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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Forensic genetics"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 11 de marzo de 2023

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1

Smith, Lindsay A. y Vivette García-Deister. "Genetic syncretism: Latin American forensics and global indigenous organizing". BioSocieties 16, n.º 4 (5 de noviembre de 2021): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41292-021-00263-3.

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AbstractIn the 1970s, Latin America became a global laboratory for military interventions, the cultivation of terror, and ideological and economic transformation. In response, family groups and young scientists forged a new activist forensics focused on human rights, victim-centered justice, and state accountability, inaugurating new forms of forensic practice. We examine how this new form of forensic practice centered in forensic genetics has led to a critical engagement with Indigeneity both within and outside the lab. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with human rights activists and forensic scientists in Argentina, Guatemala and Mexico, this paper examines the relationship between forensic genetics, Indigenous organizing, and human rights practice. We offer the concept of ‘genetic syncretism’ to attend to spaces where multiple and competing beliefs about genetics, justice, and Indigenous identity are worked out through (1) coming together in care, (2) incorporation, and (3) ritual. Helping to unpack the uneasy and incomplete alliance of Indigenous interests and forensic genetic practice in Latin American, genetic syncretism offers a theoretical lens that is attentive to how differentials of power embedded in colonial logics and scientific practice are brokered through the coming together of seemingly incompatible beliefs and practices.

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2

Morling, Niels. "Forensic genetics". Lancet 364 (diciembre de 2004): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17621-6.

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3

Li, Chengtao. "Forensic genetics". Forensic Sciences Research 3, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2018): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1489445.

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4

Vitoševic, Katarina, Danijela Todorovic, Zivana Slovic, Radica Zivkovic-Zaric y Milos Todorovic. "Forensic Genetics and Genotyping". Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 20, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0074.

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Abstract Forensic genetics represents a combination of molecular and population genetics. Personal identification and kinship analysis (e.g. paternity testing) are the two main subjects of forensic DNA analysis. Biological specimens from which DNA is isolated are blood, semen, saliva, tissues, bones, teeth, hairs. Genotyping has become a basis in the characterization of forensic biological evidence. It is performed using a variety of genetic markers, which are divided into two large groups: bi-allelic (single-nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) and multi-allelic polymorphisms (variable number of tandem repeats, VNTR and short tandem repeats, STR). This review describes the purpose of genetic markers in forensic investigation and their limitations. The STR loci are currently the most informative genetic markers for identity testing, but in cases without a suspect SNP can predict offender’s ancestry and phenotype traits such as skin, eyes and hair color. Nowadays, many countries worldwide have established forensic DNA databases based on autosomal short tandem repeats and other markers. In order for DNA profile database to be useful at a national or international level, it is essential to standardize genetic markers used in laboratories.

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5

Kowalczyk, Marek, Ewelina Zawadzka, Dariusz Szewczuk, Magdalena Gryzińska y Andrzej Jakubczak. "Molecular markers used in forensic genetics". Medicine, Science and the Law 58, n.º 4 (30 de septiembre de 2018): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418803852.

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Forensic genetics is a field that has become subject to increasing interest in recent years. Both the technology and the markers used for forensic purposes have changed since the 1980s. The minisatellite sequences used in the famous Pitchfork case introduced genetics to the forensic sciences. Minisatellite sequences have now been replaced by more sensitive microsatellite markers, which have become the basis for the creation of genetic profile databases. Modern molecular methods also exploit single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are often the only way to identify degraded DNA samples. The same type of variation is taken into consideration in attempting to establish the ethnicity of a perpetrator and to determine phenotypic traits such as the eye or hair colour of the individual who is the source of the genetic material. This paper contains a review of the techniques and molecular markers used in human and animal forensic genetics, and also presents the potential trends in forensic genetics such as phenotyping.

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6

Linacre, Adrian. "Animal Forensic Genetics". Genes 12, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040515.

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Animal forensic genetics, where the focus is on non-human species, is broadly divided in two: domestic species and wildlife. When traces of a domestic species are relevant to a forensic investigation the question of species identification is less important, as the material comes from either a dog or a cat for instance, but more relevant may be the identification of the actual pet. Identification of a specific animal draws on similar methods to those used in human identification by using microsatellite markers. The use of cat short tandem repeats to link a cat hair to a particular cat paved the way for similar identification of dogs. Wildlife forensic science is becoming accepted as a recognised discipline. There is growing acceptance that the illegal trade in wildlife is having devasting effects on the numbers of iconic species. Loci on the mitochondrial genome are used to identify the most likely species present. Sequencing the whole locus may not be needed if specific bases can be targeted. There can be benefits of increased sensitivity using mitochondrial loci for species testing, but occasionally there is an issue if hybrids are present. The use of massively parallel DNA sequencing has a role in the identification of the ingredients of traditional medicines where studies found protected species to be present, and a potential role in future species assignments. Non-human animal forensic testing can play a key role in investigations provided that it is performed to the same standards as all other DNA profiling processes.

