Tesis: "Forest policies and act"

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Aktar, Nargis. "Sustainable forest governance in Bangladesh: Examining the role of the Forest Act". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228684/1/Nargis_Aktar_Thesis.pdf.

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The study examines the role of the Forest Act 1927 in promoting sustainable forest governance in Bangladesh. By applying a doctrinal method, this thesis has evaluated the contribution of the Act for protection, restoration, sustainable use, and sustainable management of forests in Bangladesh. These are the standards set by Goal 15 of the SDGs, which create governance priorities for the states to sustainably manage their forests. Though the Forest Act 1927 has several provisions regulating the protection, restoration, sustainable use, and sustainable management of forests, this study argues that its deficiencies can impact sustainable forest governance in Bangladesh.

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2

Gaur, Kamla. "The Indian Forest Rights Act (2006) and rights of forest-dwellers of Koraput, Odisha". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51957/.

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This thesis is an intersectional study of forest rights of forest-dwellers in the tribal territory of Koraput, India. The thesis is developed around a piece of path-breaking legislation, the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of India 2006, under which land titles and resource use rights are being granted to many forest-dwelling households and communities. This work exclusively deals with the individual title holders of forest land under the FRA. It explores three important questions: 1) what is the history of forest-rights delineation in Koraput?, 2) how are the rights of forest-dwelling people being settled under FRA? and, 3) what are the complexities of land use in these tribal forestlands?} The thesis has used a mixed-methods approach to build and connect its three focus areas. Historical aspects of local forest rights have been explored through the lens of colonial and post-colonial forest policy analysis. The investigation of the various aspects of FRA implementation and ground realities combines cross-disciplinary approaches from political and gendered micro geography. The analysis of emerging land use on forest lands allotted under FRA is influenced by the Sen’s theory of entitlements, endowments and capabilities {Sen, 2001}. A multi-approach assessment methodology has been used by analysing a wide range of data streams including historical documents, household surveys, interviews, participatory maps, observations, group discussions and secondary data sets. Key findings that have emerged from this thesis are, 1) the consequences of the implementation of colonial and post-colonial forest policy measures on Koraput's forest-dwellers are substantial and unique geography of Koraput has produced new insights to the existing knowledge of history of forest rights in India, 2) FRA is a promising piece of legislation that has achieved significant political and bureaucratic collaboration in Koraput, but it is marred by major operational inefficiencies, and 3) the newly created FRA-lands will provide opportunities for policy makers and title owners to reconsider many existing norms including legal versus illegal occupation of forest land, forest-farming practices on FRA lands, and a need for renewed forest and land management goals for FRA territories in tribal India.

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3

Axelsson, Robert. "Forest policy, continuous tree cover forest and uneven-aged forest management in Sweden's boreal forest /". Uppsala : Institutionen för skogens produkter, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/10947312.pdf.

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4

Al, Berni Rim Rateb. "An investigation into sustainable forest policies and practices in Syria". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/289.

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Appreciation of how forest land can be managed in a sustainable way in arid and semi-arid zones (ASAZs) of centralized countries is limited. Accordingly, this thesis seeks to analyse the role of government and communities, including women, in the formulation and implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) policy and practices in the semi-arid environment of Syria where such land is limited in extent (e.g. 3% forest and 57% rangeland) and yet where its high biodiversity value is of international significance. The thesis employs a variety of methods: a case study approach (Syria); a questionnaire (i.e. 142 respondents); face-to-face interviews (i.e. 26 interviewees); participant observation and secondary data. The SFM model was used to organise and analyse the influences of environmental, economic, social, cultural and political issues on the state of forest land in Syria. Three contrasting forest areas were selected for detailed analysis at local level: Al Foronloq had the Arab Institute of Forestry close by and the area had a high biodiversity value for landscape; Abo Kbeis contained key genetic resources and a number of women there had been trained in forest management and Abd Aziz Mountain was characterised by rangeland with traditional grazing plus a very arid environment. The main results obtained from census data confirmed that Syrian forest lands have diminished considerably since 1900 with regard to their geographical extent due to agricultural development, expansion of rural-urban settlements as well as of agricultural land onto Syrian forest land. On a more general level, the political issues in Syria (i.e. centralization and independency of the country) demand development of the internal resources of the country, such as agricultural production, in order to cover the needs of human maintenance. Scrutinising forest documentation and using results of face-to-face interviews, it was found that there were considerable changes in forest policies in terms of forest protection and plantation. In addition, there was a recent indication of adopting SFM principles in the case study area, largely as a result of action by agencies external to Syria at the national level, and the new role of NGOs in forest management at the local level. The increasing level of awareness of environmental problems; the capacity of institutions; community participation in natural resources management and achieving international agreements were also found to be paramount in any contracts between the Syrian government and other organisations. This thesis, at the local level, showed that respondents in the mountains (in the Abd Aziz Mountain (AAM) study area) seemed to be older, poorer, mostly with non-educated background, with more than three children, than in the Al Foronloq (AF) and Abo Kbeis (AK) study areas. Respondent groups in AAM were found to be more dependent upon forest resources than respondents in AF and AK; and they occupied land illegally because of their mission to develop agricultural activities, including grazing. The study confirmed that educated households in AF and AK use forest resources more than non-educated households. Conversely, non-educated households in AAM suffer from gaining a local income which may in turn affect their attitudes and behaviours in using forest resources; and as consequence, householders suffering from financial problems may be less aware of the importance of forest protection and try to solve their individual needs by increasing the pressures on the forest resources. The major constraints affecting the formulation and implementation of SFM policy are insufficient financial resources, inadequate management from national to regional and local levels; the limitations are also related to local communities’ attitudes and ignorance of the role of women in forest management. This thesis found that the contribution of women in the labour force at the local level was high in Lattakia (Al Foronloq study area) compared with other study areas (e.g. 32.9% in Lattakia against 13.4% in Hamah and 18.8% in Alhasake) (UNDP: Syrian Human development, 2005); although, there was a significant relationship between income level, family size and women’s contribution in forest management at the local level and no significant relationship with the educational level. On a more specific level, the role of religious faith in AK affects the contribution of women in the society and the workplace generally and in forest management in particular. Finally, the application of the SFM model in this study provided a flexible approach for analysis of complicated interactions between the government and communities. It also provided a comprehensive framework for different types of analytical purposes. Each of the three main components (issues, state and political decisionmakers) was divided into several sub-components which facilitate the explanation and identification of the complexities affecting the formulation of SFM policy and the implementation of such policy. It helped to provide a set of policy recommendations which may help to increase future community participation in forest management and reduce the influences of community pressures on forest resources in Syria.

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5

Malkinson, Leah. "A preliminary evaluation of the results-based Forest and Range Practices Act : fostering innovation in forest practices?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36432.

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In 2004 the British Columbia (BC) government introduced the Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA) and described it as a ‘results-based’ approach to forest management. This research sought to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the FRPA regime in achieving one of its stated goals - ‘to foster the development of innovative forest practices and provide professional freedom to manage in the delivery of defined results’ (BC, 2004). Research methods included a review of the first 65 Forest Stewardship Plans (FSP’s) approved under FRPA to identify the potential for innovation indicated by practice commitments for three key environmental values – soils, biodiversity and riparian areas. A web survey and phone interviews with the prescribing foresters who developed these plans helped to build an understanding of the factors influencing their willingness to innovate under FRPA with respect to practices designed to manage for these three values. This thesis describes how the FRPA framework is not purely performance-based, but is rather a complex mixture of regulatory approaches. It includes the application of a ‘default practice’ approach for most environmental values that licensees may choose to implement or to propose alternative practices for approval. Early FSP’s indicated limited potential for innovation with only 10% of forest practice commitments reflecting approaches that were alternative to the default practices. These alternative forest practices are often better characterized as providing increased flexibility in the application of a default practice, rather than being truly new and innovative. Key reasons for this response include a perception by prescribing foresters that the default forest practices are reasonably effective, leaving little incentive to identify alternatives, and the overriding importance of receiving approval for their first FSP’s within the requisite timelines. The development of alternative forest practices was perceived as potentially time consuming and costly, and could put at risk the certainty of government approval for their FSP, and reasons for this perception are discussed. Further research to evaluate the actual degree of innovation reflected in practices on the ground, as well as the suggested likelihood of increasing innovation in practices over time is recommended.

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6

Vaidya, Anand Prabhakar. "The Origin of the Forest, Private Property, and the State: The Political Life of India's Forest Rights Act". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11654.

