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1
Maaten, Tiit y Malle Kurm. "About management and research of forest genetic resources". Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused 52, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2010): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10132-011-0084-8.
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Metsageneetiliste ressursside majandamisest ja uurimisestConservation and management as well research on forest genetic resources are getting more important around the world including Europe and Estonia. There are two main cornerstones by the increasing relevance: international agreements and rapidly developed methods for investigation of genetic structure and diversity by different organisms, including forest trees. In light of given background an overview about recent developments as well historical overview about movements in the past will be given in this paper. This review focuses on (i) genetical aspects by different silvicultural systems (ii) history and results of provenance trials (iii) tree breeding theory and results (iiii)in situconservation of forest genetic resources (iiiii) development of methods for gene technology in the past and nowadays, including development of genetically modified trees (iiiiii) international processes influencing management and conservation of forest genetic resources.
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Khasa, P. D., J. Bousquet, G. Vallée y J. Bélanger. "Utilization and management of forest resources in Zaire". Forestry Chronicle 71, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1995): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71479-4.
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Tropical forest biomes are characterized by a high biodiversity. However, this biological complexity is diminishing rapidly. The causes for the decline and deterioration of tropical forests in Zaire were analysed. The main factors causing loss of biodiversity are shifting agriculture, fuelwood consumption, and fires in open forests and savannas. Measures for maintenance of forest biodiversity are proposed. These include in situ and ex situ conservation, suitable agricultural and silvicultural management systems, based on knowledge of genetic structure, genecology, reproductive biology of tropical plant populations, and biotic and edaphoclimatic factors. The active participation and support of the Zairean people as a whole, and policy and institutional reform are essential for a more effective utilization, management, and protection of the forests, so that socio-economic and environmental benefits are provided for present and future generations. Sustainable forestry development requires also a greater collaboration between government agencies and local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Key words: Biodiversity, deforestation, national tropical forestry action plan, sustainable development, tropical forests, Zaire
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Finkeldey, Reiner. "Genetik, Ökologie, Forstwirtschaft: Zusammenhänge und Perspektiven | Genetics, ecology, forest management: connections and perspectives". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2010): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0198.
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Our understanding of the genetic variation of forest trees and its dynamics is rapidly increasing. The glacial eras, postglacial migration and human transfer of reproductive material had deep impacts on genetic variation patterns of European forest trees. The genetic basis of variation at adaptive traits and traits of economic importance is currently investigated by molecular genetic approaches eventually leading to a better understanding of the functional importance of intraspecific variation for forest ecosystems. Important applications of forest genetic research including breeding, conservation and adaptation to changing environments are briefly described based on current fields of research. The establishment and observation of field trials, complemented by a molecular investigation of variation patterns in genes coding for adaptive traits, continues to be a main field of research. The potential for the use of transgenic trees is regarded as low in central Europe. The origin of forest reproductive material is routinely tested based on genetic markers in Germany. Forest genetics contributes to the protection of natural resources by the development and implementation of methods to conserve forest genetic resources. In addition, molecular genetic tools are developed to test the origin of wood and wood products and to identify illegally traded wood; first encouraging results have been obtained. Evolutionary processes must not be neglected within the context of adaptation to global change. The development of strategies to mitigate climate change effects on forests in central Europe should consider the genetic variation of tree species by the promotion of adaptive potentials. The current knowledge does not allow to propose long-distance seed transfer from south to north as a universal approach to promote adaptation to climate warming in Europe.
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Thomas Ledig, F. "Managing global genetic resources: Forest trees". Forest Ecology and Management 60, n.º 3-4 (septiembre de 1993): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90091-z.
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McKenney, Dan. "Thinking about the economics of genetic resource management for Canadian forestry". Forestry Chronicle 77, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2001): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77105-1.
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This paper reviews the rationale and approach to economic analysis of practices aimed at managing the genetic aspects of forests. Some forest genetics, like tree improvement, involve costs aimed at increasing wood production. Other "forest genetics" activities may be aimed at managing populations of both commercial and non-commercial values. Economic analysis is relevant to both categories but it can be misapplied and mis-interpreted. Good economic analysis should confront the notion of trade-offs head-on, whether assessing intensive silviculture or options to achieve the non-wood objectives so mired in current management. The paper provides a background on forest economics in both settings, an actual tree improvement example, and some conjecture on future directions in applied forest economics. Key words: forest economics, forest genetics and tree improvement, evolutionary processes, trade-offs
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Sijacic-Nikolic, Mirjana y Jelena Milovanovic. "Conservation and directed utilization of forest genetic resources". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n.º 95 (2007): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0795007s.
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Forest genetic resources represent the genetic diversity contained in the thousands of species of forest trees on the earth. their conservation is a set of activities and strategies, which are performed in the aim of ensuring the continued existence, evolution and availability of these resources for the present and future generations. the aim of genetic resource management is the enhancement of conditions for the continual evolution of the species which is the defensive mechanism of the organisms in the struggle with environmental changes.
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Lefèvre, François, Davorin Kajba, Berthold Heinze, Peter Rotach, Sven M. G. de Vries y Jozef Turok. "Black poplar: A model for gene resource conservation in forest ecosystems". Forestry Chronicle 77, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2001): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77239-2.
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Conservation of genetic resources of forest trees has become a major objective for the management of forests. Much theoretical work has been devoted to the subject, and implementation has already started at the local, national, or international scales. Poplars are probably the most representative and threatened forest tree species of old natural floodplain forests in the temperate zone. Gene conservation needs to be integrated with intensive breeding activities, habitat conservation and restoration. For Populus nigra, while research in genetics and ecology is reinforced, a combined conservation strategy is applied at the European scale; simultaneously, the conservation of riparian ecosystems is also a priority. Research and application benefit from each other. The question now is the evaluation of such an integrated strategy. Criteria and indicators for the follow-up of gene resource management are progressively developed, but still need to be tested on the operational scale. Key words: Populus nigra, poplar, gene resources, in situ conservation, ex situconservation, riparian ecosystem, sustainable management
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Papageorgiou, Aristotelis C. y Andreas D. Drouzas. "Initiativen zum Schutz forstgenetischer Ressourcen | Initiatives for the protection of forest genetic resources". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2010): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0231.
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The conservation of genetic diversity is crucial for the maintenance of the adaptability of forest tree populations. Main international and regional initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources are presented in this article. Key players at the international level are the FAO and the IUFRO, while at the European level MCPFE and EUFORGEN have been most active. During the last decades, conservation of forest genetic resources has changed its focus, from the maintenance of economically important species, provenances or genes, to the enhancement of the adaptability of forest populations towards future environmental changes. Thus, the conservation of forest genetic resources, besides the activities connected with ex situ collections of reproductive material and tree breeding programmes, involves forest management measures and guidelines and becomes a cross-cutting issue, not only for forestry, but for other economic activities influencing forests as well.
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Finkeldey, Reiner. "Forschung zur Vielfalt, vielfältige Forschung: Ziele und Wege der Forstgenetik | Research on diversity, diverse research: objectives and approaches in forest genetics". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2001): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0162.