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7

Amorim, Antonio. "Nonhuman forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2019): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.09.019.

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8

Kayser, Manfred y Walther Parson. "Transitioning from Forensic Genetics to Forensic Genomics". Genes 9, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9010003.

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9

Crysup, Benjamin, August E. Woerner, Jonathan L. King y Bruce Budowle. "Graph Algorithms for Mixture Interpretation". Genes 12, n.º 2 (27 de enero de 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020185.

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The scale of genetic methods are presently being expanded: forensic genetic assays previously were limited to tens of loci, but now technologies allow for a transition to forensic genomic approaches that assess thousands to millions of loci. However, there are subtle distinctions between genetic assays and their genomic counterparts (especially in the context of forensics). For instance, forensic genetic approaches tend to describe a locus as a haplotype, be it a microhaplotype or a short tandem repeat with its accompanying flanking information. In contrast, genomic assays tend to provide not haplotypes but sequence variants or differences, variants which in turn describe how the alleles apparently differ from the reference sequence. By the given construction, mitochondrial genetic assays can be thought of as genomic as they often describe genetic differences in a similar way. The mitochondrial genetics literature makes clear that sequence differences, unlike the haplotypes they encode, are not comparable to each other. Different alignment algorithms and different variant calling conventions may cause the same haplotype to be encoded in multiple ways. This ambiguity can affect evidence and reference profile comparisons as well as how “match” statistics are computed. In this study, a graph algorithm is described (and implemented in the MMDIT (Mitochondrial Mixture Database and Interpretation Tool) R package) that permits the assessment of forensic match statistics on mitochondrial DNA mixtures in a way that is invariant to both the variant calling conventions followed and the alignment parameters considered. The algorithm described, given a few modest constraints, can be used to compute the “random man not excluded” statistic or the likelihood ratio. The performance of the approach is assessed in in silico mitochondrial DNA mixtures.

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10

Pośpiech, Ewelina, Paweł Teisseyre, Jan Mielniczuk y Wojciech Branicki. "Predicting Physical Appearance from DNA Data—Towards Genomic Solutions". Genes 13, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010121.

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The idea of forensic DNA intelligence is to extract from genomic data any information that can help guide the investigation. The clues to the externally visible phenotype are of particular practical importance. The high heritability of the physical phenotype suggests that genetic data can be easily predicted, but this has only become possible with less polygenic traits. The forensic community has developed DNA-based predictive tools by employing a limited number of the most important markers analysed with targeted massive parallel sequencing. The complexity of the genetics of many other appearance phenotypes requires big data coupled with sophisticated machine learning methods to develop accurate genomic predictors. A significant challenge in developing universal genomic predictive methods will be the collection of sufficiently large data sets. These should be created using whole-genome sequencing technology to enable the identification of rare DNA variants implicated in phenotype determination. It is worth noting that the correctness of the forensic sketch generated from the DNA data depends on the inclusion of an age factor. This, however, can be predicted by analysing epigenetic data. An important limitation preventing whole-genome approaches from being commonly used in forensics is the slow progress in the development and implementation of high-throughput, low DNA input sequencing technologies. The example of palaeoanthropology suggests that such methods may possibly be developed in forensics.

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11

Morling, Niels. "PCR in forensic genetics". Biochemical Society Transactions 37, n.º 2 (20 de marzo de 2009): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0370438.

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Since the introduction in the mid-1980s of analyses of minisatellites for DNA analyses, a revolution has taken place in forensic genetics. The subsequent invention of the PCR made it possible to develop forensic genetics tools that allow both very informative routine investigations and still more and more advanced, special investigations in cases concerning crime, paternity, relationship, disaster victim identification etc. The present review gives an update on the use of DNA investigations in forensic genetics.

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12

Oldoni, Fabio, Kenneth K. Kidd y Daniele Podini. "Microhaplotypes in forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics 38 (enero de 2019): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.09.009.

