentes provinces - craton et anciens orogènes - et rhéologies. L'ouverture initiale de l'Australie et l'Antarctique est probablement liée à l'apparition du point chaud de Kerguelen à ~120 Ma
The frequent earthquakes in Indonesia are associated with the active subduction of the northern Wharton basin under Sunda trench. To better understand the subduction mechanism the age and structure of the subducting lithosphere have been analyzed by conducting a detailed marine magnetic interpretation of the Wharton basin. Validation of the identified magnetic isochrons is achieved by two-plate kinematic reconstructions for chron 20 young to 26 old, and by three-plate reconstructions involving Australia, Antarctica and India for the older chrons 34 young to 27 young, for which no conjugate anomalies exist in the basin. The resulting age and structure obtained for the missing part of the basin are draped on the top of the subducted lithosphere determined by seismic tomography to investigate the subduction processes and their consequences. The age and spreading rate influence physical parameters like the thickness, buoyancy, and rheology of the subducting lithosphere, which in turn result in variable "subductability" of the lithosphere, varying depth of the trench and its deviation from a regular arc. The subducted long-offset fracture zones and spreading axis play an important geodynamic role in opening asthenospheric windows through the deep slab, whereas subducting features like plateaus and seamounts affects shallower processes at the trench and in the seismogenic zone. To extend the results obtained by our three-plate reconstructions on the controversial Late Cretaceous spreading history of Australia and Antarctica, we investigate the early opening and spreading history of this plate boundary using the Bullard Contour Fit method. The method is appropriate for sinuous isochrons and in absence of clear fracture zones. Two pairs of symmetrical features are observed in the satellite-derived free-air gravity anomaly map over the conjugate margins, the strongest one interpreted as the continent-ocean boundary. They are considered as isochrons and tentatively dated 128 and 94 Ma. A proper reconstruction at 128 Ma is attained in three separate sections, with the western section corresponding to the motion between Australia-East Antarctica, the central one to the motion between the Polda Block (a transient micro-continent) and East Antarctica, and the eastern one to Tasmania and West Antarctica. The eastern margins of Australia and Tasmania are aligned. The conjugate margins of reconstructed Australia, Tasmania and West Antarctica on one hand, Lord Howe Rise and the Campbell Plateau (Zelandia) on the other hand, fit a small circle and suggest a transform motion. Aligning the Bellona Trough with the Bass Strait as an extension of the Southern Australia Fracture Zone predicts a total 600 km of transform motion, before the Tasman Sea and Pacific- Antarctic Ridge opened at ~83 Ma. The southeastward translation of East Antarctica resulted in compression and crustal thickening in West Antarctica, creating the Trans-Antarctic Mountains at the edges of different provinces - craton and orogenic terranes - and rheology. The initial opening of Australia-Antarctica is likely related to the Kerguelen hotspot inception at ~120 Ma
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23

Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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24

Worthy, Trevor Henry. "Tertiary fossil waterfowl (Aves: anseriformes) of Australia and New Zealand". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/50511.