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The genetic information about forest trees is not only of crucial importance for the yield of forestry production systems,but also for determining the evolutionary adaptive potential of tree populations. Thus, the stability of forest ecosystems depends on the sustainable management of forest genetic resources. In this context, tree breeding and conservation of forest genetic resources are mentioned as main applications of research in forest genetics. Genetic inventories are conducted in order to observe the spatial distribution of genetic information at gene marker loci. Such studies allow us to elucidate the evolutionary history of populations and, thus, to draw conclusions about their evolutionary adaptability. Results of a genetic inventory of oak (Quercus spp.) populations native to Switzerland are presented, and their significance for the characterization of genetic systems and adaptive potential is discussed. Future research into forest genetics should aim at improving our understanding of the relationship between variation at biochemical and molecular marker loci and adaptive processes in forest tree populations. The temporal dynamics of genetic structures of forest tree populations as a consequence of anthropogenic environmental change is another important topic of forest genetics in particular for the conservation of rare species.
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Tanovski, Vladimir, Bratislav Matović, Lazar Kesić y Dejan Stojanović. "A review of the influence of climate change on coniferous forests in the Balkan peninsula". Topola, n.º 210 (2022): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/topola2210041t.
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Evidence of climate change and global warming is becoming more visible; it is an ongoing process that is likely to become increasingly influential in the near future, not only at the global level but also at the local and regional levels. The fact that climate change affects the development of all forest communities and forest tree species, accordingly, has resulted in the increasing awareness in society towards this phenomenon. Having this in mind, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between climate change and coniferous forests in the Balkan Peninsula, as well as to review the management strategies that may contribute to forest adaptation to climate change, with a special emphasis on the conservation of forest genetic resources. Hence, we have analyzed 202 papers regarding climate change and its effects on coniferous forests in the Balkan region, as well as papers dealing with adaptive forest management and forest genetic resources conservation. We concluded that climate change will likely represent one of the major challenges for coniferous forests on the Balkan peninsula in the future, imposing a need for the application of different management strategies to address these challenges and to facilitate adaptation of forests to the altered environmental conditions.
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Milovanovic, Jelena, Marina Nonic, Vladan Ivetic, Vladan Popovic, Aleksandar Lucic y Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic. "Integration of national activities in international initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources". Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, n.º 125 (2022): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf2225007m.
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This paper presents the process of drafting the country report on the state of forest genetic resources of the Republic of Serbia. The report was drawn up for the needs of the Second Assessment on the State of the World?s Forest Genetic Resources of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO).The paper presents an overview of the objectives, methodology, sustainability of results, and contribution of the country report to the forest and nature protection sector, as well as the integration of national policies into international initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources. The country report contains 32 recommended activities as future steps to improve the situation in the field of conservation of forest genetic resources and meet the needs for capacity building and further research. The recommended activities are grouped into opportunities. Each opportunity is defined as a response to the challenges of all aspects of the conservation of forest genetic resources. All recommendations are defined to suit forest owners and users, who can integrate the conservation of forest genetic resources into forest management.
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Riggs, Lawrence A. "Conserving genetic resources on-site in forest ecosystems". Forest Ecology and Management 35, n.º 1-2 (junio de 1990): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90231-y.
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Rajora, Om P., Manphool S. Fageria y Michael Fitzsimmons. "Effects of Wild Forest Fires on Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Boreal Conifer, White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss): Implications for Genetic Resource Management and Adaptive Potential under Climate Change". Forests 14, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2023): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010157.
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Climate change is predicted to increase forest fires in boreal forests, which can threaten the sustainability of forest genetic resources. Wildfires can potentially impact genetic diversity and population structure in forest trees by creating population bottlenecks, and influencing demography, effective population size (Ne) and various evolutionary processes. We have investigated this critical issue in a widely-distributed, transcontinental, ecologically and economically important and fire-intolerant boreal conifer, white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). We tested the hypothesis that in a predominantly outcrossing species with long distance gene flow, such as white spruce, located in primary undisturbed forests, normal forest fires do not adversely affect genetic diversity and population structure. We used 10 nuclear genic and genomic microsatellite loci to examine genetic diversity and population structure of post-fire pristine old-growth (PF-OG) and adjacent post-fire naturally regenerated young (PF-YR) stands. The genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic differentiation levels, Bayesian population structure, Ne and latent genetic potential were statistically similar between the PF-OG and PF-YR populations. None of the microsatellites showed any signature of selection. Our study demonstrates that normal wild forest fires do not adversely affect genetic diversity, differentiation, and population genetic structure in white spruce. The results should have wide significance for sustainable forest management.
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Laabou, Kamal, Mohammed Fekhaoui y Laila Saafadi. "A Conceptual Framework for Conservation and Management of Moroccan Forest Genetic Resources Using Biogeography-Based Approach". South-east European forestry 13, n.º 2 (10 de diciembre de 2022): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.22-12.
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The introduction of mal-adapted genotype is a major concern in conservation and management of forest genetic resources. This is risky because it potentially threatens the integrity of the natural genetic structure of populations. Therefore, it is necessary to provide guidance on the choice of appropriate germplasm and determine how far it can be moved from its native environment. The most basic guidelines for germplasm movement involve the use of Regions of Provenance (RoP). The RoP for a forest species or sub-species is the area or group of areas subject to sufficiently uniform ecological conditions in which stands or seed sources showing similar phenotypic or genetic characters are found, taking into account altitudinal boundaries where appropriate. However, there is little information concerning Regions of Provenance and limited knowledge about safe limits to the movement of seed, cuttings and planting stock in Morocco. This paper establishes a conceptual framework based on Regions of Provenance that is designed to better understand, protect and use forest genetic resources in Morocco, especially the species for which no specific knowledge on local adaptation or no data about population differentiation are currently available. This is the first study that represents a precise map of Regions of Provenance for Moroccan forest reproductive material and that provides detailed description on topographical, environmental and forest characteristics that characterize each Region of Provenance, by using geographical information system (GIS) techniques. A biogeography-based approach was applied and revealed that the territory was hierarchically organized into 2 Biogeographic Divisions, 9 Biogeographic Units and 19 Regions of Provenance. The RoP proposed are intended as a practical provenance decision-making tool to guide the movement of forest reproductive material in Morocco. This ensures the traceability of planting stock throughout the harvesting-seedling production-plantation process to a specified Forest Basic Material.
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Ismail, S. A., J. Ghazoul, G. Ravikanth, C. G. Kushalappa, R. Uma Shaanker y C. J. Kettle. "Fragmentation Genetics of Vateria indica: implications for management of forest genetic resources of an endemic dipterocarp". Conservation Genetics 15, n.º 3 (7 de enero de 2014): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0559-7.
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Koskela, Jarkko, Barbara Vinceti, William Dvorak, David Bush, Ian K. Dawson, Judy Loo, Erik Dahl Kjaer et al. "Utilization and transfer of forest genetic resources: A global review". Forest Ecology and Management 333 (diciembre de 2014): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.017.
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Chertov, Nikita, Yulia Nechaeva, Andrei Zhulanov, Nina Pystogova, Maria Danilova, Svetlana Boronnikova y Ruslan Kalendar. "Genetic Structure of Pinus Populations in the Urals". Forests 13, n.º 8 (12 de agosto de 2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081278.
