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Piponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan carbone de l’exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d’œuvre, biodiversité et carbone)". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 341 (20 de julio de 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2019.341.a31731.
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La moitié des forêts tropicales du monde est désignée comme des forêts de production par les services forestiers nationaux. Pour la seule Amazonie brésilienne (400 millions d’hectares), l’exploitation sélective affecte chaque année entre un et deux millions d’hectares. Si l’effet de la déforestation sur les émissions de carbone et les pertes de biodiversité en région tropicale ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études, les impacts à long terme de l’exploitation commerciale de bois sur ces forêts restent à ce jour très peu étudiés. Or, les enjeux sont grandissants pour ces forêts de production. Non seulement elles doivent alimenter le commerce du bois tropical, mais leur rôle dans le stockage de carbone et dans la préservation de la biodiversité est de plus en plus reconnu. La thèse s’organise en trois temps. Premièrement, un modèle de bilan carbone de l’exploitation forestière est développé, et les différences régionales de dynamique de récupération du carbone post-exploitation sont modélisées. Deuxièmement, un modèle de récupération du volume de bois d’œuvre a été développé et calibré à l’échelle amazonienne. Ces résultats ont permis de montrer la lenteur de la récupération du volume de bois en Amazonie, et la non-durabilité des pratiques actuelles d’exploitation. Ces modèles (carbone et bois d’œuvre) ont été élaborés dans un cadre bayésien, avec l’appui et les données du Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), réseau rassemblant neuf institutions de recherche et plus de 200 parcelles de suivi de la dynamique forestière après exploitation en Amazonie depuis plus de 30 années. Enfin, une analyse comparative de scénarios prospectifs a été effectuée, où les compromis possibles entre services écosystémiques (bois d’œuvre, carbone et biodiversité) ont été explorés par des techniques d’optimisation multicritère.
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Sablayrolles, Philippe, Hildemberg Cruz, Marcelo Santos Melo, Isabel Garcia Drigo y Plinio Sist. "Le potentiel de la production forestière paysanne en Amazonie brésilienne". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 315, n.º 315 (1 de marzo de 2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.315.a20539.
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Dans l'État du Pará, 60 % des forêts destinées à l'aménagement sont des forêts paysannes. Les concessions forestières d'entreprise ne pourront fournir au mieux que la moitié de la consommation actuelle. À quelques exceptions près, les communautés traditionnelles et les familles paysannes n'ont ni l'expérience technique ni la capacité économique pour conduire l'exploitation commerciale des bois : l'aménagement est réalisé par le biais d'accords avec une entreprise, selon différentes modalités. Dans ce contexte, les contrats entre communautés et entreprise sont de nature très variée et aboutissent au contrôle total par les entreprises privées de toutes les opérations, du plan d'aménagement à l'exploitation. Les politiques publiques et la législation forestière cherchent aujourd'hui à améliorer les capacités des communautés locales à défendre leurs intérêts dans le cadre de tels partenariats. Cette étude analyse le cadre financier de l'entreprise par rapport à l'organisation paysanne pour son exécution, et les éléments clés qui permettent un meilleur contrôle : les inventaires pré- exploitation, la diversification de la production de bois d'oeuvre et de produits forestiers non ligneux, la commercialisation, le suivi et le contrôle des opérations d'exploitation. Il est proposé des pistes de politiques publiques qui doivent aider à la diffusion de l'aménagement paysan dans différentes contextes fonciers : unités de conservation et forêts de production, périmètres de colonisation agricole. L'article discute des modalités d'action et d'implantation d'un service public d'assistance technique et financière au profit des agriculteurs et des communautés. Le potentiel de l'intégration de la gestion forestière au sein des systèmes de production paysans est discuté dans le cadre du débat actuel de réforme du code forestier. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Kahn, Francis. "Les palmiers des forêts tropicales humides du bas Tocantins (Amazonie brésilienne)". Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) 41, n.º 1 (1986): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/revec.1986.5371.
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Drigo, Isabel, Marie-Gabrielle Piketty, Driss Pena y Plinio Sist. "La gestion forestière communautaire comme source de revenus locaux : deux études de cas en Amazonie brésilienne". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 315, n.º 315 (1 de marzo de 2013): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.315.a20538.
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La gestion forestière communautaire (Gfc) apparaît comme une des voies permettant de protéger les forêts, tout en générant des revenus directs pour les petits propriétaires forestiers. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les projets de ce type se multiplient en Amazonie brésilienne. Cependant, la plupart se heurtent à de nombreuses difficultés malgré des financements publics conséquents. Deux de ces projets, mis en oeuvre dans l'État du Pará (dans l'Est de l'Amazonie), ont fait l'objet d'analyses entre 2008 et 2010 qui visent à mettre en lumière les principaux obstacles s'opposant à leur viabilité financière sur le long terme et à déterminer les revenus de l'exploitation forestière réellement perçus par la communauté. Le premier obstacle majeur à la réussite des projets de gestion forestière communautaire est la lourdeur du processus réglementaire : il faut actuellement deux ans pour aboutir à l'approbation d'un plan de gestion. De plus, l'élaboration et la mise en oeuvre d'un tel plan de gestion est un processus onéreux. Aucun des plans de gestion analysés n'aurait réussi sans le soutien financier externe d'agences nationales ou internationales et sans assistance technique. D'autre part, dans le contexte actuel du marché amazonien, le bois n'apporte que des revenus directs limités pour les petits exploitants, alors même que leurs terres sont forestières à 80 %. L'accès aux marchés est très incertain et les groupes de petits exploitants ont beaucoup de mal à vendre leur bois à des prix rémunérateurs. Des garanties publiques assurant un prix rémunérateur minimum pour le bois issu de projets de gestion forestière communautaire, sont sans doute nécessaires pour qu'ils deviennent une source réelle de revenus pour les petits exploitants amazoniens.
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Behling, Maurel, Marie-Gabrielle Piketty, Thiago Fonseca Morello, Jean-Pierre Bouillet, Francisco Mesquita Neto y Jean-Paul Laclau. "Plantations d'eucalyptus et sidérurgie en Amazonie : apports du modèle 3-PG". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 309, n.º 309 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2011.309.a20464.
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Le secteur sidérurgique de Carajás, en Amazonie Brésilienne, fait l'objet de contestations environnementales du fait de sa forte consommation en charbon de bois. Ce charbon est essentiellement produit à partir de biomasse de forêts naturelles, avec des impacts directs et indirects sur la déforestation et la dégradation de ces écosystèmes. Les plantations d'eucalyptus à vocation énergétique installées sur des pâturages dégradés constituent une alternative intéressante. Peu de ces plantations ont été mises en place jusqu'à présent et faute d'évaluations valables de leur potentiel de production, une étude a été menée pour présenter une estimation consolidée de la croissance et de la productivité des plantations d'eucalyptus du pôle de Carajás. Celles-ci ont été obtenues à partir du modèle 3-PG (Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth). Son paramétrage a été réalisé à partir de données de croissance du massif d'eucalyptus d'une entreprise de la municipalité de Breu Branco dans l'État du Pará au Brésil. La calibration locale du modèle s'est avérée beaucoup plus performante que l'utilisation de paramètres établis pour des plantations d'eucalyptus dans d'autres régions du Brésil, d'Afrique du sud ou d'Australie. Les simulations réalisées indiquent que l'accroissement moyen annuel actuel de l'ordre de 20 m³ à l'hectare, obtenu pour une période de six ans, pourrait augmenter jusqu'à 30 m³ avec des fertilisations adaptées et un contrôle efficace du sous bois. Elles suggèrent aussi que des productions supérieures seraient obtenues sans déficit hydrique. Cela montre la nécessité de sélectionner les zones de plantation où la saison sèche est la moins marquée autour du pôle de Carajás. La calibration du modèle 3-PG a permis d'améliorer cet outil de gestion des plantations industrielles dans les conditions amazoniennes. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Aubréville, André y Ilona Bossanyi. "Erosion under Forest Cover and Erosion in Deforested Areas in the Humid Tropical Zone". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 323, n.º 323 (7 de enero de 2015): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2015.323.a31259.
