Tesis: "Forestry in Nepal"

1

Jackson, William James. "The dynamics of lekh forest use in the middle hills of Nepal /". [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Centre for Systemic Development, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030520.101936/index.html.

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2

Jackson, William James, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture y Centre for Systematic Development. "The dynamics of lekh forest use in the Middle Hills of Nepal". THESIS_FEMA_CSD_Jackson_W.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/673.

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Extending Nepal's community forestry programme and its protected area network into lekh forests has been hampered by the assumption that people who live in or near lekh forests treat them as unregulated open access resources. This study tests this assumption by examining the interaction between local people and forests in two lekh areas of the central Middle Hills. The research is comprised of an action research approach, a theoretical framework of ecological anthropology that was also informed by forestry science, and tools and methods drawn from ethnographic fieldwork and rapid rural appraisal. The belief that lekh forests are treated as unregulated open access is challenged by demonstrating that there are clearly defined local use rights to lekh forests. Access to forest resources is regulated by forest users and relatively sophisticated and dynamic indigenous systems of forest management have been developed. The potential for implementing community forestry in the two lekh areas was explored by incorporating an element of action research in the study. A number of challenges are highlighted for the Nepal government to facilitate the improved management and conservation of lekh forests while ensuring an equitable flow of benefits to the people who depend on these forests.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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3

Baral, Jagadish Chandra. "Government intervention and local processes in community forestry in the hills of Nepal /". Richmond, N.S.W. : University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030522.085631/index.html.

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4

Pandey, Anjana. "Community forestry in Nepal : a strategy for development /". Master's thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020109/.

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5

Uprety, Dharam Raj. "Community forestry, rural livelihoods and conflict : a case study of community forest users' groups in Nepal /". Wien : Guthmann-Peterson, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2008366153.html.

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6

Bhandari, Rajendra Man Singh Sansanee Choowaew. "Applying adaptive community forest management in Nepal : Silviculture demonstration plot perspective : a case study of Nureni Chisapani Community Forest user group, Makwanpur, Central Nepal /". Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd398/4837458.pdf.

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7

Loughhead, Susan. "Community and power : community forestry policy in Nepal". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320317.

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8

Baral, Jagadish Chandra. "Government intervention and local processes in community forestry in the hills of Nepal". Thesis, Richmond, N.S.W. : University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/485.

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This thesis looks at the internal community processes set in motion by intervention in the context of the current community forestry policy of Nepal which has embarked on handing over local forest resources to local user groups. The overall aim of the thesis is to explore the question : How does intervention lead to certain types of effects through dynamics within the community? These processes have been something of a 'black box' so far. This research is based on fieldwork in adjoining forest user groups in the western hills of Nepal for nearly eight months starting from August 1994. The research examined the outcome of earlier interventions in these adjoining forest communities. An important finding of this study is that the nature of use rights is evolving and contestable rather than fixed. It is further argued that there may be inequitable outcomes in terms of cost and benefit sharing amongst households after forests are officially handed over. This is attributed to differing perceptions about the nature of equity. The poor do not necessarily get fair treatment despite provisions for equality of opportunity in Operational Plans. It is argued that inequitable outcomes do not, however, necessarily lead to non-compliance partly because the system, though inequitable, is based on at least a pseudo-democratic model rather than direct coercion. Intervention has a role. However, it is argued that effective intervention has to pay proper attention to attaining better use rights and better equity. The key to attaining better use rights is the need to appreciate the fact that use rights are contestable and dynamic by nature

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9

Pokharel, Bharat Kumar. "Foresters and villagers in contention and compact : the case of community forestry in Nepal". Thesis, University of East London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390262.

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10

Acharya, Uma. "Biodiversity conservation : perceptions and concepts in community forestry in Nepal /". Connect to thesis, 2004. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001325.

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11

Jnawali, Dipak Raywadee Roachanakanan. "Application of individual based forest GAP model for Sal forest in Nepal /". Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd414/4937419.pdf.

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12

Carter, Elizabeth Jane. "Tree cultivation on private land in the middle hills of Nepal : a village perspective". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303061.

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13

Dhungana, Hari P. "Contested hinterlands : the praxis of social justice in community forestry in Nepal". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527634.

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14

Deo, Om Prakash. "Impacts of community forestry and collective action on household livelihoods in Nepal". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426831.

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15

Baral, Jagadish Chandra, of Western Sydney Nepean University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture y School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Government intervention and local processes in community forestry in the hills of Nepal". THESIS_FEMA_ARD_Baral_J.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/485.