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Anseriformes, or waterfowl, are related to Galliformes (chickens and kin), together forming the most basal sister of Neoaves. The order is generally considered to comprise four families: Presbyornithidae (Late Cretaceous - Eocene); Anseranatidae (Paleocene-present); Anhimidae (Oligocene-present); Anatidae (Oligocene-present), but the giant Tertiary flightless taxa Dromornithidae (Australia), Gastornithidae (Eurasia) and Diatrymidae (North America) have also been referred to the order. Australasia presently has a unique waterfowl fauna characterized by low species diversity but high phylogenetic diversity: the Magpie Goose Anseranas (the sole surviving anseranatid), several monotypic endemic anatid genera of uncertain relationships (Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis, Freckled Duck Stictonetta, Pinkeared Duck Malacorhynchus and Musk Duck Biziura), several relatively primitive taxa (the aforementioned plus whistling ducks Dendrocygna and Blue-billed Duck Oxyura). The evolutionary history of this fauna has, until now, not been examined via the fossil record. In this thesis, the literature for the global fossil record of Anseranatidae and Anatidae is reviewed. The Neogene (Oligocene-Pliocene) fossil record of Anseriformes, exclusive of dromornithids, is studied from both New Zealand and Australia. For New Zealand, all materials derive from the St Bathans Fauna, Early Miocene (19-16 Ma), Otago. Herein, the first description of this fauna is provided, with four anatid genera (Manuherikia, Dunstanetta, Matanas and Miotadorna) established for five species, with a sixth taxon reported (Chapter 2). The phylogenetic affinities of Manuherikia, Dunstanetta and Miotadorna are examined using parsimony analysis of morphological data (133 characters) in Chapter 3. Miotadorna is a shelduck related to tadornines, perhaps sister to Tadorna, and Manuherikia and Dunstanetta are oxyurines related to the Stictonetta, Malacorhynchus, Oxyura and Biziura). A further species of Manuherikia and the existence of definite anserines, probably related to Cereopsis, are described in Chapter 4. The fossil record of Australian anseriforms is described in Chapters 5-8. The Oligo- Miocene record derives principally from the Etadunna and Namba Formations (26-24 Ma) in the Lake Eyre and Frome Basins, respectively, in South Australia. Four taxa are described, with all occurring both in the Namba and Etadunna Formations: a single genus, Pinpanetta, is established for three species and another, Australotadorna, for a tadornine. Phylogenetic analyses (parsimony and Bayesian) of a dataset (150 characters, 61 taxa) show Pinpanetta is an oxyurine and confirm the previously found oxyurine affinity of Manuherikia and Dunstanetta. A monophyletic clade with moderate support is found for an expanded Oxyurinae that has Stictonetta basal, followed successively by Mionetta (Oligo- Miocene of Europe), Malacorhynchus, Pinpanetta, Manuherikia, Dunstanetta, Oxyura and Nomonyx, Biziura and Thalassornis. This same analysis finds anserines the most basal group in Anatidae, so changing position with Dendrocygna, considered by recent authors to be the most basal anatid. A new genus and species of anseranatid is described from a Faunal Zone A (System A, Late Oligocene) deposit at Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland (Chapter 6). This first pre-Pliocene record of the family in Australia is of equivalent age to the youngest European fossil anseranatid, Anserpica from France, but younger than the Eocene Anatalavis of England. Only one of three other waterfowl bones known from Riversleigh deposits is identifiable and is referred to a species of Pinpanetta found in the Etadunna Formation. Mid-Late Miocene deposits containing waterfowl are restricted in Australia to just the Waite Formation (c. 8 Ma) at Alcoota in the Northern Territory. Three bones indicate an undetermined tadornine and an undetermined anatid, different from any known species. The Pliocene record of anseriforms in South Australia is described from the Tirari Formation (Kanunka and Toolapinna Faunas) (Chapter 7). Nine modern species (Anseranas semipalmata, Cereopsis novaehollandiae, Cygnus atratus, Tadorna tadornoides, Biziura lobata, Oxyura australis, Anas cf A. castanea, A. cf A. gracilis and Aythya australis) are represented. A single extinct species, Tirarinetta kanunka, is described and referred to Oxyurinae. From the Parilla Sands, Late Pliocene, at Bookmark Cliffs on the Murray River, a single humerus is described (Chapter 8) and referred to Tadorna cf. T. tadornoides. A total of 11 anatid taxa is described from latest Oligocene-Early Miocene deposits in Australasia, which considerably adds to the global record of seven species previously reported for this period. Considering also the anseranatids, the Late Oligocene – Early Miocene fauna of Australia is thus established as having equivalent diversity to that from similar-aged deposits in Europe, but by the late Early Miocene, the New Zealand fauna was more diverse than any other Oligo-Miocene fauna known. The more limited samples available, compared to those from New Zealand, probably explain the lack of a similar diversity being revealed for Australia from this period. In both Australia and New Zealand, the Oligo-Miocene faunas are dominated by oxyurine taxa, as were those in Europe. The presence of a tadornine in Australia in the latest Oligocene and another in New Zealand in the Early Miocene precede the appearance of this subfamily in the Northern Hemisphere by 10 Ma, implying a southern origin for this group. The Late Oligocene presence of Mionetta in Europe and of Pinpanetta in Australia, and their referral to Oxyurinae, establishes a minimum age for the origin of this subfamily in the latest Oligocene. The establishment of a fauna comprised of modern species by the Pliocene indicates substantial faunal turnover probably in the Late Miocene. This turnover is due in part to immigration of taxa (Cygnus, Anas, Aythya) and in situ evolution (all endemic genera), as occurred in other Australian vertebrates (rodents, snakes, bats). Thus faunal composition in Australia appears to have been more affected by attainment of some threshold in proximity to Asia being breached by the northward continental drift of Australia, than by aridification, which has been ongoing since the Middle Miocene.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008
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25

Oosting, Antje Margriet. "Palaeoenvironmental and climatic changes in Australia during the early cretaceous = Palaeomilieu en- klimaatsveranderingen in Australië gedurende het vroeg krijt /". 2004. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1803.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - James Cook University, 2004.
"Met een samenvatting in het Nederlands" -- T.p. "Ter verkrijging van der graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht, op gezang van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. W. H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 30 septembber 2004 des morgens om 10:30 uur" -- T.p. Typescript (photocopy) Bibliography: leaves 175-181.
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26

O'Leary, Michael John. "The stratigraphy and geochronology of emergent fossil reef deposits of Western Australia". Thesis, 2007. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2141/1/01front.pdf.