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L’érosion par décapage ou par ravinement reste insignifiante sous la forêt dense tro- picale. Une érosion sérieuse peut certes se manifester localement sous couvert forestier, sous la forme de glissement de terrains saturés d’eau. De tels cas peuvent être observés à Madagascar, dans la forêt d’Anamalazoatra ou dans celle de Marojejy. Un cas connu d’érosion généralisée sous forêt dense se situe en Amazonie péruvienne, près de la petite localité de la Merced, sur des pentes très abruptes. Mais ce sont là des exceptions. Dans les temps géologiques, durant les périodes de transformations tectoniques, l’érosion peut aussi avoir été intense sous forêt dense, générant des reliefs tourmentés, parfois des « badlands ». Mais dans tous ces cas, l’érosion ne se produit sous forêt que lorsqu’il y a élé- vation du niveau de base des fleuves par rapport au niveau des océans, comme cela s’est manifesté durant les glacia- tions quaternaires. Là où la forêt manque aujourd’hui, se manifestent en revanche des phénomènes d’érosion parfois spec- taculaires. Ceux-ci peuvent prendre des proportions spectaculaires dans des régions autrefois forestières, récemment et sévèrement éclaircies. Les situations les plus extrêmes sont observées à Ma- dagascar, au Congo, au Gabon, au Brésil et dans la partie tempérée des USA, tout particulièrement dans le bassin cupri- fère du Tennessee. Ces exemples confir- ment pleinement la vertu antiérosive des forêts. Lorsque l’érosion est déclenchée, celle-ci ne peut être arrêtée qu’à grands frais, et dans des zones restreintes. La fo- rêt joue donc un rôle anti-érosif préventif à la fois naturel, peu coûteux, et opérant sur de larges étendues.Résumé adapté par la rédaction de la revue.
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Poccard, René, Amaury Bendahan, Soraya Carvalho, Livia Navegantes, Laura Ferreira, Vania Vazfr, Sophie Plassin y Jean-François Tourrand. "Amazonie, la forêt qui cache la prairie". Techniques & culture, n.º 63 (1 de mayo de 2015): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/tc.7453.
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SCHIESARI, LUIS, DENISE DE CERQUEIRA ROSSA-FERES, MARCELO MENIN y WALTER HÖDL. "Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)". Zootaxa 5223, n.º 1 (28 de diciembre de 2022): 1–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5223.1.1.
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Amazonian lowland rainforests epitomize, as few other biomes, the terrestrial and freshwater biological diversity of our planet. We provide here a comprehensive description of the larval anurans of Central Amazonia, and their natural history. We base our analyses on fieldwork conducted in six terra-firme rainforest and two várzea floodplain sites during ~60 months between 1990 and 2013, complemented with an examination of museum specimens and a review of published literature. Ninety-nine species of anurans are known to occur in Central Amazonia. Of these, 84 species (85%) have a free-swimming exotrophic larva, six species (6%) have a terrestrial endotrophic larva, one species has a terrestrial exotrophic larva (1%) and another seven species (7%) have direct development of eggs into froglets. The life cycle of one species (1%) remains unknown. We formally describe and illustrate the larval stage of 68 species (i.e., 75% of the species with a known larval stage), five of them previously unkown and nineteen never described for Central Amazonia. We compile, review and update information on species natural history including reproductive modes, habitat use, phenology, and species interactions including diet, predators, competitors and parasites. Finally, we assessed the ecomorphological diversity in the region by the application of a system inspired in Altig & Johnston (1989), later updated by Altig & McDiarmid (1999), which recognizes tadpole guilds based on a combination of morphological and natural history data. Basic scientific information presented in this monograph provide the essential background for further studies on the ecological and evolutionary forces shaping anuran Amazonian assemblages, and their conservation.
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Emperaire, L. "La forêt en jeu. L'extractivisme en Amazonie centrale". Nature Sciences Sociétés 5, n.º 2 (6 de abril de 1997): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1240-1307(97)86217-6.
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Figueiredo, Fernando O. G., Thiago André, Gabriel M. Moulatlet, Mariana N. Saka, Mário H. T. Araujo, Hanna Tuomisto, Gabriela Zuquim et al. "Linking high diversification rates of rapidly growing Amazonian plants to geophysical landscape transformations promoted by Andean uplift". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 199, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2022): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boab097.
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Abstract Amazonia is extremely biodiverse, but the mechanisms for the origin of this diversity are still under debate. We propose a diversification model for Amazonia based on the interplay of intrinsic clade functional traits, habitat associations and past geological events, using as a model group the species-rich Neotropical family Marantaceae. Our results show that the species richness of the lineage is predicted by functional strategy, rather than clade age, and thus the fast vs. slow growth functional trade-off is a major determinant of clade diversification in Marantaceae. Rapidly growing clades were mostly associated with highly productive habitats, and their origin and diversification dynamics matched the expansion of fertile soils mediated by Andean uplift c. 23 Mya. Fast-growth strategies probably led to fast molecular evolution, speeding up speciation rates and species accumulation, resulting in higher numbers of extant species. Our results indicate that pure allopatric-dispersal models disconnected from past geological and ecological forces may be inadequate for explaining the evolutionary and diversity patterns in Amazonian lowlands. We suggest that a coupling of the functional trait-niche framework with diversification dynamics provides insights into the evolutionary history of tropical forests and helps elucidate the mechanisms underlying the origin and evolution of its spectacular biodiversity.
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Rojas, David. "Disjointed Times in “Climate-Smart” Amazonia". Environmental Humanities 14, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2022): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-9712401.
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Abstract What does it mean to resort to neoliberal environmental approaches to heal the socio-ecological devastation wrought by fascistic forces? In Brazil extremist right-wing efforts to impose sovereign state rule over Amazonia have resulted in rampant deforestation, violence against forest peoples, and a catastrophic COVID-19 pandemic. Some environmentalists suggest that escaping such devastation means returning to previous neoliberal policies such as “climate-smart agriculture” (CSA) that were promoted as a way to open a future of endless economic expansion and forest preservation. Rejecting the choice between fascistic and neoliberal environmental approaches, this article examines the future-oriented work of Amazonian environmentalists who grapple with “disjointed times” in which economic and ecological trends resist harmonization. Attentive to multispecies and multi-temporal dynamics, they suggest ways to avoid a temporal trap wherein the catastrophic failure of anthropocentric future-making projects always calls for yet another anthropocentric future-making project.
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Hoorn, Carina, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Lydian M. Boschman y Fabien L. Condamine. "Neogene History of the Amazonian Flora: A Perspective Based on Geological, Palynological, and Molecular Phylogenetic Data". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 51, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2023): 419–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-081522-090454.