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13

EGELAND, THORE y PETTER F. MOSTAD. "Statistical Genetics and Genetical Statistics: a Forensic Perspective*". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 29, n.º 2 (junio de 2002): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9469.00284.

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14

Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto, Peter Wade, Arely Cruz-Santiago y Roosbelinda Cárdenas. "Colombian forensic genetics as a form of public science: The role of race, nation and common sense in the stabilization of DNA populations". Social Studies of Science 45, n.º 6 (30 de marzo de 2015): 862–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312715574158.

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This article examines the role that vernacular notions of racialized-regional difference play in the constitution and stabilization of DNA populations in Colombian forensic science, in what we frame as a process of public science. In public science, the imaginations of the scientific world and common-sense public knowledge are integral to the production and circulation of science itself. We explore the origins and circulation of a scientific object – ‘La Tabla’, published in Paredes et al. and used in genetic forensic identification procedures – among genetic research institutes, forensic genetics laboratories and courtrooms in Bogotá. We unveil the double life of this central object of forensic genetics. On the one hand, La Tabla enjoys an indisputable public place in the processing of forensic genetic evidence in Colombia (paternity cases, identification of bodies, etc.). On the other hand, the relations it establishes between ‘race’, geography and genetics are questioned among population geneticists in Colombia. Although forensic technicians are aware of the disputes among population geneticists, they use and endorse the relations established between genetics, ‘race’ and geography because these fit with common-sense notions of visible bodily difference and the regionalization of race in the Colombian nation.

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15

Holumen, Nazli. "Usage areas of microrna (miRNA) in forensic genetics". Novel Forensic Research 1, n.º 1 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/nofor.2022.06.02.

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Interest in molecular based techniques increases in every field of forensic sciences. Use of microRNAs (miRNA) in forensic genetics is one of them. The aim of this article is giving a brief information about microRNAs and their use in forensic genetic applications. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs and because of their important features such as tissue-specificity and high stability in specific conditions, they are used in various studies for forensic purposes. In the article, usage areas of miRNAs and promising results obtained from these studies are mentioned. Body fluid identification, organ tissue identification, determination of stain age, wound age determination, post mortem interval (PMI) identification, age estimation of an individual, lesion assessment in strangulation cases, identification of brain damage and determination the abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids are the subjects which potential use miRNA are examined. The limitations of miRNAs in the forensic genetics applications are also mentioned in the article.

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16

Liecheski, Camila, Paola Fernanda Fedatto y Fernando Augusto De Freitas. "Genética forense: fundamentos e aplicações / Forensic genetics: fundamentals and applications". Brazilian Journal of Health Review 5, n.º 2 (18 de abril de 2022): 6722–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv5n2-241.

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17

Smith, Lindsay A. "The missing, the martyred and the disappeared: Global networks, technical intensification and the end of human rights genetics". Social Studies of Science 47, n.º 3 (29 de diciembre de 2016): 398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716678489.

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In 1984, a group of Argentine students, trained by US academics, formed the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team to apply the latest scientific techniques to the excavation of mass graves and identification of the dead, and to work toward transitional justice. This inaugurated a new era in global forensic science, as groups of scientists in the Global South worked outside of and often against local governments to document war crimes in post-conflict settings. After 2001, however, with the inauguration of the war on terror following the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, global forensic science was again remade through US and European investment to increase preparedness in the face of potential terrorist attacks. In this paper, I trace this shift from human rights to humanitarian forensics through a focus on three moments in the history of post-conflict identification science. Through a close attention to the material semiotic networks of forensic science in post-conflict settings, I examine the shifting ground between non-governmental human rights forensics and an emerging security- and disaster-focused identification grounded in global law enforcement. I argue that these transformations are aligned with a scientific shift towards mechanized, routinized, and corporate-owned DNA identification and a legal privileging of the right to truth circumscribed by narrow articulations of kinship and the body.

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18

Diepenbroek, Marta, Birgit Bayer y Katja Anslinger. "Pushing the Boundaries: Forensic DNA Phenotyping Challenged by Single-Cell Sequencing". Genes 12, n.º 9 (30 de agosto de 2021): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091362.

