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Fernando, Irosh y Mahesh Rajasooriya. "Case formulation using Pattern-based Formulation (PBF) methodology: clinical case 2". Australasian Psychiatry 26, n.º 1 (30 de octubre de 2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217737885.
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Objectives: To teach psychiatric case formulation; to build a repertoire of patterns that can be reused as building blocks in constructing case formulations. Method: Pattern-based Formulation. Results: Demonstration of a case formulation and introducing three patterns. Conclusion: The demonstration will assist learning case formulation using the Pattern-based Formulation, while the three patterns introduced can be reused when formulating relevant cases.
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Guggila Niharika, Mekala Pallavi y Arumugam Yasodha. "Formulation and evaluation of Ebastine transferosomes". World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 19, n.º 1 (30 de julio de 2024): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0446.
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The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating Ebastine containing Transferosomes formulation for in vitro studies. Transferosomes formulations were prepared by using cold method and were evaluated for in vitro characteristics, stability studies. Transferosomes formulation displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size. SEM analyses showed that Transferosomes formulation was spherical in shape. Transferosomes containing lipid higher percentage of drug release after 8 h as compared to other formulations. F-2 formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. The present study suggested that Transferosomes gel formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.
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Buruju Vennela, Arumugam Siva Kumar, Kassa Jyothi y Arumugam Yasodha. "Development and characterization of Decitabine Niosomes". World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 19, n.º 1 (30 de julio de 2024): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.19.1.0445.
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The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating Decitabine containing niosomes formulation for In Vitro studies. Niosomal formulations were prepared by using different ratio of surfactant (Tween 80 and Tween 20) and cholesterol by thin film hydration method and were evaluated for In Vitro characteristics, stability studies. Span 20 containing niosomal formulation displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size. SEM analyses showed that niosomal formulation was spherical in shape. Niosomes containing Tween 20 displayed higher percentage of drug release after 8 h as compared to other formulations. F-7 formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. The present study suggested that niosomal formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.
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Djunaedy, Achmad, Syaiful Khoiri, Dheananda Fyora Hermansyah Azari, Zahratus Syamsiyah, Gita Pawana, Dita Megasari y Giyanto. "Development of Bacillus thuringiensis-based liquid and paste formulations for controlling invasive pest species Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 24, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2024): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.224158-165.
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Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Spodoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pests of maize that has been reported around the world. Control efforts using biological agents continue to be developed, including the use of entomopathogen bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis. To boost the efficacy and efficiency of biological control, formulations are required. The objective of this study was to develop biopesticide formulations and evaluate their efficacy. The research was carried out by formulating B. thuringiensis strain BtJ2 (1010 cfu mL -1) in liquid and paste formulations. The effectiveness of the formulations was evaluated using the feed dipping method. The results showed that paste formulations at a concentration of 10% caused 100% mortality, whereas the liquid formulation resulted in 85% mortality. The LC90 for the paste formulation was 6.66%, while the LC90 for the liquid formulation was 12.90%. Both the liquid and paste formulations had similar effects on mortality and viability. Based on the LC90 and LT90, the paste formulation was more efficient and faster in killing S. frugiperda than the liquid formulation. The results of this study provide recommendations that B. thuringiensis as a bioinsecticide is better formulated in a paste than in a liquid form.
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Djunaedy, Achmad, Syaiful Khoiri, Dheananda Fyora Hermansyah Azari, Zahratus Syamsiyah, Gita Pawana, Dita Megasari y Giyanto. "Development of Bacillus thuringiensis-based liquid and paste formulations for controlling invasive pest species Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 24, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2024): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.224154-161.
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Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Spodoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pests of maize that has been reported around the world. Control efforts using biological agents continue to be developed, including the use of entomopathogen bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis. To boost the efficacy and efficiency of biological control, formulations are required. The objective of this study was to develop biopesticide formulations and evaluate their efficacy. The research was carried out by formulating B. thuringiensis strain BtJ2 (1010 cfu mL -1) in liquid and paste formulations. The effectiveness of the formulations was evaluated using the feed dipping method. The results showed that paste formulations at a concentration of 10% caused 100% mortality, whereas the liquid formulation resulted in 85% mortality. The LC90 for the paste formulation was 6.66%, while the LC90 for the liquid formulation was 12.90%. Both the liquid and paste formulations had similar effects on mortality and viability. Based on the LC90 and LT90, the paste formulation was more efficient and faster in killing S. frugiperda than the liquid formulation. The results of this study provide recommendations that B. thuringiensis as a bioinsecticide is better formulated in a paste than in a liquid form.
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Solon, Lílian Grace da Silva, Ana Isabel Maia de Oliveira, Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra, Luiz Alberto Lira Soares y Aurigena Antunes de Araújo. "Determination of carbamazepine in pharmaceutical formulations". Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2010): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000300014.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of five different solid formulations of carbamazepine. The reference formulation was Tegretol® 200.00 mg (Novartis) and the others were: generic formulation of carbamazepine 200.00 mg (National Industry), similar formulation of carbamazepine 200.00 mg (National Industry), and two formulations of carbamazepine 200.00 mg acquired from two different compounding pharmacies. The latter consisted of capsules obtained in Natal, the capital city of the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte. The quality of samples was evaluated through physical and physical-chemical tests, including: weight, diameter, thickness, content, dissolution, disintegration, hardness, friability and moisture. The results of friability analysis showed that all formulations met Brazilian and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications. In spite of having a higher hardness compared to the reference, the generic formulation had a lower disintegration time. This could be associated to the presence of crospovidone in its formulation. Results of this study showed that all formulations had dissolutions which were in accordance with Brazilian Pharmacopoeia specifications, and quality control tests. An exception was found for the similar formulation, which had a hardness parameter that exceeded the USP standard. However, this difference was not significant given the similar formulation's satisfactory disintegration time.
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Surini, Silvia, Nurul Isti Amirtha y Delly Chipta Lestari. "FORMULATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A HAND SANITIZER GEL PRODUCED USING SALAM BARK EXTRACT". International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.48.
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Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Salam bark extract against Staphylococcusaureus, formulate and evaluate hand sanitizer gels containing Salam bark extract, and determine the effectiveness of the gels against bacteria on thepalms of the hands.Methods: The gel base was optimized by preparing three formulations containing carbomer and triethanolamine at ratios of 0.25%:0.5%, 0.5%:1%,and 0.5%:2%. The best gel formulation was mixed with Salam bark extract. The physical stability of gels containing 4.04% (formulation 1) and 7.77%(formulation 2) Salam bark extract was measured at 4±2°C, 27±2°C, and 40±2°C for 12 weeks. The effectiveness of the gels was examined on the palmsof 30 respondents.Results: The MIC of Salam bark extract was 3.12%. The best gel base contained carbomer and triethanolamine at a ratio of 1–4 and a pH of 5.50.Formulations 1 and 2 gels had good stability for 12 weeks. Formulation 2 tended to decrease the number of bacteria (p=0.125) better than formulation1 (p=1.000). In the hedonic study, formulation 2 was preferred to formulation 1.Conclusion: Formulation 2 gel with 7.77% Salam bark extract was more effective than formulation 1 gel with 4.04% extract in decreasing the number ofbacteria on the palms.
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Yano, J. I. y D. Bouniol. "A minimum bulk microphysics". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, n.º 12 (13 de diciembre de 2010): 30305–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-30305-2010.
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Abstract. Cloud microphysics present extreme complexities, and even under bulk approaches, the formulation tends to be involved. A minimum microphysics is proposed, aimed at applications for geophysical fluid dynamics, by a maximum simplification of a standard bulk formulation. The proposed formulation is also independently derived by a simple phenomenological argument. The formulational structure of the bulk microphysics is also discussed. The autoconversion process formulation is discussed separately in a phenomenological manner, because a formal application of the bulk approach becomes involved. Four major possible formulations for autoconversion are identified. The proposed formulation is tested with a nonhydrostatic anelastic model under segmentally-constant approximation (NAM-SCA).
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Khan, Rahman Ullah, Shefaat Ullah Shah, Sheikh Abdur Rashid, Faiza Naseem, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Arshad Farid, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Rasool Kamli, Eman Hillal Althubaiti y Soha A. Alamoudi. "Lornoxicam-Loaded Chitosan-Decorated Nanoemulsion: Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery". Polymers 14, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2022): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091922.