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The Amazon hosts one of the largest and richest rainforests in the world, but its origins remain debated. Growing evidence suggests that geodiversity and geological history played essential roles in shaping the Amazonian flora. Here we summarize the geo-climatic history of the Amazon and review paleopalynological records and time-calibrated phylogenies to evaluate the response of plants to environmental change. The Neogene fossil record suggests major sequential changes in plant composition and an overall decline in diversity. Phylogenies of eight Amazonian plant clades paint a mixed picture, with the diversification of most groups best explained by constant speciation rates through time, while others indicate clade-specific increases or decreases correlated with climatic cooling or increasing Andean elevation. Overall, the Amazon forest seems to represent a museum of diversity with a high potential for biological diversification through time. To fully understand how the Amazon got its modern biodiversity, further multidisciplinary studies conducted within a multimillion-year perspective are needed. ▪ The history of the Amazon rainforest goes back to the beginning of the Cenozoic (66 Ma) and was driven by climate and geological forces. ▪ In the early Neogene (23–13.8 Ma), a large wetland developed with episodic estuarine conditions and vegetation ranging from mangroves to terra firme forest. ▪ In the late Neogene (13.8–2.6 Ma), the Amazon changed into a fluvial landscape with a less diverse and more open forest, although the details of this transition remain to be resolved. ▪ These geo-climatic changes have left imprints on the modern Amazonian diversity that can be recovered with dated phylogenetic trees. ▪ Amazonian plant groups show distinct responses to environmental changes, suggesting that Amazonia is both a refuge and a cradle of biodiversity.
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Dourojeanni, Marc J., Alberto Barandiaran y Diego Dourojeanni. "Amazonie péruvienne en 2021 exploitation des ressources naturelles et infrastructures qu'est- ce qui se passe ? Qu'est- ce que cela signifie pour l'avenir ?" BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 305, n.º 305 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2010.305.a20441.
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" La Amazonía peruana en 2021 " est un livre de 182 pages où il s'agit de combler les lacunes d'information en ce qui concerne ce qui se trame en Amazonie péruvienne lors de la prochaine décennie. Cet article présente un synopsis de ce texte qui dévoile l'existence de nombreux projets d'exploitation de ressources naturelles, spécialement pétrole, gaz et minerais pour leur exportation à des proportions jamais vues auparavant et de nombreux d'ouvrages d'infrastructures dont certains s'avèrent gigantesques pour effectuer une telle exploitation. Ainsi, de nombreuses centrales hydroélectriques couperont le flux des rivières, surtout en vue de générer de l'énergie destinée à l'exportation. De même, des routes, des voies fluviales et ferroviaires prendront en écharpe d'Est en Ouest la forêt amazonienne, répondant davantage à l'intérêt des investisseurs qu'aux besoins de la région. Les impacts de chaque projet d'extraction et d'infrastructure bouleverseront définitivement la nature et la face de la région amazonienne et de sa population. Les auteurs n'envisagent pas que la conservation de l'écosystème naturel. Ils reconnaissent que la région doit et mérite participer au développement harmonieux ; mais pour ce faire, un coût environnemental et social est inévitable. Il doit être pris en compte et compensé par les gains issus de ce développement. Leur principale préoccupation est liée au fait que les préjudices sociaux et environnementaux seront sans commune mesure par rapport aux modiques bénéfices escomptés. Les projets et les actions programmés sont globalement étrangers aux intérêts du Pérou, voire à ceux du Bassin amazonien, alors que les coûts récurrents et les problèmes sociaux et environnementaux, en grande majorité irréversibles, resteront ancrés dans la région. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Sommer, Barbara A. "Colony of the Sertão: Amazonian Expeditions and the Indian Slave Trade". Americas 61, n.º 3 (enero de 2005): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2005.0053.
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After expelling their European rivals from the Amazon in the early–seventeenth century, the Portuguese set about exploiting the principal assets of the vast basin—the indigenous inhabitants. As allies, converts, and slaves the native population provided the labor and much of the social fabric of the developing colony. While a variety of canoe-borne expeditions ventured ever farther up the main river and its tributaries seeking elusive gold, harvesting forest products, and expanding the crown's domain, prosperity and power for the leaders and sponsors of those forays derived mainly from the human cargo brought downstream to missions, forts, and other settlements. As a result, crown and colonial authorities attempted to regulate and control the expeditions, and fierce competition developed among institutions and individuals involved in the process. Documents in Portuguese and Brazilian archives reveal the key role played by the Indians themselves in collaboration with the little-studied cross-cultural intermediaries, known as cunhamenas.
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Seminario-Córdova, Renzo y Enrique Baquero. "Lista preliminar de los lepidópteros diurnos (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) presentes en el bosque El Pelejo, San Martín, Perú". REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 48, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2022): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.48.1.22.07.
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La amazonia peruana, conocida por ser hábitat de un gran número de especies, ha sido objeto de innumerables investigaciones con la finalidad de comprender mejor su biodiversidad. Uno de los grupos más estudiados en esta parte del Perú es el de los lepidópteros. Sin embargo, a pesar de que hay algunos trabajos en zonas como Loreto, Tingo María e incluso el mismo San Martín, aún quedan muchas partes de la selva por explorar y evaluar. En ese sentido, se considera muy importante la realización de investigaciones como la presente, que tuvo como objetivo determinar las especies de lepidópteros diurnos que habitan el bosque El Pelejo, San Martín, Perú. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en un área conservada ubicada dentro de la propiedad de Agroganadera Huallaga S. A. C. Se registraron 31 especies de lepidópteros correspondientes a cinco familias, siendo Nymphalidae la que presentó mayor riqueza de especies. Asimismo, todas las especies registradas en la presente investigación se encuentran en la categoría de Preocupación Menor de acuerdo con la lista roja de especies de la IUCN. Este estudio representa el primer listado de lepidópteros para el Bosque El Pelejo, siendo la base para futuras investigaciones sobre mariposas diurnas en este importante bosque de la Amazonia peruana.
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Brando, Paulo M., Michael T. Coe, Ruth DeFries y Andrea A. Azevedo. "Ecology, economy and management of an agroindustrial frontier landscape in the southeast Amazon". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, n.º 1619 (5 de junio de 2013): 20120152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0152.
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The papers in this special issue address a major challenge facing our society: feeding a population that is simultaneously growing and increasing its per capita food consumption, while preventing widespread ecological and social impoverishment in the tropics. By focusing mostly on the Amazon's most dynamic agricultural frontier, Mato Grosso, they collectively clarify some key elements of achieving more sustainable agriculture. First, stakeholders in commodity-driven agricultural Amazonian frontiers respond rapidly to multiple forces, including global markets, international pressures for sustainably produced commodities and national-, state- and municipality-level policies. These forces can encourage or discourage deforestation rate changes within a short time-period. Second, agricultural frontiers are linked systems, land-use change is linked with regional climate, forest fires, water quality and stream discharge, which in turn are linked with the well-being of human populations. Thus, land-use practices at the farm level have ecological and social repercussions far removed from it. Third, policies need to consider the full socio-economic system to identify the efficacy and consequences of possible land management strategies. Monitoring to devise suitable management approaches depends not only on tracking land-use change, but also on monitoring the regional ecological and social consequences. Mato Grosso's achievements in reducing deforestation are impressive, yet they are also fragile. The ecological and social consequences and the successes and failures of management in this region can serve as an example of possible trajectories for other commodity-driven tropical agricultural frontiers.
