Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Forest litter Australia"
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1
FAN, QING-HAI y DAVID E. WALTER. "A review of the genus Tycherobius (Acari: Camerobiidae), with descriptions of four new species from Australia". Zootaxa 1121, n.º 1 (2 de febrero de 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1121.1.1.
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This is the first review on the genus Tycherobius Bolland since its establishment in 1986. We studied characters of the genus, provide distribution and habitat information, and described four new species from Australia: Tycherobius stipula sp. n., from grasstree litter in Brisbane and wetsandy heath litter in Cooloola, T. australis sp. n., from forest litter in Brisbane, wet-sandy heath litter in Cooloola, T. acicula sp. n., from litter in African Mahogany plantation in Far North Queensland and T. elongata sp. n., from forest litter in Brisbane. We also give a key to adults of the genus.
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Conacher, CA, C. O'Brien, JL Horrocks y RK Kenyon. "Litter production and accumulation in stressed mangrove communities in the Embley River estuary, north-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 47, n.º 5 (1996): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960737.
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From March 1993 to March 1994, the three main mangrove communities in the Embley River Estuary (12�37'S, 141�52'E) were studied: Rhizophora forest in the main river channel and in a small creek, and Ceriops forest and Avicennia forest in a small creek. In November 1993, all A. marina trees in the main river channel lost their leaves, and some understorey species in Avicennia forests in tributaries died; this is attributed to environmental stress. This defoliation and death continued for at least a year. The Rhizophora forests were moderately to highly productive of litter, were the tallest, and had the greatest canopy cover and the greatest surface area of ground structures or potential refugia for juvenile finfish and crustaceans; all the litter was quickly transported by the tides to other parts of the estuary. The Ceriops and Avicennia forests produced less litter and were probably under water stress and salinity stress during the dry season; litter accumulated on the forest floor for much of the year, but from November to March was carried away by the higher tides and rainfall. Hence, in the wet season, pulses of litter are exported to the estuary, potentially forming temporary habitats in the estuary for juvenile finfish and crustaceans.
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Burrows, N. D. "Flame residence times and rates of weight loss of eucalypt forest fuel particles". International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, n.º 2 (2001): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01005.
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Shape, size, composition and arrangement of fuel particles within a fuel array significantly affect the way in which wildland fires behave. Australian eucalypt forest fire behaviour models characterise fine fuels according to the quantity burnt in the flaming zone, and the upper size limit for fine fuel particles is somewhat arbitrarily set at 6 mm for the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Meter and 10 mm for the Forest Fire Behaviour Tables for Western Australia. Flame residence time and rate of weight loss during combustion of dry eucalypt leaves and different dimensions of round wood were measured to provide a scientific basis for standardising litter fuel sampling in dry eucalypt forests. Eucalypt leaves burnt at a rate equivalent to a piece of 4 mm diameter round wood, with smaller diameter round wood being the most flammable component of the fuel array. Based on flame residence times of individual fuel particles measured in the laboratory, and eucalypt surface fuel arrays observed in the field, fine litter fuel sampling should be standardised to leaves and round wood less than 6 mm in diameter. This study also enables the determination of the contribution of larger fuel particles to flaming zone combustion and intensity.
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Bowman, DMJS. "Monsoon Forests in North-Western Australia. II. Forest-Savanna Transitions". Australian Journal of Botany 40, n.º 1 (1992): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920089.
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Presence-absence data for tree species in over 1000 quadrats, 10 ° 20m, on 144 transects were analysed by the divisive classificatory program TWINSPAN in order to define wet or dry monsoon forest, ecotone and savanna assemblages. A sorted table revealed that there was continuous floristic variation among these six vegetation types, although the abundance of tree species varied highly significantly between assemblages. Both wet and dry monsoon forests have higher stem densities, greater basal area, more tree species, higher litter cover and lower grass cover than surrounding savannas. Wet monsoon forest soils have significantly more moisture than surrounding savanna, but on the dry monsoon forest-savanna boundary there is no significant difference in soil moisture. Both wet and dry monsoon forest soils are more fertile than those in surrounding savannas, although there is considerable variation in the concentration of nutrients within and between the two forest formations. The greater fertility of the forest probably reflects superior nutrient accretion compared with the savanna, rather than indicating that monsoon forests are restricted to inherently fertile sites. Half the wet monsoon forest boundaries sampled had ecotonal quadrats separating forest from savanna, while only 18% of the dry monsoon forest boundaries had such structurally and floristically intermediate quadrats. A limited number of tree species was found to dominate both wet and dry forest ecotones. Wet forest ecotones are overall environmentally more similar to the surrounding savanna than the adjoining forests. Dry forest ecotones are environmentally intermediate between the dry forest and savanna. Both wet and dry forests have less fire damage than surrounding savannas. In contrast to the edaphic control of most wet monsoon forests, dry forests are typically restricted to fire protected niches. The distribution of both wet and dry forest, ecotone and savanna on boundaries with no edaphic or topographic discontinuities is thought to reflect a dynamic relationship between these assemblages.
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Kelly, Luke T. y Andrew F. Bennett. "Habitat requirements of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) in box - ironbark forest, Victoria, Australia". Wildlife Research 35, n.º 2 (2008): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07088.
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Understanding the habitat requirements of a species is critical for effective conservation-based management. In this study, we investigated the influence of forest structure on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), a small dasyurid marsupial characteristic of dry forests on the inland side of the Great Dividing Range, Australia. Hair-sampling tubes were used to determine the occurrence of A. flavipes at 60 sites stratified across one of the largest remaining tracts of dry box–ironbark forest in south-eastern Australia. We considered the role of six potential explanatory variables: large trees, hollow-bearing trees, coppice hollows, logs, rock cover and litter. Logistic regression models were examined using an information-theoretic approach to determine the variables that best explained the presence or absence of the species. Hierarchical partitioning was employed to further explore relationships between occurrence of A. flavipes and explanatory variables. Forest structure accounted for a substantial proportion of the variation in occurrence of A. flavipes between sites. The strongest influence on the presence of A. flavipes was the cover of litter at survey sites. The density of hollow-bearing trees and rock cover were also positive influences. The conservation of A. flavipes will be enhanced by retention of habitat components that ensure a structurally complex environment in box–ironbark forests. This will also benefit the conservation of several threatened species in this dry forest ecosystem.
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Nugent, Daniel T., Steven W. J. Leonard y Michael F. Clarke. "Interactions between the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) and fire in south-eastern Australia". Wildlife Research 41, n.º 3 (2014): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14052.
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Context The superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae is thought to be an important ecosystem engineer that, through its foraging, accelerates the decomposition of litter in Eucalyptus forests. Lyrebird foraging is therefore likely to affect forest fuel loads and hence fire behaviour in these fire-prone forests. In turn, fire is likely to reduce the abundance and influence the distribution of lyrebirds. Aims Our goal was to determine the impacts of a major bushfire on the habitat and food sources for the superb lyrebird and the effects of foraging activities of lyrebirds on litter fuel and potential fire behaviour in gullies of herb-rich foothill forests. Methods The effect of fire on lyrebirds and their habitat in the post-fire environment was examined at the landscape-scale, 2 years after fire; and at the patch-scale, 3 years after fire. Paired exclusion and control plots were also used over a 9-month period to assess the effects of foraging by the lyrebird on litter accumulation and fuel connectivity. Fire-behaviour models were used to determine the potential influence of lyrebird scratchings on fire behaviour. Key results At the landscape scale, lyrebirds were present in both unburnt and ground-burnt sites, but not in canopy-burnt sites. Within patchily burnt sites, lyrebirds favoured foraging in unburnt patches. On average, lyrebird foraging reduced litter fuel loads by 25% (1.66 t ha–1) in plots in which they were free to forage, compared with plots from which they were excluded, over a 9-month period. Fire-behaviour modelling showed that lyrebird foraging led to a lower likelihood of fire occurring and less intense fire. Conclusions Distinctly different vegetation structure and composition between burnt and unburnt patches appears to influence both the foraging patterns and distribution of lyrebirds. Additionally, foraging by lyrebirds reduces surface fuel loads and fuel connectivity such that fire spread is likely to be inhibited. Implications We propose that alternative stable states may emerge in Eucalyptus forests as a result of feedback mechanisms among lyrebirds, vegetation and fuel accumulation. Therefore, the ecological role of lyrebirds is an important consideration in forest fuel management and conservation in these extensive, fire-prone forests in south-eastern Australia.