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Nanoemulsions are promising drug delivery systems for the administration of poorly soluble drugs like lornoxicam (LRX) by oral or parenteral routes. Such formulations work perfectly for transdermal delivery of lornoxicam-type drugs. It has also been established that formulating such a delivery system is highly dependent on the presence, type, and concentration of excipients taking part in the formulation. The inherent characteristics of nanoemulsion (NE), i.e., smaller globule size and excipient nature, facilitate the drug’s passage through skin. The current study was aimed at the development of an NE-based formulation of LRX to improve the drug solubility in vitro as well as to enhance drug skin permeation to promote therapeutic outcome in appropriate time. Spontaneous self-emulsification technique was utilized to develop optimized LRX-encapsulated NE-based formulations. ATR-FTIR spectra of the pure drug and various formulations did not show any interaction between the drug and various formulation excipients showing compatibility. Globule size for stable formulations ranged between 63–168 nm. These formulations were characterized for viscosity, surface tension, pH, drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and drug skin permeation studies. Chitosan-decorated optimized NE formulation of LRX showed about 58.82% cumulative drug release, showing an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism of drug release. Drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and skin permeation studies exhibited promising results. An appreciable drug entrapment efficiency was exhibited by optimized NE formulations LRX-6, 71.91 ± 3.17% and C-LRX, 65.25 ± 4.89%. Permeability parameters like enhancement ratio (Er), permeability constant (Kp), and steady state flux (Jss) showed higher values and exhibited good results based on formulation type. The selected promising formulation type “LRX-6” showed significantly different results as compared to other formulations (LRX-4, 5, and 7). The skin permeation property of the LRX-6 formulation was compared to similar chitosan-based formulations and was found to have better skin permeation results than chitosan-based formulations. This study clearly exhibited that an LRX-containing NE-based formulation can be formulated to form a stable drug delivery system. Such formulations are promising in terms of physicochemical characteristics, improved solubility, and high skin permeation potential.
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Shilakari Asthana, Gyati, Parveen Kumar Sharma y Abhay Asthana. "In VitroandIn VivoEvaluation of Niosomal Formulation for Controlled Delivery of Clarithromycin". Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6492953.
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The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating clarithromycin (CLR) containing niosomal formulation forin vitroandin vivopharmacokinetic behavior. Niosomal formulations (empty and drug loaded) were prepared by using different ratio of surfactant (various Span grades 20, 40, 60, and 80) and cholesterol by thin film hydration method and were evaluated forin vitrocharacteristics, stability studies, andin vivostudy. Dicetyl phosphate (DCP) was added to the niosomal formulation. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma of male SD rats. Span 60 containing niosomal formulation NC2(cholesterol to surfactant ratio 1 : 1) displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size of 4.67 μm. TEM analyses showed that niosomal formulation was spherical in shape. Niosomes containing Span 60 displayed higher percentage of drug release after 24 h as compared to other formulations. NC2formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. Various pharmacokinetic parameters, namely, AUC, AUMC, and MRT of niosomal formulation, were found to be 1.5-fold, 4-fold, and 3-fold plain drug, respectively. The present study suggested that niosomal formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.
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Choudhary, S., Shriya, P. Chauhan, D. Pathania, H. Ritika, N. Chaudhary y Mamta Sharma. "Herbicidal effects of Withania somnifera L. leaf extract on Cannabis sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Cicer arietinum". Allelopathy Journal 53, n.º 1 (mayo de 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-53-1-1328.
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We identified the phytochemicals in Withania somnifera L, a multipurpose medicinal plant of the Himalayan región using TLC, FTIR and HPLC. Eleven formulations were made by mixing in different ratios of Withania leaf extract, wood ash and distilled wáter. Wood chips and twigs of 3-years old Pinus roxburghii tree were completely burnt till ashes was used as Wood ash. The 11-formulationss were i.e. formulation I (Withania leaf extract 100%)), formulation II (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation III (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water), formulation IV (25:75 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Distilled water)), formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VI (50:50 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VII (25:75concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash)), formulation VIII (Wood ash 100%)), formulation IX (75:25 concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)), formulation X (50:50 concentration (Wood ash:Distilled water)), formulation XI (25:75concentration (Wood ash: Distilled water)). The herbicidal activity of formulations was earlier studied against Cannabis sativa L. (banned narcotic plant). Their herbicidal activity was tested on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Cannabis sativa L weed and 2 crops: Hordeum vulgare L and Cicer arietinum L. In Pot culture, the formulation V spray caused maximum reduction in root length of Cannabis (53 %) > Hordeum (23 %) and Cicer (22 %) than control. The formulations were also tested on crops for their herbicidal effects. In Petri plate bioassy, the formulation V (75:25 concentration (Withania leaf extract: Wood ash) showed maximum reduction in seed germination and seedling growth of C. sativa weed, but had little effect on growth of test crops. The reduction in stem length was maximum (55 %) in Cannabis > Hordeum (20 %) > Cicer (19 %) than control. Glyphosate decreased the stem length of Cicer (80 %) > Hordeum (58 %) and Cannabis (16 %) over control. While the reduction in root length was in Cicer (75 %) > Hordeum (73 %) > Cannabis (18 %) than control. The root and stem extract formulations were more phytotoxic to Cannabis sativa. Formulation V (75:25 concentrations (Withania leaf extract: wood ash)) reduced the number of leaves, number of shoot, root branches and stem and root length of Cannabis sativa.
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Pandey, Prateek, Anil Sharma, Hariom Sharma, Girish Kumar Vyas y Manmohan Sharma. "Novel Researched Herbal Sunscreen Cream SPF Determination by In-Vitro Model". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 11, n.º 2 (25 de abril de 2023): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i2.1246.
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INTRODUCTION: Researchers' interest in creating novel cosmetic formulations has increased due to consumer interest in herbal cosmetics and increased patent activity. The rights of indigenous traditional knowledge and benefit sharing are also safeguarded under IPR.
OBJECTIVE: To formulate and evaluate herbal sunscreen with determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and anti-oxidant activity. To compare Sun Protection Factor of developed formulation with marketed formulation.
METHOD: The formulation was developed according to the prepared formula. And multiple tests were done for evaluation i.e., physical observation, spreadability, extrudability, occlusion study, stability study and SPF determination. All the evaluations were found satisfactory. Characterisation of SPF was calculated according to the and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (LABMAN Scientific instruments Pvt. Ltd.).
RESULTS:The synergistic activity of all herbal compounds utilized in herbal sunscreen formulations, such as Cucumis sativus, Solanum Lycopersicon, and Aloe barbadensis Efficacy of photoprotection found in following order Marketed formulation > F3 > F2 > F1. For prepared formulation F3 provided better results in comparison to Formulation1 and Formulation 2. Formulation 3 was compared with marketed preparation and it showed good SPF value nearer to market preparation. Overall results were satisfactory. These results reveal that the prepared F3 herbal sunscreen have good SPF and good sun protection activity.
CONCLUSION: Formulation 3, which consists of three formulations, has been found to be effective as sunscreen in every way. Since few people use sunscreen, there is a need to raise public knowledge of the risks associated with sun exposure as well as the advantages of using sun protection products on a regular basis to lessen these effects. This kind of research will be useful in offering consumers with an all-inclusive solution or product that will protect them from the damaging effects of sunlight.
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Srinivasan, Uma Shankar Marakanam, Vishnu Vishnu, Sharmila Sharmila y Amod Kumar. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CEFIXIME TRIHYDRATE TOPICAL GEL FOR WOUND INFECTIONS". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, n.º 8 (7 de agosto de 2018): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26150.
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Objective: The objective of this research work was to formulate and evaluate topical gel loaded with cefixime trihydrate, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial wound infections.Methods: The cefixime trihydrate gel was formulated using polymers such as Carbopol 940 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E4M in varying concentrations. Three different formulations were prepared and characterized physically for color, syneresis, spreadability, pH, drug content, and rheological properties. In vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and antibacterial study were performed for the gel formulation to evaluate its therapeutic effect on wound infections.Results: The study demonstrated that the gel formulations showed promising results on their physical evaluation tests. The rheology behavior of the gel was shear-thinning flow type which indicated easy spreading of the gel. The drug release of the gel formulation F2 was selected as the best due to its highest drug release rate of 32.2% in comparison with the other two formulations after 2 h of the study. F2 formulation possessed the highest antibacterial activity as compared to other two formulations.Conclusion: A pioneering work was done on formulating cefixime trihydrate as a gel for topical administration. The antibacterial effect of the drug as gel formulation showed promising effect. We conclude that the cefixime trihydrate could be successively loaded into a gel formulation and can be used for effectively for wound infections like diabetic foot wounds.