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Corals provide the most widely used sea-level archive. Many coral species survive only in shallow water, therefore fossil corals emergent or submergent relative to present reefs, along stable coastlines, suggest variations in past sea level. Along the coastal margin of Western Australia (WA) an extensive series of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e reefs outcrop at 3 ± 1 m above sea level. The consistency of reef elevation along thousands of km of WA coastline demonstrates the tectonic stability of this trailing intraplate continental margin. There is also evidence of erosional terraces or incipient reef development at elevations above this +3 m sea-level benchmark. Some workers reasoned that the higher elevation of these marine units is an artefact of localized tectonism or warping. This rationale fails to address: 1) intertidal deposits at multiple elevations in close proximity; 2) the distinct geomorphological difference between the lower and upper marine units; and 3) the similarity in elevation between WA emergent marine deposits and those found on stable carbonate platforms of The Bahamas and Bermuda. With accurate and precise dating of these emergent reef deposits it may be possible to characterise the nature of sea level during MIS 5e. Coral skeletons are constructed of chemically unstable aragonite. Older coral material is generally more diagenetically altered, often suffering the addition or loss of uranium or thorium, which leads to inaccurate U-series age calculations. Coral diagenesis is generally determined by changes in carbonate mineralogy, but a more subtle form of geochemical alteration may affect the uranium-thorium age of corals that appear mineralogically pristine. In an attempt to extract meaningful ages from corals that have undergone isotopic exchange, modeled alpha-recoil processes were used to calculate open-system ages. These open-system ages are based on the assumption that alpha-recoil mobilisation is the only diagenetic process operating within the coral/reef unit. Independent age controls including: 1) the known duration of MIS 5e; 2) stratigraphic superposition; and 3) age equivalence within individual corals, were used to test the reliability and accuracy of uncorrected and open-system corrected coral ages. Despite claims to the contrary, this study found open-system corrections to fail the above prescribed age tests, such that open-system corrections did not reflect the corals true age. Investigations into the nature of MIS 5e sea levels were focused on two contrasting locations, Cape Cuvier, a high-energy coastal site, and Shark Bay, a low energy marine embayment. Both sites point to an extended period of widespread coral reef development at +2 to +4 m elevation with incipient reef and erosional terraces at between +6 and +10 m. The incipient nature of the upper coralgal rim and the fact that the lower terrace was not able to utilize the newly available accommodation space points to a brief but rapid sea level excursion to this new elevation. High-precision U-series dating returned coral ages that were inconsistent with the stratigraphic interpretation of the site and other known MIS 5e sea level curves. In an attempt to fill in the temporal and spatial gaps left by coral dating, the Useries method was applied to crustose coralline algae (CCA). This study shows that living CCA capture a modern seawater equivalent 234U value of 147.02 ± 1.5 ‰, and initial uranium concentrations of 0.2 ± 0.07 ppm. These initial chemistries allow for the examination of uranium and thorium isotopic evolution over geological timescales, however uranium uptake and detrital 232Th contamination limit the usage of this material in U-series dating. Although we are confident of our interpretation of the sea-level history in WA during MIS 5e, we offer the following considerations: 1) field observations and relationships remain the most reliable means of determining the succession of events in the case of MIS 5e; 2) despite increased measuring precision of “high tech” dating methods, there is not necessarily a concomitant increase in the accuracy of the ages; and, 3) open-system corrections are not a reliable tool for determining a coral’s true age.
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27

Paull, Rosemary. "Cenozoic cupressaceae macrofossils from Southeastern Australia: comparisons with extant genera/species". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57421.

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Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.
Tasmanian fossil sites are rich in Cupressaceae genera and species and yet only three genera (Artrotaxis, Diselma, Callitris) survive there today. The aim of this study is the identification of some new and previously undescribed Cupressacea-related Tasmanian fossils. This is achieved by comprehensive morphological reviews of the foliage and cones (ovulate and pollen) of six extant Southern Hemisphere Cupressaceae genera.
http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1277497
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2007
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28

Gouramanis, Chris. "High-resolution holocene paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes recorded in Southern Australian lakes based on ostracods and their chemical composition". Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150571.

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29

Oosting, Antje Margriet. "Palaeoenvironmental and climatic changes in Australia during the early Cretaceous". Thesis, 2004. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/1803/1/01front.pdf.

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Scope and outline of the thesis: With the aim set for this study, the European sequence chosen as reference for global correlation is the Barremian type section at Angles, SE France (Birkelund et al., 1984). Various studies on this section, which contains a Barremian-Aptian transition interval, have already described its ammonite stratigraphy (Delanoy, 1995), δ13C isotope stratigraphy (Wissler et al., 2002), and dinocyst content (e.g. De Renéville and Raynaud, 1981; Srivastava, 1984; Wilpshaar, 1995). A corresponding stratigraphic interval was sampled at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) site 263 located on the NW Australian continental margin. To test the established bio-stratigraphic framework for Australia, further drillholes were chosen from two other depositional basins, i.e., from the Carpentaria Basin the Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) Mossman-1 core, and from the Eromanga Basin: Geological Survey of Queensland (GSQ) Hughenden-7, GSQ Manuka-1, and GSQ Eromanga-1, drillcores. In Chapter 2 the direct correlation between an Australian Barremian-Aptian marine section with European ammonite controlled standard successions, based on corresponding stratigraphic events in the compositional development of the dinoflagellate assemblages is presented. It outlines the correlation between the Barremian-Aptian part of DSDP site 263 in NW Australia, and the equivalent interval in the Barremian stratotype section at Angles, SE France. The correlation provides a suit of nine dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) index events, which are useful for cross- hemisphere comparisons. These dinocyst events further enable age-assessment for the Australian dinocyst zonation scheme traditionally used for Austral biostratigraphic correlation. Palaeoenvironmental evaluation of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in DSDP site 263 indicates that the NW Australian margin was affected by cool water-currents during the Barremian-Aptian. In Chapter 3 the established timeframe from chapter 2 is applied to BMR Mossman-1 located in northeastern Australia. Comparison of the palynostratigraphic framework, elaborated with δ13Corg data, with time equivalent Tethyan and Atlantic records shows identical bio- and geochemical stratigraphic changes and reveals an interval in BMR Mossman-1, which most likely corresponds to oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1a. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions are based on groups distinguished within the dinocyst and spore/pollen assemblages. These groups indicate warmer and wetter conditions prior to OAE 1a changing to cooler and drier conditions starting at the onset of OAE 1a. The δ13Corg results add new detail to global stratigraphic changes in Barremian-Aptian carbon isotope records and confirm the assumption that OAE 1a was of global extent. In comparison with the global sea-level chart of Hardenbol et al. (1998), the changes in palynology, carbon isotope stratigraphy, and lithology allow identification of variations within a third order cycle. In Chapter 4 the dinoflagellate cyst zonation as presented in chapter 2 and 3 is further tested by applying it to three cores from the Eromanga Basin in eastern Australia; GSQ Hughenden-7, GSQ Manuka-1, and GSQ Eromanga-1, respectively. The dinocyst events combined with the δ13Corg records inferred an Early Aptian to Albian age for the studied sections. The changes in palynology, isotope stratigraphy and lithology are deduced to reflect third order sea-level fluctuations. Comparison of the data with the BMR Mossman-1 core from the Carpentaria Basin reveals that the start of the mid-Cretaceous marine incursion into the Eromanga Basin is related with the earliest Aptian sea-level rise. Further comparison with time-equivalent Tethyan records shows that the Toolebuc Formation relates to OAE 1c and correlates with the inflexion point of a relative maximum sea-level fall in the earliest Late Albian. The same palaeoenvironmental groups as in the previous chapter have been used, they indicate cooler and drier conditions at the onset, changing to warmer and more humid conditions within the upper part of the Toolebuc Formation. In Chapter 5 comparison of Barremian to Albian sequences from the three Early Cretaceous depositional basins in Australia show similar variations within the δ13Corg stratigraphy as in timeequivalent Atlantic and Pacific sequences. The observed excursions in the isotope records from the European and Australian sequences can be correlated by biostratigraphic events. For the Barremian-Albian time interval eleven successive dinocyst events proof to be useful for global comparisons. Correlation of the selected results reveals similar patterns and responses in the δ13Corg records for the Tethyan, Boreal and Austral realms, and that two periods of oceanic anoxic events, representing OAE 1a and 1c, can be recognized in Australia as well. Furthermore, it enabled recognition of mid-Cretaceous stage and substage boundaries in Australia, and as such provides age assessment for the Australian dinocyst zonation scheme. The similar patterns in the carbon isotope records, and the response of the palynological assemblages from Australia and other areas to palaeoenvironmental and climatic changes during the mid-Cretaceous indicate that OAE 1a and 1c were of global extent. The first anoxic event lies within the transgressive systems tract of cycle T13, and the latter correlates to the inflexion point of the regressive R14 and following transgressive systems tract of cycle T15, indicating that the underlying driving forces for the various OAEs differ.
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30