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Dennis, Andrew J. "Scatter-hoarding by musky rat-kangaroos, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, a tropical rain-forest marsupial from Australia: implications for seed dispersal". Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, n.º 6 (24 de octubre de 2003): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403006023.
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Tropical forests around the world contain animals that scatter-hoard fruits and seeds but few are known in Australian tropical forests. This study used both direct observation and spool-and-line tracking of simulated fruits to demonstrate that Australia's smallest kangaroos disperse large numbers of rain-forest fruits and seeds. They did so in two ways, either by scatter-hoarding or by carrying them away from the source to devour the flesh before dropping the seed on to the litter surface. The fruits used included a range of fruit types but particularly species with large fleshy fruit. Caches occurred as a single fruit pressed into the soil and covered with litter a mean distance of 17 m (±2.7 SE) and up to 68 m from the source. Musky rat-kangaroos handled up to 2700 fruits ha-1 mo-1 and they dispersed up to 900 fruits ha-1 mo-1 and cached up to 690 fruits ha-1 mo-1. This behaviour is a significant example of convergent evolution, which reflects similar behaviour found in agoutis, acouchies and squirrels on other continents.
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Gormley, Angela G., Tina L. Bell y Malcolm Possell. "Non-Additive Effects of Forest Litter on Flammability". Fire 3, n.º 2 (12 de mayo de 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3020012.
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Forest litter is a fuel component that is important for the propagation of fire. Data describing fuel load, structure and fuel condition were gathered for two sites of Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forest, a common vegetation type in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Surface litter from the sites was sorted into its constituent components and used to establish which component or mixture of components were the most flammable using several metrics. A general blending model was used to estimate the effect the different mixtures had on the response of the flammability metrics and identify non-additive effects. Optimisation methods were applied to the models to determine the mixture compositions that were the most or least flammable. Differences in the flammability of the two sites were significant and were driven by Allocasuarina littoralis. The presence of A. littoralis in litter mixtures caused non-additive effects, increasing the rate of flame spread and flame height non-linearly. We discuss how land managers could use these models as a tool to assist in prioritising areas for hazard reduction burns and how the methodology can be extended to other fuel conditions or forest types.
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Parsons, Scott A. y Robert A. Congdon. "Plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in north Queensland tropical rain-forest communities of differing successional status". Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, n.º 3 (mayo de 2008): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408004963.
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Abstract:Soil processes are essential in enabling forest regeneration in disturbed landscapes. Little is known about whether litterfall from dominating pioneer species in secondary rain forest is functionally equivalent to that of mixed rain-forest litter in terms of contribution to soil processes. This study used the litterbag technique to quantify the decomposition and nutrient dynamics of leaf litter characteristic of three wet tropical forest communities in the Paluma Range National Park, Queensland, Australia over 511 d. These were: undisturbed primary rain forest (mixed rain-forest species), selectively logged secondary rain forest (pioneer Alphitonia petriei) and tall open eucalypt forest (Eucalyptus grandis). Mass loss, total N, total P, K, Ca and Mg dynamics of the decaying leaves were determined, and different mathematical models were used to explain the mass loss data. Rainfall and temperature data were also collected from each site. The leaves of A. petriei and E. grandis both decomposed significantly slower in situ than the mixed rain-forest species (39%, 38% and 29% ash-free dry mass remaining respectively). Nitrogen and phosphorus were immobilized, with 182% N and 134% P remaining in E. grandis, 127% N and 132% P remaining in A. petriei and 168% N and 121% P remaining in the mixed rain-forest species. The initial lignin:P ratio and initial lignin:N ratio exerted significant controls on decomposition rates. The exceptionally slow decomposition of the pioneer species is likely to limit soil processes at disturbed tropical rain-forest sites in Australia.
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Matthews, S., W. L. McCaw, J. E. Neal y R. H. Smith. "Testing a process-based fine fuel moisture model in two forest types". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2007): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-207.
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We test the ability of a recently developed process-based fine fuel moisture model to predict the surface and profile moisture content of litter fuels in two types of eucalytpus forest in Western Australia. The model predicts fuel moisture by modelling the energy and water budgets of the litter, intercepted precipitation, and the air spaces in the litter. The model equations are solved using an initial observation of fuel moisture and boundary conditions derived from basic weather observations. Model predictions are compared with twice-daily field observations made from October 1983 to March 1984. A novel two-stage method is used to assess model performance; the ability of the model to predict whether fuel is flammable is first assessed using contingency table analysis, and then the accuracy of predictions when the fuel is flammable is assessed. The model is capable of predicting the flammability of litter in both forest types with 80%–90% accuracy. Predictions of moisture content in flammable fuels are, on average, accurate to within 3% once the model has been calibrated against field observations. The model can be adapted to other forest types by specifying suitable parameters or by calibration against field observations.
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Attiwill, P. M., P. M. Attiwill, B. M. May y B. M. May. "Does nitrogen limit the growth of native eucalypt forests:some observations for mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans)". Marine and Freshwater Research 52, n.º 1 (2001): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00046.
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It is often stated that the availability of N limits the rate of growth of native forests. We discuss this hypothesis with particular reference to the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of south-eastern Australia. The abundance of 15 N in leaves and soil of mountain ash forest is in accord with data for Northern Hemisphere temperate forests and for tropical forests,and indicates that N availability is relatively high.None of the nutrient elements has limited the rate of growth of mountain ash forest regenerating after major disturbance (clear-felling and intense wild-fire). There is some evidence that P may be limiting to some ecological processes (e.g. the rate of litter decomposition). We conclude that phosphorus is more likely to be limiting than nitrogen in mountain ash forest because nitrogen cycling is conservative and continual inputs of N through biological fixation supplement this conservative N supply, and the stands never become N-deficient. The development of methodologies to determine the rate of N2-fixation in forests should be of high priority in ecological research.
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D. Majer, J., H. F. Recher, B. E. Heterick y A. C. Postle. "The canopy, bark, soil and litter invertebrate fauna of the Darling Plateau and adjacent woodland near Perth, Western Australia, with reference to the diversity of forest and woodland invertebrates". Pacific Conservation Biology 7, n.º 4 (2001): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020229.
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This paper tables and reports on pooled taxonomic data from three separate research projects involving aspects of eucalypt invertebrate ecology: canopy invertebrates in jarrah and marri forest; bark invertebrates on four eucalypt species in forest and woodland; and soil and litter fauna in jarrah and marri forest. The data support the concept of a high invertebrate biodiversity on and under southwestern eucalypts, with 1 234 adult morphospecies of invertebrates being collected from the bark alone. Despite different trapping methods used in each of the three studies, we were able to find a high degree of overlap at the family level between bark and canopy fauna (126 families were found on both bark and in the canopy representing 79.2% of 159 canopy families). Eighty identified genera were also found on both bark and canopy, which represents 46.2% of the 173 identified canopy genera. The soil and litter fauna data are not complete (a taxonomic inventory of Acarina and Formicidae is not available) but appears to be more distinctive, sharing only 24 families (= 60% of the 40 identified soil-litter families) with bark, and 17 families (= 42.5% of the soil-litter families) with the canopy. At the generic level, only seven identified genera (= 8.6% of 22 soil-litter genera) were shared between soil-litter and bark, and five genera (= 6.2% of soil-litter genera) were shared between soil-litter and the canopy. An examination of the trophic guilds reveals that fungivores-decomposers were very diverse in soil and litter (accounting for approximately 50% of the biodiversity in these substrates). This guild was much less diverse on the canopy (21.6% of the canopy diversity) and the bark (16.9% of bark diversity). Sap-sucking organisms were more diverse in soil (13.9%) and litter (12.8%) than on the canopy (5.3%) or on bark (5.9%). The canopy result is surprising, and suggests that not many invertebrate species are able to feed on the sap of southwestern eucalypts, the sap of which may contain a high proportion of toxic compounds. Predators were more diverse on the canopy and on bark (?19-23% of total taxa) than in soil and litter (? 9-9.5%), as were parasitoids (18.7% and 22.5% compared with 10.5% and 14.8%). Epiphyte grazers and phytophages were not very diverse (=11 %) on any of the substrates, and representatives of other guilds or organisms whose diet was unknown accounted for less than 2.5% of the total diversity. Tourist species were not recognised among the soil and litter fauna, though they were found in the canopy and on bark, and ants were not quantified for soil and litter.