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Single-cell sequencing is a fast developing and very promising field; however, it is not commonly used in forensics. The main motivation behind introducing this technology into forensics is to improve mixture deconvolution, especially when a trace consists of the same cell type. Successful studies demonstrate the ability to analyze a mixture by separating single cells and obtaining CE-based STR profiles. This indicates a potential use of the method in other forensic investigations, like forensic DNA phenotyping, in which using mixed traces is not fully recommended. For this study, we collected single-source autopsy blood from which the white cells were first stained and later separated with the DEPArray™ N×T System. Groups of 20, 10, and 5 cells, as well as 20 single cells, were collected and submitted for DNA extraction. Libraries were prepared using the Ion AmpliSeq™ PhenoTrivium Panel, which includes both phenotype (HIrisPlex-S: eye, hair, and skin color) and ancestry-associated SNP-markers. Prior to sequencing, half of the single-cell-based libraries were additionally amplified and purified in order to improve the library concentrations. Ancestry and phenotype analysis resulted in nearly full consensus profiles resulting in correct predictions not only for the cells groups but also for the ten re-amplified single-cell libraries. Our results suggest that sequencing of single cells can be a promising tool used to deconvolute mixed traces submitted for forensic DNA phenotyping.

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19

Tarantino, Francesca, Luigi Buongiorno, Benedetta Pia De Luca, Alessandra Stellacci, Michele Di Landro, Gabriele Vito Sebastiani, Gerardo Cazzato, Stefania Lonero Baldassarra, Emilio Nuzzolese y Maricla Marrone. "Identification of Skeletal Remains Using Genetic Profiling: A Case Linking Italy and Poland". Genes 14, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14010134.

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Forensic genetics is a rapidly evolving science thanks to the growing variety of genetic markers, the establishment of faster, less error-prone sequencing technologies, and the engineering of bioinformatics models, methods, and structures. In the early 2000s, the need emerged to create an international genetic database for forensic purposes. This paper describes a judicial investigation of skeletal remains to identify the subject using various methods. The anthropological examination of the remains allowed identification of the Caucasoid (European) ethnic group, a height of 156 ± 4 cm, and an age between 47 and 50 years. The genetic profiles obtained from typing several microsatellites made it possible to evaluate the compatibility between the skeletal remains and the suspected decedent. To identify the remains, the two extrapolated genetic profiles were compared. The case described highlights the central role of forensic genetics in identifying skeleton remains by means of comparison.

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20

Glynn, Claire L. "Bridging Disciplines to Form a New One: The Emergence of Forensic Genetic Genealogy". Genes 13, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081381.

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Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG) has fast become a popular tool in criminal investigations since it first emerged in 2018. FGG is a novel investigatory tool that has been applied to hundreds of unresolved cold cases in the United States to generate investigative leads and identify unknown individuals. Consumer DNA testing and the public’s increased curiosity about their own DNA and genetic ancestry, have greatly contributed to the availability of human genetic data. Genetic genealogy has been a field of study/interest for many years as both amateur and professional genetic genealogists use consumer DNA data to explore genetic connections in family trees. FGG encompasses this knowledge by applying advanced sequencing technologies to forensic DNA evidence samples and by performing genetic genealogy methods and genealogical research, to produce possible identities of unknown perpetrators of violent crimes and unidentified human remains. This combination of forensic genetics, genetic genealogy, and genealogical research has formed a new subdiscipline within the forensic sciences. This paper will summarize the individual disciplines that led to the emergence of FGG, its practice in forensic investigations, and current/future considerations for its use.

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21

Walsh, Simon J. "Recent advances in forensic genetics". Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 4, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737159.4.1.31.

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22

Zhivotovsky, L. A. "Population aspects of forensic genetics". Russian Journal of Genetics 42, n.º 10 (octubre de 2006): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795406100127.

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23

Amorim, António y Nadia Pinto. "Big data in forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics 37 (noviembre de 2018): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.08.001.

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24

Anckarsater, H. "Genetics and forensic psychiatric nosology". European Psychiatry 22 (marzo de 2007): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.057.

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25

Carracedo, Angel. "New challenges in forensic genetics". Forensic Science International 169 (junio de 2007): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.133.

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26

Johnston, Emma, Annette Crisp, Ruth McKie y Richard Brawn. "Forensic science & human migration: The role of forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2019): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.047.

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27

Holt, Cydne L., Kathryn M. Stephens, Paulina Walichiewicz, Keenan D. Fleming, Elmira Forouzmand y Shan-Fu Wu. "Human Mitochondrial Control Region and mtGenome: Design and Forensic Validation of NGS Multiplexes, Sequencing and Analytical Software". Genes 12, n.º 4 (19 de abril de 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040599.

