Tesis sobre el tema "Forêts – Amazonie"
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Courtois, Elodie. "Le parfum de la défense des plantes en forêt amazonienne". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1074/.
Texto completoThe main objective of this PhD was to study several aspects of the ecology and evolution of defensive traits in tropical tree species. In a first part of this PhD, I highlighted the importance of Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs in the defense of tropical trees by studying intra and interspecific differences in the mixture of compounds. Future studies focused on these compounds should help improve our understanding of their ecological and evolutionary importance in plant-herbivore interactions. In a second part, I studied leaf functional traits linked to defense and photosynthesis in tropical sapling and tree communities and showed that adult trees tend to possess tougher and denser leaves with a higher nitrogen and phosphorous content
Koutika, Lydie-Stella. "Dynamique de la matière organique en relation avec les propriétés chimiques et structurales des sols dans une chonoséquence forêt-prairies de graminées en Amazonie orientale (état de Para)". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10359.
Texto completoOliveira, Elisiana Pereira de. "Le peuplement des Collemboles édaphiques en Amazonie brésilienne : systématique, biogéographie et écologie". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30209.
Texto completoOliveira, Barros Maria Eleusa de. "Effet de la macrofaune sur la structure et les processus physiques du sol de paturages dégradés d' Amazonie". Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066378.
Texto completoHasan, Ali Fadhil. "Évaluation de la dégradation des forêts primaires par télédétection dans un espace de front pionnier consolidé d’Amazonie orientale (Paragominas)". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3002/document.
Texto completoThe forest degradation is a change of the structure and the composition of flora and fauna, which leads to a loss of biodiversity, of production of goods and services and an increased vulnerability to weather hazards and fires. This process concerns large areas in the tropics, particularly in agricultural frontier where primary forest is subject to timber extraction, fire and fragmentation. Remote sensing is used to assess the magnitude and the extent of forest degradation. However, the methodologies available are still insufficient. The scientific challenge is to develop methods adapted to large areas to analyze the effect of different disturbances on the trajectories followed by the forest cover. It is also to identify different intensities of degradation following disturbances events. This is a prerequisite for defining and implementing appropriate management plans. The first axis of this work aims to map annually the extent of the disturbances, to identify the main types of disturbances and to characterize the restoration trajectory of the photosynthetic activity. This work is based on time series of Landsat images processed using CLASlite software. The aggregation of the annual coverages resulting from treatments with CLASlite also made it possible to constitute an indicator of degradation resulting from the accumulation of disturbance processes over several years. The second axis aims to evaluate the evolution of the forest sensitivity to drought as a function of its degradation and to build a degradation indicator. The approach uses MODIS images and TRMM precipitation data. This work is implemented in the municipality of Paragominas (state of Pará, Brazil)
Tsayem-Demaze, Moïse. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation tropicale par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil". Orléans, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Texto completoThis thesis presents a multi-sensor investigation of deforestation due to agricultural clearings and their spatial evolution in Amazonian forests. The methodology we used comprises two main stages. The first consists in characterizing clearing patterns (abattis in French Guiana and pioneers fronts in Brazil) on optical images (NOAA AVHRR, Spot 4 VEGETATION, Landsat TM, Spot XS, aerial photographs) and radar data (JERS, ERS). The second step deals with data processing in order to highlight the spatial evolution of clearings and explain land use dynamics. These two steps lead to the development of a remote sensing-based strategy for the monitoring and the management of Amazonian forest. This strategy is divided into monitoring levels corresponding to sensors characteristics and clearings extension
Marichal, Raphaël. "Impact de la déforestation sur les communautés de macrofaune et de vers de terre en Amazonie : relation avec les services écosystémiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066723.
Texto completoOlivier, Jean. "Etude spatio-temporelle de la distribution de bambous dans le Sud-ouest amazonien (sud Pérou) histoire, dynamique et futur d'une végétation “monodominante” en forêt tropicale humide". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30252.
Texto completoNatural regeneration in tropical forests is a multistage process including seed production, dispersal, germination and subsequent seedling establishment. All these stages may have critical consequences in population dynamics and on species coexistence. We assessed many aspects of seedling regeneration at the Nouragues Station in French Guiana. We monitored seed arrival over a 5-years period. We monitored seedling community dynamics over 28 months. We developed a new approach in order to identify reproductive strategies among 48 tree and liana species. We found that the plant community showed an important variability in seed production. Most species fruited yearly, but as many as a quarter of the studied species showed a masting pattern, a phenomenon very poorly studied in tropical latitudes. The vast array of reproductive and germination strategies displayed by plants results in important temporal pulses in seedling recruitment. We thus assessed the importance of these sources of temporal variability and of spatial environmental heterogeneity in seedling community dynamics. Annual variation in seedfall and environmental filtering both contributed to explaining spatiotemporal variation in local seedling density and diversity. Finally, we showed for 15 seedling taxa that abundance patterns are mainly controlled by seed arrival. .