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Souza, Priscila Bezerra, Bruno Aurélio Campos Aguiar, Valéria Cardoso Lopes y Ana Clara Carneiro Fonseca. "DIVERSIDADE FLORISTICA E ESTRUTURAL DE QUINTAIS AGROFLORESTAIS (QAs) DE UMA ÁREA DE CERRADO, NORTE DA AMAZONIA". REVISTA GEONORTE 11, n.º 38 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21170/geonorte.2020.v.11.n.38.52.70.
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The (QAs) promote sustainability for millions of people worldwide, however, research in the area and in the northern states of the country are considered deficient or scarce. Therefore, the objective was to study the floristic and phytosociology of (QAs) in an area of Cerrado in the state of Tocantins. The survey was carried out in four (QAs) in the Mariana resettlement, located between the municipalities of Palmas and Porto Nacional, Tocantins. Three plots of 20x30m were installed in each (QAs), making a total of 0.72ha of sample area, being sampled all individuals with breast height circumference 1.30 cm from the ground (CAP) ≥ 10cm. The average height of vegetation in QA1 was 4.79m and the total basal area was 120.17m² /ha, in QA2 the average height was 5.14m with a total basal area of 18.49m² / ha, in QA3 the average height was of 3.66m and total basal area of 27.42m² / ha, in QA4 the average height was 5.54m with a total basal area of 33.98m² / ha. The ten most important species in the backyards together accounted for 44.26% (IVI), with emphasis on: Malpighia glabra, Psidium guajava and Mangifera indica that reached prominent positions in more than one (QAs). The ten most important families together accounted for 67.63%of the total IVI for all QAs, with Arecaceae, Anacardiaceae and Fabaceae standing out with the largest (IVI) for all (QAs) evaluated. The awareness about these QAs may assist in their valuation, in addition to providing scientific information for the maintenance of cultural identity, in addition to contributing to the conservation of local biodiversity.
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Schöngart, Jochen, Florian Wittmann, Martin Worbes, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Hans-Jürgen Krambeck y Wolfgang Johannes Junk. "Management criteria for Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) in Amazonian white-water floodplain forests defined by tree-ring analysis". Annals of Forest Science 64, n.º 6 (enero de 2007): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007044.
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Fearnside, Philip M. "Soybean cultivation as a threat to the environment in Brazil". Environmental Conservation 28, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000030.
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Soybeans represent a recent and powerful threat to tropical biodiversity in Brazil. Developing effective strategies to contain and minimize the environmental impact of soybean cultivation requires understanding of both the forces that drive the soybean advance and the many ways that soybeans and their associated infrastructure catalyse destructive processes. The present paper presents an up-to-date review of the advance of soybeans in Brazil, its environmental and social costs and implications for development policy. Soybeans are driven by global market forces, making them different from many of the land-use changes that have dominated the scene in Brazil so far, particularly in Amazonia. Soybeans are much more damaging than other crops because they justify massive transportation infrastructure projects that unleash a chain of events leading to destruction of natural habitats over wide areas in addition to what is directly cultivated for soybeans. The capacity of global markets to absorb additional production represents the most likely limit to the spread of soybeans, although Brazil may someday come to see the need for discouraging rather than subsidizing this crop because many of its effects are unfavourable to national interests, including severe concentration of land tenure and income, expulsion of population to Amazonian frontier, and gold-mining, as well as urban areas, and the opportunity cost of substantial drains on government resources. The multiple impacts of soybean expansion on biodiversity and other development considerations have several implications for policy: (1) protected areas need to be created in advance of soybean frontiers, (2) elimination of the many subsidies that speed soybean expansion beyond what would occur otherwise from market forces is to be encouraged, (3) studies to assess the costs of social and environmental impacts associated with soybean expansion are urgently required, and (4) the environmental-impact regulatory system requires strengthening, including mechanisms for commitments not to implant specific infrastructure projects that are judged to have excessive impacts.
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Lezama Ahumada, Katherine, Walter García Suabita y María Constanza Meza Elizalde. "Degradación de bosques por pastoreo: un caso de estudio en el norte de la amazonia colombiana". Investigación Agraria 24, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2022.diciembre.2402675.
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Mendo-Pérez, Maria Ayara. "Paisaje y Arquitectura: Lecciones de diseño Yawanawá de la Floresta Amazónica brasileña". Arquitecturas del Sur 42, n.º 65 (31 de enero de 2024): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07196466.2024.42.065.07.
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The purpose of this article is to observe the spatial design practices of the Yawanawá indigenous population that inhabits the Rio Gregorio Indigenous Land, located in the Brazilian Amazon Forest. In collaboration with this community, the intention is to reflect on approaches that can enrich the research of their spatial knowledge, thereby contributing to the consolidation of Amerindian knowledge in the academic field of architecture and design. The participant observation methodology allowed an immersion into Yawanawá narratives that rescue their ancestral role in the architectural and landscape configuration of the territory. Through elaborating a photographic visual investigation, it is sought to expand voices and meanings in strata of coexisting times, articulating the images to the Amerindian architectural conceptions that survived colonial abuse. In the conclusions, the lessons that the Yawanawá express and manifest are highlighted when building spaces of resistance in a poetic, symbolic, and daily way where the urban power structures constructed and/or that cross their territory were and are re-signified to test other ways of living in the forest.
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Bommel, Pierre, Thierry Bonaudo, Tienne Barbosa, Jonas Bastos da Veiga, Manuela Vieira Pak y Jean-François Tourrand. "La relation complexe entre l'élevage et la forêt en Amazonie brésilienne: une approche par la modélisation multi-agents". Cahiers Agricultures 19, n.º 2 (marzo de 2010): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2010.0384.
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Lyu, Mingyu. "The Vertical Market Power of Online Platforms Case Study: The Vertical Market Power of Amazon". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 32, n.º 1 (10 de noviembre de 2023): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/32/20231574.
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This article focuses on the vertical market power of online platforms and the case study of Amazon. Firstly, this article analyses the problems of unfair competition, deep bundling of services, and consumer privacy that result from Amazon's platform being too powerful in terms of vertical market power. These problems lead to a loss of interest for third-party sellers and consumers and a significant increase in Amazon's revenue, likely creating a monopoly in this productive online platform segment. The second focuses on both quantitative and qualitative aspects of Amazon's vertical market power, broadly determining whether Amazon is a monopoly. It also concludes by examining how to address the problems caused by these vertical market forces. The government and competition regulators are the main focus, with strict controls on Amazon's behaviour in terms of pricing and acquisitions. Treat Amazon as a paradigm for the entire online platform.
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Hoi Hei, Wong. "Evaluating Amazon's Environmental, Social, and Governance Performance". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 19 (2 de noviembre de 2023): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v19i.11888.
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The importance of ESG performance has grown in recent years. This abstract takes a look at Amazon's (the world's largest online retailer) environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies. Companies' long-term success, capacity to attract investors, and public image are all influenced by environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects. Amazon is serious about the environment, as seen by its efforts to achieve targets like zero net carbon emissions and 100% renewable energy. The company promotes ethics by providing secure working conditions, fair compensation, and equal opportunity in hiring. By design, Amazon's governance structure is transparent and ethical. ESG investors favor ethical and environmentally responsible businesses. As the largest online retailer, Amazon's ESG performance has the potential to shape industry norms. Amazon's market dominance, competitive edge, and technological advancements are also explored in this research. Brand recognition, product selection, logistics, customer perception, and competitive pressure are all highlighted in Amazon's SWOT analysis. It reveals both prospects and dangers. According to Porter's Five Forces research, Amazon faces formidable competition in the online retail industry. Finally, Amazon's ESG record is worth keeping an eye on if you're an ethical investor. Despite the company's resources, it is responsible for addressing employee and environmental concerns. Amazon can increase its market share and appeal to ESG-conscious investors by adopting sustainable practices and fixing these problems. The company's positive financial performance bodes well for its future expansion.
