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Miller, Craig G. "The case for the extension of United States extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction over civilians associated with the United States military in foreign jurisdictions /". (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA395152.
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Pham, Hong Quang. "ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION COURT IN VIETNAM: MODEL, JURISDICTION AND LESSONS FROM FOREIGN EXPERIENCES". Center for Asian Legal Exchange (CALE), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20099.
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Baumgartner, Samuel P. "The proposed Hague Convention on jurisdiction and foreign judgments : trans-Atlantic lawmaking for transnational litigation /". Tübingen : Mohr, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/360708293.pdf.
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Olofsson, Sara. "Concurrent jurisdiction and parallel investigations and criminal proceedings in cases of foreign bribery : With focus on global settlement agreements". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295160.
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Krivickas, Mindaugas. "Teismų jurisdikcijų kolizijos civilinėse bylose, turinčiose užsienio elementą". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110207_105948-33713.
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Šis magistro baigiamasis darbas skirtas teismų jurisdikcijų kolizijų civilinėse bylose, turinčiose užsienio elementą, bendrojoje tarptautinėje, užsienio ir Lietuvos teisėje įtvirtintos teisės normų reglamentacijos sukeliamų problemų analizei. Pagrindine tyrimo užduotimi autorius laiko po Lietuvos Respublikos tapimo Europos Sąjungos nare išaugusią užsienio elementą turinčių civilinių ginčų teismų jurisdikcijų teisingo nustatymo instituto svarbą įtvirtinančių tarptautinių, užsienio ir Lietuvos teisės normų nuostatų bei teismų jurisprudencijos įvertinimą bendrame pasauliniame kontekste.
Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje išryškinama teismų jurisdikcijų kolizijos samprata, jos atskirų kriterijų reikšmė nustatant kompetentingą teismą ir tos teisminės institucijos priimtų sprendimų pripažinimą bei vykdymą. Taip pat detaliai susipažįstama su įvairių valstybių (Vokietijos, Prancūzijos, Lietuvos...) nacionalinių, pasaulinių (UNIDROIT Romos konvencija dėl pavogtų ar neteisėtai išvežtų kultūros objektų...) ir ES (Reglamento 44/2001…) teisės aktų bei Lietuvos Respublikos pasirašytų teisinės pagalbos sutarčių nuostatomis, įtvirtinančiomis civilinių bylų su užsienio elementu priskirtinumą konkrečioms teismų jurisdikcijoms.
Antrojoje dalyje susipažįstama su Europos Teisingumo Teismo, Nuolatinio Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo, užsienio ir Lietuvos valstybių teisminių institucijų praktika. Aptariant šią praktiką bei pirmojoje dalyje aprašytus kriterijus, įvardijamos daugiausiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The present thesis is devoted to the analysis of collisions of courts' jurisdictions in civil cases involving a foreign element and the analysis of the problems caused by the regulation of law norms confirmed in General International Law, Foreign Law and Lithuanian Law. After becoming an EU member state, the growth of civil contentions involving a foreign element is noticeable in the Republic of Lithuania. According to the author of this thesis, the main task of the thesis is considered to be the evaluation of the right determination institute of civil law jurisdictions importance confirmed by International, Foreign and Lithuanian Law norms regulation as well as the courts’ jurisprudence in the common world context. The thesis consists of three different parts. In the first part the author emphasizes the definition of collision of the courts’ jurisdiction and the importance of its separate criteria by identification of the qualified court, the recognition of its taken judgments and implementation. After that, national laws of different countries (such as Germany, France, Lithuania, etc.), international (UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects, etc.) and the European Union (EU) (Council Regulation 44/2001, etc.) rules of law as well as some legal provisions from the international legal assistance treaties signed by the Republic of Lithuania, that deals with civil cases’ involving foreign element, attributability to the particular courts will be... [to full text]
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Mupanga, Godfrey. "The work of the international criminal court in Africa and challenges for the future of international criminal justice". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2645.
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Within the first decade of the ICC‟s existence, its case docket was composed of cases originating from Africa only. Relations between the African governments represented by the AU quickly deteriorated. The AU accuses the ICC of bias and unfair targeting of Africa. After the indictment of heads of states that include Omar Al Bashir of Sudan, Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya and the late Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, the AU passed several resolutions where it reiterated its commitment to the rule of law and to combating impunity. The AU, however, instructed member states to cease all cooperation with the ICC. African states that are ICC members are now faced with conflicting obligations as a result of the AU resolutions. Moreover, the AU resolutions raise the spectre of a legitimacy crisis for the AU and a conflict between articles 27(2) and 98(1) of the Rome Statute. Based mostly on desk research coupled with my experience working on human rights and access to justice programmes in Sudan, South Sudan, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe, this thesis considers the possibility that the ICC is suffering from a legitimacy crisis as a result of the fall out and the issues of unfair selectivity that are raised by the AU. Employing the Third World Approaches to International Law as an analytical framework, the study attempts to reconcile the apparent contradictions in the new outlook and rhetoric of the AU pursuant to its Constitutive Act and the instruction to member states to withdraw cooperation with the ICC. The thesis also proposes practical ways to resolve the conflicting obligations caused by the AU resolutions and by operation of customary international law immunity of high ranking state officials referred to the ICC by way of a Security Council resolution. The current situation gives the ICC the appearance of a weak institution that is only good for low hanging fruit, which has a negative effect on the legitimacy of the ICC.