Extensas áreas en sur-oeste amazónico son ocupadas por bosques mododominantes de bambú. Estas formaciones vegetales, tan particulares, han despertado el interés de los científicos en las ultimas décadas. Sin embargo su dinámica es aun en día mal conocida. Una vegetación tan poca diversificada aparece extraña dentro de un medio ambiente caracterizado por su gran diversidad biológica. Para explicar esta vegetación varias hipótesis han sido formuladas sugiriendo un origen antropogénico o climático. Mi investigación se focalizo primero en los orígenes de estas formaciones vegetales, utilizando técnicas paleobotánicas e históricas (archivos, percepción remota diacrónica). Luego, el contexto geográfico y ambiental de estas formaciones vegetales fue estudiado mediante un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). La diversidad taxonómica de los bambúes encontrados fue descrita, y parcelas temporales permitieron un censo durante tres años seguidos de la dinámica de vegetación de parches de Guadua weberbaueri Pilg. Finalmente, monitoreamos eventos de floración monocarpica y de regeneración observados en el campo. Este estudio demuestra que los bambúes estaban presentes por lo menos 45 790 años BP en la región del estudio y que su distribución espacial podría corresponder a las partes más elevadas de la topografía dentro de la cuenca amazónica. El inventario botánico resalta una diversidad importante de los bambúes (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) perteneciendo a tres géneros (Guadua Kunth, Elytrostachys McClure, Merostachys Sprengel), con taxones no alistados aun para esta parte de la cuenca amazónica(Guadua sp. , Elytrostachys cf. Typica). Además G. Weberbaueri muestra una estabilidad vegetativa remarcable opuesta a lo que predicen varias hipótesis publicadas. Este taxón muestra también una floración sincronizada entre todos los parches de una misma área siguiendo un ritmo de varios días nunca descrito hasta ahora. Finalmente, la cartografía de la ocupación del suelo muestra una densidad de rizomas más importante de lo que deja suponer la distribución de los culmos. Todos estos datos permiten una evaluación de la dinámica de estos bosques monodominantes a bambú, quizás presentes en el suroeste amazónico desde mucho tiempo (escalas geológicas?). Para el futuro predecimos la persistencia de esta vegetación en un clima estable o más húmedo, cuando un clima más seco podría producir la regresión de estos tipos de bosques de bambú. De manera general, nuestros resultados representen una contribución al mejor conocimiento de la biodiversidad de la cuenca Amazónica
Debortoli, Nathan Dos Santos. "Régime des pluies et déforestation en Amazonie Méridionale". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20037/document.
Texto completo207 Rain Gauges (RG) of the Brazilian National Agency for Water (ANA) were analyzed using statistical non-parametrical tests. The Pettitt’s test identified ruptures in the chronological rainfall series, while the Mann-Kendall’s test detected annual and seasonal tendencies in rainfall indexes and a linear regression analysis identified slight gain or loss in precipitation. Pettitt’s test indicated 16% of ruptures in the chronological rainfall series at the same time as Mann-Kendall’s monthly test put in evidence 41% of the RG having negative trends in transition seasons (onset and offset of the rainy season). Lastly the linear regression analysis showed 63% of data having negative trends. Additionally the dates of onset and offset of the rainy season were identified and its results submitted to Mann-Kendall’s and the linear regression approach. The data suggests strong contrasts between the Southern Amazon and the Northern Cerrado showing a delay on the onset of the rainy season for 84% of the RG, a premature offset for 76% and a reduction in the rainfall seasonal extend for 88%. An exponential ordinary kriging analysis of RG in deforested areas also revealed major chances of deforestation areas working as an adjuvant in the weakening of the rainy season- especially in highly deforested areas of the Mato Grosso State and the northern Rondônia. Aiming to build a tool to detect interactions between land surface and rainfall patterns the207 RG were correlated through a buffer zones analysis with land use data acquired from satellite LANDSAT 5. The time frame previously selected was divided into three periods of forest cover (before 1997, between 1997-2010 and acumulated for 2010). The cross-related buffer zones analysis (1-50km) indicated at local level that precipitation patterns are not well correlated to forest cover. Yet the buffer zones methodology suggested that as larger the forest areas are, larger are the probabilities of those influencing precipitation at regional scale, contrary to forest fragments in local level. Despite the climatic data in the buffer analyzes do not reveal significant correlation to forest cover, the statistic Pettit and Mann-Kendall tests, the linear regression analyzes and the identification of the rainy season, confirmed a fine linkage with recent findings which focus large-scale circulation models including forest cover as a variable
Este estudo analisou 207 estações pluviométricas da Agência Nacional das Águas (ANA) no Sul da Amazônia e no Cerrado no período de 1970-2010, utiizando-se dos testes estatísticos não-paramétricos de Pettitt que identifica rupturas nas séries cronológicas pluviométricas, o teste de Mann-Kendall que detecta tendências anuais e sazonais dos índices pluviométricos, e uma análise de regressão linear que identifica tendências sutis de acréscimo ou decréscimo nas precipitações. O teste de Pettitt indicou um total de 16% de rupturas nas séries cronológicas de chuva enquanto que o teste sazonal/mensal de Mann-Kendall coloca em evidência que 41% das estações apresentam tendências negativas principalmente nas estações de transição (início e fim da estação chuvosa). Já a análise de regressão linear indicou que 63% dos dados apresentam tendências negativas nas precipitações. Como complemento também foram identificadas as datas do início e fim da estação chuvosa. Esta se deu por meio da adaptação de método estatístico atrelado às análise de tendências de Mann-Kendall e de regressão linear. Os resultados sugerem fortes contrastes entre o Sul Amazônico e o Cerrado. Esta análise cronológica do período chuvoso indicou o atraso significativo no início da estação chuvosa para 84% das estações, e um fim prematuro em 76%, além da redução do período em 88% dos casos. Por fim, foi desenvolvido,examinado e verificado a correlação de dados climáticos e cobertura do solo através da análise climática oriunda da regressão linear, e da classificação do uso da terra adquiridos do satélite LANDSAT 5 a partir de uma perspectiva temporal. A correlação dos dados delimitados por zonas tampão de 1-50km e divididos em 3 períodos cronológicos anteriores a 1997, entre 1997-2010 e o acumulado de 2010 contemplam o total de floresta. As análises indicam que os padrões de precipitação local não são correlacionados diretamente a cobertura florestal. No entanto, a metodologia de zonas tampão sugere que quanto maiores as áreas de floresta, maiores são as probabilidades destas influenciarem as precipitações, ao contrário de pequenos fragmentos florestais como indicado nos resultados das correlações até 50km. Apesar dos dados climáticos não mostrarem correlação significativa com os dados da cobertura florestal, as análises dos testes de Pettit, Mann-Kendall, regressão linear e de identificação do período chuvoso vão em direção de descobertas recentes com foco nos modelos de circulação em larga-escala, que incluem a cobertura florestal como variável
Araujo, Vieira de Andrade Terence Keller. "La mise en tourisme dans la Haute Amazonie brésilienne. Une approche géographique". Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030169.