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Junquera, Carlos. "Travail et utilisation de la terre chez les Harakmbet de l'Amazonie péruvienne". Articles hors thème 16, n.º 1 (10 de septiembre de 2003): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015204ar.
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Résumé Travail et utilisation de la terre chez les Harakmbet de l'Amazonie péruvienne L'auteur montre que deux conceptions de la terre s'affrontent dans le département de la Madré de Dios, en Amazonie péruvienne. Les Harakmbet considèrent celle-ci comme une ressource, alors qu'elle est une marchandise pour les immigrants de culture occidentale. Il analyse l'usage que font les autochtones de la grande variété de ressources de la forêt tropicale à travers les modèles d'établissement et les pratiques de subsistance, qui leur permettent de satisfaire leurs besoins sociaux, contrairement aux immigrants. L'auteur examine également les différentes conceptions du procès de travail en rapport avec la production et la propriété chez les Harakmbet et les colons, ainsi que les problèmes issus de ces divergences à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la société harakmbet.
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Alder, Denis, José Natalino Silva, João Olegário Pereira de Carvalho, Jose Do Carmo Lopes y Ademir R. Ruschel. "La stratégie de modélisation empirique « cohort » et son application pour l¿aménagement de la forêt de Tapajós, Pará, Amazonie brésilienne". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 314, n.º 314 (1 de diciembre de 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2012.314.a20486.
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La stratégie de modélisation empirique est ici revue et présentée ainsi que son application à l'Amazonie orientale. Le modèle de croissance Cafogrom élaboré au cours de la période 1994-1998 a pu être testé grâce aux récentes mesures de 2003 et 2007 en Forêt nationale de Tapajós dans deux zones expérimentales dénommées km67 et km114 au long de l'autoroute BR 163 reliant Santarém à Cuiabá. Le modèle montre un accroissement annuel de la forêt avec un écart annuel de moins de 15 % au cours de la période 1981-2007 sur le km67 et avec la même précision sur km114, un site moins productif, mais avec un biais accru de sous-estimation d'environ 32 % en 26 ans. L'accroissement moyen annuel du volume des arbres de plus de 50 cm de diamètre (DBH) a été de 2,2 m3/ha/an en 26 ans, dont 1,2 m3/ha/an (54 %) pour les essences commerciales. Les parcelles étudiées sur le site km114, le moins productif, ont eu un accroissement moyen de 1,07 m3/ha/an au cours de vingt ans couvrant la période 1983-2003. En considérant les règles du gouvernement brésilien dont l'intensité maximale d'exploitation est de 30 m3/ha avec une rotation de passage en coupe de 35 ans (0,86 m3/ha/an), la viabilité de ce régime conservateur est confirmée à condition que l'exploitation comprenne une gamme variée d'espèces commerciales. La stratégie de mise à jour de Cafogrom est détaillée, elle devra être réécrite sous la forme d'une application en langage Python dans le cadre contextuel Myrlin/ Fmt (www.myrlin.org, www.eofmt.com).
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Santos, Adriano Castelo dos, João da Luz Freitas y Erick Silva dos Santos. "Comportamento Fenológico de Espécies Florestais com Potencial Madeireiro em Ecossistema de Terra Firme, Amazônia Oriental". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 11, n.º 3 (2018): 924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v10.6.p924-933.
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Santos, Adriano Castelo dos, João da Luz Freitas y Erick Silva dos Santos. "Comportamento Fenológico de Espécies Florestais com Potencial Madeireiro em Ecossistema de Terra Firme, Amazônia Oriental". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 11, n.º 3 (2018): 924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v11.3.p924-933.
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Jacobsen, Dean y Berit Bojsen. "Macroinvertebrate drift in Amazon streams in relation to riparian forest cover and fish fauna". Fundamental and Applied Limnology 155, n.º 2 (9 de diciembre de 2002): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/155/2002/177.
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Wang, Jingnan. "An Analysis of Amazon’s Internal and External Environments". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 30 (19 de abril de 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/n4nj5y31.
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In the vast landscape of global commerce, Amazon, globally renowned as a premier retailer and a leading provider of cloud services, operates within a dynamic framework shaped by both external and internal forces. This paper meticulously scrutinizes the multifaceted environments in which Amazon operates, shedding light on the intricacies of its challenges and opportunities. Delving into an exploration of Amazon's financial landscape, the study employs a comprehensive financial ratio analysis. This analytical approach serves as a tool for stakeholders, particularly investors, to glean deeper insights into Amazon's financial performance. By deciphering key ratios, this analysis aims to empower decision-makers with the requisite information for making informed and strategic choices. Specifically, the essay endeavors to provide a discerning projection of Amazon's revenue growth rate. This predictive endeavor is undertaken with a cognizant awareness of the complexities inherent in market dynamics, offering stakeholders a foundation upon which to formulate prudent and well-informed decisions.
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Cardenas, Sergio M. M., Marcelo C. L. Cohen, Diana P. C. Ruiz, Adriana V. Souza, Juan S. Gomez-Neita, Luiz C. R. Pessenda y Nicholas Culligan. "Death and Regeneration of an Amazonian Mangrove Forest by Anthropic and Natural Forces". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 24 (7 de diciembre de 2022): 6197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246197.
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The Amazon Macrotidal Mangrove Coast contains the most extensive and continuous mangrove belt globally, occupying an area of ~6500 km2 and accounting for 4.2% of global mangroves. The tallest and densest mangrove forests in the Amazon occur on the Bragança Peninsula. However, road construction that occurred in 1973 caused significant mangrove degradation in the area. A spatial-temporal analysis (1986–2019) based on optical, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), drone images, and altimetric data obtained by photogrammetry and validated by a topographic survey were carried out to understand how the construction of a road led to the death of mangroves. The topographic data suggested that this road altered the hydrodynamical flow, damming tidal waters. This process killed at least 4.3 km2 of mangrove trees. Nevertheless, due to natural mangrove recolonization, the area exhibiting degraded mangrove health decreased to ~2.8 km2 in 2003 and ~0.73 km2 in 2019. Climatic extreme events such as “El Niño” and “La Niña” had ephemeral control over the mangrove degradation/regeneration. In contrast, the relative sea-level rise during the last several decades caused long-term mangrove recolonization, expanding mangrove areas from lower to higher tidal flats. Permanently flooded depressions in the study area, created by the altered hydrodynamical flow due to the road, are unlikely to be recolonized by mangroves unless connections are re-established between these depressions with drainage on the Caeté estuary through pipes or bridges to prevent water accumulation between the road and depressions. To minimize impacts on mangroves, this road should have initially been designed to cross mangrove areas on the highest tidal flats and to skirt the channel headwaters to avoid interruption of regular tidal flow.