Asmussen, Brit. "Dangerous harvest revisited : taphonomy, methodology and intensification in the Central Queensland Highlands, Australia". Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149777.

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Johnston, Paul A. "Morphology, relationships and palaeoecology of lower Devonian bivalves from Southeastern Australia". Phd thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140930.

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32

Leal, Patrícia Alexandra Hipólito. "How economic growth in Australia reacts to CO2 emissions, fossil fuels and renewable energy consumption". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/9750.

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Australia is one of the ten largest emitters of greenhouse gases but stands out from the others due to its economic growth without recession for twenty-six consecutive years. This paper focuses on the energy-growth nexus and the effects of energy consumption on the environment, in Australia. This analysis is performed using annual data from 1965 to 2015, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. The paper finds empirical evidence of a trade-off between economic growth and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) intensity. The results show that increased Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Australia, increased investment in Renewable Energy Sources (RES), although the renewable technology is limited and has no impact on reducing CO2 intensity in the long-run. In contrast to investment in RES, fossil fuels, coal and oil, are both decreased by GDP. However, oil consumption increased renewable energy consumption, and this reflects the pervading effect of the growing economy. To achieve environmental targets and continue to grow, Australia should change its energy mix, apply restrictive policies to fossil fuels consumption, and implement energy efficiency measures.
A Austrália é um dos dez maiores emissores de gases efeito de estuda do mundo. Contudo este país destaca-se dos restantes devido ao seu crescimento económico ausente de recessões económicas por vinte e seis anos consecutivos. Este estudo foca-se no nexus consumo de energia e crescimento económico, e no efeito do consumo de energia no meio ambiente, na Austrália. Para a realização do estudo foram utilizados dados anuais de 1965 a 2015 e aplicado o modelo Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Esta investigação encontra evidência empírica para o trade-off entre crescimento económico e intensidade de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Além disso, os resultados revelam que um aumento do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), na Austrália, causa um aumento do investimento em fontes de energia renovável (RES), embora a tecnologia renovável seja limitada e não tenha impacto na redução da intensidade de CO2 no longo-prazo. Contrariamente, com o investimento em RES, os combustíveis fosseis, carvão e petróleo, são reduzidos pelo PIB. No entanto, o consumo de petróleo aumenta o consumo de energia renovável, o que reflete o efeito crescente da economia. Para atingir as metas ambientais e continuar a crescer, a Austrália deve alterar o seu mix de energia, aplicando políticas restritivas ao consumo de combustíveis fósseis e implementar medidas de eficiência energética.
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33

Greenwood, David Robert. "The foliar physiognomic analysis and taphonomy of leaf beds derived from modern Australia rainforest / David Robert Greenwood". Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18723.

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Copies of two papers co-authored by the author, in back cover pocket
Bibliography: leaves 128-143
143 leaves, [60] leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1987
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34

Thornhill, Andrew Heath. "Extant and fossil Myrtaceae pollen morphology and their significance to systematics, phylogenetics, evolution, and biogeography of the family". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149905.