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Butler, Orpheus M., Tom Lewis y Chengrong Chen. "Fire alters soil labile stoichiometry and litter nutrients in Australian eucalypt forests". International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, n.º 9 (2017): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17072.
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Ecological stoichiometry may be used to investigate the impacts of fire regime, as fire regime can influence the cycling and balance of elements within forest ecosystems. We investigated the effects of fire history on soil and litter stoichiometry in four forest sites in Queensland, Australia. Soil and litter in recently burned areas were compared with those in areas with no recent fire. Effects of burning on concentrations and ratios of multiple pools of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in soil varied between sites, indicating that site and fire regime characteristics regulate these responses. Labile pools of soil C, N and P were more responsive to burning than total pools, and labile soil C:P and N:P ratios tended to be lower in recently burned areas, consistent with our expectations. These changes suggest that the disparate volatilisation temperatures of these elements influence post-fire soil stoichiometry, and that P cycling may be enhanced in some post-fire environments. Fire-induced changes to litter chemistry were not consistent with soil effects, although litter was generally nutrient-enriched in recently burned areas. Our results reveal the potential for fire to alter elemental balances and thus modify C and nutrient cycling in the plant–soil system.
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B. Lindenmayer, D., A. W. Claridge, A. M. Gilmore, D. Michael y B. D. Lindenmayer. "The ecological roles of logs in Australian forests and the potential impacts of harvesting intensification on log-using biota". Pacific Conservation Biology 8, n.º 2 (2002): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020121.
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A review is presented of the ecological values of logs in Australian eucalypt forests. Logs are a key component of stand structural complexity and have critical functional roles for forest biodiversity including:- (1) providing nesting and sheltering sites for biota, (2) providing foraging substrates for predators like snakes and predatory invertebrates such as velvet worms, (3) providing basking and hibernation sites for reptiles, (4) facilitating animal movement, (5) providing places for key social behaviours, (6) acting as plant germination sites, (7) providing substrates to promote the growth of fungi, (8) providing mesic refugia for organisms during drought and/or fire, and (9) contributing to heterogeneity in the litter layer and patterns of ground cover. Logs also play significant roles in nutrient cycling in forests. The role of logs is often ignored in forestry operations, including those where harvesting intensification will occur through the removal of dead and/or "defective" standing trees and logs under the guise of removing so-called waste or logging "residues". Recently proposed intensive large-scale forestry operations in the Australian native forest estate (e.g., biomass burning power plants and charcoal plants) have the potential to reduce stand structural complexity, alter forest ecosystem function and negatively impact upon log-dependent species in those part of the landscape where harvesting takes place. The risks of such impacts have not been adequately measured in Australia, but they need to be addressed urgently. Prescriptions for the retention and future recruitment of logs must be developed to avert possible losses of biodiversity.
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Hegarty, Elwyn E. "Leaf litter production by lianes and trees in a sub-tropical Australian rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, n.º 2 (mayo de 1991): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005356.
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ABSTRACTLeaf litter production by lianes (=lianas) and trees was compared in an evergreen rain forest in subtropical Australia. Several successional stages were represented at the main site. Lianes contributed 2.2% of total basal area (69.6 m2 ha-1) of this site, but 24% of leaf litterfall (5.9–6.5 tha-1 y-2 over two years. Minor year-to-year variation in litterfall was attributed to incidence of severe storms, and drought. Lianes were responsible for about 17% of leaf litterfall in spring, 21% in the summerpeak, and 40% in autumn, more lianes than trees being deciduous. Leaf litter production by 23 individual species of liane, in relation to their basal area within the main site, was, on average, 15 times as great as that by 34 tree species, but declined more steeply between the species-groups of early and later succession. Tendrillar lianes, unlike twiners and scramblers, were confined to the ‘early’ successional group, and their foliage was spread across canopy surfaces, maximizing light interception. It was concluded that this contributed to greater production of leaf litter, per unit basal area, by tendrillar than by other climbers, and to the successional decline in leaf litterfall from lianes.
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Ward, SJ. "Life-History of the Eastern Pygmy-Possum, Cercartetus-Nanus (Burramyidae, Marsupialia), in South-Eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 38, n.º 3 (1990): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900287.
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Populations of Cercartetus nanus were investigated in three areas of Victoria: two areas of Banksia woodland at Wilsons Promontory National Park and an area of mixed eucalypt forest with an under- storey of B. spinulosa at Nar Nar Goon North, east of Melbourne. Most births occurred between November and March, but in areas where the dominant Banksia sp. flowered in winter they took place year-round. Most females produced two litters in a year, but some produced three. Males were reproductively active throughout the year. Litter sizes ranged from two to six, with a modal size of four. Pouch life lasted 30 days and weaning occurred at 65 days. Growth was rapid, young became independent immediately after weaning, and matured as early as 4.5-5.0 months old. Maximum longevity in the field was at least 4 years.
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Fan, Qing-Hai, David Evans Walter y Heather C. Proctor. "A review of the genus Ledermuelleriopsis Willmann (Acari : Prostigmata : Stigmaeidae)". Invertebrate Systematics 17, n.º 4 (2003): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is03009.
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The mite family Stigmaeidae (Acari : Prostigmata) is of considerable importance in biological control, but its genera are often poorly defined and have never been subjected to cladistic analysis. Herein, we report the stigmaeid genus Ledermuelleriopsis Willmann from Australia for the first time, present a preliminary phylogenetic analysis that demonstrates that Eustigmaeus Berlese and Ledermuelleriopsis Willman are distinct, review the genus at the world level, and provide diagnostic characters of the adult females for each of the 21 known species. We also catalogue habitats, distributions and localities of holotypes. Four new species from Australia are described and illustrated: L. parvilla, sp. nov. from old dune sand, L. barbellata, sp. nov. from wet-sandy heath litter, and L.�pustulosa, sp. nov. and L. claviseta, sp. nov. from dry eucalypt forest litter. A key to adult females of all known Ledermuelleriopsis species is provided. The Australian species and L. incisa Wood from New Zealand can be separated from all other members of the genus by a synapomorphy: the reduction of the number of setae on the aggenital shield to one pair. Results of a preliminary morphological cladistic analysis for those stigmaeid genera in which the larvae and adults of both sexes are known, indicate that Ledermuelleriopsis is basal to a clade containing Cheylostigmaeus Willman and Eustigmaeus.
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Bowman, DMJS y WJ Panton. "Differences in the Stand Structure of Eucalyptus tetrodonta Forests Between Elcho Island and Gunn-Point, Northern Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 41, n.º 2 (1993): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930211.
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Eucalyptus tetrodonta dominated open forests occur across the northern coast of the Northern Territory. They typically have a well developed grass understorey, scattered saplings, numerous woody sprouts (ramets) and a conspicuous absence of seedlings (genets). We compared a typical E. tetrodonta stand on Gunn Point with an atypical stand on Elcho Island; the forest on Elcho Island had less grass cover, greater canopy and litter cover, a deeper organic layer and higher densities of seedlings, woody sprouts and saplings than on Gunn Point. Gunn Point had a greater number of large E. tetrodonta trees that were more widely spaced than trees on Elcho Island. The cause of these differences remains unclear.
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Grant, Carl D. y John Koch. "Orchid species succession in rehabilitated bauxite mines in Western Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 51, n.º 4 (2003): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02127.