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Loebens, Sara de Castro, Elêtuza Uchôa Farias, Carlos Edwar de Carvalho Freitas y Kedma Cristine Yamamoto. "Influence of hydrological cycle on the composition and structure of fish assemblages in an igapó forest, Amazonas, Brazil". Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 45, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2019): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.432.
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VAN DUN, MIRELLA. "Cocaine Flows and the State in Peru's Amazonian Borderlands". Journal of Latin American Studies 48, n.º 3 (9 de junio de 2016): 509–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16000390.
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AbstractIn Peru, eradication campaigns targeting coca crops in the Upper Huallaga have dispersed the country's drug trade over vast parts of the Bajo Amazonas region. In order to understand this dispersal it is necessary to map the relocations of coca cultivations or shifts in smuggling routes, but also to examine the array of micro-practices, relations, groups and networks that generate ‘drug flows’. By following different key actors, this article explores the movements of drug lords, smugglers and producers who intersect frontiers, borders and borderlands. This empirical focus is combined with an analysis of the actors’ social ties to other groups to discover the myriad ways in which illegal/legal forces are part of the power arrangements that form the foundation for Peru's drug flows.
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Alarcón Aguirre, Gabriel y José Dante Gutiérrez Alberoni. "Valor de conservación en bosques de comunidades indígenas: Un estudio de caso en la Amazonia Peruana, San Jacinto y Puerto Arturo". Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research 20, n.º 3 (27 de julio de 2018): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18271/ria.2018.394.
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Benítez-Malvido, Julieta y Miguel Martínez-Ramos. "Long-term performance and herbivory of tree seedlings planted into primary and secondary forests of Central Amazonia". Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, n.º 4 (30 de mayo de 2013): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741300031x.
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Abstract:Plant survival and growth in tropical rain forest are affected by different biotic and abiotic forces. As time elapses and plants grow the relative importance of such forces as regeneration inhibitors and/or facilitators may change according to habitat and species. To detect within- and among-species divergences in performance over time in different habitats we followed, for nearly a decade, the survival, growth and herbivory of seedlings of the native tree species: Chrysophyllum pomiferum, Micropholis venulosa and Pouteria caimito. In Central Amazonia, young seedlings were planted into old-growth and secondary forests dominated by Vismia spp. One year after planting, C. pomiferum ranked first (i.e. fast growth, fewer dead and less herbivory) for both habitats, followed by M. venulosa and P. caimito. Initial trends changed over time. In the long term, M. venulosa ranked first for both habitats, followed by C. pomiferum and P. caimito ranked consistently lowest. Within-species divergences in growth and herbivory were greater in secondary forest. Initial seedling responses cannot always be used to predict species persistence in the long term. Contrary to previous estimations, old-growth-forest species can persist under Vismia spp. stands, at least when planted.
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Slater, Candace. "“All That Glitters”: Contemporary Amazonian Gold Miners' Tales". Comparative Studies in Society and History 36, n.º 4 (octubre de 1994): 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500019411.
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One of the most persistent of all New World dreams, El Dorado has acquired new life over the last two decades throughout much of the Amazon Basin. Many of the same golden visions that led Orellana and his men to plunge ahead down an “ocean-river” in the sixteenth century continue to prompt large numbers of people in Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and, above all, Brazil to leave their families and set out for makeshift mining camps to seek their fortunes amidst a sea of mud. This discussion focuses on representations of gold miners or garimpeiros by themselves and others. I argue that although miners unquestionably draw on a much larger oral tradition, their stories stand apart from those told by a more general population in their tendency to portray gold as an active, female agent and in their relative lack of interest in clear-cut morals. In addition, while the vision of nature and natural forces as female and the fixation on violence as a (if not the) key element of life in the garimpo would appear to corroborate precisely those images of miners that reach a national and international public, this surface agreement cloaks important underlying differences that underscore the fundamental multiplicity of metaphor.
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Perlut, Noah y Anthony Levesque. "Light-level geolocation reveals the migration route and non-breeding location of an Antillean Nighthawk (<em>Chordeiles gundlachii</em>)". Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 33 (27 de mayo de 2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55431/jco.2020.33.49-53.
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Abstract The Antillean Nighthawk’s (Chordeiles gundlachii) migration routes and non-breeding location were previously unknown. We deployed a geolocator on a female Antillean Nighthawk found breeding on the Lesser Antilles island of Guadeloupe and tracked her annual movements between 2013 and 2014. Her journey included a 2-month stopover on Isla La Tortuga, Venezuela, during southward migration, and a non-breeding season in the remote forestlands of the state of Amazonas, Brazil, approximately 2,100 km south of her breeding grounds. Her migration route was geographically similar in both the fall and spring, following a north-south trajectory, but lacked a prolonged stopover in the spring.
Keywords Amazonas, Antillean Nighthawk, Chordeiles gundlachii, geolocator, Guadeloupe, migration, non-breeding period
Resumen El uso de geolocalizadores ligeros revela la ruta migratoria y la ubicación de las áreas no reproductivas de Chordeiles gundlachii—Las rutas migratorias y las áreas no reproductivas de Chordeiles gundlachii no se conocían previamente. Utilizamos un geolocalizador en una hembra de esta especie que fue encontrada criando en la isla de Guadalupe, Antillas Menores, y monitoreamos sus movimientos anuales entre 2013 y 2014. Su viaje incluyó una parada de 2 meses en isla La Tortuga, Venezuela, durante la migración hacia el sur. Pasó la temporada no reproductiva en bosques remotos del estado de Amazonas, Brasil, aproximadamente 2.100 km al sur de sus áreas de cría. Su ruta migratoria fue geográficamente similar tanto en el otoño como en primavera, siguiendo una trayectoria norte-sur, pero carecía de una parada prolongada en la primavera.
Palabras clave Amazonas, Chordeiles gundlachii, etapa no reproductiva, geolocalizador, Guadalupe, migración
Résumé La géolocalisation révèle la route migratoire et les zones d’hivernage d’un Engoulevent piramidig (Chordeiles gundlachii) — Les routes migratoires et les zones d’hivernage de l’Engoulevent piramidig (Chordeiles gundlachii) étaient auparavant inconnues. Nous avons fixé un dispositif de géolocalisation sur une femelle d’Engoulevent piramidig qui nichait en Guadeloupe (Petites Antilles) et nous avons suivi ses déplacements annuels entre 2013 et 2014. Son voyage comprenait une halte migratoire de deux mois sur l’Isla La Tortuga, au Venezuela pendant la migration vers le sud, et une période d’hivernage dans les forêts reculées de l’État d’Amazonas, au Brésil, à environ 2100 km au sud de sa zone de nidification. Sa route migratoire, géographiquement semblable à l’automne et au printemps, suivait une trajectoire nord-sud, mais ne présentait pas de halte migratoire prolongée au printemps.
Mots clés Amazonas, Chordeiles gundlachii, Engoulevent piramidig, géolocalisation, Guadeloupe, hivernage, migration
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Cholewka, C., F. Friso y M. Politi. "L’usage des diètes en médecine traditionnelle amazonienne : implications pour une nouvelle phytothérapie". Phytothérapie 18, n.º 3-4 (30 de agosto de 2019): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2019-0181.