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This dissertation tracks the creation and implementation of India's 2006 Forest Rights Act or FRA, a landmark law that for the first time grants land rights to the millions who live without them in the country's forests. I follow the law in relation to the forest rights movement that has been central in lobbying for, drafting, and implementing it in order to examine both how the movement has shaped the law's meaning as well as how contests and alliances over the law's text and meaning have transformed the many movements citing and using the law. Drawing on ethnographic and archival research, I track the law from contests over its drafting in New Delhi to contests over its meaning in Ramnagar, a North Indian village. Ramnagar was settled by landless forest dwellers organized by forest rights activists, and its continued but still precarious existence is premised on a claim to land through the Act. I show that the meaning of the FRA was contested at every stage through collective action oriented around what Bakhtin (1982) terms `chronotopes,' the joint depiction of time, place, and characters in language. By diagnosing contemporary injustice through a depiction of the past and pointing to a just future to be brought about through the action of a collective, political movements and identifications form around and act through chronotopes. The movements enacting the Forest Rights Act have critically seized upon what one bureaucrat involved in its drafting called its `word traps,' words or phrases in the text with apparently uncontroversial literal meanings that in fact allow the law to be read through the political chronotopes of political parties or movements. By attending to the relationship between the legal text, its chronotopic deployment, and collective action, my project provides new ways to understand laws in political practice and language in political practice.
Anthropology

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7

Ali, Mohammed. "Evaluation of environmental sustainability of forest land use policies of Bangladesh". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394570.

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This study focuses on the influences of past forest policies in Bangladesh on environmental sustainability in forest land use and in human attitudes towards forest. The study concludes that colonial policy was inimical to sustainability in forest resource use. The colonial legacy and its prolonged persistence in the post-colonial period left a lasting imprint on the peoples' attitude to forest resources. People came to see themselves as resource users and considered that as government owns the forest, creating forest is the government's responsibility. Afterwards, with increasing population such as imprint has turned out to be a severe threat to the sustainability of forest. The study investigated forest land use policies in Bangladesh from their origin in the British colonial period to the present, aiming to inquire into the development of peoples' attitude to forest land use. Evidence suggests that prior to the colonial era, there were forestry concerns in the administration of ancient Bengal. However, there were no recognisable forest policies in conflict with peoples' culture and tradition. Traditional hill people used to practise both lowland cultivation and semi-permanent upland cultivation for subsistence. From the British era to the present, people have remained alienated from the forest. The long alienation of people from the forest has caused loss of the peoples' trust in the Forest Department. Forestry in Bangladesh still displays colonial influences. As a result, although an international movement is pushing environmental perspectives of forest land use, Bangladesh is facing difficult challenges in changing the attitude of people and of administration which originated from the discourse of colonial policy. However, efforts through the NGOs have seen partial success in participatory forestry. However, for the long-term perspective the policy needs to be reviewed and improved, encompassing the traditional forest areas, serving the interest of the target groups, improving institutional standards, updating the law and order situation and encouraging a changed discourse among the people.

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8

Sigamany, Indrani. "Mobile indigenous people's use of the 2006 Forest Rights Act in India : access to justice, gender equality, and forest governance". Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17028/.

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Access to justice remains uneven and elusive for indigenous peoples dispossessed of their lands. The Forest Rights Act of India (2006) promises land security for forest peoples displaced from ancestral lands by the combined forces of colonial forest resource extraction and contemporary free-market economic development, which have disregarded customary indigenous land rights. This research challenges the assumptions: land rights legislation necessarily contributes to access to justice, and governments serve the interests of citizens in a democratic system such as India. I posit that justice is subverted by: a legal chronology of land expropriation during colonial occupation; contemporary neoliberal policies; and administrative injustice. These issues encouraged legal violations and exacerbated land dispossession. Socio-economic and gender inequalities and marginalization of mobile indigenous peoples compounds their land dispossession, and economic, social, legal disenfranchisement. Against this backdrop of disenfranchisement, the Forest Rights Act revolutionizes the potential of challenging land dispossession, and substantive rights become a metaphor for indigenous empowerment. Offering evidence that indigenous peoples have inadequate access to justice, I contend that economic policies need to collaborate with and reinforce political and judicial aspects. Triangulating scholarships on 1) access to justice, 2) economic policies, 3) forest governmentality, 4) gender discrimination and 5) legal literacy, this study seeks to reconcile these scholarships with empirical data on expropriation of forest land and the effects of the Forest Rights Act on indigenous access to justice in India. This research seeks to establish a new analytical framework which contextualizes control of indigenous forest rights through access to justice.

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9

Karmona, Jennifer. "Unduly constrained : implementing conservation areas under British Columbia's forest and range practices act". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31406.

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British Columbia's Forest and Range Practices Act seeks to balance environmental, economic and social interests within Crown forests. In pursuit of this goal, government is able to create conservation areas to protect species at risk habitat, ungulate winter ranges, and old growth forests. There has been concern from both government and non-governmental organizations that the implementation of conservation areas has been slow, and that these areas are inadequate to protect the biodiversity values for which they are designed. This thesis measured the progress of conservation area establishment in the Chilliwack and Squamish forest districts, identified and explained problems occurring during the implementation process, and assessed the extent to which conservation areas for species at risk, ungulates and old forests were protecting these values. The research found that the most significant barriers to achieving government's conservation goals were due to economic restrictions built into the regulations themselves. Specifically, limitations on the extent to which conservation areas can impact the timber supply render them inadequate for the protection of most species at risk examined (marbled murrelet, coastal giant salamander, coastal tailed frog, pacific water shrew and grizzly bears); ungulate winter ranges for deer and mountain goat in Chilliwack; and old growth forest ecosystems. The actual establishment process has been challenged by the unwillingness of senior government officials to support reserve implementation when there is substantial resistance from forest licensees, and by unclear direction about the extent and location of conservation areas permitted across the landscape. The establishment of legally approved conservation areas has been slow due to inadequate government resources, an uncoordinated implementation process, and conflict over particular conservation areas. The only approved conservation areas for species at risk are for grizzly bears, and these have taken up to seven years to establish. Ungulate winter ranges have been approved in Squamish, after taking five to seven years of planning and negotiation; they are still in draft form in Chilliwack, with industry and government in disagreement over their specific boundaries. Lastly, only 60% of landscape units have legally approved conservation areas for old growth, despite this being part of government policy since 1995.
Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate

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10

Taylor, Caysie Alisha. "Risk Management in United States Forest Service: National Environmental Policy Act Planning Processes". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33376.

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The United States Forest Service planning processes, which are driven in large part by the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), are a part of all major (and some minor) land management decisions by the agency. The outcomes of these processes are the result of multiple factors, many related to the manifold smaller incremental decisions made by agency personnel directing the processes. Through qualitative review of 21 NEPA documents and 5 case study processes in which we interviewed decision makers, team leaders, and team members, this study examines those incremental decisions and the factors that drive them. Risk emerged as a dominant lens through which agency personnel weigh and make process-related decisions. We identify the different types of risk perceived by agency actors and the risk management strategies they employ. Our interviews suggest that different actors within the agency tend to assume responsibility for responding to different forms of risk associated with particular tasks. Most time and energy appears to be focused on minimizing process-related risks, especially those caused by external entities in the form of public opposition and threats of appeal/litigation, rather than resource-related threats. We discuss the potential implications of this focus and its associated strategies on organizational and social learning within agency planning processes, on adaptive ecosystem management, and internal agency relationships and morale.
Master of Science

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11

Dwyer, Michael y n/a. "Discipline policies and practices in the primary school". University of Canberra. Education, 1988. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060706.162852.

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The study attempts to investigate discipline policies and practices in primary schools since the abolition of corporal punishment. The purposes of the study were to find out who is involved in the formulation of a policy; how this procedure takes place from the initial stages to fruition; the contents of a completed policy document and to canvass opinions of teachers and students about their school policy. Information was obtained from twenty-two completed questionnaires received from public primary schools in the Belconnen region of the ACT and a more detailed case study of three of these schools. A search of the literature revealed a number of key elements of a whole school discipline policy. These included: formulation of policy; recognition of appropriate student behaviour; rules and consequences; policy procedures; responsibility for policy implementation; the abolition of corporal punishment. The study showed that there is a growing awareness of the democratic decision-making process within classrooms and that schools are producing comprehensive discipline policies, many of which are now more accurately titled 'Management of Student Behaviour'. Schools are encouraging appropriate behaviour from the students, endeavouring to develop student self-discipline and self-esteem, and are using agreed logical consequences when rule violations occur. The case study concludes with comments on the ACT Schools Authority Discussion Paper 'Policy and Procedures for the Management of Student Behaviour in ACT Public Schools' issued during 1988.

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12

Daniel, Shantha Esther. "The economic and environmental performance of cogeneration under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.

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13

Bujold, Michelle. "Environmental values, a comparative study of government forest policies in Canada and Sweden". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ57093.pdf.

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14

Senna, da Costa Mariano. "Attitudes, habits, norms and policies regarding co-authorship among forest scientists in Brazil". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19270.