Texto completoThe thesis that we propose starts from the idea that questioning of the spatial dimension of tourism would be a way to understanding the transformations of the geographical places and societies that surround them. Concentrating the focus on the upper Brazilian Amazon, reveals us one of the most diversified, complex and attractive biome for the human curiosity, and which is also the region with the least touristic flows of Brazil. This paradox forces us to analyze this part of the globe for its specificities, but as it is also a part of a whole, we are led to adopt a systematic approach of the tourism. Our goal will be to analyze interactions between different actors of the upper Brazilian Amazon and it creates touristic places. Thus, two major questionings will be the guideline to follow throughout our reasoning. Firstly, how did the Amazonian places become touristic over the time? and secondly, how the actions of the actors stimulate the transformation of the Amazonian touristic places? This is the reason why we propose an empirical and pragmatic reading of the tourist phenomenon based on different geographical scales. Changing the distance and the angle of the observation will be the method used to confront the various representations of the actors around the tourism development. The multiple view on the intentions of the local populations, travelers' flows, as well as those led by the politics and economics actors, makes us think about the geographical specificities: the organization of an unstructured space, with lower population density, but with a strong presence of social and environmental resources and in the process of integration into a world tourist space
Tardy, Christophe. "Paléoincendies naturels, feux anthropiques et environnements forestiers de Guyane française du tardiglaciaire à l'Holocène récent : approches chronologique et anthracologique". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20275.
Texto completoLamotte, Sandrine. "Essai d'interprétation dynamique des végétations en milieu tropical inondable : la plaine alluviale de Haute Amazonie". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20201.
Texto completoSantana, Viviane Lucia. "La contribution du pouvoir des ONG Européennes au développement durable dans l'Amazonie brésilienne". Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0042.
Texto completoAs part of this thesis in Sociology, this presents a study on the social and environmental context of Brazilian Amazon, by taking as a problematic the participation of the social fields in the process of sustainable development in this region of Brazil. The research has also highlighted the importance of the Environment Sociology for the study of contemporary issues such as those concerning the society and the relationship with the environment. This dimension of the man and the nature is strong in this region that is still considered as an exotic place by the presence of its tropical forest, wich became a symbol of the international environmentalist cause. Nevertheless, the chapter of the thesis also introduce the major problems wich exist in the social context of the Brazilian Amazon. The NGOs field also participates with the power relations that are established around this emerging theme of the sustainable development to the Brazilian Amazon, by some social factors wich are relevant to be approached, such as : its interaction with local actors and the presence of its symbolic power that can legitimize its actions. The case studies present the interaction between social actors for some projects and actions for sustainable development in the Amazon
Piponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)". Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Texto completoHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Batista, França Carreire Mabiane. "Estimativas de biomassa, do índice de área foliar e aplicação do sensoriamento remoto no monitoramento no estudo da cobertura vegetal em áreas de florestas ombrófila aberta e densa na Amazônia". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462098.
Texto completoTemgoua, André Guy Tranquille. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrique d'une forêt amazonienne brésilienne à l'échelle d'un versant". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27334/27334.pdf.
Texto completoGreissing, Anna. "La region du Jari, un laboratoire en Amazonie. Entre conservation et developpement". Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030042/document.
Texto completoThis thesis studies the components and phases of the socioeconomic and territorial evolution of the Jari river region, located at the north of the Brazilian Amazon, by identifying its different transformation processes and contemporary spatial structures. Longtime left aloof from national population and development dynamics, the region experiences a two-step economic and social evolution in the XX century: A first occupation, at the beginning of the century, that was conditioned by the exploitation of natural resources (rubber, Brazil nut) and led to the establishment of a "latifundium" covering about 2 million ha; and a second, more important occupation at the end of 1960ies by the an American businessman and multimillionaire D.K. Ludwig. The initiation, by the latter, of a huge agro-industrial enterprise, the "Jari project", aiming at a large-scale production of cellulose, lead to the construction of first urban infrastructures and industrial facilities in a region until then covered with intact primary forest. The socio-cultural, economical and political development of the Jari River region has since been intrinsically linked to the evolution of the Jari project. The project itself, which is still active in the region, has itself known significant change since its building up in 1967: strongly criticized during the 1970ies and 1980ies due to the lack of economic viability of its agro-industrial activities, as well as its ecological impact and its waste of human resources, the project of the XXI century, revived by a new management (Orsa), presents itself as an innovative, lucrative and certified firm, henceforth conscious of its social and environmental responsibility and thus of its pioneer role for the socioeconomic development of the Jari River region where it operates. The territorial strategies developed in this context by the company, which are embedded in a discourse of social and environmental corporate responsibility, have indeed permitted the company not only to establish itself on the national and international pulp market, but also to mitigate the long-standing land conflict between the Jari firm, the government and the local populations, who had been partly displaced from their lands by the transformation of huge parts of the rainforest into eucalyptus plantations. The creation of a firm-interne social Foundation in 2000, commissioned to carry into action small socioeconomic projects in the region, has also allowed to accelerate a process of territorial integration, aiming at including the local communities and political actors into the management of the region and its use of its natural resources, until then monopolized by the company. Not yet fully achieved, this process of territorial integration constitutes today a solid basis for a sustainable transformation of the region in the future, from the old "enclave" of the American into an integrated region whose potential is commonly shared by its habitants
Nicolle, Sandra. "Les espaces naturels protégés en forêt amazonienne. des doctrines de gestion aux dispositifs : quelle efficacité pour la protection de l’environnement ? : étude comparative France (Guyane) / Brésil (Amapa)". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0744/document.