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La médecine traditionnelle amazonienne tout comme la naturopathie possède de grandes ressources et une grande variété de techniques de soins. Les diètes sont l’une des techniques largement utilisées en Haute-Amazonie péruvienne. Il s’agit pour le guérisseur de mettre le patient en isolement en pleine forêt avec un régime alimentaire et des normes psychocorporelles très strictes afin de lui administrer des préparations de plantes. À travers un voyage intérieur et un nettoyage physique profond, le patient libère son énergie vitale et trouve ainsi la voie de la guérison. L’expérience de la diète conduit l’être humain à retisser un lien avec la nature et les plantes, lien souvent perdu du fait d’un mode de vie urbain et matérialiste. À travers ce processus de purification, l’Homme va non seulement libérer sa force vitale autoguérisseuse, mais aussi s’ouvrir à la spiritualité et ainsi rencontrer son essence. La diète, en tant qu’instrument de guérison et de développement personnel, s’étend aujourd’hui de plus en plus aux cultures et aux contextes occidentaux. Au-delà de sa contribution à ce que l’on appelle le tourisme chamanique, la possibilité de son transfert culturel avec l’utilisation de plantes de la flore européenne est envisagée.
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Goddard, Jean-Christophe. "Idiotia branca e cosmocídio". Revista de Antropologia da UFSCar 9, n.º 2(suplemento) (20 de diciembre de 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52426/rau.v9i2(suplemento).216.
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“La chute du ciel co-écrit par le chaman yanomami Davi Kopenawa et l›ethnologue français Bruce Albert est le premier grand ouvrage d›anthropologie amérindienne des Blancs - une anthropologie qui inverse le rapport asymétrique de l›anthropologie européenne à ses informateurs et fait entendre une critique de la civilisation occidentale de la marchandise menée exclusivement du point de vue amazonien - c’est-à-dire du point de vue de la Forêt. Jean-Christophe Goddard oppose ici à la tentation d’une appropriation livresque, théorique ou spéculative, des savoirs amérindiens en contexte européen la critique radicale proférée par Davi Kopenawa à l’encontre de l’écriture et de l’épistémè coloniale du Livre dont il dénonce le caractère foncièrement xénophobe et narcissique. Au comparatisme ou au syncrétisme en vogue, il oppose La chute du ciel comme un acte de guérilla ontologique perpétré dans le monde blanc par un homme désigné par son peuple pour être son porte-parole d›abord en raison de la colère qui l›habite».
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Castro Pereira, Joana. "Brazilian Amazonian politics and policy (2019-22) and the need for transformative change". Relações Internacionais, Special Issue (2022): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23906/ri2022.sia08.
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Despite its potential to transition toward a green economy, the country became an environmental villain in recent years. The anti-environmentalist and anti-indigenist administration of President Jair Bolsonaro (2019–22) partly dismantled environmental governance. The Amazon and its more-than-human populations were severely hit by Bolsonaro’s predatory agenda, which supported and legitimized the interests of the anti- -conservationist forces within economic sectors such as agribusiness and mining, and fueled organized crime and violence in the region. This paper provides an overview and analysis of Amazonian politics and policy during this period, and discusses the importance of, and possibilities for, a transformative approach to the governance of the region.
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Pôssa, Évelyn Márcia, Fábio Furlan Gama, João Roberto dos Santos, José Cláudio Mura y Polyanna da Conceição Bispo. "Análise de uso e cobertura da terra na região do tapajós, Amazônia central, a partir de dado polarimétrico PALSAR/ALOS-1 e coerência interferométrica TanDEM-X". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 11, n.º 6 (2018): 2094–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v11.6.p2094-2108.
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Martin-Granel, Nicolas. "Saudades : le Brésil de Sony Labou Tansi". Études littéraires africaines, n.º 43 (25 de agosto de 2017): 105–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040920ar.
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Dans sa trajectoire géopoétique, Sony Labou Tansi a donné au Brésil une place cruciale, à la croisée de sa posture (sa « gueule ») de riposte au « dialogue Nord-Sourd », des réalités de son « ventre » tropical, et de ses rêves d’espace hétérotopique. Ce tropisme brésilien emprunte le « mot de passe » emblématique de saudades à la correspondance que Sony échange avec Sonia (d’Almeida) à la suite de leur rencontre à Lomé en avril1982. La même année, à Paris, Sony fait une seconde rencontre décisive, avec le poète Thiago de Mello dont il fera son « père » amazonien, après avoir découvert en Sonia une « soeur » brésilienne. En remontant le cours des saudades, le Brésil, si proche par sa littérature, sa forêt et son fleuve luxuriants, lui apparaît comme le vrai pays « de rechange », qui vient (re)prendre la place du Royaume Kongo. Renouant avec ces premières visions, les lettres à Sonia, les poèmes à Thiago et le dernier roman posthume cherchent à reconnecter « les géographies de la peur », à défaut de combler le trou de l’Histoire.
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Arruda, Rafael, Domingos J. Rodrigues y Thiago J. Izzo. "Rapid assessment of fruit-color selection by birds using artificial fruits at local scale in Central Amazonia". Acta Amazonica 38, n.º 2 (2008): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672008000200011.
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Modeling clays have been used in several ecological experiments and have proved to be an important tool to variables control. The objective of our study was to determine if fruit color in isolated and grouped displays influences the fruit selection by birds in the field using artificial fruits. Data were collected in six plots distributed homogeneously in 3 km long trails with a minimum distance of 0.5 km. We used a paired experimental design to establish our experiments, so that all treatments were available to the local bird community in each plot. Overall, red was more pecked than brown and white. Isolated red and brown displays were significantly more pecked than others display. Even though our study was conducted in small spatial scales, artificial fruits appeared to be efficient in register fruit consumption attempts by bird. Although inconclusive about selective forces that sharp the dynamics of fruit color polymorphisms and choice by frugivorous birds, our findings corroborate recent studies wherein birds showed preferences by high- over low-contrast fruit signals.
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Villevieille, Lia. "Votos". Magic, Vol. 5, no. 1 (2020): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m8.037.1.pro.
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An ex-voto is a votive offering to invisible forces, mainly given in fulfilment of a vow after being healed. It often takes form in the mold of the wounded member, a print that has been directly in contact with the body of the helped. This cyanotype was made with a radiography of my sick lungs, and plants I found dead in an exploited forest. In this photograph, I link the wounded wilderness – the French call forests “Earth lungs” – with my wounded lungs. Since Magic involves using analogies to weave links between a representation and its object in order to affect it, what kind of magic system is invoked when we summon action with contact prints? I tied this photograph to the terrible arsons devastating Amazonia, and more recently Australia, echoing with the disastrous impacts of global changes on the fragile balance of Earth life.
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Castro Pereira, Joana. "As políticas amazónicas do Brasil (2019-2022) e a necessidade de uma mudança transformadora". Relações Internacionais 76 (diciembre de 2022): 005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23906/ri2022.76a01.
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Despite its potential to transition toward a green economy, the country became an environmental villain in recent years. The anti-environmentalist and anti-indigenist administration of President Jair Bolsonaro (2019-2022) partly dismantled environmental governance. The Amazon and its more-than-human populations were severely hit by Bolsonaro’s predatory agenda, which supported and legitimized the interests of the anti-conservationist forces within economic sectors such as agribusiness and mining, and fueled organized crime and violence in the region. This paper provides an overview and analysis of Amazonian politics and policy during this period, and discusses the importance of, and possibilities for, a transformative approach to the governance of the region.
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Guerreiro, Ketiane. "Crime and Armed Groups in the International and Legal Amazon". Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 20, Special Edition (2021): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2021.2.ksz.8.