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Forensic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis conducted using next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as massively parallel sequencing (MPS), as compared to Sanger-type sequencing brings modern advantages, such as deep coverage per base (herein referred to as read depth per base pair (bp)), simultaneous sequencing of multiple samples (libraries) and increased operational efficiencies. This report describes the design and developmental validation, according to forensic quality assurance standards, of end-to-end workflows for two multiplexes, comprised of ForenSeq mtDNA control region and mtDNA whole-genome kits the MiSeq FGxTM instrument and ForenSeq universal analysis software (UAS) 2.0/2.1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enrichment and a tiled amplicon approach target small, overlapping amplicons (60–150 bp and 60–209 bp for the control region and mtGenome, respectively). The system provides convenient access to data files that can be used outside of the UAS if desired. Studies assessed a range of environmental and situational variables, including but not limited to buccal samples, rootless hairs, dental and skeletal remains, concordance of control region typing between the two multiplexes and as compared to orthogonal data, assorted sensitivity studies, two-person DNA mixtures and PCR-based performance testing. Limitations of the system and implementation considerations are discussed. Data indicated that the two mtDNA multiplexes, MiSeq FGx and ForenSeq software, meet or exceed forensic DNA quality assurance (QA) guidelines with robust, reproducible performance on samples of various quantities and qualities.

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28

Tvedebrink, Torben. "Review of the Forensic Applicability of Biostatistical Methods for Inferring Ancestry from Autosomal Genetic Markers". Genes 13, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010141.

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The inference of ancestry has become a part of the services many forensic genetic laboratories provide. Interest in ancestry may be to provide investigative leads or identify the region of origin in cases of unidentified missing persons. There exist many biostatistical methods developed for the study of population structure in the area of population genetics. However, the challenges and questions are slightly different in the context of forensic genetics, where the origin of a specific sample is of interest compared to the understanding of population histories and genealogies. In this paper, the methodologies for modelling population admixture and inferring ancestral populations are reviewed with a focus on their strengths and weaknesses in relation to ancestry inference in the forensic context.

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29

Yukseloglu, Emel. "RNA-Approached technology applications in forensic genetics". Novel Forensic Research 1, n.º 1 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/nofor.2022.06.01.

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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid which is structurally different from DNA. DNA is the most used and approved nucleic acid in routine applications in forensic caseworks. In this article, giving an information about which RNA types are chosen for which forensic applications is aimed. RNA technologies are developing in the concept of forensic genetics and they can be adapted into routine case works in the case of well conditions are supplied. Both coding and non-coding RNAs are investigated for forensic purposes and most examined ones are messenger RNAs, and microRNAs. There are some researches on circular RNAs and piwi-interacting RNAs but they are in low number when compared with first two RNA types. Forensic studies based on RNA technologies are body fluid identification, post mortem interval determination, determination of stain age, estimation of an individual’s age and sex, identification of organ tissues, wound age estimation, and determination of drug abuse. Lastly, different RNA based technologies can be used in these studies and some of them are micro-array, Nano-String technology, real time PCR, end point PCR, high resolution melt (HRM) analysis and next generation sequencing (NGS) technology.

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Giardina, Emiliano y Michele Ragazzo. "Special Issue “Forensic Genetics and Genomics”". Genes 12, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020158.

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31

Lewontin, R. y D. Hartl. "Population genetics in forensic DNA typing". Science 254, n.º 5039 (20 de diciembre de 1991): 1745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1845040.

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32

Jones, Gaynor y Michael Owen. "Genetics: The implications for forensic psychiatry". Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 15, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2004): 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14789940410001729509.

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33

Williams, Robin y Matthias Wienroth. "Identity, mass fatality and forensic genetics". New Genetics and Society 33, n.º 3 (3 de julio de 2014): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2014.946005.

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34

Morling, Niels. "DNA in forensic genetics in Denmark". Forensic Science International 88, n.º 1 (julio de 1997): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(97)00082-0.

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35

García, María Gabriela, Agustín Juan Bolontrade, Gustavo Adolfo Penacino, Ignacio Javier Chiesa y María Silvia Pérez. "Heteropaternal superfecundation: Implicancies in forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 5 (diciembre de 2015): e633-e635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.10.007.

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36

Gaensslen, R. E. "Review of:Progress in Forensic Genetics 10". Journal of Forensic Sciences 50, n.º 3 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs2004527.

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37

Parsons, S. y N. Morgan. "Consanguinity genetics in a forensic setting". Heart, Lung and Circulation 23 (2014): e15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2014.07.039.