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Suasin, Mikaela Mae, Mikhaela Camille Tanael, Lea Vanessa Jaro, Desiree Nicole Esteve, April Mergelle Lapuz, Rogie Royce Carandang y Kevin Jace Miranda. "Preformulation studies of an emulsion containing commercially available argan oil". SciEnggJ 17, Supplement (13 de septiembre de 2024): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54645/202417supbyp-48.
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Background: Argan oil has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present pre-formulation study sought to investigate the suitability of using commercially available argan oil as a unique pharmaceutical emulsion formulation for oral consumption. This research aimed to develop an efficient pre-formulation strategy for oil-in-water emulsion containing argan oil and optimize the formulation's optimum stability as a pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: Various analytical and physical characterization techniques were employed in making an emulsion, such as organoleptic analysis, pH level, viscosity, particle size distribution, gravimetric test, and dye method test. The three formulations (A, B, and C) gave different results for the sizes of oil droplets, appearance, taste, and compatibilities. Results: Among the tested formulations, formulation A, containing 5 ml argan oil, exhibited a cloudy white appearance, hazelnut-like taste and texture, higher oil retention, and improved droplet size dispersion (0.58 μm - 116.21 μm). The results indicated that all three formulations have acidic pH values 4.82-5.84. Conclusion: Formulation A demonstrated notable attributes, making it the optimal choice for the oil-in-water emulsion containing argan oil. Addressing compatibility concerns and assessing sensory attributes, pH levels, and particle size distribution successfully achieved the desired pharmaceutical elegance, laying a promising foundation for developing stable and effective oral emulsions.
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Amarsing, Tadavi S. y Pawar S. Pandit. "Development of Nasal In-situ Gel Formulation of Fexofenadine HCl Using Gellan Gum (Gelerite®)". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 14, n.º 01 (25 de marzo de 2023): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.1.10.
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This study aimed to develop and assess an in-situ nasal gel containing fexofenadine hydrochloride for nasal administration by employing polymers with in-situ gelling characteristics. Formulations containing Gelerite, HPMC K4M and β-cyclodextrin were used to formulate in situ nasal gel. Formulations were liquid before administration and quickly converted to gel after nasal administration. The FTIR studies of drugs, polymers and physical mixtures of drug polymers were carried out. These research results indicated that, in comparison to pure drugs, there have been no considerable modifi cations in the drug bands. Hence, the FTIR study revealed that the formulation doesn’t have any drug-polymer interaction. In order to estimate rheological studies, a Fungilab Brookfi eld viscometer was used to test the formulation’s viscosity. The ranges of the rheological properties of the solution and gel were shown to be 91 ± 1.73 to 125 ± 0.77 and 2740 ± 1.55 to 4675 ± 1.43, respectively. The gel strength of formulations F1 to F9 was found to be in the range of 34 ± 1.00 to 51.23 ± 1.77 seconds. It was shown that the viscosity of the formulation decreased at increasing shear stress, exhibiting shear thinning behavior. A viscosity of formulation increase was noticed with an increase in polymer ratio. All formulations were subjected to an in-vitro diff usion analysis, which will demonstrate the impact of various factors on the formulation’s ability to release the drugs.
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Dhiman, Jasmine y Priya Sharma. "Optimizing Liposomal Drug Delivery for Enhanced Efficacy in Skin Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Experimental Investigation". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, n.º 6 (15 de junio de 2024): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i6.6566.
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Skin cancer is a prevalent global health issue, necessitating ongoing research into innovative treatment approaches. This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of a liposomal formulation to enhance skin cancer treatment and demonstrates its technological viability. A comprehensive literature review establishes the context by examining current skin cancer treatments and the role of liposomal formulations in dermatological therapies. The research objectives are clearly outlined, detailing the liposomal formulation's characteristics and experimental methodologies. Results from the study, including comparisons with existing treatments and statistical analyses, are presented, offering insights into the formulation's potential for advancing skin cancer therapy. The discussion section interprets the findings, addresses limitations, and underscores the transformative impact of liposomal formulations in skin cancer treatment. The conclusion succinctly summarizes key findings, emphasizing the study's significance. Furthermore, the future directions section outlines potential research avenues and improvements to the liposomal formulation. This research contributes to the evolving landscape of skin cancer treatment, highlighting the promising role of liposomal formulations in enhancing therapeutic outcomes. By bridging the gap between scientific innovation and clinical application, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of liposomal formulations to revolutionize skin cancer treatment, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and a more effective approach to combating this widespread and pressing health concern. Keywords: Liposomal formulation, Skin cancer treatment, Technological viability, Comparative analysis, Transformative impact, Methodologies
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Mohd, Hana, Katarzyna Dopierała, Anze Zidar, Amitkumar Virani y Bozena Michniak-Kohn. "Effect of Edge Activator Combinations in Transethosomal Formulations for Skin Delivery of Thymoquinone via Langmuir Technique". Scientia Pharmaceutica 92, n.º 2 (27 de mayo de 2024): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92020029.
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Abstract: Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound found in Nigella sativa seeds, possesses diverse therapeutic properties for skin conditions. However, formulating TQ presents challenges due to its hydrophobic nature and chemical instability, which hinder its skin penetration. Transethosomes, as a formulation, offer an environment conducive to enhancing TQ’s solubility, stability, and skin permeation. To optimize TQ transethosomal formulations, we introduced a combination of ionic and nonionic surfactants, namely Tween 20 and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium lauroyl glutamate (SLG). Surfactants play a crucial role in stabilizing the formulation, reducing aggregation, improving biocompatibility, and minimizing potential toxicity. We fine-tuned the formulation composition and gained insights into its interfacial behavior using the Langmuir monolayer technique. This method elucidated the interfacial properties and behavior of phospholipids in ethosome and transethosome formulations. Our findings suggest that monolayer studies can serve as the initial step in selecting surfactants for nanocarrier formulations based on their interfacial dilational rheology studies. It was found that the addition of surfactant to the formulation increased the elasticity considering the capability of transethosomes to significantly decrease their radius when permeating the skin barrier. The results of the dilational rheology experiments were most relevant to drug permeation through the skin for the largest amplitude of deformation. The combination of Tween 20 and SLS efficiently modified the rheological behavior of lipids, increasing their elasticity. This conclusion was supported by in vitro studies, where formulation F2 composed of Tween 20 and SLS demonstrated the highest permeation after 24 h (300.23 µg/cm2). Furthermore, the F2 formulation showed the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 94%, surpassing those of the control and ethosomal formulations. Additionally, this transethosomal formulation exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 26.4 ± 0.3 mm. Importantly, we assessed the cytotoxicity of both ethosomes and transethosomes at concentrations ranging from 3.5 µM to 50 µM on HaCaT cell lines and found no cytotoxic effects compared to TQ hydroethanolic solution. These results suggest the potential safety and efficacy of TQ transethosomal formulations.
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Das, Surajit, Sie Huey Lee, Vernissa Dilys Chia, Pui Shan Chow, Calum Macbeath, Yuanjie Liu y George Shlieout. "Development of microemulsion based topical ivermectin formulations: Pre-formulation and formulation studies". Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 189 (mayo de 2020): 110823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110823.
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Jesi Pebralia. "PRINSIP KETIDAKPASTIAN HEISENBERG DALAM TINJAUAN KEMAJUAN PENGUKURAN KUANTUM DI ABAD 21". JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 5, n.º 2 (25 de julio de 2020): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jop.v5i2.9049.
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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is the basic foundation of quantum physics that characterizes quantum physics with classical physics. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle provides boundaries where there are no absolute measurement results in any quantum measurement. Along with the development of increasingly sophisticated measurement instruments in the 21st century, presents the opportunity for the emergence of modifications from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle from the general form of existing formulations. This study aims to provide an overview of the opportunities for Heisenberg uncertainty formulation and provide a description of the stages of the Heisenberg uncertainty formulation's uncertainty formulations that have been reviewed by previous researchers. The research method used is the method of literature study that aims to find out the background and theories of the development of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and to explain the formulation directly which aims to determine the technical sequence of modifications to the existing formulation. Through this research, the authors managed to get an opportunity for the emergence of new modifications to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle formulation.