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The sustainable use and conservation of forest resources must be carried out with a detailed study of the main forest-forming plant species. Coniferous forests form the basis of boreal forest ecosystems and are of great economic importance. Representatives of forest-forming boreal coniferous species are species of the genus Pinus, including Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which are valuable and widely used woody plant species. The purpose of this research was to conduct an extended study of genetic diversity, genetic structure, and differentiation of P. sibirica and P. sylvestris populations under the conditions of their habitat in the Middle and Northern Urals. We studied twelve populations of two Pinus species using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-based DNA polymorphism detection PCR method. Populations are characterized by relatively high levels of genetic diversity (P. sylvestris: He = 0.163; ne = 1.270; I = 0.249; P. sibirica: He = 0.148; ne = 1.248; I = 0.225). Analysis of the intrapopulation genetic structure reveals that the studied populations are highly differentiated (P. sylvestris: GST = 0.362; P. sibirica: GST = 0.460). The interpopulation component comprised 36% and 46% of the total genetic diversity for P. sylvestris and P. sibirica, respectively. Using various algorithms to determine the spatial genetic structure, it was determined that P. sylvestris populations form two groups according to their location at a certain altitude above sea level. P. sibirica populations form two clusters, with an additional subdivision of the two populations into subclusters identified. The data obtained during the study may be useful for further research as well as for conservation management planning and related forestry practices aimed at preserving the genetic resources of valuable forest plant species.
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Mosseler, A., I. Thompson y B. A. Pendrel. "Overview of old-growth forests in Canada from a science perspective". Environmental Reviews 11, S1 (1 de septiembre de 2003): S1—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-018.
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In response to a broad public concern about the rapidly diminishing area of old-growth forests and their intrinsic biological value, the Canadian Forest Service organized a national symposium in 2001 to discuss the old-growth issue from a science perspective. The objectives were: (i) to bring together Canadian expertise on old-growth forests, (ii) to define old growth within the main forest regions of Canada, (iii) to understand its biological complexities and ecological roles, and (iv) to discuss management and restoration experiences and options. Some forest regions of Canada still contain significant old-growth forest (e.g., some boreal forest regions), although other regions contain very little primary, relatively undisturbed, older forest (e.g., eastern temperate-zone forest regions). One of the difficulties in managing and conserving old-growth forests is defining them in a scientifically meaningful, yet operational and policy-relevant manner. This difficulty may be overcome by developing an index of "old-growthness" (Spies and Franklin 1988) related to specific forest regions or forest types. Such an old-growth index would allow for the inclusion of specific attributes, composition, functions, and processes seen as relevant to different ecological regions or specific forest types and could serve as a basis for prioritizing local or regional conservation and management activities. Thus, such an index approach has worldwide applicability. Traditionally, old-growth forests have been valued primarily as habitat for forest-dependent, specifically old-growth-dependent, wildlife. Recent results from research on old-growth forests in eastern Canada suggest that as tree populations age they tend to increase in genetic diversity and reproductive fitness, suggesting that old-growth forests may serve as natural reservoirs of genetic diversity and reproductive fitness for the constituent tree species. This has important implications for the dispersal and adaptation of trees across increasingly fragmented forest landscapes subject to the anticipated rapid climatic changes and the introduction of new pest and disease problems. Old-growth conservation goes well beyond the more traditional areas of watershed (including water quality) and habitat protection and includes emerging issues such as the conservation of genetic resources and carbon sequestration. It is very much a cross-sectoral issue with many interdisciplinary linkages. Therefore, conservation and protection of old-growth forests should be of wide general interest to the forest sector. Key words: biodiversity conservation, Canada's forests, genetic diversity, late-successional temperate forests, old-growth index, reproductive fitness.
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Vinceti, Barbara, Mattia Manica, Nina Lauridsen, Pieter Johannes Verkerk, Marcus Lindner y Bruno Fady. "Managing forest genetic resources as a strategy to adapt forests to climate change: perceptions of European forest owners and managers". European Journal of Forest Research 139, n.º 6 (2 de septiembre de 2020): 1107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01311-6.
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Abstract Managing genetic diversity is of key importance in fostering resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change. We carried out a survey reaching over 200 forest owners and managers from 15 European countries to understand their perceptions of the main threats to forest ecosystems, their knowledge of forest genetic resources (FGR) and their attitude toward actively managing these resources to strengthen the resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change. Respondents perceived pests and diseases to be the top-ranking threats to forests, followed by windstorms and drought, with differences across countries. They stated to be aware of the potential offered by managing FGR and indicated that they paid attention to origin and quality in their choice of planting material. Generally, respondents showed a positive attitude in using forest reproductive material foreign to the planting site, to better match the projected future climate conditions, introducing either a new native tree species or a new non-local genotype of a species already planted (keeping the same species but changing the source of planting material). However, forest reproductive material from local sources was largely preferred over non-local material (both genetically improved and not improved). Forest managers and owners may need to be exposed to more evidence of the potential benefits deriving from active adaptation and mitigation management of FGR before implementing adaptive measures. Also, more efforts should be invested in understanding perceptions and motivations of European forest owners and managers, in order to better tailor advice on optimal measures to counteract the detrimental effects of climate change.
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Cullingham, Catherine I., Jasmine K. Janes, Richard C. Hamelin, Patrick M. A. James, Brent W. Murray y Felix A. H. Sperling. "The contribution of genetics and genomics to understanding the ecology of the mountain pine beetle system". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, n.º 7 (julio de 2019): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0303.
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Environmental change is altering forest insect dynamics worldwide. As these systems change, they pose significant ecological, social, and economic risk through, for example, the loss of valuable habitat, green space, and timber. Our understanding of such systems is often limited by the complexity of multiple interacting taxa. As a consequence, studies assessing the ecology, physiology, and genomics of each key organism in such systems are increasingly important for developing appropriate management strategies. Here we summarize the genetic and genomic contributions made by the TRIA project — a long-term study of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) system encompassing beetle, fungi, and pine. Contributions include genetic and genomic resources for species identification, sex determination, detection of selection, functional genetic analysis, mating system confirmation, hybrid stability tests, and integrated genetic studies of multiple taxa. These resources and subsequent findings have accelerated our understanding of the mountain pine beetle system, facilitating improved management strategies (e.g., enhancements to stand susceptibility indices and predictive models) and highlighting mechanisms for promoting resilient forests. Further, work from the TRIA project serves as a model for the increasing number and severity of invasive and native forest insect outbreaks globally (e.g., Dutch elm disease and thousand cankers disease).
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Asare, Rebecca A., Andrew Kyei y John J. Mason. "The community resource management area mechanism: a strategy to manage African forest resources for REDD+". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, n.º 1625 (5 de septiembre de 2013): 20120311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0311.