Texto completoNowadays, natural protected areas are one of the main public policies implemented at the international level in order to prevent the destruction of ecosystems. During the last decades, they became very numerous, and mobilized more and more diversified modes of action. However, natural ecosystems continue to deteriorate, and the effectiveness of protected areas is often questioned. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the factors influencing the effectiveness of protected areas in a context of Amazonian ecosystems that are still well preserved. We observed the implementation of environmental management arrangement (protected areas) that are based on various doctrines: (i) the strong limitation of all harmful human activities through legislation; (ii) the management of resources by local or traditional populations; and (iii) the implementation of sustainable forest management on public lands. We adopted a comparative approach between Guyana (France) and Amapá (Brazil), territories that share a common border, mainly identifiable by the Oyapock River. These two territories present quite similar ecological and geographical conditions, and both have an exceptional coverage of protected areas. Therefore this international comparison allowed us to observe the influence of the historical and socio-political context on the implementation of protected areas. We used a constructivist approach, mainly based on qualitative data (semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation...). We effected a critical deconstruction of "protected areas" management arrangements in order to make their environmental objectives intelligible, and we analysed the environmental effectiveness of the strategies implemented. This analysis was based on a diachronic and multiscalar lecture of management processes. We show that the establishment of protected areas in Guiana and Amapá was led by coalitions of actors structured around management doctrines, i.e. shared conceptions of "good environmental management". Management arrangements created inherited the strategic resources of action and the legitimacy of these coalitions. In Amapá, coalitions were strongly articulated with wider social and environmental movements of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the case of socio-environmental claims rising at the end of the dictatorship. In French Guiana, the natural protected areas are mainly the result of compromise between the French willingness to serve as an example in the Amazon region, and the minimisation of conflicts with local politicians
Herrera, Sarmiento Enrique. "Multiculturalisme et ethnicité en Amazonie bolivienne : la gestion publique des différences ethniques et l'invention des indiens Tacana". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030119.
Texto completoThis thesis studies the rise of the Tacana, an indigenous group formed in Bolivian Amazonia two decades ago, when different State reforms aimed at constructing a citizenship model based on respect for ethnic diversity. The emergence of the Tacana is a contemporary phenomenon involving part of the descendants of those groups who arrived in the region during the late 19th Century coming from different parts of the country. These people formed the labor force for a forest extraction system which initially exploited rubber but later extended its activities to other forest resources. Against this background, the situation has been analyzed in this study interms of the interactions between the forest laborers and the business management that controls the local economy. The thesis explores how, in this ethnic conversion process, forest laborers have used the “Tacana” identity to achieve visibility as well as benefit from the ethnic State reforms. The study shows how these laborers sought to justify their differential existence formally through census registrations made by State institutions which were backed up by international institutions involved in the defense of Indigenous Rights. The particularity of this process is also examined from the point of view of collective action undertaken by the new ethnic group to become the legal owners of a collective indigenous land –the primary factor that explains why they chose to become ethnic subjects. Our investigation shows that State policies that seek to manage ethnic differences are not triggered by social demands; rather, this sort of demand is a direct consequence of policy application
Maréchaux, Isabelle. "Individual-based modelling of tropical forests : role of biodiversity and responses to drought". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30244/document.
Texto completoA great part of uncertainties in our current understanding and projections of the carbon cycle lies in the vegetation compartment. The problem of biodiversity representation in vegetation models has long been an impediment to a detailed understanding of ecosystem processes. The high biodiversity of tropical forests, their disproportionate role in global biogeochemical cycles, together with their vulnerability to direct and indirect anthropogenic perturbations, amplify the relevance of this research challenge. In particular, the predicted increase in drought intensity and frequency in the tropics may impact forest structure and composition, as already observed in natural and artificial experiments. This thesis explores how new advances in modelling and ecophysiology should help improve our understanding of these processes in the future. In the first chapter, I describe an individual-based and spatially-explicit forest growth simulator, TROLL, that integrates recent advances in plant physiology. Processes are linked to species-specific functional traits parameterized for an Amazonian tropical rainforest. This model is used to simulate a forest regeneration, which is validated against observations in French Guiana. Model sensitivity is assessed for a number of key global parameters. Finally, we test the influence of varying the species richness and composition on ecosystem properties. Tropical forest response to drought is not well understood, and this hampers attempts to model these processes. In chapters 2 to 5 I aimed at documenting drought-tolerance and its diversity in an Amazonian forest. A rapid method of determination of a leaf drought tolerance trait, the leaf water potential at turgor loss point (ptlp), was validated and applied to a range of plant species. We established the first community-wide assessment of drought tolerance in an Amazonian forest. These results inform on the drivers and determinants of leaf drought tolerance, across tree species and lianas, tree size, successional stages, light exposition, and seasons. Variability in ptlp among species indicates the potential for a range of species responses to drought within Amazonian forest communities. This is further confirmed by direct monitoring of whole-plant water use on diverse canopy trees during a marked dry season. Finally, I discuss the implications of these results to increase the dialogue between the vegetation modeling community and ecology, to enhance model's predictive ability, and to inform policy choices
Pereira, Andréa Franco. "Applications des connaissances issues du développement durable, de l'environnement et de la systémique, au design industriel de produits dans une approche de "macroconception"". Compiègne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001COMP1344.