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Samata Biswas, N. N. Bala, Sanjiban Utpal Sarkar y Madhurina Dutta. "Formulation of colloidal astringent solution using green tea and neem oil". World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 18, n.º 2 (30 de mayo de 2024): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.18.2.0280.
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This thesis explores the formulation of a novel colloidal astringent solution utilizing the synergistic properties of green tea and neem oil in skincare applications. Astringents play a crucial role in skincare, offering benefits such as pore tightening, oil control, and skin texture refinement. Green tea and neem oil, renowned for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, present promising ingredients for enhancing skin health. The study begins with a comprehensive literature review, examining previous research on astringents, green tea, and neem oil. This review elucidates the individual properties and skincare benefits of these ingredients, providing a foundation for their integration into a colloidal solution. Relevant formulation techniques for colloidal solutions and astringents are also reviewed, informing the experimental approach. Experimental design focuses on formulating a colloidal astringent solution using green tea extract and neem oil, with the aim of harnessing their collective potency. Physicochemical properties of the solution, including pH, viscosity, particle size, and stability, are characterized to evaluate its suitability for skincare applications. Stability studies over time provide insights into the shelf-life and efficacy of the formulation. Results demonstrate the successful formulation of a colloidal astringent solution with optimized properties, showcasing the potential synergy between green tea and neem oil. Analysis of experimental findings highlights the formulation's efficacy in addressing common skincare concerns, such as pore refinement, oil control, and inflammation reduction. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge in natural skincare formulations, offering insights into the development of innovative products that marry tradition with modern science. In conclusion, the formulation of a colloidal astringent solution using green tea and neem oil represents a promising approach to skincare, leveraging the therapeutic benefits of natural ingredients. Future research may explore clinical applications and further optimization of the formulation to maximize its efficacy and safety in diverse skincare routines.
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YAVUZ, Akif y Osman Taha SEN. "Novel approaches to assessing brake squeal propensity: comparative evaluation of two index formulations". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 270, n.º 4 (4 de octubre de 2024): 7362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2024_3952.
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The persistence of brake squeal as a significant NVH issue within automotive brake systems necessitates the development of robust methods for assessing squeal propensity. This study introduces two novel squeal index formulations for assessment purposes and evaluates their performance against the formulation defined by the SAE J2521 standard. Experimental data essential for formulating the squeal index are collected on a controlled mass-sliding belt experiment. Experiments are performed at three different spring stiffness levels, and squeal index formulations are derived based on time and frequency domain data. The first formulation places particular emphasis on the time domain, explicitly considering the duration of individual squeal events. Conversely, the second formulation is based on the frequency response characteristics of the system, which considers the number of super-harmonic peaks in frequency spectra. To evaluate the performance and discriminatory capabilities of the newly developed squeal index formulations, extensive comparisons are made against the Squeal Index based on the test procedure described in SAE J2521. In conclusion, through meticulous analysis and interpretation of the experimental results, it is discerned that the squeal index formulation defined by time domain exhibits superior efficacy in discerning the nuanced effects of varying design parameters on the occurrence of squeal-like behavior.
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Jangid, Vikash, Arindam Chatterjee, Saurabh Pandey, Vikash Agarwal y Deeksha Sharma. "Formulation and Evaluation of Bi-Layer Tablet of Nebivolol and Nateglinide". Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research 12, n.º 3 (27 de mayo de 2023): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/jbpr.v12i3.993.
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In the present work, the Bilayered matrix type tablet were prepared by direct and wet granulation technique, in which immediate release layer ( by direct compression) contains Nebivolol and extended release layer (by wet granulation) contains Nateglinide. All the developed bilayer tablets were evaluated for weight variation, friability, thickness and hardness. The percent deviation from the average weight, friability, thickness and hardness was found to be within the prescribed official limits. Release profile of Nebivolol from formulations indicate that lower MCC (Formulations CF1 and CF3) and lactose (Formulation CF3) content displayed higher release rates as compared to formulation with higher MCC and lactose content (Formulation CF2). Also the concentration of KYRON T-314 is also found to influence the release rate of the drug. It was found that formulation containing the highest concentration of superdisintegrants (Formulation CF3) has grater release then other subsequent formulations (Formulations CF1 and CF3). Similarly, the release profile of Nateglinide from formulations indicate that lower HPMC K15M (Formulation CF3) and lactose (Formulation CF3) content displayed higher release rates as compared to formulation with individual HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M, EC (Formulations CF1 and CF2) and higher lactose content (Formulations CF1 and CF2).
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Xavier, Luciano C. G., Breno N. Matos, Geisa N. Barbalho, Manuel A. Falcão, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, Guilherme M. Gelfuso y Tais Gratieri. "In Vitro Performance Analysis of a Minoxidil Thermosensitive Gel with Reduced Runoff for Eyebrow Hair Growth". Gels 9, n.º 4 (24 de marzo de 2023): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9040269.
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There is a growing interest in innovative products for eyebrow hair loss treatment with fewer adverse effects. Nevertheless, a fundamental formulation aspect of preventing the fragile skin from the ocular region from being irritated is that the formulations remain restricted to the application region and do not run off. Consequently, the methods and protocols in drug delivery scientific research must be adapted to fulfill such performance analysis demand. Thus, this work aimed to propose a novel protocol to evaluate the in vitro performance of a topical gel formulation with a reduced runoff for minoxidil (MXS) delivery to eyebrows. MXS was formulated with 16% poloxamer 407 (PLX) and 0.4% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The sol/gel transition temperature, viscosity at 25 °C, and formulation runoff distance on the skin were evaluated to characterize the formulation. The release profile and skin permeation were evaluated in Franz vertical diffusion cells for 12 h and compared to a control formulation (4% PLX and 0.7% HPMC). Then, the formulation’s performance at promoting minoxidil skin penetration with minimum runoff was evaluated in a vertical custom-made permeation template (divided into three areas: superior, middle, and inferior). The MXS release profile from the test formulation was comparable to that from the MXS solution and the control formulation. There was also no difference in the MXS amount that penetrated the skin in the permeation experiments in Franz diffusion cells using the different formulations (p > 0.05). However, the test formulation demonstrated a localized MXS delivery at the application site in the vertical permeation experiment. In conclusion, the proposed protocol could differentiate the test formulation from the control, attesting to its better performance in efficiently delivering MXS to the site of interest (middle third of application). The vertical protocol can be easily employed to evaluate other gels with a drip-free appeal.
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Thakur, R. S., A. Nayaz y Y. Koushik. "Formulation and Evaluation of Solubility Enhanced Ciprofloxacin". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, n.º 3 (30 de noviembre de 2013): 2131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.3.4.
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In the case of solubility limited absorption, creating supersaturation in the GI fluid is very critical as supersaturation may provide great improvement of oral absorption. The techniques to create the so-called supersaturation in the GI fluid include microemulsions, emulsions, liposomes, complexations, polymeric micelles, and conventional micelles. Ciprofloxacin was chosen because it is practically insoluble in water; hence its salt form is used commercially, which is soluble in water. The objective of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility of Ciprofloxacin by formulating it into microemulsion system. For this purpose, initially, surfactant and cosurfactant were selected based on their HLB value, followed by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to identify the microemulsion existing zone. Different formulations were developed and evaluated for pH, conductivity, in vitro release and stability. Solubility study was performed for optimized formulation. The pH of the designed formulations varied from 6.02-7.04. This was ideal and near blood pH 7.4. Conductivity data indicated that the microemulsion was of the o/w type. In vitro release of optimized formulation(FM3) was 95.2% as compared to pure drug 46.61% after 90 min and marketed product(salt form) 93.9%. Hence, by formulating into microemulsion, the solubility of ciprofloxacin is significantly enhanced.
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Prakash, Gnana. "Formulation and Evaluation of Prolonged-Release Tablets Containing Solid Dispersions of Rosuvastatin Calcium". Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences 1, n.º 4 (9 de octubre de 2021): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/fjphs.v1i4.180.
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Pharmaceutical Industry is striving hard to improve the dissolution of drugs with limited water solubility. One of the approaches to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs is solid dispersion. Hence in the present research, an attempt was made to improve the bioavailability of Rosuvastatin by formulating it as a solid dispersion. The release of Rosuvastatin calcium solid dispersion was prolonged using HPMC. Eudragit L-100 and PEG-6000 were used as carriers. Nine formulations of prolonged-release Rosuvastatin calcium (RS-SD 1 to RS-SD 9) were prepared and evaluated for pre and post formulation studies. Among all the formulations RS SD-3 showed an optimum release profile with 97.5±3.89 % indicating it to be the best formulation in the present research.