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Um Kernfragen zur Mehrautorenschaft in einer bestimmten Zielgruppe zu klären, konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf Aspekte von technologischer Kompetenz, menschlicher Interaktion und institutioneller Leitlinien. Zuerst werden interdisziplinäre Argumente in Bezug zu Mehrautorenschaft aus den Sozialwissenschaften, Naturwissenschaften, Informatik und Geisteswissenschaften präsentiert. Die Literaturübersicht enthält Statistiken zu Informationsnutzung, Beschreibung von Strategien des Wissensmanagements, Erforschung von Verhaltensmustern und Trends in der Kommunikationstechnologie, sowie Diskussionen einiger historischer, politischer und inhaltlicher Aspekte, welche die Anwendung des Internet als kollaboratives Werkzeug im akademischen Kontext beeinflussen können. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich auch mit einigen Kontroversen zur Konzeption von Wissenschaft und wissenschaftlicher Praktiken, welche indirekt mit der Problematik von wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit, sowie Wissensproduktion in Zusammenhang stehen, insofern sie die Produktion Texten mit mehreren Autoren betreffen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit befasst sich mir dem zur Zeit vorherrschenden System zur Evaluation akademischer Publikationen (Bibliometrie oder Scientometrie; QUALIS und SCIELO Systeme). Das vorhandene System für die Evaluation von Autoren ist in der Regel unfair /voreingenommen. Das liegt daran, das Statistiken leicht manipuliert werden können um einer bürokratischen und unternehmerischen Agenda zu folgen oder individuelle Interessen darzustellen, anstatt die wirklichen Verdienste eines Autors widerzuspiegeln. Die Untersuchung wurde anhand von semi-strukturierten Interviews durchgeführt, in Kombination mit einer quantitativen Erhebung, welche drei miteinander verbundene Aspekte (technologische, institutionelle und kulturelle), die bei der in Mehrautorenschaft eine Rolle spielen, innerhalb des Graduiertenprogramms in 'Forest Engineering' an der Universidade Federal do Paraná (Brasilien) hervorheben sollte.
In order to verify core issues for co-authorship in a specific audience, the current work focus on technological literacy, human interaction, and institutional policy. It first presents an interdisciplinary collection of arguments from social sciences, natural sciences, computer sciences, and humanities about scientific collaboration, especially regarding co-authorship activities. This literature review includes statistics on information usage, description of knowledge management strategies, exploration of behavioral patterns, communication technology trends, and discussions of some historical, political and contextual elements that may be influencing the application of the Internet as a collaborative tool within academic contexts. It also draws back few controversies about the concept of science and its practices, which are indirectly related to the problematic of scholarly communication, scientific collaboration, and knowledge production. The investigation targets these activities in what they concern the production of co-authored texts. A special focus of this work targets the current mainstream system of academic publishing ranking and evaluation (Bibliometrics or Scientometrics; QUALIS and SCIELO systems). The existing measurement system for the ranking of authors is generally an unfair/biased system, as statistics can easily be manipulated by a bureaucratic and corporate agenda, or by individual interests, rather than representing the real merit of an author. The inquiry applies a semi-structured in-depth interview combined with a quantitative survey intending to reveal three interrelated aspects (Technological, Institutional, and Cultural) involved in co-authorship activities within the Graduate Program in Forest Engineering at the Federal University of Paraná/Brazil.

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15

Macura, Biljana. "Measuring the effectiveness of conservation governance, policies and programmes in forest protected areas". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424218.

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Failures of governance underlay many problems in natural resource management. In-situ conservation strategies, such as forest protected areas (FPAs), are currently one of the main strategies for forest and terrestrial biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence in the current literature on the exact role of governance arrangements and cause-effect relationships between decision-making style and conservation outcomes of forest protected areas. Governance theory deals with the inquiry of how decisions are made and how decisions are implemented given the existing institutional frame and interactions of different actors. This work aims to clarify the role of governance, its diversity, quality and change, in the functioning of forest protected areas to deliver the desired social and ecological outcomes. Accordingly, the dissertation has three specific objectives: 1) to characterise and collate an evidence base on the role of governance in forest protected areas and their conservation outcomes globally; 2) to analyse potential for a shift from hierarchical to collaborative governance in a case example of tiger conservation; and 3) to evaluate inclusive policies and their implementation through state-driven decentralization programmes on the ground. This work applies a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including systematic review methodology, qualitative data analysis and quantitative impact assessment. The first part of the dissertation (Chapter 2) collates the evidence on conservation success of FPAs conditional on the type of their governance. This chapter explores protected areas globally and synthesizes the published literature up-to-today to create a global map of the evidence and knowledge base on the role of governance in the conservation effectiveness of protected areas with respect to social and ecological outcomes. The current evidence base is small and fragmented with the low explanatory power and methodological weaknesses. Conservation research often does not account for local governance elements while making judgement on conservation success. In case where it does, it measures conservation success through mainly one type of conservation outcome (ecological). However, social-related issues such as actors’ attitudes and behaviour (intermediate outcomes on the change pathway) might contribute to more complete picture of the protected area success. The second part of the dissertation (Chapters 3 and 4) uses tiger conservation in central India as a case example to analyse governance change and the gaps between socially-inclusive and collaborative policies and actual practices on the ground. Chapter 3 investigates, from an institutional perspective, enabling and disabling factors for a shift towards “landscape-level conservation” that implies collaboration between PA managers and different actors in central India. The results show how a mix of institutional and cognitive factors can constrain a shift to the collaboration. Organisational structure of the public management agency and its “fortress conservation” mentality is perceived to be a major constrain for a change. Chapter 4 examines the case of two participatory projects around Pench Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh and evaluates the effects of project participation through local community’s attitudes towards biodiversity and trust and satisfaction with reserve authorities. The existing participatory approach seems to have only a small effect, mainly to people’s conservation knowledge but not to their biodiversity attitudes and institutional trust. The main findings of this dissertation calls attention to the understanding of the decision-making process, informal and formal institutions and interactions between conservation actors for more complete understanding and measurement of conservation success.
Fallimenti di politiche e di governance sottendono molti problemi nella gestione delle risorse naturali. Interventi di conservazione in situ, come la creazione e gestione di aree forestali protette (AFP), sono attualmente una delle principali strategie per la conservazione delle risorse forestali e della biodiversità terrestre. Tuttavia, in letteratura, non vi è alcuna chiara evidenza sul ruolo dei meccanismi di governance e sulle relazioni di causa-effetto tra processo decisionale ed esiti della conservazione di AFP. La teoria della governance si occupa di come vengono prese e attuate le decisioni in un determinato contesto istituzionale e in presenza di determinate interazioni tra i diversi attori. Questo lavoro si propone di chiarire il ruolo dei meccanismi di governance, della loro diversità, qualità e degli eventuali cambiamenti, sul funzionamento di aree forestali protette affinché queste ultime possano offrire i risultati sociali ed ecologici desiderati. A questo scopo, la tesi ha tre obiettivi specifici: 1) caratterizzare, raccogliere e sistematizzare le conoscenze esistenti a livello globale sul ruolo della governance in AFP e sui loro risultati in termini di conservazione; 2) analizzare le potenzialità di un cambiamento da un approccio gerarchico ad una governance collaborativa in un caso esemplificativo di area protetta finalizzata alla conservazione della tigre; e 3) valutare le politiche di inclusione e la loro attuazione attraverso i programmi di partecipazione pubblica e decentramento dello Stato, sulla base degli interventi operativi realizzati a scala locale. In questo lavoro si applica una combinazione di metodi qualitativi e quantitativi, tra cui una metodologia di revisione sistematica della letteratura, un’analisi qualitativa di dati raccolti tramite interviste semi-strutturate ed una valutazione di impatto basata su medoti quantitativi. La prima parte della tesi (Capitolo 2) raccoglie le evidenze dei casi di successo ed efficacia di interventi di conservazione di AFP in ragione del tipo di governance cui le aree protette stesse sono soggette. Questo capitolo esplora aree protette a livello globale e sintetizza la letteratura ad oggi pubblicata al fine di creare una mappa globale delle evidenze ed una base di conoscenze sul ruolo della governance nell'efficacia della conservazione di AFP in relazione ai risultati sociali ed ecologici attesi. Le evidenze attualmente disponibili sono limitate e frammentate, hanno un potere esplicativo contenuto e debolezze metodologiche. La ricerca in questo campo spesso non tiene conto degli elementi di governance locale nel formulare un giudizio sul successo delle strategie e degli interventi di conservazione. Nel caso in cui lo fa, spesso misura il successo della conservazione soltanto (o soprattutto) attraverso i risultati dal punto di vista ecologico. Tuttavia, risultati sociali quali nuovi atteggiamenti e comportamenti (outcome intermedi lungo un percorso di cambiamento indotto da interventi di conservazione) potrebbero contribuire a fornire un quadro più completo dell’efficacia e del successo dell'area protetta. La seconda parte della tesi (Capitoli 3 e 4) usa il caso della conservazione della tigre in India centrale come esempio per analizzare il cambiamento nei meccanismi di governance e il divario tra le politiche e pratiche reali sul campo dal punto di vista dell’inclusione sociale e della collaborazione. Il Capitolo 3 indaga, da un punto di vista istituzionale, i fattori favorevoli e quelli che invece potrebbero ostacolare uno spostamento delle politiche e degli interventi verso una conservazione “a livello di paesaggio" (a scala meso, e non di singola unità boschiva, per esempio), che implica una maggior collaborazione tra i gestori dell’area protetta e i diversi attori, con un focus sempre in India centrale. I risultati mostrano come un mix di fattori istituzionali e cognitivi siano in grado di limitare il passaggio alla collaborazione e di conseguenza di limitare la possibilità di proteggere e conservare in maniera efficace zone più ampie ed integrate di territorio. La struttura organizzativa interna dell’ente pubblico che si occupa della gestione dell’area protetta e la sua mentalità da "fortezza della conservazione" è percepita dagli operatori locali come un vincolo importante per un cambiamento. Il Capitolo 4 esamina il caso di due progetti partecipativi attuati nelle aree limitrofe alla Pench Tiger Reserve, nello Stato del Madhya Pradesh in India, e valuta gli effetti dei progetti/programmi di partecipazione e gestione congiunta dell’area attraverso l’analisi delle attitudini/atteggiamenti della comunità locale nei confronti della biodiversità, nonché la fiducia ed il grado di soddisfazione rispetto alle autorità pubbliche che operano nella riserva. Gli approcci e gli strumenti finora attuati sembrano avere un effetto molto limitato, solo in relazione alla conoscenza dei concetti di conservazione della biodiversità da parte delle persone residenti nell’area. Non si sono riscontrati effetti sulle attitudini, o sugli atteggiamenti/comportamenti dei membri della comunità locale nei confronti della biodiversità né sul loro grado di fiducia verso le istituzioni pubbliche. I principali risultati di questa tesi richiamano l'attenzione sull'importanza della comprensione del processo decisionale, le istituzioni informali e formali ed una più profonda comprensione delle interazioni tra attori per essere in grado di misurare il successo/efficacia degli interventi di conservazione di aree forestali protette ai fini della protezione della biodiversità.