Texto completoTra, Bi Zamblé Mathieu. "Polyphonie sur les médias socionumériques : le cas des interactions sur YouTube à propos des feux de forêt d’Amazonie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCC002.
Texto completoThis study examines polyphonic enunciation in online writings, focusing on that which arises from and is induced by interactions on YouTube during the Amazon rainforest wildfires. After presenting the context and the concepts and theories related to polyphony, it proposes a methodological framework for analyzing polyphony that first captures the role of techno-semiotic, socio-economic, and psychosociological aspects of YouTube in polyphony, and then interrogates this polyphony at the level of other media actors mentioned from YouTube. This allows us to identify consistencies and changes in polyphonic configurations during our observation period and to show how these polyphonic configurations during the Amazon rainforest wildfires could be influenced by exogenous contextual variables. We also observe power dynamics when this polyphony is used as a strategy by various media actors involved in the social controversy surrounding the Amazon rainforest wildfires. This study complements previous research on editorial enunciation in screen writings by considering polyphony at both the network actors’ level and the argumentation level
Yao, Yitong. "Impacts of drought on biomass and carbon fluxes in the Amazon rainforest : a modeling approach". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ010.
Texto completoDroughts have recurrently impacted the Amazon rainforests, undermining the forest biomass carbon sink capacity due to a quicker increase of biomass mortality compared to growth. Most global land surface models used for assessments of the Global Carbon Budget and future climate projections have not incorporated drought-induced tree mortality. Their prediction of biomass dynamics are therefore subject to large uncertainties, as a result of (1) lack of explicit simulation of hydraulic transportin the continuum from soil to leaves; (2) lack of process-based equations connecting the impairment of the hydraulic transport system of trees to mortality; (3) lack of representation of mortality across trees sizes. To address these critical research gaps, I improved plant hydraulic representation in ORCHIDEECAN. This model was re-calibrated and evaluated over rainforests in Amazon basin, and applied to simulate the future evolution of biomass dynamics facing droughts. Firstly, I implemented a mechanistic hydraulic architecture that was designed by E. Joetzjer, and a hydraulic-failure related tree mortality module that I designed into ORCHIDEE-CAN. The model was calibrated against the world’s longest running drought manipulation experiment of Caxiuana in the eastern Amazon. Our model produced comparable annual tree mortality rates than the observation andcaptured biomass dynamics. This work provides a basis for further research in assimilating experimental observation data to parameterize the hydraulic failure induced tree mortality. Secondly, I applied ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA over the Amazon intact rainforest. The model reproduced the drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed atnetworks of forest inventory plots across Amazon intact forests for the two recent mega-droughts of 2005 and 2010. We predicted a more negative sensitivity of the net biomass carbon sink to water deficits for the recent 2015/16 El Nino, which was the most severe drought in the historical record. In the model, even if climate change with droughts becoming more severe tended to intensify tree mortality, increased CO2 concentration contributed to attenuate the C loss due to mortality by suppressing transpiration.Lastly, I used the ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA model for future simulations of biomass carbondynamics. Most climate models (ISIMIP2 program) consistently predict a drier trend in northeastern Amazon. The simulation forced by the HadGEM climate model in the RCP8.5 scenario shows the most pronounced drying in eastern and northeastern Amazon, with a cross-over point at which the carbon sink turned to a carbon source in the Guiana Shield and East-central Amazon in the middle of the 21st century. This study sheds light on predicting the future evolution of Amazon rainforest biomass dynamics with an improved process-based model able to reproduce climate-change induced mortality.In the conclusion and outlook sections, future developments and research priorities are proposed, which would improve the reliability and performances of the process-based model presented in this dissertation, allowing to better capture mechanisms that control the evolution of forest biomass dynamics in the face of more frequent drought risks
Cornu, Sophie. "Cycles biogéochimiques du silicium, du fer et de l'aluminium en forêt amazonienne". Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30069.
Texto completoMontero, Terrazas Juan Carlos [Verfasser] y Albert [Akademischer Betreuer] Reif. "Floristic variation of the Igapó Forests along the Negro River, Central Amazonia = Floristische Variation der Igapó Wälder entlang des Rio Negro, Zentral Amazonien". Freiburg : Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1122592426/34.
Texto completoAyres, José Márcio Corrêa. "Uakaris and Amazonian flooded forest". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250887.
Texto completoMcManus, Erin Michael. "Primary succession of lianas in an Amazonian floodplain forest /". Electronic thesis, 2003. http://etd.wfu.edu/theses/available/etd-11292003-151813/.
Texto completoVieira, Ima Celia Guimaraes. "Forest succession after shifting cultivation in eastern Amazonia". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26668.
Texto completoOighenstein, Anderson Liana. "Multitemporal analysis of evergreen forest dynamics in Amazonia". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534294.
Texto completoBarroso, Mônica Mazzer. "Waves in the forest : radio communication and forest livelihoods in Brazilian Amazonia". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436117.