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Climate change poses a significant threat to Africa, and deforestation rates have increased in recent years. Mitigation initiatives such as REDD+ are widely considered as potentially efficient ways to generate emission reductions (or removals), conserve or sustainably manage forests, and bring benefits to communities, but effective implementation models are lacking. This paper presents the case of Ghana's Community Resource Management Area (CREMA) mechanism, an innovative natural resource governance and landscape-level planning tool that authorizes communities to manage their natural resources for economic and livelihood benefits. This paper argues that while the CREMA was originally developed to facilitate community-based wildlife management and habitat protection, it offers a promising community-based structure and process for managing African forest resources for REDD+. At a theoretical level, it conforms to the ecological, socio-cultural and economic factors that drive resource-users’ decision process and practices. And from a practical mitigation standpoint, the CREMA has the potential to help solve many of the key challenges for REDD+ in Africa, including definition of boundaries, smallholder aggregation, free prior and informed consent, ensuring permanence, preventing leakage, clarifying land tenure and carbon rights, as well as enabling equitable benefit-sharing arrangements. Ultimately, CREMA's potential as a forest management and climate change mitigation strategy that generates livelihood benefits for smallholder farmers and forest users will depend upon the willingness of African governments to support the mechanism and give it full legislative backing, and the motivation of communities to adopt the CREMA and integrate democratic decision-making and planning with their traditional values and natural resource management systems.
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Buchert, G. P. "Genetics of white pine and implications for management and conservation". Forestry Chronicle 70, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1994): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70427-4.
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The processes which generate and maintain genetic variability in natural forest tree populations are reviewed in relation to genetic management of naturally regenerating white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands. Genetic consequences of inbreeding and silvicultural selection on natural regeneration are discussed, with special reference to old-growth stand management.Ontario's old-growth white pine forests provide a unique opportunity to manage, utilize and conserve pristine gene pools in situ. However, fragmentation of white pine populations in other areas may require ex situ methods to preserve remnants of local genetic variation for future use. Key words: white pine, genetic diversity, inbreeding, mating systems, high-grading, old-growth, genetic resource management, gene conservation
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CROOK, CAROLYN y ROGER ALEX CLAPP. "Is market-oriented forest conservation a contradiction in terms?" Environmental Conservation 25, n.º 2 (junio de 1998): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000186.
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The destruction of forest ecosystems appears economically rational because many of the values of intact ecosystems are not recognized in land-use decisions. Many authors have suggested that the conservation of intact ecosystems requires that markets be extended to increase economic benefits derived from the standing forest to the point where they out-compete alternative, destructive land-uses. Three such strategies for market-oriented forest conservation are natural forest management for high-value timber, the collection of non-timber forest products, and biodiversity prospecting. In each case the proposed use of the ecosystem is likely to prove socially and economically unsustainable, or to generate significant alterations in ecosystem structure which endanger its diversity, or both. The success of market-oriented conservation requires that sustainable extraction of useful organisms over the long term yields more profit than destructive activities. The market-oriented conservation strategies examined, however, appear to yield too little profit to out-perform alternatives such as agricultural production or the replacement of forests by pastures or plantations. In each case, key factors limit profits. The slow growth rates of natural forests combined with discounting hinders natural forest management. In the case of non-timber forest products, the typically low density of resources in tropical forests creates disincentives for sustainable commercial production. The profitability of biodiversity prospecting is undermined by the low probability of discovering species with medicinal properties and developing countries' inability to capture the information value of the genetic content of species. Furthermore, each of the three strategies also has potentially negative ecological impacts. In the drive to increase profits, each is likely to degrade ecosystems through over-exploitation of the resource, and prompt simplification of the ecosystem through forest management designed to increase the density of profitable species. Ultimately, such activities are likely to lead to the loss of biodiversity.Several conditions must be met for market-oriented conservation to be effective. Scientific understanding of forest ecosystems, and the ecological knowledge of both users and regulators must be sufficiently advanced to allow appropriate management regimes to be designed to assure maintenance of the forest ecosystem despite alterations caused by resource harvesting. The natural reproduction rate of the harvested resource must also be sufficiently rapid to justify leaving most of the resource undisturbed to guarantee its reproduction. Furthermore, the resource must be more cheaply and reliably produced in a natural forest than in a plantation, than by a synthetic substitute, or replacement through domestication. Finally, even where ecological and economic conditions support market-oriented conservation, those making land-use decisions must be in a position to benefit from the sustainable harvest of forest resources. If they are unable to enforce exclusive rights to the forests, the conservation effect of market-oriented strategies is likely to prove elusive.Nevertheless, strategies for market-oriented forest conservation are a vital component of efforts to conserve biodiversity, and they must be improved to harness their full conservation potential. Resource management regulations, strong enforcement, and stable and secure property rights are essential preconditions. In addition, land-use planning should identify ecosystems with lower biological diversity where marketable products are concentrated at economic densities. Areas of high biological diversity will require non-market mechanisms to ensure their protection. In this context, there is no substitute for fully protected areas, and their expansion is vital.
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Barnes, R. D. y J. Burley. "Tropical forest genetics at the Oxford Forestry Institute: Exploration, evaluation, utilization and conservation of genetic resources". Forest Ecology and Management 35, n.º 1-2 (junio de 1990): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90239-8.
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Yang, Rong-Cai y Francis C. Yeh. "Genetic consequences of in situ and ex situ conservation of forest trees". Forestry Chronicle 68, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1992): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68720-6.
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To counteract loss of genetic diversity crucial for current and future tree improvement, tree breeders have conserved forest genetic resources in situ in their natural ecosystems in protected areas or ex situ in plantations, seed orchards, and breeding arboreta. This article reviews the genetic consequences of these two conservation methods in terms of single-locus and multilocus population structure from electrophoretic studies of natural forests and breeding populations. Although natural forest populations have maintained high level of genetic diversity and exhibited low level of population differentiation, loss of genetic diversity would occur during the entire conservation process, from population establishment to management of breeding and production populations. Since forest trees are still at their earliest stage of domestication in Canada, loss of genetic diversity comes primarily from the initial sampling process during population establishment. We discuss the optimal sampling strategy during population establishment to conserve common and widespread alleles, common and localized alleles, rare and widespread alleles, and rare and localized alleles. We also discuss three methods for studying the multilocus structure of forest trees and show how such information would be useful for conserving co-adapted gene complexes. We conclude that being small and maintained in controlled environments, ex situ conserved populations would retain less genetic diversity than in situ conserved forest populations. While ex situ conservation is operationally convenient for the short-term gains in tree improvement, we believe in situ conservation is essential for renewing the genetic diversity to meet the changing environments of an uncertain future.
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Hamann, Andreas. "Utilization and management of red alder genetic resources in British Columbia". Forestry Chronicle 77, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2001): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77705-4.
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During the last two decades, the value of red alder wood products has substantially increased and several initiatives have been launched in the United States to use red alder for reforestation. Nonetheless, red alder is a largely neglected resource in British Columbia. This review paper examines the reasons behind the under-utilization of red alder in British Columbia and investigates whether changes in red alder management practices could improve the value of the resource. Red alder's potential for plantation forestry and genetic tree improvement are discussed, and possible breeding objectives were evaluated with consideration for the species biology, growth, product value and market demand. Seed transfer rules and the possibility of gains from selection are summarized in the light of new research results in genecology and quantitative genetics for red alder populations in British Columbia. Key words: red alder, Alnus rubra, tree improvement, quantitative genetics, genecology, resource management
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Klápště, Jaroslav, Ahmed Ismael, Mark Paget, Natalie J. Graham, Grahame T. Stovold, Heidi S. Dungey y Gancho T. Slavov. "Genomics-Enabled Management of Genetic Resources in Radiata Pine". Forests 13, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2022): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020282.