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16

Macura, Biljana. "Measuring the effectiveness of conservation governance, policies and programmes in forest protected areas". Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measuring-the-effectiveness-of-conservation-governance-policies-and-programmes-in-forest-protected-areas(f5392da3-0975-4d74-b811-bd48cbd30b05).html.

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Failures of governance underlay many problems in natural resource management. Insitu conservation strategies, such as forest protected areas (FPAs), are currently one of the main strategies for forest and terrestrial biodiversity conservation. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence in the current literature on the exact role of governance arrangements and cause-effect relationships between decision-making style and conservation outcomes of forest protected areas. Governance theory deals with the inquiry of how decisions are made and how decisions are implemented given the existing institutional frame and interactions of different actors. This work aims to clarify the role of governance, its diversity, quality and change, in the functioning of forest protected areas to deliver the desired social and ecological outcomes. Accordingly, the dissertation has three specific objectives: 1) to characterise and collate an evidence base on the role of governance in forest protected areas and their conservation outcomes globally; 2) to analyse potential for a shift from hierarchical to collaborative governance in a case example of tiger conservation; and 3) to evaluate inclusive policies and their implementation through state-driven decentralization programmes on the ground. This work applies a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including systematic review methodology, qualitative data analysis and quantitative impact assessment. The first part of the dissertation (Chapter 2) collates the evidence on conservation success of FPAs conditional on the type of their governance. This chapter explores protected areas globally and synthesizes the published literature up-to-today to create a global map of the evidence and knowledge base on the role of governance in the conservation effectiveness of protected areas with respect to social and ecological outcomes. The current evidence base is small and fragmented with the low explanatory power and methodological weaknesses. Conservation research often does not account for local governance elements while making judgement on conservation success. In case where it does, it measures conservation success through mainly one type of conservation outcome (ecological). However, social-related issues such as actors’ attitudes and behaviour (intermediate outcomes on the change pathway) might contribute to more complete picture of the protected area success. The second part of the dissertation (Chapters 3 and 4) uses tiger conservation in central India as a case example to analyse governance change and the gaps between socially-inclusive and collaborative policies and actual practices on the ground. Chapter 3 investigates, from an institutional perspective, enabling and disabling factors for a shift towards “landscape-level conservation” that implies collaboration between PA managers and different actors in central India. The results show how a mix of institutional and cognitive factors can constrain a shift to the collaboration. Organisational structure of the public management agency and its “fortress conservation” mentality is perceived to be a major constrain for a change. Chapter 4 examines the case of two participatory projects around Pench Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh and evaluates the effects of project participation through local community’s attitudes towards biodiversity and trust and satisfaction with reserve authorities. The existing participatory approach seems to have only a small effect, mainly to people’s conservation knowledge but not to their biodiversity attitudes and institutional trust. The main findings of this dissertation calls attention to the understanding of the decision-making process, informal and formal institutions and interactions between conservation actors for more complete understanding and measurement of conservation success.

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Stull, Lauren Blair. "The Equal Access to Justice Act and Federal Land Management: Incentives to Litigate?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43910.

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The increasing use of litigation as a tool to influence land management decisions has been documented within the Forest Service. The Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), which allows successful litigants to recover attorney fees and other legal expenses from the federal government, has come under much scrutiny in discussions surrounding Forest Service litigation. In spite of increasing interest surrounding the relationship between litigation directed at land management agencies and the EAJA, no empirical research had ever attempted to examine this issue. This two part exploratory study used records obtained from land management agencies through the Freedom of Information Act and publicly available tax return records to examine several aspects of the Equal Access to Justice Act's role in land management litigation. According to agency records, the Forest Service paid out over $6 million in EAJA awards from 1999 through 2005. Agency records also showed that the Bureau of Land Management paid over $2.5 million dollars in EAJA awards from 1991 through 2005. The National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were unable to provide usable records regarding the amount of fees paid by each respective agency. The study also found that the entities receiving the largest number of EAJA awards were all tax-exempt environmental organizations. Interestingly, ten of the fourteen organizations that were examined for having received multiple EAJA awards also appear on Gambino et al.'s (under review) list of frequent Forest Service litigators. While this finding suggests that the EAJA may be providing a monetary incentive for these organizations to institute litigation against land management agencies, further research is needed to understand the degree to which this is happening.
Master of Science

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18

Candal, Cara Stillings. "Delivering the promise: how an international perspective can improve education policies for disadvantaged youth". Thesis, Boston University, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31963.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
An important component of President Johnson's War on Poverty, Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 represented government's first legislative acknowledgement of the educational challenges that children who live in poverty face. The original and abiding goal of Title I is to meet the special educational needs of disadvantaged students by providing supplementary funding to the schools that serve them; this funding purchases additional programming and resources that should, in theory, enable disadvantaged students to achieve at levels comparable to their more privileged peers. Despite its noble intent, more than forty years of research on the effects of Title I shows that it has had, at best, little effect on the achievement of disadvantaged students and, at worst, no effect at all. In an effort to determine why Title I has not measurably impacted the achievement of disadvantaged students, this research turns to the international community to understand similar policies employed in other countries. After classifying and describing the most common international policies for targeting financial and other resources to disadvantaged youth, the author attempts to link, via regression analysis, three different models of targeting funding and resources to student outcomes on the 2003 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examination. Citing a lack of sufficient data to establish a relationship between prevalent models and student level outcomes on PISA, the author goes on to present case studies of the policies in place in three different countries, each of which represents a particular model of targeting funding and resources to disadvantaged students. The three case studies focus on The Netherlands, England, and Spain. Drawing from an analysis of policy documents and survey and interview data, each case study describes 1) how a particular international model of targeting resources looks in implementation and 2) the extent to which policies employed within each model align with documented best practices for the education of disadvantaged students. The research concludes with an assessment of what the United States can learn from each of the countries studied and with a comprehensive set of recommendations for the reauthorization of Title I.
2031-01-02

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19

Singer, Benjamin. "Putting the national back in forest-related policies : the international forests regime and the evolution of policies in Brazil, Cameroon and Indonesia". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0024.

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La relation entre le régime forestier international (RFI) et les politiques affectant les forêts (PAF) est une question souvent posée dans la gestion des forêts tropicales, mais l'absence de recherche rigoureuse à ce sujet a donné lieu à un certain nombre de conceptions erronées quant à l'influence que l'un porte sur l'autre. Cette étude tente d'analyser cette question en se basant sur 12 cas d'étude dans 3 pays (Brésil, Cameroun et Indonésie) et selon la perspective des politiques publiques. Un survol du RFI montre sa pluralité et son caractère fragmentaire. Il est composé à la fois d'éléments formels, notamment les négociations et les quelques accords été obtenus, et d'éléments informels, à savoir les principes de gestion forestière. Quant aux PAF brésiliennes, camerounaises et indonésiennes, elles ont beaucoup évolué sur les 4 dernières décennies mais de manière différente selon le cas d'étude, la période et le secteur. Afin de faire la lumière sur les mécanismes qui sous-tendent ces variations dans le changement, un nouvel outil théorique est élaboré pour expliquer l'évolution des politiques étudiées et qui se base sur un nouveau concept, celui de projection de réseau. Ce dernier se définit comme la perception qu'ont les acteurs des réseaux d'action publique qui les entourent telles qu'ils les voient ou voudraient les voir. Cette approche nous permet non seulement d'expliquer les changements observés, mais aussi de montrer (i) que le rôle de la sphère nationale reste prépondérante dans l'évolution des PAF et (ii) que ce sont les composantes informelles du RFI (les principes de gestion forestière) qui ont influencé les PAF de manière la plus importante
The relationship between the International Forests Regime (IFR) and Forest-Related Policies (FRPs) is a frequently studied issue in forest management, but the lack of rigorous research on the subject has given rise to a number of erroneous assumptions about the influence of one on the other. This study looks at this question by focusing on 12 case-studies in 3 countries (Brazil, Cameroon and Indonesia) from a public policy perspective. An overview of the IFR shows its plurality and fragmentary character. It is composed of both formal elements (negotiations and the few agreements that have been reached) and informal elements (namely forest management principles). As for Brazilian, Cameroonian and Indonesian FRPs, they have all evolved considerably over the past four decades but change varies according to the case-study, period covered and the sector. In order to shed light on the mechanisms that underlie these variations in change, a new theoretical tool is established to account for the evolution of policies studied and is based on a new concept, that of network projections. These may be defined as the perception that actors have of policy networks that surround them as they see them or wish to see them. This approach not only allows us to explain changes observed, but also show (i) that the role of the national sphere remains the main source of change in FRPs, and (ii) that within the IFR it is informal components (i. E. , forest management principles) that have most influenced FRPs

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20

Choe, Chung. "The Outcomes of Policies Designed to Eliminate Discrimination". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195490.