Texto completoÉloy, Ludivine. "Entre ville et forêt : le futur de l'agriculture amérindienne en question : transformations agraires en périphérie de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nord-ouest amazonien, Brésil". Paris 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124085.
Texto completoThis thesis is a study of indigenous agriculture transformations around a small amazonian city. More than the demographic density, the agrarian transformations depend on the migration trajectories of the families up to the city, through various property rights in natural ressources and possibilities of collecting incomes mediated by large kinship networks. The farmers select imported agricultural techniques and transform their traditional practices. If one observes the existence of a specialization towards the market, family strategies of diversification are more current. The multilocal territorialities make it possible to compensate for the increasing scarcity of the natural resources, and to satisfy new aspirations. Swidden cultivation plays a central part in these territorial transformations, because, from its flexibility, it combines in space and time with the other activities. These innovations place again the Indigenous peoples as the central actors of the creation of the modernity in their territories
Silva, J. N. M. "The behaviour of the tropical rain forest of the Brazilian Amazon after logging". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276556.
Texto completoDelisle, Pascal. "Colonisation agricole et développement soutenable en forêt tropicale : pour une approche multidimensionnelle, le cas de l'Amazonie colombienne". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010055.
Texto completoIn the south of Colombia, the Amazonian rainforest has been suffering a process of agricultural colonisation for the last forty years. Along with a more usual process of rural exodus, the interior colonisation has represented an outlet for the demographic and social pressure of the andean rural areas. The economic failure of small peasants' colonisation has given birth to a process of land concentration accompanied by social conflicts and cattle ranching. Since the end of the 1970's, this economic failure and socio-political situation have opened the way to a powerful illegal economy based on the coca culture. In reaction to social inequality, the guerrilla movements have emerged and quickly got involved in the illegal economy. This thesis proposes to analyse the unsustainability of the colombian amazonian development on a multidimensional basis, taking into account the coevolution of the ecological, economic and socio-political dimensions. As neither the usual tools of conventional economics nor the environmental economics analysis seem capable to explain the current dynamics and propose effective alternative solutions, a multidimensional approach seems to be needed. The argumentation is made in three steps: - the first one consists in understanding the historical and social causes of the amazonian colonisation and expose its multidimensional failure. - the second step consists in evaluating the capacity of the main international agencies'analysis and proposals to deal with the deforestation problem. - At last, the thesis proposes an alternative approach for the amazonian development that deals simultaneously with the socio-political and economic aspects of the current situation. A way towards sustainability is proposed via the reconstruction of the local and regional governance on the basis of a multidimensional project, already accepted by the legislator : the peasants' reserve
Pinheiro, Júnior Marcos Hervé. "Análise da qualidade do processo de produção no Centro de Sementes Nativas do Amazonas: padronização da qualidade". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2011. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3017.
Texto completoFAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
In Brazil the production in little amount and the absence of quality of the forest seeds of produced native species are considered a problem in the productive chain of production of forest seeds. The lack of knowledge on the process of production of forest seeds is one of the pass for the sector. The theoretical referential of this research had the pretension to all offer to basement for the understanding of the process of production of forest seeds and of the conceptualization of quality and its some aspects related with the process. This research analyzes the quality of process of production of native forest seeds of the Center of Native Seeds of Amazon (CSNAM), in the direction to consider, instructions of work for the production process, observing and organizing the information concerning the current process of production, for this, it was needed to mapper the processes, to know the available data of each stage of production and the congruence with the legal Law 10711 and its devices; To identify the requirements essential of the quality of each stage of the process and to define the instructions of work of all the stages of the production process. The employed method was the same that it is used for systematization considered for NBR ISO 9000:2000. How much to the results it could be observed by means of analyzes of the data generated during the production of sixty and two lots, that much lacks to structuralize and to accomplish the production of native forest seeds in CSNAM with the quality the one that if considers.
No Brasil a produção em pouca quantidade e a ausência de qualidade das sementes florestais de espécies nativas produzidas é considerada um problema na cadeia produtiva de produção de sementes florestais. A falta de conhecimento sobre o processo de produção de sementes florestais é um dos gargalos para o setor. O referencial teórico desta pesquisa teve a pretensão de oferecer embasamento para a compreensão de todo o processo de produção de sementes florestais e da conceituação de qualidade e seus vários aspectos relacionados com o processo. Esta pesquisa analisa a qualidade do processo de produção de sementes florestais nativas do Centro de Sementes Nativas do Amazonas (CSNAM), no sentido de propor, instruções de trabalho para o seu processo de produção, observando e organizando as informações acerca do atual processo de produção, para isso, necessitou-se mapear os processos, conhecer os dados disponíveis de cada etapa de produção e a congruência com a Lei 10711 e seus dispositivos legais; Identificar os requisitos essenciais da qualidade de cada etapa do processo e definir as instruções de trabalho de todas as etapas do processo de produção. O método empregado foi o mesmo que é utilizado para padronização de processos e implementação proposto pela NBR ISO 9000:2000. Quanto aos resultados pôde-se observar por meio da analise dos dados gerados durante a produção de sessenta e dois lotes, que muito falta para se estruturar e efetivar a produção de sementes florestais nativas no CSNAM com a qualidade a que se propõe.
Menezes, Moirah Paula Machado de. "Investigations of mangrove forest dynamics in Amazonia, North Brazil". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980166551.
Texto completoElsenbeer, Helmut, Keith Cassel y L. Zuñiga. "Throughfall in the terra firme forest of Western Amazonia". Universität Potsdam, 1994. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1695/.
Texto completoLuizao, Flavio J. "Ecological studies in contrasting forest types in central Amazonia". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2160.