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AOYAMA, SHOGO. "QUANTIZATION OF THE 2d EFFECTIVE GRAVITY IN THE GEOMETRICAL FORMULATION". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, n.º 23 (20 de septiembre de 1992): 5761–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x92002623.
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There exist various formulations to discuss the 2d effective gravity: (i) light-cone gauge formulation; (ii) geometrical formulation; (iii) formulation by the constrained WZWN model; and (iv) conformal gauge formulation. In the formulations other than the last one, quantization of the 2d effective gravity is not complete in the sense that either the central charges of both sectors are not known, or one of them is known but not the other. We will provide a thorough argument on quantization of the 2d effective gravity in the formulation (ii). The argument will allow us to complete the quantization in the formulation (iii), and establish the relations among the formulations (ii)-(iv) at the quantum level.
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V., Rajalakshmi S. y Vinaya O. G. "FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MEDICATED LIP ROUGE CONTAINING NIOSOMAL ACYCLOVIR FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT HERPES LABIALIS". International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9, n.º 6 (8 de noviembre de 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017v9i6.19349.
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Objective: Aim of the study was to formulate, evaluate and optimize medicated Lip rouge containing acyclovir encapsulated inside a novel vesicular carrier, niosome so that the formulation can improve its membrane penetration. Formulating as a cosmetic Lip rouge formulation will also improve patient compliance in the treatment of herpes labialis.Methods: Acyclovir niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method. Niosomes were evaluated and were optimized by considering the entrapment efficiency and in vitro release profile. The optimized niosomes were incorporated into lipstick, lip balm and lip rouge for selecting the best lip formulation. Based on the in vitro release profile, ease of application and properties of prepared formulations lip rouge was selected and further evaluations were carried out.Results: Among the six formulations of niosomes NF2 has showed 88.49 % entrapment efficiency and 86.97% cumulative drug release in 8 h. The formulation was optimized considering both entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. The optimized formulation of niosomes was incorporated into Lipstick, lip balm and lip rouge. The evaluation results of lipstick, lip balm and lip rouge for in vitro release suggested lip rouge as the best formulation. The percentage cumulative release of drug from optimized lip rouge at the end of 8 h was 84.77%. The percentage cumulative drug release in ex vivo studies for 8 h was 60.88 %.Conclusion: The results suggested that prepared lip rouge containing acyclovir niosomes can effectively deliver the drug than the marketed acyclovir cream and successful therapy of Recurrent Herpes labialis can be achieved.
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Sajjad Qaisar, Masood-ur-Rehman Aarbi, Shahiq-uz-Zaman, Ammar Sadiq y Talha Rafique. "Formulation development and characterization of famotidine dry suspension for oral use". Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 6, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp2022622.
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Famotidine an H2 receptor blocker is generally used to treat ulcers of stomach and intestine. Famotidine is available in liquid suspension that is unstable during shelf life. Degradation of the drug as well as bad smell and color change is major problem in liquid suspension. This problem may be solved by formulating the drug as a dry suspension. We prepared four different formulations of famotidine as dry suspension. Geometric mixing methodology was followed to prepare the formulations. IR-spectroscopy showed no incompatibility between excipients used and API. Tests performed to evaluate formulations include assay, pH, viscosity, flow property, sedimentation volume and re-dispersibility. Among all the developed formulations, F3 was most ideal having excellent flow property, 100% drug assay, optimum viscosity and pH. Other formulations displayed some problems like viscosity of F1 was high that caused difficulty in flow while assay of F2 was 94% and F4 had bitter taste and low pH value. Hence F3 formulation was selected for further studies and kept for six months in stability chamber at accelerated conditions having temperature 40 °C ±2 and 75% ±5 R.H. samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months to evaluate stability of the dry formulation. Moreover formulation (F3) was reconstituted with water and placed at accelerated conditions for 28 days to check its stability. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Results showed that no change occurred in both dry and reconstituted suspension during stability studies. It can be concluded on the basis of these findings that F3 formulation was stable and can be used in future.
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Pogoda, M. K., D. J. Pree y D. B. Marshall. "Effects of encapsulation on the toxicity of insecticides to the Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the predator Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae)". Canadian Entomologist 133, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2001): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133819-6.
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AbstractWe assessed the effects of microencapsulation on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin to larvae of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in the laboratory and the field. We also compared the toxicity of microencapsulated and traditional formulations to pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations of the predaceous mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten in the laboratory. In laboratory bioassays with neonate larvae of G. molesta, the microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were less toxic than the wettable-powder and emulsifiable-concentrate formulations. The emulsifiable-concentrate and microencapsulated formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin were equally toxic. In the field, all trees in insecticide-treated plots contained less damage by first generation G. molesta larvae than unsprayed controls. In the second generation, the microencapsulated formulations of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were generally less effective than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation of cypermethrin. The microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was as effective as the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation. The microencapsulated formulation of cypermethrin was less toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to both pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant populations of T. pyri. Both populations were highly resistant to chlorpyrifos and unaffected by either formulation. The microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin affected the two populations of T. pyri differently; the microencapsulated formulation was approximately fivefold more toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the pyrethroid-susceptible population, but sixfold less toxic than the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the pyrethroid-resistant population. Much of the selectivity reported for the microencapsulated formulations of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos appeared related to a general reduction in toxicity to both target insects and beneficial mites. The microencapsulated lambda-cyhalothrin was as toxic as the emulsifiable-concentrate formulation to the target insect but was less toxic than the emulsifiable concentrate to pyrethroid-resistant predator mites. This limited increased selectivity may be useful where resistant populations of predators occur.
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Indartantri, Khusnul Berty, Noval Noval y Husda Oktaviannoor. "Formulasi dan Evaluasi Floating System Tablet Difenhidramin HCl Menggunakan Kombinasi Matriks HPMC K4M dan Na. CMC". Jurnal Surya Medika 7, n.º 1 (30 de agosto de 2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v7i1.2634.
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A floating system tablet was made using HPMC K4M and Na matrices. CMC with the active substance diphenhydramine HCl, which absorption in the stomach. The research aims to determine the effect of a combination of HPMC K4M and Na. CMC matrices are optimal in a floating system formulation. This research used an experimental method with a RAL design. Tablets were made by direct compression and were evaluated. The results were then analyzed statistically using One Way ANOVA. The loss results on the drying test, the tapped density test, and the measurement of the angle of repose of all formulations met the requirements. The powder flow rates of all formulations did not meet the requirements. The resulting tablet is white, bitter, round, and smells of medicine. Tablets in all formulations have uniform weight according to requirements. The hardness test results showed that only formulation 3 met the requirements, while all formulations did not meet the requirements in the friability test. In the lag time test, the results obtained in formulation 1 and formulation 2, formulation 3, and formulation 4 are 4 seconds, 4 seconds, 3 seconds, and 1 second. In contrast, the floating time results show that all formulations can float for 24 hours. All evaluation results indicate that the optimal formulation in formulation 3.
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Saini, Tanishk, Manvi Sharma, Deepti Katiyar, Priya Bansal y Jagannath Sahoo. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC HERBAL FORMULATIONS". International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 9, n.º 3 (22 de junio de 2018): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.09394.
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Mehta, L. Sonali, D. V. Gowda, N. Vishal Gupta y Manohar M. "FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LENALIDOMIDE LOADED DELAYED RELEASE MINI TABLETS IN CAPSULES". International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, n.º 5 (8 de septiembre de 2018): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i5.26658.
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Objective: Formulation and development of delayed release mini tablets in the capsule of drug lenalidomidein terms of dissolution and stability was the objective of the present work.Methods: Tablets of less than or equal to 3 millimetres diameter are Mini-tablets, which were filled into a capsule. Direct compression method using multi-tip punch was used for compression and coated with eudragit L100 as a seal coating material and with eudragit L30D55 as an enteric coating material was done. Different formulations were prepared and subjected for evaluation like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution studies. The optimized formulation was compared to marketed product based on drug released profile and also subjected for stability studies.Results: The results revealed that the in vitro drug release of prepared formulations, F1, F2, F3, and F4 was subjected for acid resistance test for 2 h in 0.1N HCl and has a comparable dissolution profile in phosphate buffer of 6.8 pH. FormulationF4 was subjected for stability studies and no significant difference was observed in 3 mo 40 °C/75% RH accelerated stability condition.Conclusion: The dissolution profile of formulation F4 was found better than that of market product. Based on evaluation results, the study concluded that F4formulationwas considered as an optimized formulation.