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My dissertation offers three empirical studies of the outcomes following public policy changes designed to reduce the impact of discrimination. The first two chapters focus on the migration of black South Africans soon after the notorious apartheid policies of the South African government were eliminated in the early 1990s. The last chapter of my thesis touches another anti-discrimination policy, the American with Disabilities Act of 1990.Chapter 1 investigates the impact of internal migration on the human capital redistribution within South Africa. As apartheid was being dismantled, new opportunities for movement opened up to black workers, leading to a surge in internal migration. The empirical analysis shows that individuals prefer localities with higher expected log wages regardless of their educations and skills. Second, over the study period, brain drain arose among blacks within South Africa: the share of people with high school education rose in areas that had originally had more people with high school educations.Chapter 2 studies the impact of family migration on women's employment status in South Africa as apartheid was being dismantled. Black women in migrating households with both spouses were more likely to be unemployed than in nonmigrant households. Moreover, the initial negative relationship between migration and employment in a new area for white spouses of migrants was eliminated within 2 years, while black spouses of migrants experienced higher levels of unemployment relative to nonmigrants over a more extended period.Chapter 3 examines the changes in the Oaxaca decomposition measures of labor market discrimination for individuals with disabilities before and after the passage of the ADA. The results indicate that the employment and wage gaps between the disabled and the non-disabled have risen sharply over time, both before and after the passage of the ADA. Most of the rise prior to the ADA was attributable to a rise in differences that cannot be explained with measurable factors. Nearly all of the rises in the gaps after the introduction of the ADA, however, are attributable to factors that can be measured. The unexplained differential has held relatively constant during that period.

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21

Sander, Klas. "Conservation, compensation, and incentives : valuation of forest resources and its implications for forest and rural development policies in the Northwest of Madagaskar /". Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/511772491.pdf.

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22

Lippke, Holly Linn. "The economic effects of the Forest Resources Conservation and Shortage Relief Act on timber prices". Montana State University, 1993. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1993/lippke/LippkeH1993.pdf.

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In response to a new federal law, the Washington State Department of Natural Resources was required to restrict the export of unprocessed logs from state owned lands effective January 1 , 1991. Exported logs receive a greater price than domestically processed logs because of differences in quality, costs, and imperfect markets caused by regulation. A hedonic price approach is used to estimate implicit prices of timber sales characteristics, as well as supply and demand changes, and export restrictions. It is shown that the Forest Resources Conservation and Shortage Relief Act affects the price received in both domestic and export markets. Ceteris paribus, domestic timber prices decline, consistent with increased supply from the restrictions, and export prices increase, consistent with reduced availability. Both grade and species are significant factors in export price premiums. Export price premiums exist, even during a time when environmental concerns have resulted in drastic reductions in domestic timber supplies.

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23

Freitas, Flavio L. M. "Brazilian land use policies and the development of ecosystem services". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206844.

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Concerns related to global environmental changes due to land use changes have been driving international communities towards more sustainable land use systems. Brazil is a country of global strategic importance in this matter considering that it is the nation with the largest extension of preserved tropical native vegetation, recognised for its ecosystem services and high and unique biodiversity. Expansion of forestry and agriculture is taking place rapidly in Brazil, partly over degraded pastureland, but also over native vegetation. Regulating policies to govern and limit this expansion is crucial to ensure the preservation of the ecosystems services provided by native vegetation. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of the potential impacts of prevailing public and private policies in the conservation of nature in Brazil. For this end, the Land Use Policy Assessment (LUPA) model was employed to evaluate potential pathways of implementation of the land use policies. Paper 1 evaluated the effects of current private and public command and control regulations in the protection of above-ground carbon stocks, identifying the most relevant stakeholders holding carbon stocks. The findings suggest that about 10% of carbon stocks are unprotected, where other policy instruments based on the market will be mostly required. Paper 2 performed an assessment of the mechanism for offsetting the legal deficit of native vegetation among landholders, evaluating the different offsetting implementation practices and their impacts on nature protection and socio-economic development. The results indicate that the offsetting mechanism may have little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation and its ecosystem services because most of the offsetting is likely to take place where native vegetation is already protected by current legislations. However, it is viable to maximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism.

QC 20170510

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24

Hoover, Katherine N. "Public Involvement in the U.S. Forest Service". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27634.

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This dissertation examines how the U.S. Forest Service implements and uses public involvement during the agencyâ s planning processes as mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act. Focused from the perspective of the agency personnel leading the process, this study is informed by both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Chapters two and three report the results of a web-based survey completed by 489 Forest Service employees. Chapter two shows that these employees most commonly view public involvement as a means for obtaining substantive information that could be used to improve the management decision. Chapter two also reveals that agency personnel who view public involvement as only a procedural requirement tend to achieve less positive process outcomes, but those who explicitly create opportunities for interactive dialogue with the public tend to achieve more positive outcomes, including more positive perceptions of the public involvement process and agency-public relationships. Chapter three shows that agency employees commonly believe more public influence should and does happen during the earlier stages of the planning process, but that agency employees also desire more public influence throughout the process. Chapter four uses qualitative interviews with 16 of the survey respondents to build upon the insights from chapter three. By exploring what may be constraining public influence from occurring at the desired levels, chapter four describes how agency personnel can impact how much public influence happens. The final chapter highlights the importance of looking beyond the specific public involvement technique employed during the process to the nature of the agency-public interactions. Agency personnel who are willing to engage in extra effort to translate public values into substantive management concerns generally achieve more desirable forms of public influence. They also help satisfy the publicâ s desires to communicate their visions for the management of the National Forests. Key barriers include heavy workloads, negative views of the public, and over-reliance on minimum procedural requirements. Conversely, strong normative beliefs about the positive role of the public in agency planning, leadership commitment, and a recognition of the discretion afforded planning personnel can lead to higher levels of desired public influence.
Ph. D.

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25

Ohlsson, Bo. "Farmers and forest land use in Lao PDR and Vietnam /". Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200918.pdf.

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Clement, Floriane Cecile. "A multi-level analysis of forest policies in Northern Vietnam : uplands, people, institutions and discourses". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/561.

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The dissertation presents a thorough analysis of forest policies in Northern Vietnam which simultaneously apprehends the biophysical conditions, institutions, discourses and socio-politico-economic context in which actors are embedded. The analysis is based on the case study of two sets of policies: the Five Million Hectares Reforestation Programme (5MHRP), a state-led afforestation campaign, and forestry land allocation (FLA) to households. The study is innovative in several respects. Firstly, it focuses on the impact of these policies on land use and management, which has not so far deserved much attention. Secondly, it develops and uses an enriched version of Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework (Kiser and Ostrom, 1982) aiming at "politicising" it, i. e. making it better suited to policyprocess analysis. Thirdly, it applies this original framework at multiple levels, bringing fresh insights on cross-scale linkages, and uses an historical perspective to develop a dynamic understanding of policy outcomes. Fourthly, it collates several qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate the topic from a variety of angles. Results indicate that from a regional outlook, the 5MHRP has not succeeded in involving households in forestry and FLA has had little impact on afforestation. Rather, the individual-property regime has been observed to be ill-adapted to the socioecological settings of Northern Vietnam. Underlying drivers for these poor achievements result from a complex combination of the upland biophysical conditions, socio-political-economic setting, institutions and discourses. One of the most important contributions of the study is to disclose the co-production and co-action of these variables at multiple institutional and geographical levels. Policy recommendations include: (1) increasing the accountability of state administration to higher governance levels and to the population; (2) improving policymakers' mental representation of the mountainous socio-ecological systems; and (3) adapting institutions to their complexity and diversity of upland systems by devolving greater responsibilities to local people.

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27

Thiam, Boubacar. "Evaluating changes in forest management policies during the last fifteen years in Francophone West Africa". Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1191721.