Texto completoAnda, Basabe Susana, de la Torre Sara Gómez y Garland Eduardo Bedoya. "Family productive strategies, perceptions and deforestation in a context of forest transition: the case of Tena in the Ecuadorian Amazon". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79311.
Texto completoThis article explains how the family productive strategies of farmer settlers and their perceptions of the forest influence the rate of deforestation. This particular approach, based on the analysis of endogenous processes, seeks to contextualize and understand how farmers operate within a context of «forest transition», as a result of significant economic changes, market expansion and road infrastructuredevelopment. Our central argument is that the farmers’ strategies in Tena, in relation to the rate of deforestation on their farms, are a result of the combination of a set of economic processes of survival in the short and medium term and of their mental or cultural perceptions of the forest. Such endogenous processes arenot only responses to external contexts but are also derived from demographic cycles and accumulation dynamics that occur within the families of producers.
Luizao, Regina C. C. "Soil biological studies in contrasting types of vegetation in central Amazonian rain forests". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2274.
Texto completoEsquivel, Muelbert Adriane. "Functional and floristic dynamics of Amazonian forests". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16023/.
Texto completoSanchez, Silva Luisa Fernanda. ""De totumas y Estantillos". Procesos migratorios, dinámicas de pertenencia y de diferenciación entre la Gente de Centro (Amazonia colombiana)". Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030179/document.
Texto completoDuring the years 80, Colombian government returns the Predio Putumayo to its early inhabitants, The People of the Center, giving form to the biggest indigenous reservation of the country. This crucial act was not only the end of a long dispute between the indigenous people, the extractive enterprises and the state. It was also interpreted as a revolution in the traditional citizenship representations. However, if we look carefully to this process of territorial and politic recognition we will notice a simultaneous reality: the migration of hundreds of women to the cities of the country. This was a non-return trip from the little towns of the rain-forest‘s rivers to the unknown national cities. The experience of these pioneers‘ women built the bases of a solid migration network that today spreads out to the main cities of Colombia. Why did they leave their territory now that she counted –at least formally- with a political and cultural autonomy? Was their migratory decision a renunciation to the ―generalized difference‖ proclaimed by the multicultural discourse? The migrations project of those who left their region in that first time is it similar from the one of those who leaves today? This dissertation tries to answer to these questions through a reconstruction of the migration processes of The People of the Center to Leticia and Bogotá during the last 30 years. Then, it analyses the different strategies of migrant‘s urban insertion in the context of multiculturalism as the privileged administration mode between the indigenous people and the societies of departure and destination
Vasconcelos, Heraldo Luis de. "Interactions between leaf-cutting ants and forest regeneration in Amazonia". Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240002.
Texto completoKalamandeen, Michelle. "Forest loss dynamics and impacts from gold mining in Amazonia". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2019. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22904/.
Texto completoDe, Freitas Joberto Veloso. "Improving tree selection for felling and retention in natural forest in Amazonia through spatial control and targeted seed tree retention : a case study of a forest management project in Amazonas State, Brazil". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401490.
Texto completoNascimento, Nayla Fábia Ferreira do. "DNA e Paleodistribuição potenciaç de Chiroxiphia pareola mostram diversificação e conexões históricas em florestas na América". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8844.
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DNA and potencial paleodistribuition of Chiroxiphia pareola shows diversification and historical connections in South America rainforests. Rivers and Pleistocene forest refuges hypothese have been proposed as mechanisms to explain high diversity in Neotropical rainforests. Amazon and Atlantic forest disjunct species are good models to test these hypotheses, because are evidence of possible connections between these forests in South America. Therefore, we use molecular analyse and potential paelodistribution of a bird species with disjunct distribution, Chiroxiphia pareola, to test hypothese mentioned above. We aim to find evidences of possible diversification processes and/or bird populations expansion. We analyzed two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes of samples from sites along the species distribution. 179 location points and 19 climate variables were used to model distribution during the Current, Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 kya) and the Last Interglacial (LIG, 120 kya). Our results supported four evolutionary independent lineages in species polytypic C. pareola, which we recommend should be full species: C. regina, C. napensis, C. pareola and New taxon, the latter name recommended in this study. We support the proposal of rivers dynamics as effective diversification mechanisms in Amazon during Plio-Pleistocene. However, we do not corroborate effects of last maximum climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary. Although our results support forest refuges stability during Late Pleistocene in northeastern Atlantic forest, we do not support role of rivers as diversification mechanism in this region. We also suggest a connection route between the Amazon and Atlantic forests during Middle Pleistocene in region between São Francisco river and Chapada Diamantina, in northeastern Brazil.