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This thesis looks at the internal community processes set in motion by intervention in the context of the current community forestry policy of Nepal which has embarked on handing over local forest resources to local user groups. The overall aim of the thesis is to explore the question : How does intervention lead to certain types of effects through dynamics within the community? These processes have been something of a 'black box' so far. This research is based on fieldwork in adjoining forest user groups in the western hills of Nepal for nearly eight months starting from August 1994. The research examined the outcome of earlier interventions in these adjoining forest communities. An important finding of this study is that the nature of use rights is evolving and contestable rather than fixed. It is further argued that there may be inequitable outcomes in terms of cost and benefit sharing amongst households after forests are officially handed over. This is attributed to differing perceptions about the nature of equity. The poor do not necessarily get fair treatment despite provisions for equality of opportunity in Operational Plans. It is argued that inequitable outcomes do not, however, necessarily lead to non-compliance partly because the system, though inequitable, is based on at least a pseudo-democratic model rather than direct coercion. Intervention has a role. However, it is argued that effective intervention has to pay proper attention to attaining better use rights and better equity. The key to attaining better use rights is the need to appreciate the fact that use rights are contestable and dynamic by nature
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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16

K, C. Birendra. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF COMMUNITY FORESTS IN MID HILLS REGION OF NEPAL". UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/8.

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This research looks at some issues confronting community forestry in Nepal. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to analyze the issues confronting community forestry in mid hills region of Nepal. Results indicate that experts as well as local community users think positive aspects of community forestry to be more important than its negative aspects. In addition, through the comparison of three forest types, Alnus nepalensis found to be the most important forest type for conservation and Schima-Castanopsis to be the most important forest type for local benefits. Similarly, results also indicate that increase in carbon prices lengthen an optimal rotation age. Also, Land Expectation Value (LEV) increases substantially with the increase in carbon prices.

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17

Sherpa, Lhakpa Norbu. "Human impacts on high-altitude forest structures in the Nangpa and Hinku, Sagarmatha and Makalu-Barun National Park, Nepal /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5600.

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18

伊藤, 香純 y Kasumi ITO. "Community Forestry in Nepal : The Efforts of Aid Projects and Their Involvement with NGOs". 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8612.

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19

Gautam, Krishna Hari. "Lopping regimes in community-managed sal (Shorea robusta) forests of Nepal : prospects for multiple-product silviculture for community forestry". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7196.

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Forest management decisions may contribute little to sustainable forest management if those decisions do not consider the interests of different socio-economic classes and ecological actions and reactions. Recently, an immense need has arisen for forestry to have multifaceted objectives i.e., to provide multiple products with due attention to environmental effects. This study explores the potentiality of managing sal (Shorea robusta) forests for multiple products. The research looked into two aspects - experimental and ethnographic. The experimental aspect involved lopping (0, 40, 60 and 80% lopping) and litter (with or without litter) treatments. The experiments were conducted in two community-managed sal forests in western Nepal, and examined treatment effects on stem growth (tree and plot level) and the regeneration of the forests. One-event lopping up to 80% produced no adverse effects on diameter-at-breast-height (dbh), height, basal area or volume growth in two experimental forests in one year following the lopping, except the mean dbh and volume of dominant (tallest) trees and the mean volume of non-sal trees in younger and denser forest. Dominant (tallest) trees sustained up to 60% lopping but non-sal trees only 40% lopping before growth reductions. In contrast, lopping (40% and 60%) increased the growth in some instances in younger and denser forest. Litter removal produced no adverse effect on the growth. The main effects and the interaction between lopping and litter removal did not adversely affect regeneration in either forest, but increased the frequency of regeneration in most of the cases. The ethnographic study involved understanding the extent of the use of sal forests, and the indigenous knowledge of forest use and ethnosilviculture among users of three sal forests. Nine-hundred and sixty-five statements (each statement makes a piece or block of information) from 111 key informants formed the basis of information. The ethnographic study identified 637 uses and 328 blocks of ethnosilvicultural information. The relationships between indigenous knowledge status and socio-economic status (gender, age, ethnicity, income, and landholding) of respondents were analysed. Analyses showed a significant association at various levels, between types of information and socio-economic status; however, all socio-economic groups of the users held some sort of knowledge relating to forest management. Based on a one-event lopping, experimental study has shown the possibility of lopping in producing foliage and litter from sal forests without adversely affecting the growth of the tree. The importance of lopped foliage and litter has been highlighted by ethnographic study. Furthermore, ethnographic study indicated importance of several other products from sal forests for various socio-economic groups. Devaluing any product in forest management may lower the interest of particular groups within the community. Excluding any group in management decisions will lower the effectiveness of management practices. The practical importance of this research and future research needs are discussed.

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20

Sijapati, Bimbika. "Gender, institutions & development in natural resource governance : a study of community forestry in Nepal". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2978/.