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Traditional tree improvement is cumbersome and costly. Our main objective was to assess the extent to which genomic data can currently accelerate and improve decision making in this field. We used diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood density (WD) data for 4430 tree genotypes and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for 2446 tree genotypes. Pedigree reconstruction was performed using a combination of maximum likelihood parentage assignment and matching based on identity-by-state (IBS) similarity. In addition, we used best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods to predict phenotypes using SNP markers (GBLUP), recorded pedigree information (ABLUP), and single-step “blended” BLUP (HBLUP) combining SNP and pedigree information. We substantially improved the accuracy of pedigree records, resolving the inconsistent parental information of 506 tree genotypes. This led to substantially increased predictive ability (i.e., by up to 87%) in HBLUP analyses compared to a baseline from ABLUP. Genomic prediction was possible across populations and within previously untested families with moderately large training populations (N = 800–1200 tree genotypes) and using as few as 2000–5000 SNP markers. HBLUP was generally more effective than traditional ABLUP approaches, particularly after dealing appropriately with pedigree uncertainties. Our study provides evidence that genome-wide marker data can significantly enhance tree improvement. The operational implementation of genomic selection has started in radiata pine breeding in New Zealand, but further reductions in DNA extraction and genotyping costs may be required to realise the full potential of this approach.
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Pilling, Dafydd, Julie Bélanger, Stefano Diulgheroff, Jarkko Koskela, Grégoire Leroy, Graham Mair y Irene Hoffmann. "Global status of genetic resources for food and agriculture: challenges and research needs". Genetic Resources 1, n.º 1 (26 de agosto de 2020): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.2020.1.4-16.
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Plant, animal, forest, aquatic, micro-organism and invertebrate genetic resources are vital to food security, nutrition, livelihoods and the resilience and adaptability of global agricultural production systems. Despite increasing efforts in recent years, much remains to be done to improve the management of these resources. Many are at risk of extinction or erosion and many have been overlooked in terms of use and development. There is an urgent need to address these deficiencies, both within the individual sectors of food and agriculture and in terms of how genetic resources management can be better integrated across sectors. These efforts will need to include action to address the multiple knowledge gaps that constrain improvements to management. They will also need to include the creation of policy and institutional frameworks that promote collaboration and stakeholder participation and allow sustainable management strategies to be implemented effectively at appropriate scales.
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백경수, 김현식, 김민희, 진승현, Young Sang Ahn, ANKIWAN y Soung-Ryoul Ryu. "A Study on Actual Conditions and Management Strategies of Local Forest Protected Areas for Genetic Resources - Focused on Borimsa Temple Forest(Torreya nucifera Forest) in Jangheung-gun -". Journal of Korean institute of Forest Recreation 17, n.º 2 (junio de 2013): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34272/forest.2013.17.2.002.
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Rajora, Om P., Ishminder K. Mann y Yong-Zhong Shi. "Genetic diversity and population structure of boreal white spruce (Picea glauca) in pristine conifer-dominated and mixedwood forest stands". Canadian Journal of Botany 83, n.º 9 (octubre de 2005): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-083.
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White spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) is a characteristic primary species of the Canadian boreal forest region, where it occurs in conifer-dominated and mixedwood forest types. Genetic diversity and population structure of white spruce may differ between the conifer-dominated and mixedwood forest types owing to the inherent differences in stand structure and dynamics. The objective of our study was to determine genetic diversity and population structure of pristine white spruce stands as they occur in conifer-dominated and mixedwood forest types at the EMEND (Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance) study sites in northern Alberta. Nuclear microsatellite DNA markers were used to examine genetic diversity and population structure of 16 pristine natural old-growth (≥100 years) white spruce stands (subpopulations) of fire origin; 8 from conifer-dominated and 8 from neighboring mixedwood forest types. High levels of genetic diversity were observed, as expected. The genetic diversity and genetic constitution of white spruce were similar between the conifer-dominated and mixedwood forest types. Most of the genetic variation resided within subpopulations, with only about 2% genetic differentiation detected among 16 subpopulations as well as among 8 subpopulations within the same forest type. The mean genetic distances among subpopulations within and between the forest types were similar. Our study suggests that white spruce genetic resources are similar in the conifer-dominated and mixedwood forest types located in the EMEND study area in northern Alberta, and it provides the benchmarks for determining and monitoring the genetic diversity impacts of forest harvesting and forest fires.
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Desmiwati, T. O. Veriasa, M. Zanzibar, Y. Bramasto, R. U. Damayanti, N. Yuniarti y L. R. Wibowo. "The integration of social forestry, science and local community in the collaborative Muna teak (Tectona grandis) development". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 917, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012003.
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Abstract The demand for teak wood in Indonesia reached 7 million m3, however, only 10% can be produced. One of the best teak producers in Indonesia was Muna, Southeast Sulawesi which once has a golden period but now experiencing degradation and losing genetic resources. How to restore Muna teak and its genetic resource became the question of the research. This study uses descriptive qualitative research using data from interviews with relevant stakeholders and secondary data. The result of the study shows that the issuance of Business Permit for the Utilization of Timber Forest Product-in Community Forest for three Forest Farmer’s Cooperatives in 2017 on the area of 1,817 hectares through the Social Forestry scheme has made a positive contribution to the restoration of Muna teak forest. The management of the three cooperatives in partnership with a private company, and the government’s financial support by initiating a tissue culture laboratory and genetic engineering as an effort to propagate the Muna teak using mutation breeding techniques to obtain superior clones. Through multi parties, involvement, and support, the integration of government policies and science, in synergy with individual effort and local community movement, effort indicates a hope to restore Muna teak.
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Legesse, Afework. "Assessment of coffee (coffea arabica L.) genetic erosion and genetic resources management in Ethiopia". International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, n.º 3 (11 de enero de 2020): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.03.2972.
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Coffee is an important source of annual income and employment contributing significantly to the economies of many developing countries. Ethiopia is the center of origin and diversity of Coffea arabica L., there is immense genetic variability that offers great potential for improvement of the crop. The objective of this paper is to assess the status of Coffee genetic diversity, identify major factors that cause coffee genetic erosion and status of coffee genetics resources management in Ethiopia. The presences of high genetic diversity in wild Coffea arabica in Ethiopia were reported by different authors. However, the genetic diversity of coffea arabica L. are being lost rapidly due to several factors such as human population pressures leading to conversion of land to agriculture, deforestation and land degradation; low coffee prices leading to abandoning of coffee trees in forests and gardens and shifting cultivation to other more remunerative crops; and climate change. Additionally, narrow genetic basis of commercially used Arabica coffee cultivars and increased incidence of pests and diseases associated with climate change is leading to significant crop losses, threatening livelihoods in many coffee growing countries. Therefore, Conserving the wild Arabica coffee gene pool and its evolutionary potential present in Ethiopia is critically important for maintaining coffee yield, disease resistance, drought tolerant, quality and other important traits in future breeding program
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Grebenc, Tine, Morten Christensen, Urša Vilhar, Matjaž Čater, María P. Martín, Primož Simončič y Hojka Kraigher. "Response of ectomycorrhizal community structure to gap opening in natural and managed temperate beech-dominated forests". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, n.º 7 (julio de 2009): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-072.