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Twenty-three orchid species were recorded in Alcoa's permanent vegetation-monitoring plots in unmined and rehabilitated jarrah forest. Of these, 22 were identified in the unmined jarrah forest and 20 were recorded in rehabilitated areas of between 1 and 31 years old. Three species (Cyrtostylis ovata, Lyperanthus serratus and Prasophyllum elatum) were only recorded in the unmined forest and one species was only recorded in rehabilitated areas (Diuris carinata). The overall density of native orchids in the forest was 13 755 plants ha–1, 10 times greater than the density in rehabilitated areas (1381 plants ha–1). The most abundant species in the forest were Cyrtostylis robusta, Caladenia flava, Pterostylis nana and Thelymitra crinita, all with densities greater than 1000 plants ha–1. The most abundant species in the rehabilitated areas were Microtis media, Disa bracteata (an introduced species), Caladenia flava, Pterostylis nana, Diuris longifolia and Pterostylis vittata, all with densities greater than 60 plants ha–1. In rehabilitation older than 10 years, the density of orchids increased to 2685 plants ha–1. Burning in rehabilitated areas resulted in large increases in orchid densities. It is believed that orchid colonisation of rehabilitated bauxite mines is dependent on symbiotic mycorrhiza, which are in turn dependent on development of an organic litter component in the soil.
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Scarff, F. R. y J. S. Bradley. "Invertebrate prey of the bark-foraging insectivore Phascogale tapoatafa: distribution of biomass amongst alternative foraging substrates within south-western Australian woodlands". Australian Journal of Zoology 54, n.º 5 (2006): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05051.
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The bark of trees is an important foraging substrate for a range of vertebrate insectivores. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of food resources available to the bark-foraging insectivore Phascogale tapoatafa, and to compare prey biomass on bark versus the litter layer. We conducted nocturnal sampling for arthropods on tree trunks and litter in a forest in south-western Australia. The bark fauna biomass was dominated by spiders, with cockroaches, beetles and ants also well represented. In contrast, the litter was dominated by orthopterans. Invertebrate biomass was much greater in the litter layer than on tree trunks. Prey items in bark were more plentiful in Melaleuca swamps than in the surrounding dry sclerophyll woodland. Within swamps, trees with the highest invertebrate densities had thin trunks or loose bark, whilst in woodland it was trees with thick bark. Water availability may increase the prey resource used by bark-foraging insectivores.
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Brandis, Kate y Carol Jacobson. "Estimation of vegetative fuel loads using Landsat TM imagery in New South Wales, Australia". International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, n.º 2 (2003): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03032.
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Fuel loads in forest areas are dependent on vegetation type and the time since the last fire. This paper reports a study on the feasibility of using remotely sensed data to estimate vegetative fuel loads. It describes two methods for estimating fuel loads using Landsat TM data based on equations describing litter accumulation and decomposition. The first method uses classification techniques to predict vegetation types coupled with fire history data to derive current fuel loads. The second method applies a canopy turnover rate to estimate litterfall and subsequently accumulated litter from biomass, thus utilising the dominant influence of canopy on remotely sensed data. Both methods are compared with data collected from Popran National Park in coastal New South Wales. The amounts of litter calculated with the biomass method were similar to field results, but the classification method was found to overestimate fuel loads. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of varying the vegetation constants and rates used in the fuel estimates to simulate uncertainty or error in their values. The biomass method was less subject to uncertainties and has potential for estimating fuel quantities to provide useful spatial information for fire managers.
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Williams, RJ, AM Gill y PHR Moore. "Seasonal Changes in Fire Behaviour in a Tropical Savanna in Northern Australia". International Journal of Wildland Fire 8, n.º 4 (1998): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9980227.
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In a landscape-scale experiment, fires were lit in replicate catchments 15-20 km2 in area, either early in the dry season (June) or late in the dry season (September) between 1990 and 1994. For each fire, Byram-intensity was determined in representative one ha areas of Eucalyptus miniata – E. tetrodonta open-forest, with a ground stratum dominated by annual grasses. Fuel weights were measured by harvest, fuel heat content was assumed to be constant, and the rate of spread was determined using electronic timers. Fuels consisted primarily of grass and leaf litter, and ranged from 1.5 to 13 t ha-1; in most years, average fuel loads were 2-4 t ha-1. Rates of spread were generally in the range of 0.2-0.8 ms-1. The mean intensity of early dry season fires (2100 kW m-1) was significantly less than that of the late dry season fires (7700 kW m-1), primarily because, in the late dry season, there was more leaf litter, fuels were drier, and fire weather was more extreme. Crown fires, a feature of forest fires of high intensity in southeastern Australia, were not observed in the Kapalga fires. Fire intensity was a very good predictor of both leaf-char height and leaf-scorch height for fires between 100 kW m-1 and 10,000 kW m-1, the range in which the majority of experimental fires fell.
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Nakamura, Akihiro, Carla P. Catterall, Chris J. Burwell, Roger L. Kitching y Alan P. N. House. "Effects of mulch type and depth on the colonization of habitat patches by soil and litter arthropods". Pacific Conservation Biology 15, n.º 3 (2009): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090197.
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Mulch is widely used to encourage establishment and growth of replanted vegetation in forest restoration. The presence of mulch may also benefit soil and litter dwelling arthropods, but little is known about how recolonizing arthropods respond to different types and quantities of mulch used in forest restoration. We employed a manipulative field experiment to assess the effects of mulch type and depth on the colonization patterns of ants and other soil and litter arthropods in created habitat patches. Experimental habitat patches of 2.5 m x 2.5 m were established by adding sterilized hay (a conventionally used mulching material) or forest woodchip (a structurally more complex alternative) at two depths (shallow 3?5 cm, deep 10?15 cm) to create conditions similar to those during the initial stages of rainforest restoration. These were deployed at five sites adjacent to rainforest remnants on the Maleny plateau of subtropical eastern Australia. Despite its simple composition, hay performed better than woodchip in facilitating colonization by arthropods characteristic of rainforest. Shallow hay was favored by rainforest-dependent ant species. Although the results supported the use of hay over woodchip as habitat for rainforest arthropods, neither hay nor woodchip excluded arthropods characteristic of pasture.
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Bunn, Stuart E. "Processing of leaf litter in a northern jarrah forest stream, Western Australia: I. Seasonal differences". Hydrobiologia 162, n.º 3 (mayo de 1988): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00016668.
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George, S. J., R. N. Kelly, P. F. Greenwood y M. Tibbett. "Soil carbon and litter development along a reconstructed biodiverse forest chronosequence of South-Western Australia". Biogeochemistry 101, n.º 1-3 (19 de septiembre de 2010): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-010-9519-1.
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Walsh, Sean F., Petter Nyman, Gary J. Sheridan, Craig C. Baillie, Kevin G. Tolhurst y Thomas J. Duff. "Hillslope-scale prediction of terrain and forest canopy effects on temperature and near-surface soil moisture deficit". International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, n.º 3 (2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16106.
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Soil moisture has important effects on fuel availability, but is often assessed using drought indices at coarse spatial resolution, without accounting for the fine-scale spatial effects of terrain and canopy variation on forest floor moisture. In this study, we examined the spatial variability of air temperature, litter temperature and near-surface soil moisture (θ, 0–100 mm) using data from field experiments at 17 sites in south-east Australia, covering a range of topographic aspects and vegetation types, within climates from semiarid to wet montane. Temperatures and θ in mountainous environments were found to vary at much finer spatial scales than typical drought index grid dimensions (several kilometres). Using terrain elevation, local insolation ratio and plant area index, we developed semi-empirical microclimate models for air and litter temperatures, then used modelled temperatures as input into calculations of the Keetch–Byram Drought Index, a widely used index of soil moisture deficit. Drought index results based on predicted litter temperature were found to explain 91% of the spatial variation in near-surface soil moisture at our experimental sites. These results suggest the potential for routine hillslope-scale predictions of forest floor moisture status, which may be useful in the management of fire, particularly prescribed burning, in complex terrain.