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Community forestry in the middle hills of Nepal has been undergoing unprecedented changes in recent years. Community forestry was first introduced in 1978 to address forest degradation through partnership between local people and the government to manage community forests. Development practitioners and policy makers are recently and increasingly concerned with gender and social equity issues in community forestry. Furthermore, a myriad of external actors are invovled directly in community forestry at the local level. Academic research on community forestry in Nepal, however, has not adequately studied the interrelationships between gender relations, local institutions of community forestry governance, and external intervention. In light of the above, my research examines and explicates gender relations in two field sites in the middle hills; the interrelationship between gender relations and the formation, functioning and change in institutions; and analyzes the interface between forest officials and local users. My research findings posit that institutions are 'embedded' in existing gender relations. Intra and extra-household relations define the terms under which men and women enter, interact and influence institutions. Parallel social institutions are drawn upon to mediate the governance of resources, which in turn are influenced by existing 'distribution of power' amongst the genders, and field level extension agent's dual relationship with the organizations they represent and the local users. My research draws from and engages with the debates and understandings in the scholarships on gender and environment; gender analysis of intra/extra household; and local institutions of natural resource governance. I use a combination of qualitative research methods and engage with questions of reflexivity and positionality in the research process. The findings of my research serve to inform theoretical debates on gender and natural resource governance as well as national level policy changes in Nepal.

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21

Bhatta, Deen B. "COMMUNITY APPROACHES TO NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: SACRED AND NON-SACRED LANDSCAPES IN NEPAL". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1056396738.

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22

Shrestha, Krishna K. "Collective Action and Equity in Nepalese Community Forestry". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2476.

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This thesis critically analyses collective action processes and outcomes in Community Forestry through the concept of embeddedness. This research focuses on the questions of when people cooperate, how and why collective action emerges and evolves, and what leads or does not lead to equitable outcomes. The thesis makes a fundamental distinction between equality and equity. The research focuses specifically on the Nepalese experience with Community Forestry (CF), which is regarded as one of the most progressive CF programs being implemented in one of the poorest countries in the world. The thesis adopts an integrated research approach involving multiple actors, scales and methods with a focus on local level CF processes and forest users. This study considers the Forest Users Group (FUG) as a unit for analysis. Field work was conducted in three FUGs from the mid-hill region of Nepal over seven months between August 2001 and February 2002. The field research moves downwards to the household level and upward to the district, national and international level actors. It employs a combination of the process analysis and actor oriented approach and qualitative and quantitative methods to understand how CF is being driven, who is driving it and why CF is advancing in a certain direction. The study shows that the emergence, evolution and outcomes of collective action in CF are complex and varied due to specific and changing socio-cultural, economic, political and ecological contexts. Without understanding the complexities, in which peoples’ motivation and collective action are embedded, we cannot explain the emergence and evolution of collective action in CF. This thesis challenges the rational choice tradition and some key points of Common Property Regimes (CPR) theory and highlights the concept of embeddedness in participatory natural resource management. The thesis highlights the problem of decentralised CF policy and the forest bureaucracy. Decentralisation universally imposes a formal democratic system based on equality without acknowledging unequal societies. In Nepal, there has been little reorganisation of the forest bureaucracy. Despite being an international model for community forestry, in Nepal the existing bureaucracy has been unable or unwilling to transfer knowledge to forest users. The thesis concludes by stating the need to avoid the pitfalls of some democratic principles associated with standardisation and formalism. This means transforming bureaucratic norms and ideology. Context is central for the sustainable and equitable management of natural resources. It must be further researched and applied in decision-making if CF is going to achieve its potential to improve the condition of forests and the welfare of rural people.

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23

Shrestha, Krishna K. "Collective Action and Equity in Nepalese Community Forestry". University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2476.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
This thesis critically analyses collective action processes and outcomes in Community Forestry through the concept of embeddedness. This research focuses on the questions of when people cooperate, how and why collective action emerges and evolves, and what leads or does not lead to equitable outcomes. The thesis makes a fundamental distinction between equality and equity. The research focuses specifically on the Nepalese experience with Community Forestry (CF), which is regarded as one of the most progressive CF programs being implemented in one of the poorest countries in the world. The thesis adopts an integrated research approach involving multiple actors, scales and methods with a focus on local level CF processes and forest users. This study considers the Forest Users Group (FUG) as a unit for analysis. Field work was conducted in three FUGs from the mid-hill region of Nepal over seven months between August 2001 and February 2002. The field research moves downwards to the household level and upward to the district, national and international level actors. It employs a combination of the process analysis and actor oriented approach and qualitative and quantitative methods to understand how CF is being driven, who is driving it and why CF is advancing in a certain direction. The study shows that the emergence, evolution and outcomes of collective action in CF are complex and varied due to specific and changing socio-cultural, economic, political and ecological contexts. Without understanding the complexities, in which peoples’ motivation and collective action are embedded, we cannot explain the emergence and evolution of collective action in CF. This thesis challenges the rational choice tradition and some key points of Common Property Regimes (CPR) theory and highlights the concept of embeddedness in participatory natural resource management. The thesis highlights the problem of decentralised CF policy and the forest bureaucracy. Decentralisation universally imposes a formal democratic system based on equality without acknowledging unequal societies. In Nepal, there has been little reorganisation of the forest bureaucracy. Despite being an international model for community forestry, in Nepal the existing bureaucracy has been unable or unwilling to transfer knowledge to forest users. The thesis concludes by stating the need to avoid the pitfalls of some democratic principles associated with standardisation and formalism. This means transforming bureaucratic norms and ideology. Context is central for the sustainable and equitable management of natural resources. It must be further researched and applied in decision-making if CF is going to achieve its potential to improve the condition of forests and the welfare of rural people.