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38

Yatsenko, I. V. "Subject of forensic veterinary examination and its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n.º 73 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.55.

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The article covers the issue of the forensic veterinary examination subject and reveals its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination. It has been established that the subject of forensic veterinary examination is a set of factual data and circumstances of the case (proceedings) related to the harm caused to the health and life of the animal, in particular, the nature, mechanism, order, sequence, severity, lifetime or postmortem and the longevity of the formation of bodily injuries, the occurrence and spread of animal diseases, the occurrence of their injury or the cause of death, defective provision of veterinary care, safety and quality of animal feed and feed additives established by a forensic veterinary expert on the basis of using special knowledge, by using appropriate means (methods) based on the results of a comprehensive study of material and materialized objects, as carriers of information, in order to solve identification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic veterinary examination. It is shown that the actual data and circumstances that constitute the subject of complex forensic veterinary-biological, veterinary-molecular-genetic, veterinary-ballistic, veterinary-art, etc., are carried out by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine, animal biology, molecular genetics, ballistics, art history are: species, group, age, sex and organic-tissue belonging of biological material of animal origin the presence or absence of poisons in the body of animals and their poisoning (mammals, animal hydrobionts, bees, etc.); damage and pestilence of animal hydrobionts caused by electro trauma, damage and death of animals from the action of firearms, explosive or projectiles. It is argued that the criterion for distinguishing closely related types of forensic examinations, in particular: forensic-veterinary, forensic-biological, forensic molecular-genetic, etc. are the properties of material objects of research and the direct subject of forensic-expert research. It is shown that the exact definition of the subject of forensic veterinary examination allowed: to develop and formulate typical issues, which are both tasks made for solving the forensic expert; outline the range of evidence that can be established during forensic veterinary examination; determine the nature of special knowledge of the forensic veterinary expert, which follows from the subject of forensic veterinary examination; conduct forensic veterinary examination of only those material objects that are material carriers of information within the subject of this examination or complex forensic examination by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine and other sciences, in particular animal biology, toxicology, chemistry, ballistics, art criticism, etc.; to supplement part 2 of article 242 of the CPC with paragraph 6 on the obligatory appointment of a forensic veterinary examination to clarify the severity and nature of damage caused to the animal's health, as well as to determine the cause of death of animals; include recommendations on the appointment of a forensic veterinary examination in the content of methods for investigating certain types of offenses against animals; dissociate forensic veterinary examination from forensic examinations of related genera or species, in particular, forensic biological, forensic molecular genetics, etc.; develop methods and separate methods of forensic veterinary examination to study the properties of its specific material objects in order to obtain the information contained in them in order to solve typical expert tasks; initiate complex forensic veterinary and biological, veterinary-molecular-genetic, veterinary-ballistic, veterinary-art expertise, etc., by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine, animal biology, molecular genetics, ballistics, art criticism, etc.; organize an effective forensic veterinary examination in a specialized expert institution; identify promising areas of research work in the field of forensic expertise in general and forensic veterinary expertise in particular.

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39

Cemper-Kiesslich, Jan, Mark R. McCoy y Fabian Kanz. "Ancient DNA and Forensics Mutual Benefits a Practical Sampling and Laboratory Guide Through a Virtual Ancient DNA Study". Bulletin of Legal Medicine 19, n.º 1 (23 de septiembre de 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17986/blm.2014191809.

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Genetic information discovered, characterized for and used in forensic case-works and anthropology has shown to be also highly useful and relevant in investigating human remains from archaeological findings. By technical means, forensic and aDNA (ancient Deoxyribonucleic acid) analyses are well suited to be done using the same laboratory infrastructures and scientific expertise referring to sampling, sample protection, sample processing, contamination control as well as requiring analogous technical know how and knowledge on reading and interpreting DNA encoded information. Forensic genetics has significantly profited from aDNA-related developments (and vice versa, of course!), especially, when it comes to the identification of unknown human remains referring to the detection limit. Additionally the tremendous developments of analyzing chemistry and kits as well as instruments in forensics opened the whole panel of reading human and nonhuman DNA for historians and archaeologists but also for anthropologists. Ancient DNA / molecular archaeology, however, is not limited to the comparatively restrictive set of information as usually employed in forensic case work analyses but can also be applied to phenotypical markers, ethno-related genotypes or pathological features.In this review the authors give a general overview on the field of ancient DNA analysis focussing of the potentials and limits, fields of application, requirements for samples, laboratory setup, reaction design and equipment as well as a brief outlook on current developments, future perspectives and potential cross links with associated scientific disciplines.Key words: Human DNA, Ancient DNA, Forensic DNA typing, Molecular archaeology, Application.