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Data on the impact of forest management practices on ectomycorrhizal community structure remains fragmentary and mainly originates from studies in northern coniferous forests. This study focuses on a comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities between canopy gaps and closed canopy areas within natural and managed beech-dominated forests at four locations in Europe. We used high resolution rDNA techniques to identify ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi and attempted to extract potential stand-, gap-, soil-, and selected environmentally derived variables by applying multivariate analysis and ordination for pooling of ecological groups of ectomycorrhiza. A significant reduction of diversity indices, ectomycorrhizal and fine root dynamics, in gaps in comparison with closed canopy stands indicates an effect of forest management practice and the high importance of maintaining and protecting natural forest areas for conservation of soil biodiversity and forest genetic resources. The ordination analysis revealed three groups of ectomycorrhiza correlated with changing environmental conditions. The litter and soil pH, number of beech seedlings, and presence of a gap had a pronounced effect on the ectomycorrhizal community. Combined analysis of ectomycorrhiza and environmental factors using correspondence analysis provided an insight into the ecological preferences of the analysed species and confirmed that environmental factors drive ectomycorrhizal community changes.
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Sharmi, Pragga Saha, Md Abul Kashem, Rifat Samad y Mohammad Zabed Hossain. "Genetic Diversity Within and Among Populations of Shorea Robusta Roxb. Ex Gaertn. In Bangladesh and Its Implications for Conservation". Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, n.º 2 (18 de junio de 2021): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i2.54098.
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Fragmentation and reduction of natural population size render threats to the conservation of forest resources through depletion of genetic diversity. Hence, information on genetic structure of Sal (Shorea robusta Roxb. ex Gaertn.) populations is relevant for proper management and conservation of the tropical deciduous forests. The present study focused on assessing the genetic diversity of the populations of Sal which was the dominant tree species of the deciduous forests of Bangladesh. Plant leaf samples were collected from the three populations of Sal distributed in the three geographical regions including Madhupur tract in the districts Tangail and Gazipur and that of the districts of Cumilla and Dinajpur. DNA band profiles were generated using eight ISSR primers for a total of 13 samples taken from the three populations. Statistical analysis was done using PopGen 32 and GenAlEx 6.5 softwares. Principal coordinate analysis done on the DNA band profiles revealed that Sal populations of Madhupur tract and Cumilla positioned nearby while Dinajpur showed maximum genetic distance with that of Cumilla. Mantel test showed significant (p=0.05) correlation between genetic and geographic distances indicating “Isolation by Distance”. Data of the present study indicated higher genetic polymorphism (68.87%) in the Sal population of Madhupur tract compared to other two populations. Small population size of Sal of Dinajpur forest might be related with its low genetic diversity. Data of the present study suggest immediate attention for the conservation of Sal forests in Bangladesh before further genetic erosion occurs.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 405-412, 2021 (June)
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Danquah, Jones Abrefa y Ari Pappinen . "Analyses of Socioeconomic Factors influencing on-farm Conservation of Remnant Forest Tree Species: Evidence from Ghana". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, n.º 9 (25 de septiembre de 2013): 588–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i9.433.
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The contribution of remnant trees in traditional agro forestry systems in recent times has attracted significant attention from policy makers, stakeholders, and academicians due to their important role in conserving biodiversity within agricultural systems, reserves of genetic resources and provision of other important environmental services. The study seeks to determine socioeconomic factors influencing farmers’ decision to maintain remnant trees in agricultural landscape. Data was solicited from 220 households in three rural communities through structured interviews and on farm visitations. We employed Poison and Negative Binomial Regressions to determine factors influencing rural farm households’ decision to retain remnants forest tree species in agro ecosystem. The regression results indicated that the key factors strongly affecting farmers’ on-farm conservation decision to retain remnant forest trees in agricultural landscape were age, gender, years of schooling, religion, land tenure, farmers’ perceptions to current environmental problems, distance to farm land, erosion and the size of the landholdings. The study recommends that forest governance with focus on collaborative forest resource management and equitable distribution of benefits generated from extraction of forest resources should be given high impetus in policy formulation. The needs and concerns of forest fringe communities should feature paramount in this regard.
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Padolina, C. "AN OVERVIEW OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 757 (noviembre de 2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.757.3.
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Vajana, Elia, Michele Bozzano, Maurizio Marchi y Andrea Piotti. "On the Inclusion of Adaptive Potential in Species Distribution Models: Towards a Genomic-Informed Approach to Forest Management and Conservation". Environments 10, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10010003.
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Ecological modeling refers to the construction and analysis of mathematical models aimed at understanding the complexity of ecological processes and at predicting how real ecosystems might evolve. It is a quickly expanding approach boosted by impressive accelerations in the availability of computational resources and environmental databases. In the light of foreseeing the effect of climate change on forest ecosystems, the branch of ecological modeling focusing on species distribution models (SDMs) has become widely used to estimate indices of habitat suitability and to forecast future tree distributions. However, SDMs are usually informed based solely on environmental data without any reference to the genetic makeup underlying responses to the environment, the possibility of exchanging variants helping to persist in situ, or the capacity to chase suitable conditions elsewhere. Among the main evolutionary processes that may complement forecasts of range shifts are local adaptation and gene flow, i.e., the occurrence of genetic variants conferring a population the optimal fitness in its own habitat and the exchange of adaptive alleles between populations. Local adaptation and gene flow could be described by indices of genetic diversity and structure, genetic load, genomic offset, and an admixture of genetic lineages. Here, we advocate for the development of a new analytical approach integrating environmental and genomic information when projecting tree distributions across space and time. To this aim, we first provide a literature review on the use of genetics when modeling intraspecific responses to the environment, and we then discuss the potential improvements and drawbacks deriving from the inclusion of genomic data into the current SDM framework. Finally, we speculate about the potential impacts of genomic-informed predictions in the context of forest conservation and provide a synthetic framework for developing future forest management strategies.
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Mahfuz-Ur-Rahman, Md y Tanmoy Dey. "Challenges of Conserving and Co-Managing Khadimnagar National Park and Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest in Bangladesh". Journal of Forests 8, n.º 2 (21 de septiembre de 2021): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.101.2021.82.171.181.
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National Parks are protected areas conserving all types of flora, fauna and their habitats regardless of generic diversification. In Bangladesh, protected area managers face difficulties to conserve these areas. This study is formulated to find out those existing difficulties against effective co-management of natural resources based on the local people’s perception. A purposive sampling is followed by a semi-structured interview to gather data from the field level of Khadimnagar National Park and Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest from September 2019 to December 2019 by interviewing 100 local people for RFWSF and KNP on the basis of a qualitative research method. Both inhabitants and the Forest Department are found to be responsible for inhibiting the effective management of the subjected areas meanwhile difficulties related to motivation, cordiality, alternative job generation, financial support to management authority, tourism management and resource extraction from forests mainly prevail. To ensure substantial sustainability, both of the actors should come forward to find out a way to get rid of this devastation and to ameliorate the socio-economic condition of these areas. Arranging more conferences to raise motivation, awareness about the forest offenses and generating alternative sources of income can be counted as a strategy to reduce pressure on both forests.