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24

Dhungel, Shashi. "Resource Regeneration and Poverty Reduction: Striking a Balance through a Contemporary Community-Based Forestry Program". Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1674101131&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2008.
"Department of Forestry." Keywords: Community-based forest management, Conflict, Leasehold forestry and livestock program, Nepal, Resource regeneration, Social capital. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-108). Also available online.

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25

Shrestha, Sushma. "Global Localism at the Manaslu Conservation Area in the Eastern Himalaya, Nepal: Integrating Forest Ecological and Ethnobotanical Knowledge for Biodiversity conservation". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1386003054.

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26

Bhattacharyya, Amalava, Valmore C. Jr LaMarche y Malcolm K. Hughes. "Tree-Ring Chronologies from Nepal". Tree-Ring Society, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262376.

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Ten ring-width based chronologies from Nepal are described and the prospects for further dendroclimatic work there reviewed briefly. The initial results are encouraging, and more intensive subregional sampling is called for. All the cores examined showed distinct annual rings, and there was little evidence of double or missing rings, except juniper at some sites and in some Pinus roxburghii trees. Difficulty was encountered in dating Pinus wallichiana and Cupressus dumosa. Individual site chronologies of Cedros deodora, P. roxburghii and P. wallichiana were particularly promising, and of high elevation Abies spectabilis moderately so. Densitometric data are likely to be more useful for this species. The paucity of meteorological data in Nepal represents an obstacle to further dendroclimatic work there.

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27

Manandhar, Laxmi. "Sustainable forest management in Nepal /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envm266.pdf.

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28

Luintel, Harisharan. "Do Forest Commons Contribute to International Environmental Initiatives? A Socio-Ecological Analysis of Nepalese Forest Commons in view of REDD+". PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3087.

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Forests in developing countries have the potential to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change, promote biodiversity and support the livelihoods of rural, local people. Approximately one-fourth of such forests are under the control of local communities, which primarily manage forests for subsistence and to meet their livelihood needs. The trend of bottom-up community control is increasing through the adoption of decentralization reforms over the last 40 years. In contrast, the United Nations has introduced the top-down program, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) for the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon and the sustainable management of forest in developing countries. REDD+ incentivizes forest-managing communities to sequester carbon and reduce emissions. REDD+ has created hope for managing forests to mitigate climate change and has created fear that the new initiative may not be effective and may not ensure continuing forest-managing community benefits. However, little research has been conducted to answer these concerns. By taking nationally representative data from Nepalese community-managed forests (â€œforest commons"), I bring insights into whether and how these forests can contribute to REDD+ initiatives, particularly as they relate to carbon sequestration, biodiversity, equity in benefit sharing and collective action. My results indicated the highly variable carbon and biodiversity in the forest plots across the country, depicting the availability of space for additional growth in carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. My results also reflect the complex and varied relationships of carbon with different indices of biodiversity at the national level, across geographic and topographic regions, and in forests with varying canopy covers. Weak positive relationships between carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation indicate the possibility of synergies between carbon-forestry and biodiversity conservation. I also found that the formal community forestry program (CFP) has clearly positive impacts on biodiversity conservation and household-level equity in benefit sharing and a negative impact on carbon sequestration at the national level. However, disaggregated results of impacts of CFP on biodiversity, carbon and equity across geography, topography, forest quality and social groups display mixed results i.e., either positive or negative or neutral. I also identified that different drivers of collective action have different (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative) associations with carbon sequestration, which either supports or challenges established knowledge. In aggregate, my research indicates the potential of contribution by forest commons, and specially the CFP, to global environmental initiatives such as REDD+. It suggests that targeted, dedicated policies and programs to increase carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation and foster equity and collective actions are critical. In addition, my results also contribute to the growing literature on socio-ecological implications of forest commons that demonstrated the need of interdisciplinary research to understand human-nature relationships in the changing context.

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29

Shrestha, Neeru. "Forest control, development and state formation in Nepal". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/NQ57370.pdf.

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30

Erstad, Hilde Hovland. "Bruk og forvaltning av skogressurser i Manang, Nepal /". Bergen : Institutt for Geografi, Universitet i Bergen, 2007. https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/2253/1/Masterthesis_Erstad.pdf.