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Fossils are needed to calibrate the molecular clock used for dating phylogenies. This has led to a re-examination of the identification and phylogenetic placement of fossils used for calibration. Until recently, fossil pollen has been neglected for calibration due to a belief that pollen lacks sufficiently useful characters. Consequently, taxonomy of extant pollen has also been neglected, and this applies particularly to the pollen of Myrtaceae, which was last fully revised in the 1950s. This study surveys pollen morphology across Myrtaceae, assessing the phylogenetic signal in pollen characters and assessing suitability of fossil pollen for calibration. Fossils identified as suitable were used to calibrate a new dated molecular phylogeny, which was then applied to investigating the evolution and biogeography of Myrtaceae. A study of pollen from over 200 living taxa using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and 500 taxa using Light Microscopy (LM) found nine distinct pollen types within Myrtaceae that potentially showed a relationship to molecular tribal classification of the family. Optimising pollen characters onto a molecular phylogram, constructed from two chloroplast (matK and ndhF) and one nuclear (ITS) loci from 111 taxa, indicated the potential use of colpal morphology in diagnosing Myrtaceae pollen groups. However, exine pattern, apocolpial island presence and pollen width are homoplasious and relatively uninformative. A review of all formally described Myrtaceidites fossil species identified nine distinct morphotypes, including six that could be used to calibrate molecular dating. One new morphospecies, Myrtaceidites leptospermoides, was described for fossil pollen with syncolpate colpi and a granulate exine pattern. The fit of 26 pollen fossils onto the new molecular phylogeny was measured using parsimony optimisation of characters from extant Myrtaceae pollen. Eight Myrtaceidites fossils were identified as appropriate for calibration based on their placements on the tree. These fossils were used to calibrate a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and this led to older estimates than have been previously found for the crown ages of tribes such as Eucalypteae and Myrteae, showing the potential of pollen for calibration. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a partitioned relaxed clock and 12 fossil calibrations was used to test biogeographic hypotheses by optimizing the modern geographic location of extant taxa using parsimony reconstruction. Of the 22 tested disjunct sister-groups, up to five could possibly be explained by vicariance, four likely resulted from overland dispersal via new land connections, and 13 were too young for vicariance by continental drift and therefore inferred to be the result of long distance dispersal and establishment (LDDE) events. Holocene fossil pollen from Bega Swamp, New South Wales, Australia, were compared with pollen of twenty-five extant Myrtaceae species from the surrounding Bega Swamp area using visual judgement and a Lucid key constructed for the purpose. It was found that Eucalyptus pauciflora, together with other Eucalyptus species, has occurred in the Bega Swamp area for over 12,500 years. However, interpreting past vegetation composition using Eucalyptus is problematic because extant taxonomic (e.g. subgenus Symphyomyrtus) or ecological (e.g. alpine or wet forest) groups do not form pollen with distinct pollen types and therefore fossils cannot be confidently assigned to any extant Eucalyptus group.
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35

Luly, Jonathan Gregory. "A pollen analytical investigation of Holocene palaeoenvironments at Lake Tyrrell, semi-arid Northwestern Victoria, Australia". Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110282.

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This thesis presents a pollen analytical reconstruction of mallee vegetation history in the vicinity of Lake Tyrrell, a large active salt lake in semi-arid northwestern Victoria. The project combined studies of the modern pollen rain, pollen depositional processes and sedimentological characteristics of lake deposits to provide an analytical framework appropriate to the interpretation of fossil pollen spectra from the novel salt lake setting. Pollen trapping in northwestern Victoria and western New South Wales indicates that the characteristic plant communities of semi-arid southeastern Australia can be identified from the pollen spectra they produce. Mallee heath communities produce spectra containing a diverse array of heathland taxa with limited pollen dispersal capacities, including Banksia, Baeckea behrii, Cryptandra and Calytrix tetragona. Mallee heaths also produce large amounts of Calli tris pollen but can be distinguished from Callitris woodland by the regular presence of pollen from restricted heathland taxa. Pollen spectra from chenopod shrublands are characterised by overwhelming dominance by Chenopodiaceae pollen. Other halophytic taxa often represented include Selenothamnus and Disphyma. Riverine forests produce pollen spectra dominated by Eucalyptus Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii and Amyema pollen occur commonly. It may be possible to identify pollen of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in fossil assemblages allowing this community to be more clearly delineated in the fossil record. Mallee communities can be distinguished from eucalypt dominated communities in moister areas by producing pollen spectra containing relatively high percentages of chenopod pollen and low percentages of grass pollen. Eucalypt woodlands in areas receiving more than 400 mm mean annual rainfall produce pollen spectra containing appreciable quantities of Callitris pollen. No relationship could be discerned between pollen production and rainfall in this study. Pollen trapping at Lake Tyrrell suggests that the majority of pollen arriving at the lake surface is wind borne. Few are washed from the lake margin or imported down Tyrrell Creek. This contrasts strongly with the situation in humid areas where pollen washed from the catchment or carried in creeks are a significant part of a lakes pollen budget. Pollen reaching the surface of Lake Tyrrell are rapidly redistributed and are preferentially deposited in areas marginal to the persistent salt crust. Maximum pollen concentrations occur on relatively high parts of the lake bed, again contrasting strongly with models derived from permanently wet lakes where maximum deposition of pollen occurs in the deepest parts of the basin. The sediments of Lake Tyrrell record a history of hydrological change extending to approximately 10,000 BP. Between 10,000 BP and 6600 BP water in Lake Tyrrell was shallow, saline and probably ephemeral. Water depths and the frequency I duration of flooding were most likely similar to those experienced today but there was no persistent salt crust. Between 6600 BP and 2200 BP the lake was a permanent though fluctuating waterbody. The lake waters were saline throughout this period. Water balance calculations suggest average rainfall in the lake catchment would have been approximately 2.6 times modern levels between 6600 BP and 2200 BP. The lake was dry between 2200 BP and 800 BP. The local groundwater table fell below the lake bed. There was no salt crust until about 800 BP when rainfall increased slightly allowing local watertables to rise and modem salt lake conditions to develop. Changes in vegetation around Lake Tyrrell occur in association with changes in rainfall. Between 10,000 BP and 6600 BP Lake Tyrrell was surrounded by open woodland dominated by Allocasuarina Eucalyptus and Callitris were probably present in limited areas. At 6600 BP mallee communities began to dominate the landscape. It is likely the appearance of mallee reflects the arrival of mallee eucalypts spreading from refugial areas occupied during the last glacial maximum. Callitris patches were a prominent element of the regional vegetation during this the wettest interval in the Holocene record. They appear little affected by the active fire regime of the times. Between 2200 BP and 800 BP mallee persisted and Allocasuarina experienced a modest expansion. Callitris declined drastically. The dense mallee vegetation which surrounded the lake at the time of European settlment was established after 800 BP. The history of Holocene environmental change identified from Lake Tyrrell provides a possible explanation for the patterns of archaeological site distribution observed in the Mallee Districts of northwestern Victoria.
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36