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Tropical deforestation is singled out as one of the more critical issues facing African countries during the last few decades. In discussing causes of forest depletion, local farmers are often the first to be identified. However, these local farmers have been living in legal, political, social, and economic environments that have had tremendous effects on the system of natural resources management in Africa as well as elsewhere in the tropics.This research project was designed to generate testable hypotheses evaluating the effectiveness of forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa including Mali., Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, and Togo. Since 1985, because of factors such as the droughts of the 1970s and the 1980s, the growing pressure of humans on forest resources, the failure of six decades of centralized forest management policies, and the influence of the international community, national authorities have undertaken a series of reforms of their forest policies to adopt a decentralized management of forest resources. This decentralized forest management policy is aimed at involving local people in the development and the management of their forest resources, promoting local governance, increasing revenues, and achieving sustainable forest management. The actual situation is that new policies have been or are being implemented throughout the region, but until now an inability to evaluate their effectiveness for sustainable forest management exists. The purpose of this research was to identify ways to overcome this problem.The research was limited to reviewing written information on forest policies and legislation, conventions and programs that are related to forest management, to interviewing knowledgeable persons based in Washington, DC, who are interested in forest policy in Africa, and to personal and professional observations in the United States and in Africa. From the review and interviews, a conceptual analysis of key components of forest policies was made to highlight their meanings and usefulness in evaluating decentralized forest management policy. This analysis led to the formulation of hypotheses about decentralized forest management and the enumeration of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management to measure the effectiveness of new forest policies dating from 1985 in Francophone West Africa.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

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28

Pra, Alex. "Forest plantations investments in southern Europe: a comparative trend analysis on returns, markets and policies". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424992.

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At global level there is a growing interest towards forest plantations as investment opportunities for profit generation, for building strategic assets, but also to address sustainable development challenges with the production of essential goods and services. These are the reasons why plantation investments are attracting new investors and expanding outside the traditional regions and markets. In southern Europe, forest plantations represent a consolidated segment of investment for landowners. In future years, the increasing demand for timber and fibres driven by bioeconomy and bioenergy policies, might boost the interest towards forest plantations investments in this region, with an increasingly important role played by financial investors as well as by strategic partnerships between landowners, industrial companies and external investors. In the light of this evolution, there is an urgent need for more information and valuation studies on forest plantations to support better investment and policy-making decisions. Recent research by Sedjo (1983; 2001) and Cubbage et al. (2007; 2010; 2014) estimated investment returns for the main species and contexts at global level. In this study, we used a similar approach to estimate and analyse, on a comparative perspective, investment returns for productive forest plantation species in the southern European context, focusing in some regions of Italy, Spain and Portugal. Our main interest involved forest plantations of private nature with the primary purpose of wood and fibers production. We carried out a financial analysis before-tax, using capital budgeting indicators to estimate returns at aggregate level, based on representative stand management regimes. Indicators were calculated according to a baseline scenario as well as in alternative scenarios, analyzing how the main policy and market factors are influencing returns. We also carried out a trend analysis – which represents the most original methodological contribution of this research – estimating how returns have changed in recent years as a result of the evolution of the key economic variables. Overall, our results indicate that in southern Europe there are some opportunities for reasonably interesting returns for sectorial investors, i.e. landowners and forest-based industry, and in some cases also for financial investors. Nevertheless, the dynamicity of the regional timber market and the small-scale fragmented forest holdings are structural factors that new investors would have to take into consideration. More in specific, hybrid poplar plantations in northern Italy and Castile and León (Spain) are estimated to provide on average the potentially highest returns, but the large range of variability and the high land and opportunity costs are unlikely to make them an attractive investment for non-landowners. Eucalyptus plantations in Portugal are estimated to be the only investment where non-landowners could expect to get relatively interesting and stable returns, although a recent law reform in the country could limit new investments. Maritime pine and radiata pine plantations in Portugal and Spain present lower returns, suffering the situation of depressed stumpage prices after the 2008 economic crisis, which strongly affected the sawmilling sector. We also extended our analysis to mixed and multipurpose plantations, i.e. polycyclic plantations, in the context of the Po valley (northern Italy); these showed potentially competitive profitability performances and advantages, in spite of the experimental character and technology transfer limitations. From a more general perspective, our research provided valuable results to improve the knowledge on the potential investment returns from forest plantation in the region, offering means to compare the status and trends of investments, markets and policies. For example, it has emerged from our research that the current subsidy policies are not effective in providing a clear, balanced and stable framework for investments in forest plantations, and that a more strategic coordination at regional level is urgently needed in order to support the competitive position of the sector in front of the challenges posed by the bioeconomy strategy. Moreover, the methodological design and approach of this research could provide the basis for establishing a permanent observatory on forestry investments in southern Europe, allowing a better market monitoring, business analysis and policy-making in the future.
A livello globale, vi è una crescita d’interesse verso le piantagioni forestali come opportunità d’investimento per generare profitto, per costruire assets strategici, ma anche per affrontare le sfide di sviluppo sostenibile attraverso la produzione di beni e servizi essenziali. Queste sono le principali ragioni per le quali gli investimenti in piantagioni stanno attraendo nuovi investitori e si stanno espandendo al di fuori delle regioni e dei mercati tradizionali. Nell'Europa meridionale, le piantagioni forestali rappresentano un segmento d’investimento consolidato, soprattutto per i proprietari terrieri. Nei prossimi anni, la crescente domanda di legname spinta dalle attuali politiche per la bio-economia potrebbe stimolare ulteriormente l'interesse verso gli investimenti in piantagioni in questa regione, con un ruolo sempre più importante svolto da investitori finanziari e da partnership strategiche tra proprietari terrieri, imprese industriali ed investitori esterni. Alla luce di quest’evoluzione, vi è un'urgente necessità di maggiori informazioni e studi di valutazione degli investimenti in piantagioni per sostenere migliori decisioni d’investimento e di politiche. I recenti lavori di Sedjo (1983; 2001) e Cubbage et al. (2007; 2010; 2014) hanno stimato i rendimenti degli investimenti per le principali specie e contesti a livello mondiale. In questo studio, abbiamo utilizzato un approccio simile per stimare e analizzare, in una prospettiva comparativa, i rendimenti degli investimenti in piantagioni produttive nel contesto dell'Europa meridionale, concentrandoci in alcune regioni di Italia, Spagna e Portogallo. Il nostro interesse principale si è indirizzato sulle piantagioni forestali di natura privata e aventi come obbiettivo primario la produzione di legname. Abbiamo effettuato un'analisi di tipo finanziario al lordo delle imposte, utilizzando indicatori di convenienza per stimare i rendimenti a livello aggregato sulla base di modelli gestionali rappresentativi. Tali indicatori sono stati calcolati prima sulla base di uno scenario base, e poi di scenari alternativi, analizzando l’effetto delle principali variabili esterne derivanti dal mercato e dalle politiche settoriali. Inoltre, abbiamo effettuato un'analisi degli andamenti, la quale rappresenta il contributo metodologico più originale di questo lavoro, dove abbiamo analizzato come sono cambiati, nel corso degli ultimi anni, i margini d’investimento a fronte dell’evoluzione delle principali variabili economiche. In generale, i risultati della ricerca indicano che, nell'Europa meridionale esistono alcune opportunità di rendimenti finanziari interessanti per gli investitori settoriali (cioè i proprietari terrieri e le industrie forestali) e in alcuni casi potenzialmente d’interesse anche per gli investitori finanziari. Ciononostante, è emerso che il contesto regionale è caratterizzato da fattori strutturali, legati alla dinamica del mercato del legname e dalla struttura fondiaria forestale, che devono essere presi in esame accuratamente dai nuovi investitori. Nello specifico, le piantagioni di pioppo nell'Italia settentrionale e Castiglia e León (Spagna) sono state stimate essere potenzialmente le più redditizie, ma è improbabile che gli ampi margini di variabilità e gli elevati costi di uso dei terreni li rendano un investimento interessante per non proprietari terrieri. Le piantagioni di eucalipto in Portogallo sono state stimate essere l'unico investimento in cui anche i non-proprietari possono aspettarsi livelli di redditività relativamente interessanti e stabili, anche se una recente riforma legislativa nel Paese potrebbe limitare nuovi investimenti. Le piantagioni di pino marittimo e pino radiata in Portogallo e Spagna presentano rendimenti sensibilmente inferiori, risentendo della situazione di prezzi bassi causata della crisi economica del 2008 che ha colpito pesantemente il settore delle segherie. Abbiamo anche esteso la nostra analisi a piantagioni miste e multifunzionali, ovvero le piantagioni policicliche nel contesto della pianura padana (Italia settentrionale); queste hanno dimostrato di poter offrire rendimenti finanziari e vantaggi potenzialmente competitivi, anche se è da tenere presente il loro carattere sperimentale e i limiti legati al trasferimento tecnologico. Da un punto di vista più generale, la nostra ricerca ha fornito risultati preziosi per migliorare la conoscenza dei potenziali rendimenti degli investimenti delle piantagioni forestali nell’Europa meridionale, fornendo strumenti per analizzare e confrontare lo stato e l’andamento degli investimenti, dei mercati e delle politiche. Ad esempio, è emerso che le attuali politiche di sussidio non si rivelano efficaci nel fornire un quadro chiaro, equilibrato e stabile per stimolare gli investimenti in piantagioni forestali, e che è urgente un maggiore coordinamento strategico a livello europeo per sostenere la posizione competitiva del settore di fronte alle sfide che la strategia per la bio-economia pone. Inoltre, l’approccio e la metodologia di questa ricerca potrebbero fornire le basi per la creazione di un osservatorio permanente sugli investimenti forestali in Europa, consentendo in prospettiva un migliore monitoraggio del mercato, analisi settoriali e sviluppo di politiche.