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Transnational illicit activities, in addition to the unbridled greed for mineral resources, strongly impact Amazonian territories extending from the Orinoco Mining Arc in Venezuela to northern Brazil, aggravating problems of environmental impacts and border security, due to groups of the armed forces that protect mineral explorers. In Venezuela, megabandas joined the political elite that controls gold mining, as well as members of the Colombian Armed Forces (FARC) and armed military groups representing institutionalised violence, placing Venezuela in second place for murder among South American countries in 2020, with a rate of 45.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. In turn, Brazil reached ninth place, with 19.3 per 100,000 inhabitants. Violent deaths in the North and Northeast regions increased up to a great extent due to clashes between the Red Command and Northern Family factions against the largest group, the First Command of the Capital (PCC), which has more and more Venezuelan members, modifying the criminal modus operandi on the Brazil–Venezuela border. Therefore, Security and Border Defence Plans are indispensable.
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Colpron, Anne-Marie. "Cosmologies chamaniques et utilisation de psychotropes parmi les Shipibo-Conibo de l’Amazonie occidentale". Drogues, santé et société 8, n.º 1 (21 de enero de 2010): 57–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038916ar.
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Résumé L’idée de soigner par l’intermédiaire d’un psychotrope semble, pour un observateur occidental, inconcevable. Cette pratique s’observe néanmoins auprès de la population indigène shipibo-conibo en Amazonie occidentale et s’explique par leur cosmologie particulière. Ainsi, la plupart des entités du milieu (arbres, cours d’eau, astres) sont considérées comme des microcosmes, abritant des populations singulières aux connaissances spécifiques, comme la faculté de guérir. Dans un passé mythique, les Shipibo-Conibo pouvaient interagir avec ces êtres et bénéficier de leurs expertises, mais de nos jours, ils n’arrivent qu’à les entrevoir, notamment lors de rêves. Seuls les chamanes savent comment provoquer ces rencontres par l’ingestion d’une liane hallucinogène (ayahuasca) lors de contextes rituels : ce psychotrope étant jugé dangereux, son usage fait l’objet d’une initiation et de prescriptions strictes. Véhicule privilégié dans les médiations chamaniques, l’ayahuasca permet d’actualiser les alliances avec les êtres de la forêt, et par leur entremise, les chamanes peuvent alors répondre aux besoins des membres de leur communauté. En détaillant les discours de chamanes shipibo-conibo, leur apprentissage et leurs pratiques chamaniques, cet article expose une utilisation pratique et régulée de psychotrope en contexte indigène et démontre comment les Shipibo-Conibo ne considèrent pas le chamanisme comme une pratique ésotérique marginale – idée courante en Occident – mais plutôt comme une institution en continuité avec un ensemble de pratiques sociales.
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Webb, S. David y Alceu Rancy. "Late cenozoic land mammals and interamerican environments". Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008662.
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Because Late Cenozoic land life in the Americas is best represented in temperate latitudes, it has long been standard practice for paleontologists to infer the history of the Great American Interchange from the classic mammalian sequences in western United States and in Argentina. In this record it is also clear that interchange genera in South America (ultimately of northern origin) make up about half of the modern land-mammal fauna, in contrast with a very limited success on the part of the reciprocal cohort of interchange genera.On the other hand, tropical biologists at least since the days of A. R. Wallace have known that the Amazon Basin was a very rich center of tropical diversity and that this Neotropical richness had spread northward at least to the latitude of Oaxaca and Veracruz in Mexico. Thus, mammalian paleontologists claim a victory for north temperate forces spreading south, whereas much of the modern biota seems to register a countervailing victory for south tropical forces spreading north.Current paleontological research in tropical latitudes, especially in the western Amazon Basin, indicates the manner in which these two different views of interamerican biotic movements can be reconciled. In effect both views are true, because they represent alternating modes of interamerican interchange. Perhaps simplistically, we recognize a “glacial arid phase” and an “interglacial humid phase”. During the former phases savanna habitats predominated even at tropical latitudes, as the western Amazonian records of the late Pleistocene strongly indicate. Because the source area in the temperate north was six times as large as that in the south, the great success of northern land mammal groups is explained. On the other hand, during interglacial humid phases, the principal biotic movement was from the vast Amazonian rainforest reservoir through the tropical latitudes of Mesoamerica. We review some of the new evidence of land mammals from tropical America in the late Pleistocene.
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Zanotti, Laura. "Political ecology of movement: trekking and territoriality among the Kayapó". Journal of Political Ecology 21, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2014): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v21i1.21127.
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One key strand of political ecology inquiry draws attention to different scalar aspects of territorial control and environmental governance, especially as they relate to inequity, power, and marginality in the rural South. Simultaneously, in the past several decades scholars have argued for a more meaningful engagement with space and place, as global forces of capitalism and geographies of difference make and unmake places in surprising and often violent ways. In this article, I interweave political ecology and anthropology of space and place approaches to territorial practices in the Brazilian Amazon to demonstrate how multiscalar politics of territorial retention and use are layered alongside local, spatial practices. In the Brazilian Amazon, indigenous rights are closely linked to the territorial demarcation and protection of federally defined Indigenous Lands. To that end, a general pattern has been observed across Amazonia that colonization and state-making agendas regarding territorial control have coincided to an increased sedentism of indigenous peoples. This narrative elides the present and ongoing importance local ideas about territories and place have for indigenous communities. Ethnographic data from research with the Kayapó, an indigenous group in Brazil, is presented to draw attention to the complexities of the local responses to the past several decades of change that have resulted in a federally defined territorial homeland and shifting spatial practices within those lands. The Kayapó response is a particularly well-suited case study for this type of analysis, as the tribe is known ethnographically for their fissioning and trekking patterns. I show that movement, mobility, and travel still figure into everyday practices in meaningful ways. While far from homogenous, movement through the landscape is part of responding to current demands to their ways of life. I also argue that travel also affirms the Kayapó notions of knowing (kukradjà), beauty (mê), and strength (tycht).Keywords: political ecology, Amazonia, travel, territoriality, space and place
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AC, Sampedro. "Use of Habitat and Activity Patterns of Pionus menstruus and Amazona farinosa (Aves: Psitacidae) in a Tropical Dry Forest in Toluviejo, Sucre, Colombia". International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 3, n.º 1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000209.
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To determine the use of the habitat and the patterns of daily activity of two species of psittacids, present in a tropical dry forest in a town in the Montes de María, we make direct observations through point counts, advantageous points and intensive search, in 24 samplings between March and July 2017, between 05:30 and 18:30 hrs. We recorded 421 individuals of Pionus menstruus in 148 sightings and 517 of farmed Amazona in 235 sightings. The largest number of individuals of Pionus menstruus appears in April and May, while the largest number of individuals of Amazona farinosa was observed in July (X = 48.26, p <0.001, 4 df ). The proportion of sightings of these species in zones I and II was similar, but in zone III the number of individuals sighted by A. farinos a was much higher than that of P.menstruus (X2 = 44.718, p <0.001, 2 df ). Both species showed greater activity between 0600 and 0700 and between 1600 and 1800, corresponding to lower values of temperature, wind speed and light intensity than those registered at noon. Most of the sightings occurred during flight for both species. To feed, perch, groom and converse, the parrots used 13 species of trees; among them, Amazona farinosa used 11 to perform three or four activities and Pionus menstruus only used six species to perform three of the activities we observed. The frequency of sighted parrots is related to the availability of ecosystem resources, without any evidence of competition between species.