Passlow, Victoria. "Late Quaternary history of the Southern Ocean offshore Southeastern Australia, based on deep-sea Ostracoda". Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140921.

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37

Radke, Lynda C. "Solute divides and chemical facies in southeastern Australian salt lakes and the response of ostracods in time (holocene) and space". Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147146.

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Clement, Alice Mary. "The anatomy, evolution and interrelationships of Devonian Dipnoans, with insights from the extant Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri". Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151481.

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The modem Australian fauna includes one of the most enduring extant vertebrate lineages, the Dipnoi, and this body of work examines their anatomy, evolution and relationships, with insights from the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. Through application of modern technology and techniques, this thesis provides comparative, ontogenetic, phylogenetic and functional insights into both fossil and extant lungfishes. Three recently discovered fossil taxa are discussed. These include the first Gondwanan species of a European genus (Rhinodipterus kimberleyensis, Clement 2012), and a primitive genus belonging to the holodontid family (Xeradipterus hatcheri, Clement and Long 2010b), both from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia. Also, a Middle Devonian genus from central Australia (Harajicadipterus youngi, Clement 2009) and a detailed examination of the postcranial anatomy of two lungfishes from Victoria (Howidipterus donnae and Barwickia downunda, Long 1992a) is included. Key findings include the first unequivocal marine lungfish with air-breathing adaptations, possible examples ofsympatric speciation driven by competition for trophic resources, and some of the earliest dipnoans to make the transition to freshwater in Australia. Cladistic analysis was employed to examine dipnoan interrelationships, with special emphasis on early Australian forms. The analysis suggests there were significant adaptive radiations of lungfishes in Devonian reefs, with three locally-evolving clades identified; the chirodipterids, holodontids and dipnorhynchids. The monophyly ofa number ofgenera found in Australian deposits, namely Chirodipterus and Griphognathus is not supported, whereas, the monophyly of Rhinodipterus is confirmed. The analysis suggests that air-breathing probably evolved only once within the Dipnoi. Partition homogeneity tests and Farris' successive weighting provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical characters relating to feeding, such as those of the dentition, jaw and palate, may be less reliable than some other, less convergence-prone traits. Basic jaw lever mechanics in conjunction with 3D bite-modelling software were used to estimate bite force and velocity in extant and fossil genera. Neoceratodus was shown to have a mid level mechanical advantage for its bite compared to earlier fossil forms, implying it has neither a particularly strong nor fast bite. The two main adductor mandibulae muscle portions, the temporalis and masseter, contribute similar forces, and effective mechanical advantage remains constant throughout ontogeny despite an observable shift in diet. Analysis of functional morphology illustrates a large variety of feeding ecomorphologies, and thus, inferred behaviours of Devonian lungfishes. Early members of this lineage were evidently capable of eating diverse prey types, and likely filled a wide range of ecological roles. An inherent ability to remodel plastic dental morphologies is supported as a mechanism by which the early lungfishes were able to evolve, adapt and exploit new niches throughout their long history.
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39

De, Deckker P. (Patrick). "Australian Quaternary studies : a compilation of papers and documents submitted for the degree of Doctor of Science in the Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide". 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SD/09sdd299.pdf.

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"April 2002" Includes bibliographical references and list of the publications and papers submitted. Pt. 1: section 1. Ostracod taxonomy and ecology -- section 2. Limnology of salt lakes -- section 3. Ostracod palaoecology - Quaternary environments -- section 4. Palaolimnology - Quaternary paleoenvironments and geology -- pt. 2: section 5. Geochemistry of ostracod shells -- section 6. Palaeoceanography Contains the majority of the author's scientific publications. Aims at reconstructing Quaternary paleoenvironments, mostly from the Australian region, using the fossil remains of organisms as well as new geochemical techniques.
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40

Adcock, Gregory John. "Extracting the past : DNA from ancient aboriginal Australians". Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109775.