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Banerjee, Kaushita, Nandita Kamat, Diana Pearline, Narayanaswamy Thiagarajan y Padma Thiagarajan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Murraya koenigii Linn Formulation for Potential Topical Application". Advanced Science Letters 24, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2018): 5891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12215.
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Murraya koenigii Linn leaf (curry leaf) is a favored spice known for its medicinal, therapeutic, nutraceutical and cosmetic properties. Its oil formulations have emerged as a favorable base for controlled delivery of actives by topical route of administration. However, most of such formulations include several synthetic chemicals as emulsifiers and stabilizers that may be hazardous in the long run. In the present study, curry leaf oil formulation with an alkyl polyglucoside emulsifier has been formulated for potential dermatological applications. Ultrasonication was employed for reduced particle size and better efficiency. The formulation was characterized for mean particle size, polydispersity index zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility. FTIR analysis of the oil confirmed the presence of the functional groups of its constituents as identified by GC-MS and revealed the prevalence of extensive hydrogen bonding in the formulation. Its SEM image showed the structural topography. The viability of different concentrations of the oil, tested on dermal fibroblasts cells (3T3 cell lines), was found to be from 97% to 20%. The accelerated stability tests confirmed the formulation’s non-susceptibility to various destabilization mechanisms after a period of 180 days at 37 °C, or under low speed centrifugation. Furthermore, the formulation was stable when stored at 40 °C, 4 °C and −18 °C for 3 cycles. Thus, this bio based formulation can either be used as such or as a base matrix for loading active ingredients for topical delivery.
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Chono, Sumio, Megumi Matsui, Katsuki Nakamura y Ryoya Kasai. "Ingestibility and Formulation Quality of Lansoprazole Orally Disintegrating Tablets". Journal of Pharmaceutics 2016 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6131608.
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Objectives. We evaluated the ingestibility and formulation quality of one branded (formulation A) and five generic (formulations B, C, D, E, and F) lansoprazole orally disintegrating (OD) tablets. Methods. Ingestibility, including the oral disintegrating time, taste, mouth feeling, and palatability, was examined by sensory testing in healthy subjects. Formulation qualities, including salivary stability, gastric acid resistance, and intestinal dissolution behavior, were examined. Results and Discussion. The oral disintegration time of formulation F (52 s) was significantly longer than that of other formulations (32–37 s). More than 90% of subjects did not experience bitterness with formulations A, E, and F, whereas 50% of subjects felt rough and powdery sensations with formulations B, C, and D. More than 80% of subjects suggested that formulations A, E, and F had good palatability. Ingestibility was different between formulations. OD tablets consist of enteric granules containing lansoprazole, which is unstable in gastric acid. Enteric granules of each formulation were stable in artificial saliva and gastric juice. No differences were observed in dissolution behaviors among the formulations, indicating that the formulation quality of the formulations was almost equivalent. Conclusions. This study provides useful information for selecting branded or generic lansoprazole OD tablets for individualized treatments.
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Misni, Norashiqin, Zurainee Mohamed Nor, Rohani Ahmad, Nur Raihana Ithnin y Ngah Zasmy Unyah. "Microencapsulation Preservation of the Stability and Efficacy of Citrus Grandis Oil-Based Repellent Formulation against Aedes aegypti during Storage". Molecules 26, n.º 12 (11 de junio de 2021): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123599.
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Essential oils have been widely used as an active ingredient in mosquito repellent products. However, essential oils are highly unstable and prone to degradation when exposed to the environment during storage. Microencapsulation techniques help to maintain the stability of molecules in essential oils that are sensitive to environmental stress, and therefore improve shelf life. In this study, the physical stability and efficacy of a repellent formulation consisting of encapsulated Citrus grandis essential oil (CGEO) were evaluated under different storage conditions over a 12-month period by comparing the formulation with a non-encapsulated formulation. The formulations were both stored under two different storage conditions, i.e., 25 ± 2 °C/60% ± 5% relative humidity (RH) and 40 ± 2 °C/75% RH ± 5%, for 12 months. Droplet size, zeta potential, and pH value were measured after 1, 6, and 12 months of storage to determine their stability. For the study of efficacy, each formulation was tested against Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. We found that the microencapsulated formulation’s physical characteristics showed insignificant changes as compared with the non-encapsulated formulation during storage. The microencapsulated formulation demonstrated better repellent effects, sustaining high protection (>80%) for 4 more hours of exposure after 12 months of storage as compared with the non-encapsulated formulation that demonstrated high protection for only an hour post application. Microencapsulation helped to preserve the stability of the formulation, which resulted in high protection being maintained for over 12 months of storage.
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Venkateswara Reddy, B. y K. Navaneetha. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAIN RELEASE CYCLOBENZAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE PELLETS". INDIAN DRUGS 54, n.º 05 (28 de mayo de 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.54.05.10262.
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Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride is a centrally acting muscle relaxant which is mostly available in the form of tablets and capsules. The present aim of the study was to develop a sustained release formulation of cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride pellets using powder layering technique. Nine different formulations of pellets were prepared by using different concentrations of Ethyl Cellulose-50, Hypromellose (HPMC), and PEG 6000 of all formulations, F8 formulation was the optimized formulation. The kinetic studies of F8 formulation was best fitted in the First order model as it had the highest value (R2 = 0.981) and it follows non- fickian diffusion. Among all the formulations F8 gave better drug release 85.7% when compared to innovator, F8 was selected as optimized formulation. The optimized formulation was kept for stability studies for 3 months at 40°C /75% RH and 25°C /60% RH and the results indicated that there was no much variation in their physiochemical characteristics and the formulation was found to be stable.
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Tayde, Manisha A., Yogita G. Ahire, Sunita N. Mahale, Anuja P. Bhosale y Sarika V. Patil. "Formulation and standardization of lohasava: an ayurvedic aasava formulation Man". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research 12, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2024): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.joapr.2024.12.2.124.130.
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Background: Plant solutions or decoctions are fermented with added sugar to create alcoholic remedies like arishta and aasava. Standardizing ayurvedic formulations is essential to assessing the quality of medicine. Objective: Standardisation of Lohasava, which contains iron as a metal and is used as hematinic, has been carried out in the current study. Methods: The standard ayurvedic procedure was used to prepare the aasava formulation. Modern scientific control processes have standardized the formulation for the final products. Organoleptic analysis, phytochemical assessment, and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, specific gravity, viscosity, acid values, total solid content, alcohol content, heavy metal content, and stability studies were used to standardize asava. Additionally, formulations were examined for the presence of pesticides. Using UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis, the iron content was determined. Animal studies were carried out to evaluate pharmacological activity. Results: Physical and chemical parameters were found within limits. The alcohol content of formulations was within limits and indicated good fermentation. Conclusion: The study's findings have revealed good formulation quality and provide a standard for aasava and ayurvedic formulations.
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Ramadhani, Diah y Nabilla Widiyanti. "Pengaruh Formulasi Serum Nanoemulgel Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kelor". Jurnal Syntax Fusion 2, n.º 08 (25 de agosto de 2022): 714–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v2i08.214.
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Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera L.) are a good source of natural antioxidants because they contain flavonoids. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Moringa leaf extract can be formulated into nanoemulgel serum preparations, and to see the effect of nanoemulgel serum formulations on antioxidant activity. This research begins with the manufacture of extracts using the maceration method, followed by the manufacture of nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsion consisted of 3 formulations with different Moringa leaf extract, namely the formulation of 1 0.1 g, formulation 2 0.2 g, and formulation 3 0.4 g of Moringa leaf extract were given. The nanoemulsion was tested for particle size distribution using a Particle Size Analyzer and tested for the physical stability of the preparation. The results showed that the nanoemulsion particle size in formulation 3 had a smaller distribution size of 13.7 nm and was continued for the manufacture of serum nanoemulgel. Serum nanoemulgel consists of 4 formulations with variations of nanoemulsion. The nanoemulgel serum formulation was tested for its physical stability and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The antioxidant activity of the nanoemulgel serum preparations had IC50 of each formulation 1 70.5197 ppm, formulation 2 62.7838 ppm, and formulation 3 50.6094 ppm. The nanoemulgel serum formulation which has the highest antioxidant activity is formulation 3
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Weyer, Janelle, Xianzhang Meng, Lynda Finis, Bill Strickland, CheolHee Park y Seong Jang. "Phase 1, randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover study to evaluate the bioequivalence of four formulations of oral rivoceranib tablets in healthy subjects." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, n.º 16_suppl (1 de junio de 2023): e15122-e15122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e15122.