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29

Lewis, Robin A. "The politics of sustainability a case study of forestry policies in peninsular Malaysia /". Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1133542461.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geography, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], vi, 83 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-83).

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30

Hoang, Thi Sen. "Gains and losses: devolution of forestry land and natural forest a study of forest allocation in North Central coast, Vietnam /". Uppsala : Dept. of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200972.pdf.

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31

Predmore, Stephen Andrew. "Ecosystem Management in the USDA Forest Service: A Discourse Analysis". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37556.

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This dissertation examines the environmental discourse of the USDA Forest Service, focusing on the language of ecosystem management (EM). A two pronged approach was employed: eleven interviews were conducted with agency executives (chapter two); thirty-three interviews were conducted with agency staff specialists and decision-makers, working at the agencyâ s operational levels (chapter three and four). Differences between how agency executives view EM and how agency operators view EM were identified. Chapter two shows that agency executives generally believed that the process of EM is ingrained in the agency. Chapter three explores this assertion at the forest and district levels, and reveals conflicting stories concerning the current practice of EM. Agency operators explained EM as a process driven by ecological science, but also revealed an alternate planning process. The alternate planning process is driven by the agencyâ s budget and strict employee roles. Through qualitative analysis of interviews with agency operators, a model of how agency operators construct agency planning was created. It illustrates the potential mismatch between planning focused on ecological science and an agency focused on budgets, cost-benefit calculations, and strict employee roles. The model also shows that agency operators described active and passive publics in their constructions of agency planning. Chapter four focuses on these constructs of the public, and shows how they are partly created by agency interpretations of the public involvement processes required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In some cases, the agency applies a standard for public participation (substantive sieve) that requires publics to couch their concerns in scientific or legal terms. Publics that are able to navigate the substantive sieve are typically viewed as active publics, while those that cannot meet this standard are viewed as passive publics. A feedback mechanism was identified between constructs of the public and agency process; constructs of the public shape agency process and agency process shapes agency constructions of the public. The dissertation concludes by showing that agency focus on budgetary targets and the use of the substantive sieve can be understood as attempts to instill accountability into a decentralized agency with an ambiguous mission.
Ph. D.

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32

Gauthier, Remi Charles Talbot. "Policies, livelihood and environmental change at the forest margin in North Lampung, Indonesia : a coevolutionary analysis". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299104.

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33

Poorzady, Mona [Verfasser]. "Role of governmental policies in forest degradation and sediment transportation to the Caspian Sea / Mona Poorzady". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191180689/34.

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34

Maguire, John C. McCluskey-Titus Phyllis Baker Paul J. "Public institutions in higher education policies on the crime awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990 and the Federal Education and Right to Privacy Act (Buckley Amendment)". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3064518.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2002.
Title from title page screen, viewed February 23, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Phyllis McCluskey-Titus, Paul Baker (co-chairs), James Palmer, W. Garry Johnson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-150) and abstract. Also available in print.

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35

Mohdnoor, Khamurudin. "An input-output framework for the economic impact analysis of industrialization policies for the wood-based industry in Sarawak /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5461.

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36

Wehkamp, Johanna [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Ottmar [Gutachter] Edenhofer y Jan [Gutachter] Börner. "Institutional and fiscal policies for forest conservation / Johanna Wehkamp ; Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer, Jan Börner ; Betreuer: Ottmar Edenhofer". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156269636/34.

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37

Gallo, Barbosa Lima Patricia. "Brazil in the Global Forest Governance: the Brazilian Initiative of Developing a National Strategy on REDD+ Policies". Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, 2017. http://deposita.ibict.br/handle/deposita/27.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is now a significant piece of the international climate agreement. This present dissertation aims to investigate the overall framework of REDD+ development as a national strategy in Brazil. Moreover, it focuses on identifying the major challenges and policy constraints of this development design process. A further aim is at the end of the research to proffer pathways for improvement of domestic forest governance in Brazil. Using the sustainable forest landscape governance approach as the overarching conceptual for an effective REDD+ implementation within the Brazilian context and, building on this analysis, the conclusions advance some considerations on what features should be prioritised in the development and establishment of the Brazilian REDD+ national strategy. This dissertation is a grounded theoretical analysis and is centered on the conception that although REDD+ is strongly treated by the Federal Government as an expansion of its actions with regard to sustainable development, by turning forests into an economic asset and strengthening institutions and laws, it is much more likely that Brazil can deal with the environmental challenges it has been facing.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is now a significant piece of the international climate agreement. This present dissertation aims to investigate the overall framework of REDD+ development as a national strategy in Brazil. Moreover, it focuses on identifying the major challenges and policy constraints of this development design process. A further aim is at the end of the research to proffer pathways for improvement of domestic forest governance in Brazil. Using the sustainable forest landscape governance approach as the overarching conceptual for an effective REDD+ implementation within the Brazilian context and, building on this analysis, the conclusions advance some considerations on what features should be prioritised in the development and establishment of the Brazilian REDD+ national strategy. This dissertation is a grounded theoretical analysis and is centered on the conception that although REDD+ is strongly treated by the Federal Government as an expansion of its actions with regard to sustainable development, by turning forests into an economic asset and strengthening institutions and laws, it is much more likely that Brazil can deal with the environmental challenges it has been facing.

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38

O'Meara, Sandra C. "Potential Factors of Influence on Local Wellness Policies of Georgia Public School Systems". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/33.

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Background: This study analyzes local wellness policies of 176 Georgia public school systems. The purpose of the study was to analyze potential relationships between demographic characteristics of Georgia school systems and compliance with the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, as well as the strength of wellness policy goals in the areas of nutrition, physical activity, and other school-based activities. Methods: Demographic data from the Georgia Department of Education were used as independent variables. Compliance ratings and the strength of wellness policy goals were derived from an evaluation tool developed by a research team at Georgia State University’s Institute of Public Health as part of a project contracted by the Georgia Department of Education. Analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation (two-tailed), crosstabulation, and linear regression. Results: Statistically significant positive associations were found between academic performance and strength of overall wellness policy goals (p < .05), as well as goals in the areas of nutrition education and other school-based activities (p < .01). Economic status of the student population was found to be positively associated with the strength of nutrition education goals (p < .05). No statistically significant associations were identified between demographic characteristics of school systems and physical activity goals. No associations were identified between involving community stakeholders in wellness policy development and having more comprehensive wellness policy goals. Conclusions: This study found statistically significant evidence of districts with stronger academic performance having more comprehensive overall wellness policy goals and stronger goals specifically in the areas of nutrition education and other school-based activities goals. Findings should assist the Georgia Department of Education in allocating its limited resources to help school systems improve wellness in public schools throughout Georgia. Recommendations are made to strengthen federal and state policy regarding school wellness, to conduct more research regarding the influence of community involvement on school wellness, and to provide guidance to local school systems having less resources and lower student academic performance in order to ensure health disparities are not further exacerbated.

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39

Lewis, Robin A. "The politics of sustainabiilty: A case study of forestry policies in Peninsular Malaysia". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1143658171.

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40

Ango, Tola Gemechu. "Ecosystem Services and Disservices in an Agriculture–Forest Mosaic : A Study of Forest and Tree Management and Landscape Transformation in Southwestern Ethiopia". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128537.

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The intertwined challenges of food insecurity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss remain perennial challenges in Ethiopia, despite increasing policy interventions. This thesis investigates smallholding farmers’ tree- and forest-based livelihoods and management practices, in the context of national development and conservation policies, and examines how these local management practices and policies transform the agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia. The thesis is guided by a political ecology perspective, and focuses on an analytical framework of ecosystem services (ESs) and disservices (EDs). It uses a mixed research design with data from participatory field mapping, a tree ‘inventory’, interviews, focus group discussions, population censuses, and analysis of satellite images and aerial photos. The thesis presents four papers. Paper I investigates how smallholding farmers in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape manage trees and forests in relation to a few selected ESs and EDs that they consider particularly beneficial or problematic. The farmers’ management practices were geared towards mitigating tree- and forest-related EDs such as wild mammal crop raiders, while at the same time augmenting ESs such as shaded coffee production, resulting in a restructuring of the agriculture–forest mosaic. Paper II builds further on the EDs introduced in paper I, to assess the effects of crop raids by forest-dwelling wild mammals on farmers’ livelihoods. The EDs of wild mammals and human–wildlife conflict are shown to constitute a problem that goes well beyond a narrow focus on yield loss. The paper illustrates the broader impacts of crop-raiding wild mammals on local agricultural and livelihood development (e.g. the effects on food security and children’s schooling), and how state forest and wildlife control and related conservation policy undermined farmers’ coping strategies. Paper III examines local forest-based livelihood sources and how smallholders’ access to forests is reduced by state transfer of forestland to private companies for coffee investment. This paper highlights how relatively small land areas appropriated for investment in relatively densely inhabited areas can harm the livelihoods of many farmers, and also negatively affect forest conservation. Paper IV investigates the patterns and drivers of forest cover change from 1958 to 2010. Between 1973 and 2010, 25% of the total forest was lost, and forest cover changes varied both spatially and temporally. State development and conservation policies spanning various political economies (feudal, socialist, and ‘free market-oriented’) directly or indirectly affected local ecosystem use, ecosystem management practices, and migration processes. These factors (policies, local practices, and migration) have thus together shaped the spatial patterns of forest cover change in the last 50 years. The thesis concludes that national development and conservation policies and the associated power relations and inequality have often undermined local livelihood security and forest conservation efforts. It also highlights how a conceptualization of a local ecosystem as a provider of both ESs and EDs can generate an understanding of local practices and decisions that shape development and conservation trajectories in mosaic landscapes. The thesis draws attention to the need to make development and conservation policies relevant and adaptable to local conditions as a means to promote local livelihood and food security, forest and biodiversity conservation, and ESs generated by agricultural mosaic landscapes.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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41

Bettinger, Pete. "The potential impacts of state income taxes on timber income following the 1986 Tax Reform Act". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44107.