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DNA was extracted from the skeletal remains of ancient Australian and Papua New Guinean individuals. This DNA was amplified to obtain DNA sequences suitable for determining evolutionary relationships and an individual's sex. The methodology described included acquisition of specimens, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, contamination minimisation procedures and data analysis. A field project was undertaken to understand the requirements for getting permission to use Australian skeletal remains in ancient DNA studies. It was found the researcher must communicate with many groups including Aboriginal people and museum staff, and needs to be aware of their different needs. The extraction and amplification techniques were successful in producing amplified products from less than 0.5g of ancient bone in about 30% of PCR reactions, using primers that targeted the first mitochondrial hypervariable segment (HVS1). A lower rate of success was found for the single copy AMEL gene used for determining sex. Contamination was detected in 3% of HVS1 amplifications but did not prevent complete sequences of ancient HVS1 regions being obtained. The sequence variability together with controls allowed contaminant PCR products to be identified. In experiments designed to assign sex by band differences in PCR products, contamination levels were sufficient to prevent the determination of an individual's sex confidently. DNA was amplified from fifteen ancient individuals, dated from several hundred to more than 30,000 years before present, for 350bp of HVS1. The ancient individuals were from three sites; Kow Swamp (KS) in northern Victoria, the Willandra Lakes (WLH) in western New South Wales and Motupore Island (MOT) off the southeast coast of Papua New Guinea. Statistical tests and genetic distances calculated using a number of pair-wise differences, were used to show that the sequences obtained are unlikely to be derived from contaminating European DNA. The HVS1 data was used to analyse population groups of ancient individuals and phylogenies of the individual mitochondrial lineages. The Kow Swamp population was found to have high HVS1 sequence diversity, suggesting that it was part of a larger regional population. The variation pattern was equivocal concerning the debate over whether the robust morphology of the Kow Swamp people indicates that they derive from a separate migration to the gracile people of the same region. Some of the Kow Swamp lineages clustered together on phylogenetic trees but insufficient data existed to determine whether these lineage groups diversified within or outside Australia. The combined Willandra Lakes and Kow Swamp HVS1 lineages are more diverse than those from the modern population of the same region. Furthermore, some of these ancient lineages are unrelated to any others from a large world-wide data-set. From this, there appears to be many differences between ancient and modern groups that may be an indication that the modern data-base might not contain close relatives of ancient lineages, possibly the result of the recent Aboriginal population losses that followed European colonisation. The HVS1 lineage from WLH3, an individual who was alive possibly more than 30,000 years ago, was not different in any way that demonstrated its antiquity. The closest lineage related to it (WLH15) is from the same site and is of recent origin. In phylogenies the Motupore individuals clustered with one another in two groups and with some Asian and Papua New Guinea lineages in the modem data-set, but not with Polynesian types. They did not cluster with any well defined mitochondrial clans (ie they were not derived with respect to these clans). Since the Motupore individuals were alive 500-1000 years ago, the variation seen and that which is absent, could indicate the timing of arrival of populations carrying certain genotypes. Problems with interpreting HVS1 data and limitations of phylogenetic analyses were encountered. The phylogenetic method of network analysis gave the best results for describing mitochondrial lineage relationships. Future research would be most assisted by improvements in techniques, by more samples of both modern and ancient individuals, with improved control of contamination and by a greater knowledge of molecular genetic variation in modern regional populations so that phylogenetically informative variation can be targeted using PCR.
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41

Sinclair, Natalie Gaye. "Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) dinoflagellate cyst taxonomy, palynostratigraphy and biosequence, stratigraphy of the Jansz-Io gas field, North West shelf, Australia". Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110267.

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High-resolution palynological analysis was conducted from four wells of the Jansz-Io Gas Field (Exmouth Plateau, Northern Carnarvon Basin) to refine the Australian Oxfordian Wanaea spectabilis microplankton biozone. The refined biozonation scheme was then utilised to produce integrated biostratigraphic, sequence stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the Jansz Sandstone reservoir sequence. Palynological preparations from 155 conventional core samples yielded a highly diverse assemblage of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs of good to excellent preservation. The assemblage comprises 112 genera with 194 microplankton species and varieties. Of these, 2 new genera and 26 new species are formally described, 2 species are emended with 1 species generically reattributed, and an additional 11 genera and 37 species are informally described. For future reference of this well preserved material, each species is illustrated in a large catalogue of plates. Key taxa identified through quantitative analysis are utilised to refine the intersected portion of the Wanaea spectabilis microplankton zone. Proposed zonal subdivisions are defined on first and last stratigraphic occurrences, first and last common occurrences and species acmes which can be correlated across the Jansz-Io Field. The subzones are tentatively correlated to the Poulsen & Riding, 2003 Northern Hemisphere Dinoflagellate Cyst Zones; Bown & Cooper, 1998 Nannofossil Zones; the Groupe Francais d'Etude du Jurassique, 1997 Tethyan, Sub-Boreal and Boreal Ammonoid Zones; and the ICS 2008 Geologic Time Scale. Lithofacies and qualitative palynofacies analyses are integrated with petrophysical wireline logs to produce bio-sequence stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretations for the Jansz Sandstone reservoir sequence. Bioevent-derived zonule boundaries are identified to reflect 'biostratigraphic parasequences' arranged in transgressive/regressive couplets as indicated by an inversely oscillating AOM/wood ratio. These biostratigraphic parasequences provide valuable information regarding sequence and reservoir architecture in the absence of lithostratigraphic controls. The application of selected dinocyst species as palaeoenvironmental proxies is examined. Extreme intraspecific variability of some dinocyst taxa may reflect salinity and/or temperature changes caused by a high-frequency, cyclical climatic regime, such as a seasonal monsoonal climate.
v. 1. text -- v.2 Plates --CD. Appendices
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42

Schmidt, Rolf 1972. "Eocene bryozoa of the St Vincent Basin, South Australia - taxonomy, biogeography and palaeoenvironments". 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs3491.pdf.