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Watson, Penny J., Sandra H. Penman y Ross A. Bradstock. "A comparison of bushfire fuel hazard assessors and assessment methods in dry sclerophyll forest near Sydney, Australia". International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, n.º 6 (2012): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11034.
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Over the last decade, fire managers in Australia have embraced the concept of ‘fuel hazard’, and guides for its assessment have been produced. The reliability of these new metrics, however, remains to be determined. This study compared fuel hazard ratings generated by five assessment teams using two Australian hazard assessment methods, in two dry sclerophyll forest sites on Sydney’s urban fringe. Attributes that underpin hazard scores, such as cover and height of various fuel layers, were also assessed. We found significant differences between teams on most variables, including hazard scores. These differences were more apparent when fuel hazard assessments focussed on individual fuel layers than when teams’ assessments were summarised into an overall fuel hazard score. Ratings of surface (litter) fuel hazard were higher when one assessment method was used than when assessors employed the other; however, ratings of elevated (shrub) and bark fuel hazard were relatively consistent across assessment methods. Fuel load estimates based on the two hazard assessment methods differed considerably, with differences between teams also significant. Inconsistency in scoring fuel hazard may lead to discrepancies in a range of management applications, which in turn may affect firefighting safety and effectiveness.
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Gwyther, J. "Nematode assemblages from Avicennia marina leaf litter in a temperate mangrove forest in south-eastern Australia". Marine Biology 142, n.º 2 (febrero de 2003): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0944-0.
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Crockford, R. H. y D. P. Richardson. "Decomposition of litter in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and aPinus radiata plantation in southeastern Australia". Hydrological Processes 16, n.º 17 (2002): 3317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1001.
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Heatherington, C. y M. J. Bishop. "Spatial variation in the structure of mangrove forests with respect to seawalls". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, n.º 10 (2012): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12119.
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Artificial structures, such as seawalls, are increasingly disrupting the transition zones between terrestrial and marine systems. They can impede the transport of resources across habitat boundaries and impact adjacent sedimentary ecosystems by modifying hydrodynamics which, in turn, influence sedimentology and erosion. We assessed how structural elements of Avicennia marina mangrove forests along the Parramatta River estuary, Sydney, Australia, differ in the presence or absence of a seawall on the landward side of the forest. These forests are of importance to resident and transient fauna. Sampling of paired mangrove forests, with and without seawalls, supported our hypotheses of structural differences between them. Mangrove forests with seawalls were in some instances less than a third of the width of unconstrained mangrove forests, and had up to twice the pneumatophore density. They often contained less leaf litter and had fewer saplings than forests without seawalls. These results suggest that as shoreline armouring continues, urban mangrove forests and their important ecosystem functions may be negatively impacted. Studies are now needed to ascertain the mechanisms by which seawalls modify these systems.
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Crockford, R. H. y D. P. Richardson. "Litterfall, litter and associated chemistry in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and a pine plantation in south-eastern Australia: 1. Litterfall and litter". Hydrological Processes 12, n.º 3 (15 de marzo de 1998): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19980315)12:3<365::aid-hyp588>3.0.co;2-0.
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Hobley, E. U., A. J. L. E. Gay Brereton y B. Wilson. "Soil charcoal prediction using attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy". Soil Research 55, n.º 1 (2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16068.
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Despite strong evidence for the importance of charcoal as a long-term carbon sink in soils, simple methods to quantify charcoal in soil are still lacking. In this study, we tested the application of attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-MIR) for quantification of charcoal in soil. To do this, we created calibration samples from defined quantities of pulverised rock, charcoal and litter sampled from a forest floor in Guy Fawkes National Park, New South Wales, Australia, and analysed them via ATR-MIR and dry combustion. The organic carbon concentration (mass proportion) of the samples ranged from 0.1 to 15% and the charcoal mass proportion from 0.02–11% (10–50% of soil organic matter). We then trained randomForest models to the spectral data and assessed the predictive performance of the models for both the quantity of charcoal and litter in the samples. The models were excellent at predicting both charcoal and litter contents of the samples, explaining 94% of variance in the mass proportion of charcoal and 93% of the variance in the litter content of the validation dataset (i.e. out-of-bag estimates of the models). Extracting the variable importance from the models showed that the spectral regions important to charcoal prediction differed from those important to litter prediction, highlighting the capacity of the models to distinguish between charcoal and litter components based upon ATR-MIR spectra. Our method enables a simple, cheap and efficient prediction of litter and charcoal without the need for complex chemical extraction or analyses.
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Bateman, Brooke L. y Christopher N. Johnson. "The influences of climate, habitat and fire on the distribution of cockatoo grass (Alloteropsis semialata) (Poaceae) in the Wet Tropics of northern Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 59, n.º 4 (2011): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10266.
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Cockatoo grass [Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) A. Hitchc.] is considered a keystone species in northern Australian ecosystems as it provides a food resource for many species, including several endangered vertebrates. This study examined both local and regional environmental factors influencing cockatoo grass distribution and abundance in the Wet Tropics of north Queensland, Australia. Local distribution and abundance were investigated in the sclerophyll ecotone between open woodland and tall open forest, because little is known about cockatoo grass distribution within this habitat; also, the endangered northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) is restricted to this habitat and depends on cockatoo grass for its survival. Regional-scale modelling of distribution was undertaken to examine the climatic tolerances of cockatoo grass in Queensland. Density of cockatoo grass was negatively related to litter cover, soil moisture, and the presence of two dominant grass species, Themeda triandra [Forssk.(R.Br.) Stapf] and Cleistochloa subjuncea (C.E.Hubb.). Soil nutrients (N, C, S, and C : N ratio) were positively related to density of cockatoo grass. A late dry season experimental burn demonstrated that cockatoo grass had high survival to fire, with increased density and flowering in response to fire. Regional-scale modelling using climate variables indicated that cockatoo grass is more suited to the drier end of the sclerophyll habitat range. Cockatoo grass in the woodland-forest ecotone in the Wet Tropics appears to be influenced by several environmental features associated with the ground layer. The species benefits from the reduction in litter cover and competing grass species that result from management actions such as prescribed burning. Understanding of the factors limiting this species, both at a local and regional scale, can be used to guide management of this ecotone habitat for both cockatoo grass and the survival of other species that depend on it.
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Liebherr, James K. "Revision of Tropopterus Solier: A disjunct South American component of the Australo-Pacific Moriomorphini (Coleoptera, Carabidae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 66, n.º 2 (5 de noviembre de 2019): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.66.38022.
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Tropopterus Solier, 1849, precinctive to southern South America, is taxonomically revised. Six new species are described: T. peckorumsp. nov., T. robustussp. nov., T. canaliculussp. nov., T. trisinuatussp. nov., T. minimucrosp. nov., and T. fieldianussp. nov.Merizodus catapileanus Jeannel, 1962, is synonymized with T. montagnei Solier, 1849. Lectotypes are designated for T. montagnei, T. giraudyi Solier, T. duponchelii Solier, and T. nitidus Solier (= T. duponchelii). Tropopterus peruvianus Straneo is noted as a nomen dubium, with its identity and taxonomic placement to be substantiated via neotype designation. Phylogenetic relationships among Tropopterus spp. are hypothesized based on 37 morphological characters, the distributions of which are analyzed under the parsimony criterion, with the cladogram root established between Tropopterus and its adelphotaxon from New South Wales, Australia. Speciation in the group has occurred predominantly at a limited geographical scale relative to the overall generic distribution, with three pairs of sister species sympatric. However phylogenetic divergence between taxa in the more northern, sclerophyllous forest characterized by Nothofagus obliqua (Brisseau de Mirbel) and those occupying the Valdivian and North Patagonian Rain Forest dominated by N. dombeyi (Brisseau de Mirbel) is observed in two instances of phylogenetic history. Using specific collecting locality records, it is shown that Tropopterus beetles have been collected syntopically and synchronically with species of Glypholoma Jeannel (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), Anaballetus Newton, Švec & Fikáček (Coleoptera, Leiodidae), Andotypus Spangler (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae), and Novonothrus Balogh (Acari, Oribatida). These concordant ecological occurrences document a cohesive Nothofagus forest leaf-litter community. These genera plus other Valdivian Rain Forest invertebrate taxa all exhibit an Austral disjunct biogeographical pattern that corroborates trans-Antarctic vicariance between the Nothofagus forests of southern South America and Australia. Male genitalic antisymmetry is shown to be a synapomorphy of Tropopterus, though the female reproductive tract retains the plesiomorphic orientation observed in all other moriomorphine taxa.