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31

Adhikari, Jay Ram. "Political conflict, community forest governance and local livelihoods in Nepal". Thesis, Adhikari, Jay Ram (2011) Political conflict, community forest governance and local livelihoods in Nepal. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/15676/.

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Nepal is one of the world’s richest biodiversity hotspots with varied climate, geography and ecosystems. The majority of people in Nepal’s hills and mountains still depend heavily on forest resources for their livelihood and wellbeing. However, since the breakdown of the traditional system of forest management and the nationalization of forests in the mid 1950s, Nepal's forests had undergone severe degradation and deforestation. In addition, political instability, illegal clearing, expansion of agricultural land and resettlement policy were also responsible for degradation. The deforestation was so rapid that between the period of 1964 and 1975, 2.3 million hectares of forests were lost and the livelihoods of people in the hills and mountains of Nepal were on the verge of collapse. Since the popularization of the theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation and realization on the part of government of the urgency of restoring and improving the condition of Nepal's forests, a number of conservation projects were launched. In 1978, the government of Nepal initiated the community forestry program through the enactment of the Panchayat Forest and Panchayat Protected Forest Rules. These were further strengthened by the endorsement of the 1989 Master Plan for the Forestry Sector (MPFS) and enactment of the1993 Forest Act and 1995 Forest Regulation. The community-based forest co-management initiatives in Nepal transferred forest management authority to local community user groups. However, since the onset of the Maoist insurgency in 1996 and subsequent armed conflicts over the next decade, the community forestry program in Nepal was under threat. It was not known what happened to the community-based forest co-management arrangements during the period of insurgency due to restricted access to the countryside. Through a comparative case studies of three Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) with three different conflict settings (the first controlled by neither of the contending parties, the second under the control of security forces and the third under the control of the Maoists) in Kavrepalanchok district in the Middle Hills region of Nepal, this research investigates the effectiveness of CBFCM in strengthening local forest governance processes and outcomes. It focuses particularly on equity in access and benefit sharing, the participation of different socio-economic strata in forest governance, and the provision of environmental services within these communities during pre/early and late conflict periods. This research shows that the community forestry program has provided a significant space to local communities for collective action that enabled them to reverse the trend of forest degradation, improving the environmental condition of the forests and the supply of forest products. Over time, the community forest program has been successful in gradually building the capacity of CFUG institutions and has increased the involvement of women and other marginalized sections of the community. Through the expanded networks among CFUGs and with the assistance of outside organizations, these communities have now attained considerable influence in national forest policy formulation. This study confirms that although the governing mechanisms of state agencies, including the Department of Forests (DoF), became dysfunctional during the period of armed insurgency, governance structures of the local CFUGs in the case study villages were largely stable and most forest management activities were carried out during the period of armed conflict. The CFUGs have survived as vibrant self-governing institutions and have maintained reasonable access to forest resources to satisfy the subsistence needs of local people within the community. These findings suggest that community-based forest governing institutions had the bargaining capacity and ability to overcome the pressures arising from the armed conflict because of the resilience and adaptive capacities of the CFUGs. Key words: Co-management (CM), community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), Community-based forest co-management (CBFCM), governance, and community forest user groups (CFUGs).

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32

Bolton, Gary Howard. "FOREST STRUCTURE UNDER HUMAN INFLUENCE NEAR AN UPPER-ELEVATION VILLAGE IN NEPAL". Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1202%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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33

Dangi, Resham B. "The Efficiency of Community Forests: Successful and Unsuccessful Examples From Nepal". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31751.

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This study suggests that transfer of State forests to the local communities is the least cost policy option to improve prevailing deforestation problem in Nepal. However, there are few problems at operational, institutional, and policy levels, which are restricting community forest (CF) transformation. The critical review of seven representative case studies and modern forest policy of Nepal identifies following important issues in CF transformation in Nepal. They are low marginal flexibility, incomplete and uncertain property rights transfer, equity problem, specific demand adjustment problem, and inconsistent forest policy. This work recommends for amendment of modern CF policy guidelines to reduce CF transformation costs, increase present value of future returns, and reduce present value of enforcement costs. These amendments will be effective to improve prevailing CF work situation in Nepal. Availability
Master of Science

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34

Allard, Dorothy Jean. "The subalpine fir forest zone of Lamjung Himal, Nepal : vegetation types, forest dynamics, and human impacts". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283869.