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Д., Чанотей, y Осипенко, А.Е. "CRYOPRESERVATION – ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF FOREST PLANTS (REVIEW OF FOREIGN LITERATURE)". Леса России и хозяйство в них, n.º 4(83) (30 de diciembre de 2022): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51318/fret.2022.56.46.007.
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Лесные экосистемы играют решающую роль в сохранении и воспроизводстве генетических ресурсов лесных растений и биоразнообразия в целом. Однако в течение уже многих лет существуют проблемы с поддержанием биоразнообразия в лесных экосистемах из-за различных негативных факторов природного и антропогенного происхождения: чрезмерная эксплуатация лесных ресурсов, различные катастрофические явления (пожары, наводнения, ураганы и т. д.). Эти негативные факторы вызывают изменения в структурах лесных экосистем, что приводит к уменьшению и потере определенных генотипов растений и биоразнообразия. Одной из наиболее перспективных и эффективных технологий сохранения генетических ресурсов растений является криоконсервация. В статье приводятся сведения об особенностях различных методов криоконсервации: сушка, инкапсуляция-сушка, витрификация, инкапсуляция-витрификация и витрификация капель. Данные методы криоконсервации растительного материала играют важную роль в сохранении генетических ресурсов лесных растений, а также в предотвращении заражения растений патогенами, что очень важно для устойчивого лесопользования. Широкий спектр возможных направлений применения криоконсервации позволил добиться значительного прогресса в размножении различных видов лесных растений. Особенно там, где важно сохранить определенные генотипы растений или семена, не выдерживающие сушку, а также семена, трудно прорастающие после длительного хранения. Технология криоконсервации способна значительно упростить задачу сохранения генетических ресурсов лесных растений, что позволит эффективно решать проблемы сокращения биоразнообразия лесов. Однако использование потенциала такой технологии требует инвестиций в исследования и разработки, человеческий капитал, инфраструктуру и потоки знаний. Целью данной статьи является обзор зарубежной литературы по вопросу криоконсервации. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in the conservation and reproduction of genetic resources of forest plants and biodiversity in general. However, for many years there have been problems with maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems due to various negative factors of natural and anthropogenic sorigin: overexploitation of forest resources, various catastrophic phenomena (fi res, fl oods, hurricanes, etc.). These negative factors cause changes in the structures of forest ecosystems, which leads to a decrease and loss of certain plant genotypes and biodiversity. Cryopreservation is one of the most promising and effective technologies for the conservation of plant genetic resources. The article provides information about the features of various cryopreservation methods: drying, encapsulation-drying, vitrifi cation, encapsulation-vitrifi cation and vitrifi cation of droplets. These methods of cryopreservation of plant material play an important role in preserving the genetic resources of forest plants, as well as in preventing infection of plants with pathogens, which is very important for sustainable forest management. A wide range of possible applications of cryopreservation has made it possible to achieve signifi cant progress in the reproduction of various types of forest plants. Especially where it is important to preserve certain plant genotypes or seeds that cannot withstand drying, as well as seeds that are diffi cult to germinate after long-term storage. Cryopreservation technology can signifi cantly simplify the task of preserving the genetic resources of forest plants, which will contribute to an effective solution to the problem of reducing forest biodiversity. However, harnessing the potential of such technology requires investments in research and development, human capital, infrastructure and knowledge fl ows. The purpose of this article is to review foreign literature on cryopreservation.
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Park, Chanjoo y Heesung Woo. "Development of Native Essential Oils from Forestry Resources in South Korea". Life 12, n.º 12 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12121995.
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South Korea’s forests occupy approximately 70% of the mainland, therefore, there is considerable potential for waste coming from the forest. Extracting essential oils from underutilised biomass is an economic and sustainable method for the production of high-added-value products. These days, countries’ ownership of domestic natural resources is becoming vital, so there is an urgent need for developing the essential oils from native plants. To increase the value of native essential oils in South Korea, the National Institute of Forest Science (NiFoS) established the <Essential oils bank> to develop the native essential oils as well as develop more research infrastructure by sharing information on native essential oils and enhancing their value. We review the selected essential oils which are listed in the <Essential oil bank> from the literature on major chemical constituents, biological activity, and potential uses of essential oils. Those utilising forest resources for commercial essential oil production need to consider the stable supply of plant material in terms of forest management and conservation. Therefore, Pinaceae (Larix kaempferi, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis) and Cupressaceae (Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera) could be potential candidates for commercial essential oil as their waste materials are easily obtained from the plantation after forest management. With their unique fragrance and the bioactive compounds in their oils, potential candidates can be utilised in various industry sectors.
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Yanchuk, Alvin D. "A quantitative framework for breeding and conservation of forest tree genetic resources in British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2001): 566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-133.
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Over the last decade, forest tree breeders have become aware of the need for gene conservation, but have struggled with methods that would meaningfully integrate breeding and conservation populations. Gene Namkoong has provided the most guidance in this area by defining the role of in- and ex-situ populations in forest tree gene resource management and, particularly, the need for this to be dynamic in time and space. However, once conservation plans for individual species in British Columbia were considered, it became clear that more quantitative structure was needed to provide a framework for attaining practical management objectives. This paper attempts to provide such a framework and show how breeding and conservation populations can be integrated into a continuum of genetic resources. First, capturing only one copy of an allele is likely not satisfactory to meet conservation objectives, and sampling targets should be set higher (e.g., 20) so as to avoid potential problems of inbreeding at later stages in the program. Second, there seems to be a large problem with conserving very low frequency alleles that are recessive, but this occurs in nature as well. Third, in situ populations should be large enough and in a state to persist on their own over several generations, so the more recent effective population size numbers proposed by Lynch (1996) (i.e., ~1000) need to be considered. Fourth, while breeding populations of moderate size (~80) will contain adequate amounts of quantitative genetic variation, they will also contain 20 copies of dominant alleles at frequencies of ~0.20 or higher. Fifth, maintaining and rejuvenating strategic ex-situ test populations now seems to be the only way to conserve low- to mid-frequency alleles that will (i) be reduced in progressive breeding populations by drift and, (ii) over time, not be in desirable genetic backgrounds in in situ populations. Sixth, any reliance on locating mutants in production populations seems generally remote and cannot be relied upon except in a very few situations, although mutation will be important in breeding and in reserves in situ.
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Neves, Abidã Gênesis da Silva, Luciana Gomes Pinheiro, Cristiane Gouvêa Fajardo y Fábio de Almeida Vieira. "Genetic diversity of Syagrus cearensis Noblick in natural populations: implications for conservation of genetic resources". Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 44 (13 de mayo de 2022): e56400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v44i1.56400.
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The growing extractive activity in forest areas, the inefficient use of management practices combined with the intensification of socioeconomic activities, are the main factors in the loss of biodiversity. In order to reduce environmental impacts, genetic characterization of populations allows to infer about their real situation. Thus, the present study aimed to perform an analysis of the genetic diversity of populations of Syagrus cearensis using ISSR markers. Populations AQU (Aquicultura), MTB (Mata do Bebo) and MOD (Mata Olho d´água) were sampled, totaling 53 individuals. ISSR markers generated a total of 61 loci. The AQU population had the highest polymorphism index (71%), followed by MTB (57%) and MOD (53%). AQU showed the highest index of genetic diversity, compared to the MTB and MOD populations. There was a high and significant genetic differentiation between populations. Bayesian analysis identified the existence of two groups (K = 2). The genetic bottleneck test was significant for the AQU and MOD populations, according to the SMM model. Thus, the populations of genetic diversity index close to the averages found for tropical species with a similar life history. The presence of a genetic bottleneck was detected in populations. The AQU population presented low sharing of genotypes with the others and should be prioritized in conservation activities.