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40

Goel, Rajeev, Deepak Kumar y Vijay Arora. "Forens(om)ic medicine: omics in forensic medicine". International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, n.º 2 (29 de enero de 2022): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20220309.

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The branch of science informally known as ‘omics’ are various branches in biology whose names end in the suffix omics such as proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics. The studies regarding the role of omics in various branches of medical field have become an upcoming area and its rising trend has been observed in the last decade. Omics has very recently emerged as an uprising field in forensic medicine also which is already known for its great participation with other branches like forensic toxicology, biochemistry, psychiatry, genetics. The use of state- of-the-art omics technologies has been explored in forensic medicine and sciences in establishing post mortem interval, drugs of abuse, intoxication and cause of death. The various forensic studies presently are aiming omics for future prospective. An elementary attempt has been made in this review article to briefly present the role and advantages of omics in forensic medicine. We, hereby, propose to call it forensomic medicine, to draw attention of the forensic professionals to this novel branch of science in order to encourage new studies to be used in medico legal applications.

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41

Wienroth, Matthias, Rafaela Granja, Veronika Lipphardt, Emmanuel Nsiah Amoako y Carole McCartney. "Ethics as Lived Practice. Anticipatory Capacity and Ethical Decision-Making in Forensic Genetics". Genes 12, n.º 12 (24 de noviembre de 2021): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12121868.

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Greater scrutiny and demands for innovation and increased productivity place pressures on scientists. Forensic genetics is advancing at a rapid pace but can only do so responsibly, usefully, and acceptably within ethical and legal boundaries. We argue that such boundaries require that forensic scientists embrace ‘ethics as lived practice’. As a starting point, we critically discuss ‘thin’ ethics in forensic genetics, which lead to a myopic focus on procedures, and to seeing ‘privacy’ as the sole ethical concern and technology as a mere tool. To overcome ‘thin’ ethics in forensic genetics, we instead propose understanding ethics as an intrinsic part of the lived practice of a scientist. Therefore, we explore, within the context of three case studies of emerging forensic genetics technologies, ethical aspects of decision-making in forensic genetics research and in technology use. We discuss the creation, curation, and use of databases, and the need to engage with societal and policing contexts of forensic practice. We argue that open communication is a vital ethical aspect. Adoption of ‘ethics as lived practice’ supports the development of anticipatory capacity—empowering scientists to understand, and act within ethical and legal boundaries, incorporating the operational and societal impacts of their daily decisions, and making visible ethical decision making in scientific practice.

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42

Haned, Hinda. "Forensim: An open-source initiative for the evaluation of statistical methods in forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics 5, n.º 4 (agosto de 2011): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.03.017.

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43

Ali, Azam, Nazim Hussain, Muhammad Shahzad, I. Inamullah y Qurban Ali. "X chromosomal analysis in population genetics and forensic science: A mini review". Genetika 53, n.º 3 (2021): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2103379a.

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The human X chromosome analysis has been applied to decipher the genetic structure of populations for applications in medical genetics and for human identification, parentage analysis and kinship analysis. Although it has not been studied on vast level with regard to human populations with comparison to other of its counterparts like autosomal markers, Y chromosome and mtDNA yet it is important for great potential in studying oncology, various diseases and forensic science applications. In this mini review, a snapshot of X chromosomal properties as genetic marker has been entailed. The structure and potential multiplex oriented kits utilizing X chromosomal markers have been discussed. Moreover, concerns of different researchers over X chromosomal published data have been referred to point out need of analyzing X chromosomal markers to unravel their role in population genetics, medical genetics and human identification.

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44

Kartasińska, Ewa y Tadeusz Tomaszewski. "Genetics and dactyloscopy – rivals or allies". Issues of Forensic Science 296 (2017): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.296.2.

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For nearly hundred years, dactyloscopy - as the most effective method of human identification, was treated as the queen of all forensic examination. With the emergence of genetic analysis, particularly when a huge progress in molecular biology and genetics resulted in a more extensive scope of application of biological evidence, the rank of dactyloscopy appears to dissipate. Currently the question is whether it will be completely ruled out of practice or could be utilized alongside genetic examination. For the purpose of verification of theoretical assumptions concerning comprehensive DNA/fingerprint examination opinions and in order to identify potential mistakes which can occur in practice, the analysis of 122 comprehensive opinions from DNA/fingerprint casework examinations was carried out in relation to five police forensic laboratories in Poland in the period between 2010-2013.