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Moore, T. L., L. E. Valentine, M. D. Craig, G. E. S. J. Hardy y P. A. Fleming. "Is the reptile community affected by Eucalyptus wandoo tree condition?" Wildlife Research 40, n.º 5 (2013): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13015.
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Context Large portions of the world’s forests and woodlands are currently affected by declines in canopy condition of dominant tree species; however, the effects of these declines on faunal communities are largely unknown. Eucalyptus wandoo woodlands in the south-west region of Western Australia have demonstrated declines in condition since the early 1990s. Such declines in tree condition can result in reduced understorey vegetation, increased leaf-litter cover and coarse woody debris, potentially altering the habitat and resource available to reptiles. Prescribed fire events, another mechanism of habitat change for reptiles, are a common occurrence in these woodlands. Aims The present research investigated whether reptile communities were influenced by E. wandoo tree condition, and the changes in the habitat associated with E. wandoo decline. Methods Reptile trapping was conducted at 24 E. wandoo-dominated sites (of varying condition) in Dryandra State Forest and Wandoo Conservation Park, Western Australia. Overall, reptile abundance, species richness and individual reptile species abundances (only those species captured in sufficient numbers for analysis) were compared with a range of habitat characteristics that are likely to be altered by changes in E. wandoo tree condition. Key results Overall, higher reptile abundance and species richness were observed at sites with longer time since fire and more site litter cover. There was also a greater abundance and diversity of reptiles at sites where E. wandoo trees exhibited fewer symptoms of tree decline. Similar analyses for the five most common skink species indicated species-specific relationships with tree-condition measures, time since last fire, site litter cover, distance to drift fence from E. wandoo trees, understorey vegetation density and the density of coarse woody debris. Conclusions Abundance and species diversity of the reptile communities in E. wandoo woodlands were strongly related to time since last fire, E. wandoo tree condition and habitat characteristics such as site litter cover and the density of coarse woody debris. Implications Decline in the condition of E. wandoo trees and the fire events in E. wandoo woodlands are both mechanisms of change correlated with reptile habitat and resources. Future management of E. wandoo woodlands may include reducing prescribed fire events in areas demonstrating symptoms of tree decline, to conserve reptile abundance and species richness.
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Liu, Xiaoying, Robyn J. Watts, Julia A. Howitt y Nicole McCasker. "Carbon and nutrient release from experimental inundation of agricultural and forested floodplain soil and vegetation: influence of floodplain land use on the development of hypoxic blackwater during floods". Marine and Freshwater Research 71, n.º 2 (2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18452.
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Overbank floods in modified lowland rivers often inundate a mosaic of different land uses (e.g. forests, crops and pastures) on the floodplain. We used a glasshouse experiment to investigate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrient (TP, NH4+, NOx) releases, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in water following inundation of soil and vegetation from a lowland river floodplain in southern Australia. Six replicate samples of six intact soil and groundcover treatments were collected during summer; three from a forest (bare soil, wallaby grass and leaf litter) and three from an adjacent paddock (bare soil, wheat and ryegrass). Samples were placed in pots, inundated with river water over 16 days, and their leachates were compared with a river-water control. All vegetated groundcover treatments had significantly higher DOC and COD and significantly less DO at both Day 1 and Day 16 than did the soil-only treatments or the control. Leachates from paddock treatments were less coloured than those from forest treatments, despite having similar concentrations of DOC. Our findings imply that the inundation of any vegetation during summer floods can be a major source of DOC and a major contributor to DO depletion.
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Liu, Xiaoying, Robyn J. Watts, Julia A. Howitt y Nicole McCasker. "Corrigendum to: Carbon and nutrient release from experimental inundation of agricultural and forested floodplain soil and vegetation: influence of floodplain land use on the development of hypoxic blackwater during floods". Marine and Freshwater Research 71, n.º 2 (2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18452_co.
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Overbank floods in modified lowland rivers often inundate a mosaic of different land uses (e.g. forests, crops and pastures) on the floodplain. We used a glasshouse experiment to investigate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrient (TP, NH4+, NOx) releases, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in water following inundation of soil and vegetation from a lowland river floodplain in southern Australia. Six replicate samples of six intact soil and groundcover treatments were collected during summer; three from a forest (bare soil, wallaby grass and leaf litter) and three from an adjacent paddock (bare soil, wheat and ryegrass). Samples were placed in pots, inundated with river water over 16 days, and their leachates were compared with a river-water control. All vegetated groundcover treatments had significantly higher DOC and COD and significantly less DO at both Day 1 and Day 16 than did the soil-only treatments or the control. Leachates from paddock treatments were less coloured than those from forest treatments, despite having similar concentrations of DOC. Our findings imply that the inundation of any vegetation during summer floods can be a major source of DOC and a major contributor to DO depletion.
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Carlyle, J. Clive y EK Sadanandan Nambiar. "Relationships between net nitrogen mineralization, properties of the forest floor and mineral soil, and wood production in Pinus radiata plantations". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2001): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-008.
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We examined the relationship between net nitrogen (N) mineralization (subsequently termed N mineralization) in the forest floor and mineral soil (00.15 m) of 20 Pinus radiata D. Don plantations ranging in age from 23 to 59 years, how mineralization was influenced by soil properties, and its relationship to wood production. Forest floor properties had a narrower relative range than the same set of mineral soil properties. Total N in the litter layer was 5.09.5 g·kg1 compared with 0.232.53 g·kg1 in mineral soil. Laboratory rates of net N mineralization ranged between 1.1 and 9.7 mg·kg1·day1 in forest floor and between 0.02 and 0.53 mg·kg1·day1 in mineral soil. The range in litter lignin (35.348.0%) was especially narrow, despite the large range in stand productivity. Nitrogen mineralized in the forest floor was not correlated with any of the measured forest floor or mineral soil properties. Nitrogen mineralized per unit mineral soil N (ksn) was negatively correlated with the mineral soil N to organic phosphorus ratio (N/Po) (r2 = 0.82). In mineral soil a relationship combining N/Po and total N concentration explained 90% of the variation in N mineralized. Nitrogen mineralized in the forest floor was correlated with that mineralized in the mineral soil when expressed per unit C or N (r2 = 0.54 or 0.57, respectively). Thus, the quality of organic matter in the forest floor partly reflected the quality of organic matter in the mineral soil with respect to N mineralization. Mineralization in mineral soil dominated the net N available to the stand. For sandy soils, wood production (m3·ha1·year1) was correlated with N mineralized in the forest floor + mineral soil (r2 = 0.71). In P. radiata stands growing in southern Australia, rates of wood production per unit N mineralized and per unit rainfall appear to be substantially higher than those of a wide range of natural and planted stands in North America.
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Roxburgh, S. H., B. G. Mackey, C. Dean, L. Randall, A. Lee y J. Austin. "Organic carbon partitioning in soil and litter in subtropical woodlands and open forests: a case study from the Brigalow Belt, Queensland". Rangeland Journal 28, n.º 2 (2006): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05015.