Hipóteses de rios como barreiras biogeográficas e refúgios florestais pleistocênicos são apontadas como mecanismos para explicar a rica diversidade em florestas no Neotrópico. Espécies disjuntas entre as florestas Amazônica e Atlântica são bons modelos para testar tais hipóteses, pois são evidências de possibilidade de conexões entre essas florestas na América do Sul. Desse modo, usamos análises moleculares e de paelodistribuição potencial da espécie de ave que possui distribuição disjunta, Chiroxiphia pareola, para testar as hipóteses citadas acima, com o objetivo de verificar possíveis processos de diversificação e/ou expansão de suas populações. Seis genes foram analisados, sendo dois mitocondriais e quatro nucleares. As amostras corresponderam a localidades ao longo da distribuição da espécie. Foram utilizados 179 pontos de ocorrência e 19 variáveis climáticas para modelar sua distribuição no Presente, Holoceno, Último Máximo Glacial (LGM, 21 kya) e o último Interglacial (LIG, 120 kya). Nossos resultados suportaram o reconhecimento de quatro linhagens evolutivamente independentes da espécie politípica Chiroxiphia pareola, as quais sugerimos que sejam espécies plenas: C. regina, C. napensis C. pareola e nova espécie, esse último nome recomendado no presente estudo. Suportamos a proposta da dinâmica dos rios como mecanismos eficazes de diversificação na Amazônia, durante o Plio-Pleistoceno, e não corroboramos efeitos das últimas máximas flutuações climáticas do Quaternário. Embora nossos resultados suportem a estabilidade de refúgios florestais pleistocênicos na Floresta Atlântica nordestina, não suportamos o papel de rios como mecanismo de diversificação nessa região, durante o Pleistoceno Superior. Sugerimos ainda uma rota de conexão entre as florestas Amazônica e Atlântica por volta do Pleistoceno Médio na região entre o rio São Francisco e a Chapada Diamantina, no nordeste brasileiro.
Paniagua, Alfaro Franklin. "Factors conditioning the development of a community forestry coalition in western Amazonia, Brazil". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010484.
Texto completoBailey, Philip. "Exploring remotely sensed shadow in Amazonian regrowth forests". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242720.
Texto completoAbrahams, Mark. "Wildlife responses to anthropogenic disturbance in Amazonian forests". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/64005/.
Texto completoUpton, Kathleen Anne. "Amphibian diversity in Amazonian flooded forests of Peru". Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54022/.
Texto completoNobrega, Caroline Correa. "Amazon forest dieback: assessing vulnerabilities and threats". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5873.
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In recent years, it is increasing evidences about Amazon vunerability due to land use and climate changes. Because of a positive feedback system, in which impacts intensify other impacts, some models project to the end of the century a replacement of the Amazon forest by savanna formations or semi-arid (forest dieback). Several evidence has indicated a high vulnerability of the Amazon to global climate change and local environmental impacts triggered by human activities (eg conversion to agricultural areas, construction of roads and burns). However, they are still deeply unknown the general mechanisms and standards about how these impacts affect the forest. In this thesis, I developed works that aim contribute to discussions of the subject. In each chapter, I will consider a threat that is contributing to the degradation of the Amazon. Each of the three threats discussed in the following chapters are often cited as important drivers of forest dieback. In the first chapter I evaluated the impact of forest fires at different levels of diversity of trees in a forest area next to the Amazon-Cerrado transition. Our results suggest that communities of trees in burned areas are losing more phylogenetic and functional diversity per unit of species than in unburned areas. My results indicate the existence of selection of species based on phylogenetic and functional characteristics, representing a major force of change and impoverishment (functional and phylogenetically) of these communities. In the second chapter, using high resolution images (LiDAR and hyperspectral), I evaluated the impact of a intense drought in forest areas near Madre de Dios, Peru. Thus, my results support the idea that changes in regional climate may change the structure and function of the forest. In the third chapter, I evaluated how the construction of roads in the Brazilian Amazon has contributed to deforestation in an important group of protected areas of the Amazon: the Indigenous Lands. Based on the analysis of observed impacts, I propose the establishment of buffer zones (buffers) around these reserves to reduce the negative impacts of road construction planned to be built.
Nos últimos anos, tem surgido cada vez mais evidências que a Amazônia pode estar ameaçada em decorrências das mudanças regionais no clima e no uso do solo. Por causa de um sistema de retroalimentação positivo, em que impactos intensificam outros impactos, alguns modelos projetam para o final do século uma substituição da floresta amazônica por formações tipo savana ou semiáridas (forest dieback). Diversas evidências têm indicado uma alta vulnerabilidade da Amazônia às mudanças climáticas globais e aos impactos ambientais locais desencadeados por atividades humanas (e.g. conversão de áreas para agropecuária, construção de estradas e queimadas). Entretanto, são ainda profundamente desconhecidos os mecanismos e padrões gerais de como esses impactos afetam a floresta. Nesta tese, desenvolvi trabalhos que têm como objetivo contribuir para as discussões do tema. Em cada capítulo, abordarei uma ameaça que, de alguma forma, está contribuindo para a degradação da Amazônia. Cada uma das três ameaças discutidas nos próximos capítulos são, frequentemente, apontadas como importantes propulsores de forest dieback. No primeiro capítulo avaliei o impacto de incêndios florestais em diferentes níveis de diversidade de árvores de uma área florestal próxima à transição Amazônia-Cerrado. Nossos resultados sugerem que as comunidades de árvores das áreas queimadas estão perdendo mais diversidade filogenética e funcional por unidade de espécie do que nas áreas não queimadas. Nossos resultados indicam a existência de seleção de espécies com base em características filogenéticas e funcionais, que representam uma importante força de mudança e de empobrecimento (funcional e filogeneticamente) dessas comunidades. No segundo capítulo, usando imagens de alta resolução (LiDAR e hiperespectral), eu avaliei o impacto de um período de seca em áreas florestais próximas a Madre de Dios, Peru. Nossos resultados dão suporte a hipótese de que mudanças no clima regional modificam a estrutura e função da floresta. No terceiro capítulo, eu avaliarei de que forma a construção de estradas na Amazônia brasileira tem contribuído para o desmatamento que incide em um importante grupo de áreas protegidas da Amazônia: as Terras Indígenas. Com base na análise dos impactos observados, nós propomos o estabelecimento de zonas de amortecimento (buffers) em torno dessas reservas para reduzir os impactos negativos da construção de estradas planejadas para serem construídas.