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e15122 Background: Rivoceranib is a novel oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that potently and selectively inhibits VEGFR2. Rivoceranib is being investigated for indications targeted towards solid malignancies as either monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies. Herein, we assessed the bioequivalence of a single dose of rivoceranib administered as 4 different formulations in healthy subjects. Methods: This single-center, open-label, randomized, single-dose, 4-way crossover study evaluated the bioequivalence of 4 different formulations of rivoceranib oral tablets in healthy adults. Each subject participated in 4 treatment periods, where they were randomized to 1 of 4 sequences: ABCD, BDAC, CADB, and DBAC (Formulation A = rivoceranib 250 mg tablet/clinical formulation used in the pivotal phase 3 study, Formulation B = rivoceranib 200 mg tablet/clinical formulation used in early clinical studies, Formulation C = rivoceranib 250 mg tablet/formulation to be developed for future use, Formulation D = rivoceranib 250 mg tablet/to-be-marketed formulation). Results: Of the 60 subjects enrolled, 66.7% were male, 88.3% were white, and median age was 43 years. The median plasma rivoceranib Tmax was similar following all treatments (2 hours post-dose). The 90% CIs around the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of plasma rivoceranib AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and Cmax for Formulation B vs. Formulation A and Formulation D vs. Formulation A were within the 80-125% reference interval, demonstrating bioequivalence between Formulation B and Formulation A as well as Formulation D and Formulation A. The 90% CIs around the GMRs of plasma rivoceranib AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, and Cmax for Formulation C vs. Formulation A were slightly outside of the 80%-125% reference interval. Conclusions: Formulations B (clinical formulation used in early clinical studies) and D (to-be-marketed formulation) were bioequivalent to Formulation A (clinical formulation used in the pivotal phase 3 study). Formulation C (formulation to be developed for future use) and Formulation A were similar, but the difference was slightly outside of the bioequivalence criteria. It remains to be evaluated whether the difference in bioavailability between Formulation C and Formulation A is clinically meaningful. Clinical trial information: NCT05287360 . [Table: see text]
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M, Senthilkumar, Pazhanisamy M y Sathyaseelan V. "EFFICACY OF OIL AND GRANULAR BASED FORMULATIONS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI, ZOOPHTHORA RADICANS AGAINST THE BIOLOGY OF RICE LEAF FOLDER, CNAPHALOCROCIS MEDINALIS". Journal of Biopesticides 12, n.º 02 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.12.2.139-144.
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ABSTRACT Experiment was conducted to know the effect of oil and granular based formulations of entomopathogenic fungi, Zoophthora radicans against the biology of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Among the different formulations of Zoophthora radicans, the highest larval mortality, pupal mortality, adult mortality and the lowest pupal formation and adult emergence was noticed in Z. radicans + Sunflower oil + Glycerol treatment in oil formulation and 81.3 spores/mm2 concentration of granular formulation. The lowest larval mortality, pupal mortality and adult mortality were noticed in Z. radicans alone treatment and 12.2 spores/mm2 concentration of granular formulation. It was concluded that oil formulations with Z. radicans + Sunflower oil + Glycerol were found better in causing mortality of life stages of leaf folder when compared to granular formulation with concentration of 81.3 spores/mm2 Keywords: The Oil formulation, granular formulation, Zoophthora radicans, rice leaf folder
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Hernawan, Hernawan, Septi Nurhayati, Khoirun Nisa, A. W. Indrianingsih, Cici Darsih y Muhammad Kismurtono. "FORMULATION AND IN VITRO STUDY OF PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE CONTROLLED RELEASE FROM CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN-BASED MATRIX TABLETS". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 13, n.º 3 (18 de diciembre de 2013): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21283.
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Formulation and in vitro study of propranolol hydrochloride controlled release from carboxymethyl chitosan-based matrix tablets have been conducted. Formulations with various concentrations of carboxymethyl chitosan 2% (F1), 4% (F2), 6% (F3) were done by wet granulation method. Compatibility test was conducted by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy to determine interaction between propranolol hydrochloride and polymer excipients. Dissolution profiles was obtained through in vitro tests release using simulated gastric fluid (without enzymes, pH 1.2) for the first 2 h and followed by simulated intestinal fluid (phosphate buffer solution without enzyme, pH 7.2) for 2 h remaining. The dissolution profile of each formulation was fitted with five kinetics modeling of drug release (zero order, first order, Higuchi, Peppas-Korsmeyer, and Hixson-Crowell). The compatibility test results showed that formulation caused physical interactions between propranolol hydrochloride and polymer excipient but doesn't make crystallinity nature of propranolol hydrochloride disturbed even after formulation. Dissolution profiles of each formulation showed that controlled release of propranolol hydrochloride from the tablet followed Peppas-Korsmeyer model. It is concluded that carboxymethyl chitosan in appropriate proportions is suitable for formulating propranolol hydrochloride controlled release tablets which exhibit Peppas-Korsmeyer release kinetics.
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Anvy Aditya Raksesi, Ani Intiyati, Melina Sari y Mujayanto. "Acceptance Test And Fiber Levels Of Red Bean Ice Cream As An Alternative Snack For Obesity Prevention In Adolescent". Journal of Nutrition Explorations 1, n.º 2 (31 de mayo de 2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36568/jone.v1i2.181.
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Obesity is a pathological state. According to the 2019 AKG, adolescent fiber needs are 37 grams. If snacks are given 10% of the need, then 3.7 grams are obtained per snack. To meet this need, an innovative high-fiber snack is made by formulating red beans into ice cream. The aim is to determine the acceptability and fiber content in red bean ice cream products as an alternative snack to prevent obesity. The research method was an experiment on 4 different formulations with a ratio of skimmed milk and red beans 100 : 0 g, 50 : 50 g, 70 : 30 g , 60 : 40 g then an acceptability test was carried out. The highest acceptability test results will be tested for fiber content with the control formulation. The results showed that the formulation of red bean ice cream that had the highest acceptability was formulation 4 (EKM 4), which was 3.83 in the liking category and contained fiber content of 2.43% / 100 g. One serving of red bean ice cream based on calorie needs is 85 grams with a fiber content of 2.1 grams. Conclusion, the formulation with the highest acceptability is in formulation 4 (EKM 4).
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López-Castillo, Carmen, Carmina Rodríguez-Fernández, Manuel Córdoba y Juan Torrado. "Permeability Characteristics of a New Antifungal Topical Amphotericin B Formulation with γ-Cyclodextrins". Molecules 23, n.º 12 (18 de diciembre de 2018): 3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123349.
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Amphotericin B is a low soluble broad-spectrum antifungal agent. Cyclodextrins can be added to amphotericin formulations to enhance both their solubility and antifungal properties. Semisolid amphotericin formulations containing gamma cyclodextrin (AGCD) were prepared and compared with two reference formulations—one of them without any solubility enhancer (A) and the other with DMSO (ADMSO). Rheological, the permeability through hairless mouse skin and antifungal characteristics of the different formulations were evaluated. All three semisolid formulations show low thixotropy characteristics. ADMSO was the formulation with the least consistency, lowest viscosity, and greatest extensibility. The AGCD formulation had the opposite behavior and had both the greatest consistency and viscosity and the lowest extensibility. The lowest permeability was obtained with the reference A formulation while both AGCD and ADMSO had a similar permeability enhancement. According to the antimicrobial in vitro efficacy trials, the AGCD formulation showed 45–60% more activity than the reference A formulation. It can be concluded that γ-cyclodextrin is a useful excipient to improve the solubility, permeability, and antifungal activity of amphotericin B in semisolid topical formulations.
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Windras Mara, Setyo Tri, Achmad Pratama Rifai y Rachmadi Norcahyo. "ON DIFFERENT FORMULATIONS FOR THE MULTI-PERIOD VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM WITH SIMULTANEOUS PICKUP AND DELIVERY". ASEAN Engineering Journal 13, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2023): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.17888.