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Mátyás, Csaba. "Genetic Resources and Adaptive Management of Conifers in a Changing World". Forests 12, n.º 9 (6 de septiembre de 2021): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091213.
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Hamann, A., S. N. Aitken y A. D. Yanchuk. "Cataloguing in situ protection of genetic resources for major commercial forest trees in British Columbia". Forest Ecology and Management 197, n.º 1-3 (agosto de 2004): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.020.
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Lee, Dong-Ho. "Developing System and Site Level Framework of Management Effectiveness Evaluation for the Forest Genetic Resources Reserve in Korea". Journal of Korean Forest Society 105, n.º 04 (31 de diciembre de 2016): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2016.105.4.472.
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Acharya, Ram Prasad, Tek Narayan Maraseni y Geoff Cockfield. "Local Users and Other Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Identification and Prioritization of Ecosystem Services in Fragile Mountains: A Case Study of Chure Region of Nepal". Forests 10, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050421.
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Forest-based ecosystem services (ES) play a vital role in improving people’s livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Prior studies have focused on technical aspects of economic valuation such as biophysical quantification through modeling and mapping, or monetary valuation, while little attention has been paid to the social dimensions. Taking case studies of two dominant community-based forest management systems (community forestry—CF and collaborative forestry—CFM) in the Chure region of Nepal, we investigate how local users and other stakeholders perceive the valuation of forest-based ecosystem services based on proximity (nearby vs. distant users), socio-economic class (rich vs. poor users), and forest management modalities (CF vs. CFM). We found that local users and other stakeholders in the Chure region identified a total of 42 forest-based ecosystem services: 16 provisioning, 15 regulating, and 11 cultural services. While all local users prioritised firewood, water quality improvement, and bequest values as the top three services, genetic resources, hazard protection, and hunting services were valued as having the lowest priority. The priorities placed on other services varied in many respects. For instance, rich users living near a CF showed a strong preference for fodder, grasses, and soil conservation services whereas users living far from forests prioritised timber, fresh water, and flood control services. In the case of CFM, rich users adjacent to forests preferred timber, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration services but those living far from forests chose timber, poles, and flood control as their top priorities. Differences in rankings also occurred among the regional managers, national experts, and forest users. The reasons for these differences and their policy implications are discussed, and ways of reaching consensus between the users are suggested.
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Isajev, Vasilije, Vladan Ivetic, Aleksandar Lucic y Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia". Genetika 41, n.º 3 (2009): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0903309i.
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This paper presents the concepts applied in the gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia. Gene pool conservation of tree species in Serbia includes a series of activities aiming at the sustainability and protection of genetic and species variability. This implies the investigation of genetic resources and their identification through the research of the genetic structure and the breeding system of individual species. Paper also includes the study of intra- and inter-population variability in experiments - provenance tests, progeny tests, half- and full-sib lines, etc. The increased use of the genetic potential in tree improvement in Serbia should be intensified by the following activities: improvement of production of normal forest seed, application of the concept of new selections directed primarily to the improvement of only one character, because in that case the result would be certain, establishment and management of seed orchards as specialized plantations for long-term production of genetically good-quality forest seeds, and the shortening of the improvement process by introducing new techniques and methods (molecular markers, somaclonal variation, genetic engineering, protoplast fusion, micropropagation, etc.).
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Falk, Donald A. "Endangered forest resources in the U.S.: Integrated strategies for conservation of rare species and genetic diversity". Forest Ecology and Management 35, n.º 1-2 (junio de 1990): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90234-3.
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HOMCHAUDHURI, BAISRAVAN, MANISH KUMAR y KELLY COHEN. "GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED SIMULATION–OPTIMIZATION FOR FIGHTING WILDFIRES". International Journal of Computational Methods 10, n.º 06 (2 de mayo de 2013): 1350035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876213500357.
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Wildfire is one of the most significant disturbances responsible for reshaping the terrain and changing the ecosystem of a particular region. Its detrimental effects on environment as well as human lives and properties, and growing trend in terms of frequency and intensity of wildfires over the last decade have necessitated the development of efficient forest fire management techniques. During the last three decades, Forest Fire Decision Support Systems (FFDSS) have been developed to help in the decision-making processes during forest fires by providing necessary information on fire detection, their status and behavior, and other aspects of forest fires. However, most of these decision support systems lack the capability of developing intelligent fire suppression strategies based upon current status and predicted behavior of forest fire. This paper presents an approach for development of efficient fireline building strategies via intelligent resource allocation. A Genetic Algorithm based approach has been proposed in this paper for resource allocation and optimum fireline building that minimizes the total damage due to wildland fires. The approach is based on a simulation–optimization technique in which the Genetic Algorithm uses advanced forest fire propagation models based upon Huygens principles for evaluation of cost index of its solutions. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous environmental conditions have been considered. Uncertainties in weather conditions as well as imperfect knowledge about exact vegetation and topographical conditions make exact prediction of wildfires very difficult. The paper incorporates Monte-Carlo simulations to develop robust strategies in uncertain conditions. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in efficient resource allocation for fighting complex wildfires in uncertain and dynamic conditions.
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Nobre, Silvana Ribeiro, Luis Diaz-Balteiro y Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez. "A Compromise Programming Application to Support Forest Industrial Plantation Decision-Makers". Forests 12, n.º 11 (28 de octubre de 2021): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111481.
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The conflicts that arise between natural resources consumption and the desire to preserve them make the multicriteria decision theory necessary. Brazil, one of the 10 largest timber producers globally, uses optimization models that represent the growth of forests integrated with decision support systems. Brazilian forest plantation managers often face conflicts when continuously seeking efficiency gains (higher productivity at lower costs) and efficacy (higher profits with minimum social and environmental impacts). Managers of leading producing countries on timber, pulp, and fiberboard constantly interact to fine-tune industry processing demands vis-a-vis the demands of highly productive fast-growing forest plantations. The decision process in such cases seeks a compromise that accommodates short-term industry productivity optimization and long-term forestry production capacity. This paper aims to apply a forest management decision support system (FMDSS) to a case study that represents the challenges that industrial plantations in Brazil usually face. A vertically integrated pulp company situation was simulated to provide a real scenario. In this scenario, forest managers tend to shorten the rotations due to Brazil’s usually high-interest rates; meanwhile, industrial managers tend to ask for longer ones due to the positive correlation between age and wood density. Romero®, a Forest Management Decision Support System, developed by following the multi-criteria decision theory, was used to process the case study. Expressly, the hypothesis that mill managers initially have, that older ages rotation could improve mill production, was not confirmed. Moreover, mill managers lean towards changes in the short term, while the case study shows that changes in rotation size and genetic material take time, and decisions have to be made involving both interests: forest and mill managers.