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Lamjung Himal, 6931 m, lies within Annapurna Conservation Area in western-central Nepal. Forests of Abies spectabilis occur in a 2900 to 3500 m elevation zone on its southern slopes. The objectives of my work were to classify and describe the main vegetation types within the subalpine fir forest zone, to map these types, to document the major human activities, and to assess the impact of these activities on the vegetation. Human activities were determined with field observation and interviews. Villagers graze their livestock in the forest, and make roofing shingles from the fir trees. Since only one of my study sites showed any signs of shingle harvest, little could be said about its influence on the vegetation. Thus, my analysis of human impacts was limited primarily to the effect of grazing. Sixteen per cent of the fir forests had been converted to grazing openings. The species composition of openings was substantially different from that of the surrounding forest. Twenty six per cent of the plant species were determined to have been introduced. The study of forest regeneration dynamics revealed that landslides are primarily responsible for creating regeneration sites for Abies spectabilis stands. Grazing can eliminate regeneration of fir if it takes place on recovering landslides. Forest degradation due to grazing is currently occurring to the fir forests of Lamjung Himal. Since livestock populations fluctuate with changes in the economy, the influence of grazing on the condition of these forests should continue to be monitored.

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35

Jordan, Gavin H. "Integrating geomatics and participatory techniques for community forest resource assessment in Nepal". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311287.

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36

Dangi, Roshani. "Econometric Analysis of the Causes of the Deforestation in Nepal". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1235140613.

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37

Bushley, Bryan Robert. "Seeing the forest for the service| The globalization of ecosystem services and decentralized forest governance in Nepal". Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10085638.

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Forests are essential to the livelihoods of billions of people worldwide. In addition to furnishing valuable resources for both subsistence and commercial uses, they provide critical environmental services, including soil conservation, water supply, recreational opportunities, biodiversity preservation, and carbon sequestration and storage. A new market-based paradigm for forest conservation based on payments for ecosystem services (PES) has emerged alongside state-led and community-based models. Various PES schemes have been introduced in order to harness the potential of regional and global markets to provide financial incentives to communities, private landowners and governments to protect and plant forests.

This doctoral dissertation examines the impacts of two international market-based responses to the pressing global environmental problems of deforestation and climate change—sustainable forest management certification and forest carbon trading (REDD+)—on the governance and wellbeing of the forests and communities that rely on them. Are these market-based conservation schemes compatible with local forest management priorities and needs? Do they exacerbate or alleviate existing governance issues and inequities? Do they promote inclusive and deliberative policymaking processes? In other words, can they fit into national and local contexts in ways that reinforce effective decentralized forest governance, especially the autonomy, rights, and livelihoods of forest communities? Focusing on Nepal, a country with a strong tradition of community-based forest management, this research probes these questions using two complementary empirical cases: (1) a study of SFM certification and REDD+ projects in Dolakha District; and (2) an assessment of national policymaking processes for REDD+. This facilitates an assessment of the implications of these globalized PES schemes for the future of decentralized forest governance in Nepal and other countries with community forestry initiatives.

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38

Yoshida, Tomoko. "The collaborative forest management user group's perceptions and expectations on REDD+ in Nepal". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42547.

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As many ecological and socioeconomic problems are associated with deforestation and forest degradation in Nepal, it is in the national interest to address REDD+ immediately. Although local communities and indigenous peoples are the main actors for REDD+ practices, their needs and perceptions have received little attention in the debates on REDD+. In this study, a Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) site was studied using a questionnaire survey administered to the CFM user group, interviews with key informants in the forestry sector and a review of documents to collect background data. The research revealed the local CFM forest users’ perceptions of their forest and their expectations about the potential benefits of REDD+, and examined differences in these perceptions and expectations among nearby and distant users. The study provides insights into the feasibility of REDD+ with the context of the present form of CFM in Nepal. The findings indicate that people are sensitive to changes in climate and the forest around them but are unaware of climate change mechanisms and linkage of climate change and deforestation. There is therefore a need to raise social awareness of climate change and of REDD+. Compared to distant users, nearby users felt more strongly that the forest is essential to their lives and were more interested in participation in REDD+ practices. As the distant users would be also significant actors in the practices, there is a need to raise distant users’ interests in REDD+. Both nearby and distant users have high expectations of the potential benefits of REDD+. However, REDD+ is treated as a technical matter in national debates, and there has been a failure to recognize the impacts on society and human welfare at the local level. The Government urgently needs to take human welfare into account if they are to receive local support. Nepal needs to keep exploring the most appropriate methods to implement REDD+ projects, given the structure of the society being affected. It is important to develop a system of equitable decision-making and benefit-sharing that reflects local needs, and is incorporated into any REDD+ action plans applied to the Terai forests.

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39

Sapkota, Indra. "Species diversity, regeneration and early growth of Sal forests in Nepal responses to inherent disturbance regimes /". Alnarp : Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200991.pdf.

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40

Acharya, Ranju Shresthal. "The non-timber forest products sector in nepal : policy issues in plant conservation and utilization". FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1085.