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A woodland–open forest landscape within the Brigalow Belt South bioregion of Queensland, Australia, was surveyed for soil organic carbon, soil bulk density and soil-surface fine-litter carbon. Soil carbon stocks to 30 cm depth across 14 sites, spanning a range of soil and vegetation complexes, ranged from 10.7 to 61.8 t C/ha, with an overall mean of 36.2 t C/ha. Soil carbon stocks to 100 cm depth ranged from 19.4 to 150.5 t C/ha, with an overall mean of 72.9 t C/ha. The standing stock of fine litter ranged from 1.0 to 7.0 t C/ha, with a mean of 2.6 t C/ha, and soil bulk density averaged 1.4 g/cm3 at the soil surface, and 1.6 g/cm3 at 1 m depth. These results contribute to the currently sparse database of soil organic carbon and bulk density measurements in uncultivated soils within Australian open forests and woodlands. The estimates of total soil organic carbon stock calculated to 30 cm depth were further partitioned into resistant plant material (RPM), humus (HUM), and inert organic matter (IOM) pools using diffuse mid-infrared (MIR) analysis. Prediction of the HUM and RPM pools using the RothC soil carbon model agreed well with the MIR measurements, confirming the suitability of RothC for modelling soil organic carbon in these soils. Methods for quantifying soil organic carbon at landscape scales were also explored, and a new regression-based technique for estimating soil carbon stocks from simple field-measured soil attributes has been proposed. The results of this study are discussed with particular reference to the difficulties encountered in the collection of the data, their limitations, and opportunities for the further development of methods for quantifying soil organic carbon at landscape scales.
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Beaulieu, Frédéric. "Saproxyly in predatory mites? Mesostigmata in decaying log habitats versus litter in a wet eucalypt forest, Tasmania, Australia". International Journal of Acarology 38, n.º 4 (mayo de 2012): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2011.647072.
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Zhang, Li, Zhihong Xu y Bharat K. C. Patel. "Frondicola australicus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from decaying leaf litter from a pine forest". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2007): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64560-0.
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An aerobic bacterium, designated strain E1HC-02T, was isolated from the decaying leaf litter of a slash pine forest located in southeast Queensland, Australia. Cells of strain E1HC-02T were short irregular rods (0.5–1.0×0.2–0.4 μm) which stained Gram-positive and possessed a cell-wall ultrastructure which appeared to be made of protein subunits. The novel strain grew optimally in 1 % trypticase soy broth (TSB) at 25 °C and at a pH of 9.1. Strain E1HC-02T metabolized a range of carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids. The G+C content of the DNA was 71±1 mol% as determined by the thermal denaturation method. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain E1HC-02T showed that it was a member of the family Microbacteriaceae, phylum Actinobacteria. The cell wall contained a type B2β peptidoglycan, the dominant cellular fatty acid was 18 : 1ω7c and the major hydroxy fatty acid was 2-OH 14 : 0. The major menaquinones were MK-8 (76 %) and MK-7 (24 %) and the glycolipids present were disphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified phospholipids. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain E1HC-02T were distinctly different to all of the 17 genera of the family Microbacteriaceae and hence strain E1HC-02T is designated as representing a novel species of a new genus, Frondicola australicus gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is E1HC-02T (=JCM 13598T=DSM 17894T).
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Collins, Margaret, Mark Brundrett, John Koch y Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam. "Colonisation of jarrah forest bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchid mycorrhizal fungi". Australian Journal of Botany 55, n.º 6 (2007): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06170.
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Orchids require mycorrhizal fungi for germination of seed and growth of seedlings. The colonisation of bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchids is therefore dependent on the availability of both seed and mycorrhizal fungi. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi baiting trials were carried out in rehabilitation areas that were 1, 10 and 26 years old (established in 2001, 1992 and 1976) and adjacent unmined jarrah forest areas at Jarrahdale, Western Australia. Fungal baits consisted of buried six-chambered nylon-mesh packets containing seed of six jarrah forest orchid taxa, Caladenia flava subsp. flava R.Br., Disa bracteata Sw., Microtis media subsp. media R.Br., Pterostylis recurva Benth., Pyrorchis nigricans (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. and Thelymitra crinita Lindl. Detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi was infrequent, especially at the youngest rehabilitation sites where only mycorrhizal fungi associated with P. recurva were detected. Mycorrhizal fungi of the other orchid taxa were widespread but sparsely distributed in older rehabilitation and forest areas. Detection of mycorrhizal fungi varied between taxa and baiting sites for the two survey years (2002 and 2004). Caladenia flava subsp. flava and T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi were the most frequently detected. The presence of C. flava mycorrhizal fungi was correlated with leafy litter cover and maximum depth, and soil moisture at the vegetation type scale (50 × 5 m belt transects), as well as tree and litter cover at the microhabitat scale (1-m2 quadrats). The presence of T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated with soil moisture in rehabilitation areas and low shrub cover in forest. The frequency of detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi both at rehabilitated sites (15–25% of baits) and in unmined forest (15–50% of baits) tended to increase with rehabilitation age as vegetation recovered. The failure of some orchid taxa to reinvade rehabilitation areas is unlikely to be entirely due to absence of the appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. However, since the infrequent detection of fungi suggests that they occur in isolated patches of soil, the majority of dispersed orchid seeds are likely to perish, especially in recently disturbed habitats.
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O'Connell, AM y WL McCaw. "Prescribed Burning of Thinning Slash in Regrowth Stands of Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) .2. Nitrogen Budgets in Pre- and Post-Burn Fuel". International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, n.º 1 (1997): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970041.
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Changes in nitrogen content of fuel were investigated following eight low to moderate intensity experimental fires conducted under a range of fire weather conditions in a recently thinned 22-year-old regrowth stand of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell) in Western Australia. The average amount of dead fuel < 100 mm in diameter present before burning was 76 t/ha (range 50 to 107 t/ha). The amount of live fuel was small, with a mean of 4 t/ha. Forest floor litter, consisting of fresh and partly decomposed dead leaves and fine twigs (< 6 mm diameter) contributed about 30% of total fuel weight, and wood fractions > 6 mm in diameter contributed about 60%. Remaining fuel was made up of small twigs, bark and leaves added from the thinning operation. Distribution of nitrogen in fuel fractions differed markedly from distribution of fuel weights with more than 60% of fuel-nitrogen in the litter and only about 25% of fuel-nitrogen in wood greater than 6 mm diameter. Following fire, the average amounts of nitrogen in all fuel fractions was reduced. The majority of nitrogen in wood fractions and in bark and leaves was volatilized during the fires (range 55% to 99%), while on average only about 38% of the nitrogen in litter was volatilized. The amount of nitrogen lost from dead fuel differed between the experimental fires (range 50 to 180 kg/ha) and was significantly related to the total amount of fuel consumed (r2 = 0.92). Fuel consumption and nitrogen volatilization increased as the Soil Dryness Index increased and as litter moisture decreased. Nitrogen losses due to burning were small relative to total stores of nitrogen in soil (about 6000 kg/ha) but for the most intense fires were significant in relation to amounts in growing vegetation and surface soil. Burning when moisture content of the litter profile exceeds 90% will reduce combustion of the litter layer. Burning under these conditions allows effective reduction in the flash fuel components located in the upper parts of the fuel bed while retaining much of the nutrient-rich lower strata of fuel. Burns of this type provide effective fire hazard reduction while favouring conservation of nitrogen stored in the litter layer.
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SHAW, MATTHEW D. "Re-evaluation of Pseudoparasitus (Gymnolaelaps) annectans (Womersley): a new genus and two new species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae)". Zootaxa 3453, n.º 1 (5 de septiembre de 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3453.1.2.
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Pseudoparasitus (Gymnolaelaps) annectans (Womersley) and two new species are assigned to a new genus, Nidilaelaps.Nidilaelaps has a number of important differences from Pseudoparasitus and other genera that Nidilaelaps annectans hasbeen previously assigned to, but shares characters with Australopapuan vertebrate-associated taxa, particularly the“Androlaelaps” ulysses species group and Laelapsella Womersley. Nidilaelaps annectans is common in a variety ofmammal and bird nests and also in forest litter. The two new species (N. holdsworthi sp. nov., N. lisae sp. nov.) arerecorded from mammals, birds, or their nests in Papua New Guinea or Australia. Nidilaelaps is inferred to be endemic tothe Australopapuan region. The presence of N. annectans in other regions is suggested to be due to relatively recent colonisation, facilitated by its many phoretic associations, particularly with synanthropic rodents.