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Includes Publication list by the author as appendix A. "July 2003." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-324) A stratigraphically detailed taxonomic study of fossil bryozoans within the Late Eocene sediments of the St Vincent Basin, South Australia. These taxa are compared with existing knowledge of fossil and recent faunas in Australia and other regions to enhance understanding of bryozoan evolution and dispersal. Bryozoan taxa and growth forms are used to interpret the palaeoenvironments of the Eocene Vincent Basin.
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Schmidt, Rolf. "Eocene bryozoa of the St Vincent Basin, South Australia - taxonomy, biogeography and palaeoenvironments". Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22001.

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Includes Publication list by the author as appendix A.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-324)
xi, 324, [36] leaves, 61 leaves of plates : ill (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.
A stratigraphically detailed taxonomic study of fossil bryozoans within the Late Eocene sediments of the St Vincent Basin, South Australia. These taxa are compared with existing knowledge of fossil and recent faunas in Australia and other regions to enhance understanding of bryozoan evolution and dispersal. Bryozoan taxa and growth forms are used to interpret the palaeoenvironments of the Eocene Vincent Basin.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2003?
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44

Finch, Christine. "The Canowindra Age of Fishes project : birth of a museum". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148073.

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45

Shulmeister, James. "Late Quaternary and Holocene environmental history of Groote Eylandt, Northern Australia". Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140901.

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Grindrod, John. "Holocene mangrove history of the South Alligator River estuary, Northern Territory, Australia". Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140910.

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47

Young, Marty. "The distribution of organic-and calcareous-walled dinoflagellate cysts from the eastern Indian Ocean : a proxy for late Quaternary palaeo-oceanographic reconstructions". Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151086.

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Keaney, Benedict. "An exploration of the Bogong moth, Agrotis infusa, as a palaeo-environmental and ecosystem measure in montane areas of the Australian Capital Territory and adjacent areas of New South Wales". Master's thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147108.

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Zang, Wenlong. "An analysis of late Proterozoic - early Cambrian microfossils and biostratigraphy in China and Australia". Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140928.

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Hu, Yuzhi. "CT investigations of Australian Devonian fossil fishes, and the application of 3D segmentation and modelling in vertebrate morphology". Phd thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/250429.

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This thesis by compilation covers four publications, which together demonstrate and apply computed tomography (CT) data, three-dimensional (3D) segmentation, and 3D printing, for the non-destructive high-resolution detection of internal structure in early vertebrate fossils. Paper 1 (published 2019) studied the tetrapodomorph fish, Gogonasus, a three dimensionally well-preserved acid etched Devonian sarcopterygian. 3D modelling and printing were used for the reconstruction of its shoulder girdle and opercular series. A close fit of the opercular series against the upper bones of the shoulder girdle required a more horizontally aligned anocleithrum, supracleithrum and post-temporal than in previous reconstructions. Subopercular bone 2 is partly covered the clavicle, and the ascending process of the clavicle, and the ventral process of the anocleithrum, do not fit closely inside the cleithrum, suggesting they may have functioned for ligamentous attachment. A rugose area on the anocleithral process has a similar relative position to muscle ligament attachements in the shoulder girdle of various living actinopterygians. The manipulation of 3D models demonstrates testing of morphological fit for extremely fragile acid-etched bones. Paper 2 (published 2017) dealt with an articulated Devonian placoderm. Micro CT, 3D segmentation, and enlarged 3D models of a buchanosteid arthrodire, demonstrated a double ethmoid and a palatobasal connection for the palatoquadrate, but no otic connection. A separately ossified cartilage behind the mandibular joint is comparable to the interhyal of osteichthyans. Two articular facets on the braincase associated with the hyomandibular nerve foramen supported a possible epihyal element and a separate opercular cartilage. Reassembling 3D printouts demonstrates the limits of jaw kinetics. New details on the hyoid arch will help to reformulate characters that are key in the heated debate of placoderm monophyly or paraphyly. Paper 3 (published 2019) describes the detailed morphology of the three gnathal elements of the same specimen as on the previous paper, giving insights into the morphology and organization of the dentition in arthrodires. Arthrodire placoderms, as a possible sister group of Chinese maxillate placoderms plus crown gnathostomes, provide important information regarding early evolution of jaws and teeth. In displaying numerous denticle rows, the gnathal element morphology is different from the much-reduced denticulation of higher brachythoracid arthrodires. Ossification centres are anterolateral on the anterior supragnathal (attached to the braincase), anteromesial on the posterior supragnathal (attached to the palatoquadrate), and in the central part of the biting portion of the infragnathal (attached to the meckelian cartilage). The infragnathal shows no evidence of two ossification centres, as has been interpreted for more advanced arthrodires. The new evidence gives insights into the primitive arthrodire condition for comparison with the dermal jaw bones of Chinese 'maxillate' placoderms that have been homologised with the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary of osteichthyans. Paper 4 (published 2020) summarizes the relationship between different modules of Drishti, an open-source volume exploration, rendering and three-dimensional segmentation software program that was used in the previous three published papers. A new version (Drishti v2.7) is presented, with a new tool for thresholding volume data (i.e. gradient thresholding). A protocol is introduced for performing three-dimensional segmentation using the new 3D Freeform Painter tool. In Drishti Paint, these new tools and workflow enable more accurate and precise digital reconstruction, 3D modelling and three-dimensional printing/modelling results. Scan data from the buchanosteus arthrodire (Paper 2 and 3) was used as a case study but published procedure is widely applicable in biological, medical and industrial research.
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