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In this paper, we extend the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (VRPSPD) with a consideration of multiple planning horizons. We propose three alternative mathematical formulations for Periodic-VRPSPD (P-VRPSPD) based on the available formulations for VRPSPD in the literatures, namely the three-index commodity flow formulation, four-index commodity flow formulation, and three-index vehicle flow formulation. We perform comparison analysis by conducting extensive numerical experiments on a set of instances with various complexities in order to evaluate the performance of these formulations. Overall, it is observed that the three-index commodity flow formulation returns the best results.
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Tambade, Mayuresh, Shweta Shriwas y Dr Rakesh Kumar Jatav. "“Formulation and Evaluation of Nano-Gel Using Effective Combination of Acyclovir and Omeprazole for Enhanced AntiViral Activity”". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 09, n.º 06 (junio de 2024): 80–97. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-09068097.
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The aim of the research is to formulate nano transdermal using effective combination ofacyclovir and omeprazole to enhanced anti-viral activity to evaluate the Preformulating characters to formulate acyclovir and omeprazole nanogel by solvent diffusion method to Characterization and evaluation of formulated nanogel compare the in-vitro drug release with marketed formulation. It can be concluded that the experimental study carried out that the formulation of a Nanogel containing anti-viral drug and anti-ulcer drug yields a formulation with spherical and smooth surface, nano in size range. The prepared nanogel was opaque, without any lumps, particle and aggregates. So, all the formulations are homogenous. Based on all the factors the nanogel drug delivery system F9 shows good drug content compare to other. The particle size of the nanogel formulation is optimum and it is less than 1000 nm. So, it concluded that the particles are in tiny and nano in size range. All nanogel formulations shows pH in the range of 6.1 to 6.9. Formulation F9 shows highest pH of 6.9. Because the pH range of nanogel were 1 to 7 pH. Based on the Spreadability diameter study it shown the nanogel is having good Spreadability. Nanogel formulations shown viscosity range from 3268-3528 cps. It concluded that they are stable in nature. Formulation F9 shows highest percentage of drug release compare to other formulations. In-vitro diffusion studies show F9 formulation shows controlled release pattern of drug from the formulation. The formulation was found to be stable in short term stability studies. Here we have selected F9 has an optimized formulation which shown good morphological features, drug content efficiency and controlled drug release. Hence the F9 formulation is efficient than the marketed formulation of acyclovir ointment (ACIVIR).
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Farrah Payyadhah, B., Siti Salwa, A. G y Noorul Huda, S. "Artificial Neural Network in the Development of Halal Cosmetic Formulation Containing Okara". global journal al thaqafah SI, n.º 1 (23 de julio de 2023): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjatsi072023-4.
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The development of halal cosmetic formulations presents a challenge to obtain optimised formulations with desirable qualities as it involves many ingredients. The advancement of cosmetic technologies employs multivariate statistical techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN) to optimise cosmetic formulation, which aims to overcome the shortcomings of traditional formulation methods, which are laborious and cumbersome. Okara is a by-product of the production of soy-based products. Okara has been found to have numerous benefits for many industries and has been discovered as a promising halal cosmetic ingredient. Okara is a plant-derived ingredient; it can be incorporated as a cosmetic ingredient if essential aspects of production are addressed, such as using permissible substances, manufacturing, storage, packaging, and delivery following Shariah requirements. This study aims to develop an optimised halal cosmetic soap formulation containing okara using ANN to achieve the desired hardness of the soap. The influential input variables were the main compositions of the okara soap formulations, containing different fatty acids and oils, and okara through a saponification process. In contrast, the hardness (N) of the soap was the response used as the output. Five different algorithms trained ANN. Generic Algorithm (GA) 6-09-1 was selected as the final optimum model to optimise the halal cosmetic soap formulation. GA modelling was further validated, and the experimentally obtained actual hardness (N) value was close to the predicted value. In conclusion, they were optimised formulating using ANN to produce a soap with desirable properties better than those of commercial ones.
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Rahardjo, Monika, Kristiawan Prasetyo Agung Nugroho y Greis Saibele. "Analisis fisik serta sensori kue kering dengan campuran tepung mocaf, oats, dan bekatul". Teknologi Pangan : Media Informasi dan Komunikasi Ilmiah Teknologi Pertanian 12, n.º 2 (11 de septiembre de 2021): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/tp.v12i2.2357.
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This research aims to analyze the physical and sensory characteristics of cookies’ formulations using mocaf-oats-rice bran’s flour mixture. Five formulations used in this research consist of mocaf-oats-rice bran’s flour mixture namely F1 (100%-0%-0%), F2 (70%-15%-15%), F3 (50%-25%-25%), F4 (30%-35%-35%), and F5 (0%-50%-50%). The result showed that all cookies formulation included in the category of “high fiber” except for cookies Formulation 4. The highest value of hardness was cookies Formulation 1 and significantly different from the other formulations. Decreasing mocaf flour composition in the mixture and increasing additional oats and rice bran composition have a significant correlation on cookies’ hardness. Based on sensory evaluation using rating preference, it was found that the highest rating for color, texture, and overall parameters obtained by cookies Formulation 4, while the highest rating for taste parameter obtained by cookies Formulation 5. Cookies’ formulation that recommended to use as utilization of mocaf flour was Formulation 4 because it had the highest rating for overall parameter, as well as highest rating for color and texture.
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Kraisit, Pakorn y Narong Sarisuta. "Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using the Box-Behnken Design". Key Engineering Materials 901 (8 de octubre de 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.137.
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This study aimed to prepare diclofenac sodium (DCF)–loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) (DCF-loaded NLCs) for optimizing the NLCs by using the Box-Behnken design. A hot emulsification method using an ultrasonic probe was employed to prepare DCF-loaded NLCs. The active ingredient, solid lipid, oil, and emulsifier were DCF, glyceryl monostearate (GMS) (X1), oleic acid (X2), and polysorbate 80 (X3), respectively. The DCF-loaded NLCs had particle sizes of 69.29–187.3 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.216–0.516, indicating a relatively narrow size distribution. The zeta potential of all formulations revealed the negative charge and ranged between -26.0 and -42.13 mV. The percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) was 92.71%–104.21%. The responses of all model formulations were created and the optimized formulation was selected by Design-Expert® software. The optimal formulation was composed of 2 g GMS, 0.926 g oleic acid, and 2.724 g polysorbate 80. The particle size and PDI experimental values with the optimal formulation did not differ from those predicted and were within the 95% CI. Therefore, the Box-Behnken design could be efficient in formulating and optimizing DCF-loaded NLCs.
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Candra Lina, Eka, Indah Widhianingrum, Mita Eka Putri, Nur Fni Evalia y Muhammad Makky. "INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF PIPER ADUNCUM FRUIT AND TEPHROSIA VOGELII LEAF MIXED FORMULATIONS AGAINST PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)". Journal of Biopesticides 11, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.11.1.69-75.
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The emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable powder (WP) of Piper aduncum and Tephrosia vogelii mixed formulations were tested for their activities in the laboratory and their effectiveness in the field against cabbage pest Plutella xyostella. Cabbage leaves soaked in six different mixed formulation concentrations were tested against second instar larvae of P. xylostella and observed until the larvae reached fourth instar stage. From the survived larvae, growth and development, antifeedant effects were recorded. Field efficacy test was based on LC95 value of formulations from laboratory test result. The experiment used a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications to determine the insecticide effectivity against populations of P. xylostella larvae. The results showed that the EC and WP mixed formulations have insecticidal activity against P. xylostella larvae, with LC95 value of 0.35% and 0.37%, respectively. The highest antifeedant effect on EC mixed formulation was 85.01% and WP mixed formulation was 86.23%. Both mixed formulations also slowed the development of larvae when compared with control. Field effication result showed that applications of EC mixed formulation were able to restrain the population of P. xylostella, with effectivity value of 71.06%. Insecticide effectivity value of EC mixed formulation was higher than WP mixed formulation and Bacillus thuringiensis formulation.
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Gasic, Slavica y Zlatko Oreskovic. "Comparative study of properties of different pesticide formulations of the same active ingredient". Pesticidi i fitomedicina 23, n.º 3 (2008): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0803201g.
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Characteristics of two formulations of trifluralin, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and emulsion, oil in water (EW), the latter being a new formulation of our design, were investigated and compared. Attention was focused on particle size distribution and aspects of the two aqueous dilute formulations as the most characteristic and comparable parameters. The results show that the trifluralin EW formulation has certain advantages over the EC formulation, but a final estimate will be possible only after testing biological efficacy of the new formulation (EW).