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The non-timber forest products (NTFPs) sector in Nepal is being promoted with the concept of sustainable management as articulated by the Convention on Biological Diversity. To promote and regulate this sector, Nepal adopted the Herbs and NTFP Development Policy in 2004. The goal of this thesis was to assess the effectiveness of this policy along with other forestry and natural resource policies in Nepal concerning the conservation and sustainable use of NTFPs. I conducted open-ended semi-structured interviews with 28 key informants in summer 2006 in Nepal where I also collected relevant documents and publications. I did qualitative analysis of data obtained from interviews and document review. The research found many important issues that need to be addressed to promote the NTFP sector as envisioned by the Government of Nepal. The findings of this research will help to further implement the policy and promote the NTFP sector through sustainable management practices.

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41

Shakya, Keshab M. "Land use planning with multiobjective programming: a model for forest development in the hills of Nepal". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49893.

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A land use planning model was developed for long term planning of renewable natural resources development in the Hills of Nepal. Considerable emphasis was placed upon identifying land use planning problems for the prevalent limited market economy and subsistence farming system. A multiobjective programming model was chosen for modeling the land use planning problem. The model accommodated five objectives: namely, increasing food, fodder, and fuelwood production and decreasing soil loss and cost. A weighting technique within the multiobjective framework was developed to facilitate land use planning as a socio-political decision making process. The application of the model was demonstrated with data from Phewatal watershed. The model generated technically efficient alternative land use plans. It also generated information on time flow of achievement levels of the objectives and their trade-offs in each alternative plan. Very few alternative plans were generated when the periodic growth rates on achievement levels of the objectives were tightly constrained. The model also provided information on periodic deficit and surplus achievements of the objectives. This information provided the guidelines for evaluating the plans. The model provided a useful mathematical structure for analyzing land use planning as an integrated planning process coordinating multi-sectoral objectives in time and space. A foundation has been laid for constructing comprehensive land use planning models in subsistence farming economy in developing nations. The model was run on a commercially available software package and a portable personal computer. Therefore, the model can be applied in the field situation in many developing countries.
Ph. D.
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42

Baniya, Ashok. "RESPONSE TO IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH COMMUNITY MANAGED FORESTS IN NEPAL: IS REDD+ PANACEA FOR COMMUNITY?" Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Geografisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22904.

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The contemporary global politics is dominated by climate change agenda. The subsequent climate change conferences have recognized the role of forests conceptualized as REDD+ as one of the cheapest and quickest way to reduce the carbon emissions. However, what is less understood is that to what extent carbon trade in the context of REDD+ mechanism is beneficial to local forest dependent communities. In the context of REDD+ pilot project which is implemented in Nepal since 2010, the extent of benefits of carbon trade to the local community was examined taking two case studies into account representing both Hill and Terai region which lies in lower temperate and tropical ecological regions respectively. The overall objective of this study is to examine whether the existing REDD+ mechanism implemented in Nepal is beneficial to the local community or not. A Household survey of total 70 households using systematic random sampling technique was administered to gather data related to the involvement of community forests users in taking benefits from, and cost to them incurred in forestry and carbon management activities, their personal characteristics, and people perception on climate change and its effects on livelihoods. Also, the carbon data was obtained from ongoing REDD+ project implemented in Nepal. With setting three scenarios 1) business as usual (no carbon trade), 2) with carbon trade plus scenario 1, and 3) only carbon trade, the analysis was performed with employing bivariate and multivariate statistical test, and regression analysis. Analysis on whether carbon trade is beneficial to the local community forest user groups suggests that carbon trading will offer good incentive under certain conditions as mentioned in scenario 2. The first condition is that there should be no restriction on using forests products which are the reliable basis for earning subsistence livelihoods to the local community. The second condition is that the community should able to sell carbon at least at $ 10 per ton CO2. It is also evident from the study that benefits from community forests outstrip the benefits from carbon trading, so carbon trading is only additional value to local community.

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43

Poudel, Tirtha Raj Raywadee Roachanakanan. "Relationship between household's economic status and benefit sharing in community forest user group : a case study in Tal Danda community forest user group, Tanahun District of Nepal /". Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd386/4737902.pdf.

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44

Pravat, Poshendra Satyal. "Understanding Environmental Justice in the Developing World: The Case of Forest Management Policy and Practice in the Terai, Nepal". Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518184.

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45

Regmi, Ashok Raj. "The role of group heterogeneity in collective action a look at the intertie between irrigation and forests : case studies from Chitwan, Nepal /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274239.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Affairs and the Dept. of Political Science, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 3130. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Mar. 28, 2008). Adviser: Elinor Ostrom.

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46

Bogati, Ramji Verfasser], Dietwald [Akademischer Betreuer] Gruehn y Einhard [Gutachter] [Schmidt-Kallert. "Forest habitat restoration in Lowland Nepal : Tiger as the restoration success indicator species / Ramji Bogati. Betreuer: Dietwald Gruehn. Gutachter: Einhard Schmidt-Kallert". Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1104261375/34.

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47

Phillips, Claudia Goetz. "An Evaluation of Ecosystem Management and Its Application to the National Environmental Policy Act: The Case of the U.S. Forest Service". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30579.