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State income tax laws and their relationship to the federal income tax were surveyed and changes affecting forest landowners since similar research on this subject (1981-82) are discussed. Several previously favorable provisions were eliminated at the federal level. Although the economic situation and research assumptions have changed, the general indications are that many states have implemented provisions which may be considered generally unfavorable to forest landowners. The 1988 federal and state income tax liabilities for hypothetical forest landowners at three personal income levels, each with and without timber sale revenue, were calculated for 41 states in the U.S. which impose a comprehensive income tax. In the South, the state percentage of the total income tax liability for the hypothetical landowners who sell timber ranged from 9 to 21, 7 to 17, and 6 to 15 percent for the low, medium and high income levels, respectively. The state percentage ranged from 10 to 31, 9 to 20, and 7 to 16 percent for the low, medium and high income levels, respectively for landowners who did not sell timber. Louisiana was the lowest and North Carolina was the highest for all hypothetical cases. In the West, the state percentage ranged from 13 to 25, 12 to 25, and 10 to 19 percent, for the low, medium and high income levels, respectively, for landowners who sold timber. The state percentage for landowners who did not sell timber ranged from 10 to 34, 15 to 25, and from 12 to 20 percent the low, medium and high income levels, respectively. Arizona and Colorado consistently were among the lowest and Hawaii was the highest for all the hypotheticalcases
Master of Science

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42

Bumpus, Debra Lynn. "Visitor Characteristics and Attitudes Toward Policies in the Irish Wilderness of Southern Missouri". DigitalCommons@USU, 1990. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6438.

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Questionnaires which assessed attitudes toward wilderness policies and behavioral norms were distributed to individuals at the Irish Wilderness, in the surrounding communities, and to conservation groups. Questions were designed to describe general wilderness policies and also those policies specific to the Irish Wilderness. The Irish Wilderness, located in southeastern Missouri, was designated as a national wilderness area in 1984. Prior to this 1986 study, no previous studies had been conducted in the area to describe visitor characteristics and attitudes toward wilderness management policies. A comparison was also made between the attitudes of the Irish Wilderness visitor and of Pacific Northwest wilderness visitors (Hendee et al., 1968). Three hypotheses were tested: (1) differences exist between experienced and nonexperienced individuals in their perception of what constitutes wilderness norms as defined by the 1964 Wilderness Act, (2) differences do not exist between western and midwestern wilderness visitors and their attitudes toward proper wilderness behavior and norms, and (3) individuals with prior Irish Wilderness visits will exhibit a more purist attitude toward administrative goals set for the Irish Wilderness than those individuals with less wilderness experience. The findings of this study show that visitors with the most wilderness experience respond more favorably to statements which reflect the ideals and goals of the 1964 Wilderness Act. This corresponds with information provided in Young's (1982) study which stated that the experienced visitor would exhibit a more purist attitude in regards to wilderness behavior. Also, respondents from the Irish Wilderness study differed from the respondents in the Pacific Northwest study in their attitudes toward acceptable wilderness norms and behaviors. In most cases, Irish Wilderness respondents were more favorable to statements which reflected the goals of the 1964 Wilderness Act, although the amount of time which had elapsed between the two studies (15 years) should be taken into consideration. Previous experience in the Irish Wilderness appeared to play a role in the individual's concurrence and compliance with the administrative policies of the area. This may also coincide with the fact that particular needs of the individual are being met within the wilderness area. Successful management of wilderness areas may be enhanced by recognizing the needs of the individual and seeing that those needs mesh with the area's entire realm of wilderness attributes, of which recreational activities are a small part.

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43

Sahakian, Frederick. "Perceptions of Problems, Policies, and Politics of a Controversial Pacific State Mosque". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6107.

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Despite the existence of land use and environmental protection policies designed to provide guidance on land development, some projects can still be contentious. As the number of Muslims and mosques in the United States are increasing, little is known about the problematic conditions that Muslims may experience when attempting to site a new mosque, community center, or cemetery. The purpose of this study was to develop a deeper understanding about the experiences and perceptions of those involved in the failed siting of a controversial mosque, community center, and cemetery project in a U.S. West Coast state. The multiple streams framework was used to examine the problem, politics, and policy streams that occurred throughout the case. The research question addressed the key elements that led to community protests and the ensuing state lawsuit. A qualitative case study design was used to analyze literature, news reports, government reports, and the loosely-structured interviews of 15 purposefully-selected community stakeholders. The interview data were coded and categorized for thematic analysis. Results indicated that navigating the politics stream was especially difficult for the mosque applicants because they did not anticipate much resistance and were unaware of community members' concerns about water table contamination. Implications for positive social change include providing policy makers with insight into conflict that may arise in the siting of a mosque, community center, or cemetery and potentially reducing conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims.

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44

Seadle, Michael [Gutachter] y Victor [Gutachter] Hoeflich. "Attitudes, habits, norms and policies regarding co-authorship among forest scientists in Brazil / Gutachter: Michael Seadle, Victor Hoeflich". Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1184576904/34.

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45

Pavri, Firooza B. "Tragedies in state commons : macro forest policies, local influences and deforestation in the Western Ghats of Raigad, India /". The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488192119261394.

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46

Nordberg, Mats. "State forest management reforms in three ex-Soviet republics : reforms, reasons and differences /". Uppsala : Dept. of forest products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200767.pdf.

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47

Marchiolo, Eryn M. "An Analysis of Georgia Schools’ Compliance and Implementation of Federally Mandated School Wellness Policies". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/20.

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Our nation’s youth face health challenges today that are drastically different from the health problems of youth in generations past. The drastic rise in childhood obesity rates prompted the 108th Congress to look for an innovative solution to the problem, mandating that each school district receiving federal funding for Free and Reduced Lunch must create and adopt a local wellness policy. This study examines whether relationships exist between Georgia’s school districts’ wellness policies and specific demographic characteristics of the district. Dependent variables include compliance, phase of implementation, and presence of a school health council. This study conducted univariate analysis using chi square and odds ratio coupled with binary logistic regression. Analysis shows that percent of minority students, as an independent variable, is significantly associated with compliance with the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act.

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48

Uliczka, Helen. "Forest biodiversity maintenance : instruments and indicators in the policy implementation /". Uppsala : Dept. of Conservation Biology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s291.pdf.

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Travieso-Parker, Lourdes Lucia. "Policies, Pedagogy, and Practices: Educational Experiences of Latino English Language Learners in Virginia". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26593.

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The purpose of this qualitative case study was to analyze the impact of the policies of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) on the teaching and learning of 10 Latino English language learners (ELLs) in an urban high school in Virginia. Using ethnographic methodology, the researcher examined the nexus of the policy of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) (2001) with the pedagogy of the English as a Second Language (ESL) and content area teachers, and the practices employed by teachers to enable students to acquire a second language in an academic setting. This enabled the researcher to examine the contextual framework of a large urban school and factors converging to help Latino ELLs learn academic English to succeed in high school. By reviewing the policy, pedagogy, and practices used in this school, I observed the connectedness of an entire school and the relationships fostered by students and faculty to support a learning climate for ELLs. The findings of this study show that the sociocultural environment and the educational experiences play a significant role in the adaptive process of learning a second language for Latino English language learners. Pedagogy that was built on respect for the Latino English language learnersâ cultural identity, linguistic abilities, and critical thinking skills helped learners become actively engaged, and facilitated learning in the second language that was academically rigorous. The practices of caring teachers enabled them to serve as advocates for ELLs, helped forge relationships of respect and trust, and encouraged Latino ELLs to succeed academically as they navigated the high school environment.
Ph. D.

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50

Lazdinis, Marius. "Connecting social and ecological systems : towards an integrated toolbox for assessment of forest policy implementation /". Uppsala : Dept. of Conservation Biology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s315.pdf.

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