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45

Roux, Claude, Benjamin Talbot-Wright, James Robertson, Frank Crispino y Olivier Ribaux. "The end of the (forensic science) world as we know it? The example of trace evidence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, n.º 1674 (5 de agosto de 2015): 20140260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0260.

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The dominant conception of forensic science as a patchwork of disciplines primarily assisting the criminal justice system (i.e. forensics) is in crisis or at least shows a series of anomalies and serious limitations. In recent years, symptoms of the crisis have been discussed in a number of reports by various commentators, without a doubt epitomized by the 2009 report by the US National Academies of Sciences (NAS 2009 Strengthening forensic science in the United States: a path forward). Although needed, but viewed as the solution to these drawbacks, the almost generalized adoption of stricter business models in forensic science casework compounded with ever-increasing normative and compliance processes not only place additional pressures on a discipline that already appears in difficulty, but also induce more fragmentation of the different forensic science tasks, a tenet many times denounced by the same NAS report and other similar reviews. One may ask whether these issues are not simply the result of an unfit paradigm. If this is the case, the current problems faced by forensic science may indicate future significant changes for the discipline. To facilitate broader discussion this presentation focuses on trace evidence, an area that is seminal to forensic science both for epistemological and historical reasons. There is, however, little doubt that this area is currently under siege worldwide. Current and future challenges faced by trace evidence are discussed along with some possible answers. The current situation ultimately presents some significant opportunities to re-invent not only trace evidence but also forensic science. Ultimately, a distinctive, more robust and more reliable science may emerge through rethinking the forensics paradigm built on specialisms, revisiting fundamental forensic science principles and adapting them to the twenty-first century.

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46

Anagnostou, P., M. Capocasa, N. Milia y G. Destro Bisol. "Research data sharing: Lessons from forensic genetics". Forensic Science International: Genetics 7, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2013): e117-e119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.07.012.

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47

Schneider, Peter M. "Scientific standards for studies in forensic genetics". Forensic Science International 165, n.º 2-3 (enero de 2007): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.067.

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48

Weir, B. S. "Population genetics in the forensic DNA debate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89, n.º 24 (15 de diciembre de 1992): 11654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.24.11654.

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49

Dahlberg, Albert A. "Ontogeny and dental genetics in forensic problems". Forensic Science International 30, n.º 2-3 (febrero de 1986): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(86)90011-3.

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50

Parson, Walther. "Age Estimation with DNA: From Forensic DNA Fingerprinting to Forensic (Epi)Genomics: A Mini-Review". Gerontology 64, n.º 4 (2018): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486239.

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Forensic genetics developed from protein-based techniques a quarter of a century ago and became famous as “DNA fingerprinting,” this being based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of high-molecular-weight DNA. The amplification of much smaller short tandem repeat (STR) sequences using the polymerase chain reaction soon replaced RFLP analysis and advanced to become the gold standard in genetic identification. Meanwhile, STR multiplexes have been developed and made commercially available which simultaneously amplify up to 30 STR loci from as little as 15 cells or fewer. The enormous information content that comes with the large variety of observed STR genotypes allows for genetic individualisation (with the exception of identical twins). Carefully selected core STR loci form the basis of intelligence-led DNA databases that provide investigative leads by linking unsolved crime scenes and criminals through their matched STR profiles. Nevertheless, the success of modern DNA fingerprinting depends on the availability of reference material from suspects. In order to provide new investigative leads in cases where such reference samples are absent, forensic scientists started to explore the prediction of phenotypic traits from the DNA of the evidentiary sample. This paradigm change now uses DNA and epigenetic markers to forecast characteristics that are useful to triage further investigative work. So far, the best investigated externally visible characteristics are eye, hair and skin colour, as well as geographic ancestry and age. Information on the chronological age of a stain donor (or any sample donor) is elemental for forensic investigations in a number of aspects and has, therefore, been explored by researchers in some detail. Among different methodological approaches tested to date, the methylation-sensitive analysis of carefully selected DNA markers (CpG sites) has brought the most promising results by providing prediction accuracies of ±3–4 years, which can be comparable to, or even surpass those from, eyewitness reports. This mini-review puts recent developments in age estimation via (epi)genetic methods in the context of the requirements and goals of forensic genetics and highlights paths to follow in the future of forensic genomics.

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