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This research develops a plausible interpretation of NEPA's intent based on a thorough review and synthesis of NEPA documents and the literature. From this synthesis, NEPA goals and criteria are developed to evaluate a sample of Forest Service Forest Plans and their corresponding EISs. Next, ecosystem management is defined based on a review and synthesis of the literature. Ecosystem management evaluation goals and criteria are similarly developed to evaluate the Forest Plans and EISs. Based on NEPA and ecosystem management criteria, evaluation questions are formulated for assessing the Forest Plans in order: (1) to evaluate the extent the Forest Service has implemented ecosystem management; (2) to ascertain whether and to what degree Forest Service implementation of ecosystem management has moved its EIS process closer to NEPA's intent; and (3) to assess the extent ecosystem management implementation has influenced agency planning and decisionmaking processes. Throughout, the literature is used extensively to support conclusions reached on the basis of the case findings. Forest Service EISs and Forest Plans used for the case analyses are: 1) The 1986 George Washington National Forest Final EIS and Forest Plan (pre-ecosystem management) and the 1993 George Washington National Forest Final EIS and Revised Forest Plan (post-ecosystem management). 2) The 1985 Francis Marion National Forest Final EIS and Forest Plan (pre-ecosystem management) and the 1996 Francis Marion National Forest Final EIS and Revised Forest Plan (post-ecosystem management). Trends based on the post-ecosystem management evaluations that evidence the agency's implementation of ecosystem management principles include: maintenance of biodiversity of all species; adoption of measures to sustain ecosystem health; acknowledgment of ecosystem patterns and processes; increased integration of scientific research and technology; incorporation of adaptive management; and increased integration of ecological, economic and social considerations. There were several practices, however, in the post-ecosystem management cases that did not support ecosystem management principles: limited incorporation of different geologic or long-term time scales; continued delineation of boundaries along political lines; no integrative, interdisciplinary approach to planning; and no or minimal educational programs. Post-ecosystem management Forest Service practices that support NEPA's intent include: earlier identification of critical impacts; better management of critical impacts; increased integration of ecological information and a broader understanding of sustainability; increased provisions for monitoring and evaluation; better reflection of reviewing agency and public comments and concerns; more influence of environmental data on project decisions; increased consideration of unquantifiable issues; and better integration of ecological, economic and social considerations through a decisionmaking framework. There were several practices, however, in the post-ecosystem management cases that did not support NEPA's intent: EISs had a lower estimation of the magnitude or significance of impacts than the earlier EISs; no evidence supporting a broad, integrative, interdisciplinary approach to planning process; and no evidence of two-way, consensus building stakeholder involvement in the EIS process. Overall, the case analyses provide evidence that the Forest Service's EIS process had, in fact, moved closer to NEPA's intent. This improved output is primarily the result of the agency's incorporation of many of the principles of ecosystem management into its decisionmaking process. Although, NEPA did not figure into the integration of an ecosystem management approach into the Forest Service's decisionmaking process, this research showed that the goals of NEPA and ecosystem management are essentially the same. The agency came to advocate ecosystem management as the outcome of a voluntary decision and an incremental process to improve its overall planning and management process. Implementation of ecosystem management led to a more substantive response to NEPA's intent. Forest Service decisionmaking is a political process that involves balancing competing agency, private industry, and public interests. "Change agents" come from diverse sources-from within the agency's institutional structure (both top-down and bottom-up); from within the federal governmental framework (e.g., other agency policies, Congressional decisions, budgetary constraints); from outside the federal government (state and local governmental agencies, public and private interest groups); and from an uncertain and dynamic political and economic environment. Therefore, forest planning and its associated NEPA analyses must be considered a part of a never-ending and evolving process. Consequently, the Forest Service would do well to take an adaptive approach in its decisionmaking process-an approach compatible with ecosystem management.
Ph. D.

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48

Redaud, Louis. "Les forêts montagnardes de chênes dans le fonctionnement des systèmes agraires du Centre Népal : évolutions régressives et équilibres, essai de typologie". Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10078.

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Les regions des hautes collines du centre nepal presentent encore, a partir de 2500 m, de vastes zones boisees; mais sous l'effet des prelevements (bois de feu et de construction, fourrage. . . ) la foret climacique a quercus semecarpifolia de l'etage montagnard fait place a des formations degradees. Dix-huit stations forestieres, situees au sud du dhaulagiri, entre 2300 et 2900 m, ont ete analysees par la methode du transpect lineaire. Les caracteristiques des peuplements (structures specifiques et spatiales, regeneration) permettent de distinguer deux types

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49

Gautam, Krishna Hari. "Indigenous forest management systems in the hills of Nepal". Master's thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142752.

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50

Ghimire, Damodar. "Monitoring of social forestry in Nepal : a case study of the Nepal-Australia Forestry Project". Master's thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143441.

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