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Crockford, R. H. y D. P. Richardson. "Litterfall, litter and associated chemistry in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest and a pine plantation in south-eastern Australia: 2. Nutrient recycling by litter, throughfall and stemflow". Hydrological Processes 12, n.º 3 (15 de marzo de 1998): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19980315)12:3<385::aid-hyp589>3.0.co;2-w.
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Moore, T. L., L. E. Valentine, M. D. Craig, G. E. St J. Hardy y P. A. Fleming. "Does woodland condition influence the diversity and abundance of small mammal communities?" Australian Mammalogy 36, n.º 1 (2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13007.
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Loss of mammal species in Australia in the last 200 years has been attributed to many factors including habitat removal and altered fire regimes. Decline in tree condition could contribute further to the ongoing decline of mammals. Eucalyptus wandoo trees are currently undergoing a decline in condition that can result in a loss of canopy and other changes to the habitat. This paper examines the relationships between E. wandoo tree condition, habitat characteristics and small mammal species richness and abundance. Live-capture trapping was conducted at 24 E. wandoo sites at Dryandra State Forest and Wandoo Conservation Park, Western Australia. Condition and microhabitat variables of E. wandoo were recorded for each site. Generalised additive mixed models revealed a range of habitat and tree condition characteristics that influenced small mammal abundance and species richness, including site litter cover, crown dieback, understorey vegetation cover and tree density. The availability of coarse woody debris played a large role in explaining the abundance of Cercartetus concinnus and Antechinus flavipes, along with other microhabitat and tree condition variables, such as tree leaf litter and crown dieback. Epicormic growth, crown density and the distance to the drift fence from E. wandoo trees were the common variables in the best model for the abundance of Sminthopsis griseoventer. The decline in condition of E. wandoo and the subsequent modifications to the microhabitat are correlated with changes in the small mammal community. A better understanding of how the decline of E. wandoo impacts small mammal communities could improve management practices in E. wandoo woodlands.
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Mcilroy, JC, EJ Gifford y RI Forrester. "Seasonal Patterns in Bait Consumption by Feral Pigs (Sus Scrofa) in the Hill Country of South-Eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 20, n.º 5 (1993): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930637.
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Both fermenting wheat and bran/pollard pellets were readily accepted as bait throughout the year by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in Namadgi National Park, Australian Capital Territory. Birds mainly ate wheat bait, particularly during winter. Other animals occasionally fed on both types of bait, mainly during autumn and winter. Covering baits with forest-floor litter did not significantly affect their discovery and consumption by pigs or by other animals. The proximity of the pigs to the bait line and their appetite for bait appeared to be the main factors responsible for seasonal differences in bait consumption. Trail-baiting campaigns against pigs in similar hill country areas are likely to be more effective during late autumn than other seasons because more pigs are likely to be close to the trails then and more quickly find and eat greater quantities of bait.
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Majer, Jonathan D. "Ant recolonization of rehabilitated bauxite mines at Trombetas, Pará, Brazil". Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, n.º 2 (marzo de 1996): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009445.
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ABSTRACTAnt species were sampled in three rainforest and 10 rehabilitated bauxite mine plots at Trombetas, in the tropical monsoonal region of Brazil. Rehabilitation ranged from 0 to 11 years in age and was mainly performed by planting mixed native forest tree species. One plot supported single-species blocks of Australian Eucalyptus and Acacia species. Two hundred and six ant species were recorded, of which 82 were exclusively found in the native vegetation, 54 were confined to the rehabilitation and 70 were found in both situations. In contrast with other studies, ant species richness in the Eucalyptus/Acacia plantation was as great as in the areas rehabilitated with native vegetation. The overall rate of return of ant species was considerably greater than in mines situated within subtropical regions of Brazil, Africa and Australia. However, if the greater richness of ants in the native vegetation at Trombetas was accounted for, the proportional return of the original ant fauna was not particularly rapid. The return of ant species slowed as the rehabilitated areas aged. In comparison with forest, the rehabilitation was characterized by proportionately more generalist species and fewer specialists, especially from the soil and litter layers. The full range of habitat requirements for the ant community has not been restored by the eleventh year of rehabilitation and further management may be required to enhance the degree of colonization. It is suggested that the findings for ants may apply to other components of the biota as well.
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Possell, M., M. Jenkins, T. L. Bell y M. A. Adams. "Emissions from prescribed fires in temperate forest in south-east Australia: implications for carbon accounting". Biogeosciences 12, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2015): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-257-2015.
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Abstract. We estimated emissions of carbon, as equivalent CO2 (CO2e), from planned fires in four sites in a south-eastern Australian forest. Emission estimates were calculated using measurements of fuel load and carbon content of different fuel types, before and after burning, and determination of fuel-specific emission factors. Median estimates of emissions for the four sites ranged from 20 to 139 Mg CO2e ha−1. Variability in estimates was a consequence of different burning efficiencies of each fuel type from the four sites. Higher emissions resulted from more fine fuel (twigs, decomposing matter, near-surface live and leaf litter) or coarse woody debris (CWD; > 25 mm diameter) being consumed. In order to assess the effect of declining information quantity and the inclusion of coarse woody debris when estimating emissions, Monte Carlo simulations were used to create seven scenarios where input parameters values were replaced by probability density functions. Calculation methods were (1) all measured data were constrained between measured maximum and minimum values for each variable; (2) as in (1) except the proportion of carbon within a fuel type was constrained between 0 and 1; (3) as in (2) but losses of mass caused by fire were replaced with burning efficiency factors constrained between 0 and 1; and (4) emissions were calculated using default values in the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), National Inventory Report 2011, as appropriate for our sites. Effects of including CWD in calculations were assessed for calculation Method 1, 2 and 3 but not for Method 4 as the NGA does not consider this fuel type. Simulations demonstrate that the probability of estimating true median emissions declines strongly as the amount of information available declines. Including CWD in scenarios increased uncertainty in calculations because CWD is the most variable contributor to fuel load. Inclusion of CWD in scenarios generally increased the amount of carbon lost. We discuss implications of these simulations and how emissions from prescribed burns in temperate Australian forests could be improved.
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Possell, M., M. Jenkins, T. L. Bell y M. A. Adams. "Emissions from prescribed fire in temperate forest in south-east Australia: implications for carbon accounting". Biogeosciences Discussions 11, n.º 9 (23 de septiembre de 2014): 13809–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-13809-2014.
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Abstract. We estimated of emissions of carbon, as CO2-equivalents, from planned fire in four sites in a south-eastern Australian forest. Emission estimates were calculated using measurements of fuel load and carbon content of different fuel types, before and after burning, and determination of fuel-specific emission factors. Median estimates of emissions for the four sites ranged from 20 to 139 T CO2–e ha−1. Variability in estimates was a consequence of different burning efficiencies of each fuel type from the four sites. Higher emissions resulted from more fine fuel (twigs, decomposing matter, near-surface live and leaf litter) or coarse woody debris (CWD; > 25 mm diameter) being consumed. In order to assess the effect of estimating emissions when only a few fuel variables are known, Monte-Carlo simulations were used to create seven scenarios where input parameters values were replaced by probability density functions. Calculation methods were: (1) all measured data were constrained between measured maximum and minimum values for each variable, (2) as for (1) except the proportion of carbon within a fuel type was constrained between 0 and 1, (3) as for (2) but losses of mass caused by fire were replaced with burning efficiency factors constrained between 0 and 1; and (4) emissions were calculated using default values in the Australian National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA), National Inventory Report 2011, as appropriate for our sites. Effects of including CWD in calculations were assessed for calculation Method 1, 2 and 3 but not for Method 4 as the NGA does not consider this fuel type. Simulations demonstrate that the probability of estimating true median emissions declines strongly as the amount of information available declines. Including CWD in scenarios increased uncertainty in calculations because CWD is the most variable contributor to fuel load. Inclusion of CWD in scenarios generally increased the amount of carbon lost. We discuss implications of these simulations and how emissions from prescribed burns in temperate Australian forests could be improved.