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Usman, Muhammad. "Does Cyberspace outdate Jurisdictional Defamation Laws?" Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17461.
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Cyberspace produces friction when the law is implemented by domestic courts using 'state-laws'. These laws are based on a ‘physical presence’ of an individual within the territory. It elevates conflicts relating to cyberspace jurisdiction. This research examines private international law complications associated with cyberspace. The paradigm of libel that takes place within the domain of social media is used to evaluate the utility of traditional laws. This research is conducted using ‘black-letter’ methodology, keeping in mind the changes constituted by the Defamation Act 2013. It pinpoints that the instantaneous nature of social media communication demands an unambiguous exercise of 'personal-jurisdiction', beyond the doctrine of territoriality. An innovation to the code of Civil Procedure is recommended to revise the process of service for non-EU defendants. The permission to serve a writ via social networks (or to the relevant Embassy of the defendant’s domicile state), can accelerate the traditional judicial process.
This thesis can be utilised as a roadmap by libel victims for preliminary information. It contributes to the knowledge by discovering that the thresholds under Section 1 and Section 9 of the Defamation Act 2013 overlap with the conventional ‘forum-conveniens’ tests. This crossover is causing legal uncertainty in the application of existing rules to the digital libel proceedings. Section 1 and Section 9 thresholds do not fulfil the purpose of eliminating ‘libel-tourism’ and maintaining a balance between speech freedom and reputation rights. They raised the bar for potential victims and restricted their rights to justice. It is proposed that the traditional ‘conveniens test’ must be used for social media libel victims to produce legal certainty in cyberspace defamation.
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Patočka, Radim. "Evropský justiční prostor - nařízení Brusel I". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18167.
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The scope of this thesis is regulation (EC)No. 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters. The provisions of Regulation is aiming the improvement and simplification of the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements within the territory of the EU. According to the title of regulation this tesis is diveded in several parts explaining the key elements of developing the other maxime of the EU-free movement of judgements. First part includes the general fundamentals for determination of jurisdiction in cases with transborder element which is essential for aplication of this regulation as a part of legislation on international private law. Thanks to the nearly identical wording of Brussels I Regulation and Convention dealing with the same matter from the year 1968, all legal opinions of European Court of Justice related to that Convention can be invoked nowdays. Second part and third part turn to recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in order to ensure the situation when "the declaration that a judgement is enforceable should be issued virtually automatically after purely formal checks of the documents supplied, without there being any possibility for the court to raise of its own motion on any of the ground for non-enforcement provided by this Regulation". The last part contents future trend in this sphere which can be seen from application of other regulation (European enforcement order, European order for payment procedure)giving rise to rapid and simple mechanism in specific cases. Especially it treats of cancellation special exequator proceeding which should be undertaken to achieve that foreign judgement would be enforceable.
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Holliday, Terry-Sue. "Assessment of the purpose of South Africa's controlled foreign company rules". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32682.
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Controlled foreign company (CFC) rules are anti-avoidance provisions designed to deter taxpayers from shifting their capital (and resultant income) to low-tax jurisdictions. Adoption of these rules in South Africa coincided with the relaxation of exchange control laws which opened up borders to inward and outward capital flows. South Africa's CFC regime has been amended over the years to become one of the most sophisticated amongst the G20 and aligned with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Action 3 recommendations (per the OECD's Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Project). Abusive profit-shifting tactics committed by multinational enterprises (MNEs) have caused the OECD to recommend that CFC rules be strengthened globally to combat this behaviour. However, in the United States and the United Kingdom, recent reforms appear to have weakened these countries' CFC (or CFC-equivalent) legislation, countering the OECD's recommendations. Such manoeuvres improve the profitability of these nations' MNEs by allowing their tax bills to remain lower than their international competitors'. As such, there is a danger of starting a race to the corporate tax-rate bottom where developing nations will be the losers, considering their greater reliance on corporate tax revenues than their developed counterparts. India and Brazil, both developing nations and BRICS members like South Africa, also aren't prioritising the strengthening of their CFC regulations – their focus is rather on improving transfer pricing (TP) legislation and enforcement to combat the damaging effects MNEs' avoidance practices are having on tax revenue collections in those countries. The existence of South Africa's advanced CFC legislation amongst a global trend of a weakening in, or the non-adoption of, CFC rules may hinder the competitiveness of South African MNEs. The current CFC regime could thus serve the purpose of stifling growth and foreign direct investment, instead of only deterring profitshifting behaviour. TP legislation targeted at MNEs (the biggest profit-shifting culprits) may yield the most effective anti-avoidance results. South Africa's recently enhanced TP reporting requirements are key to solving the offshore profit-shifting puzzle, as these reports will reveal information about an MNE's global operations and resultant profit-shifting activities. In addition, the revision to the TP arm's length principle to align compensation and value creation, will see profit-shifting MNEs bear the tax they were trying to avoid. It appears that the anti-avoidance purpose embodied within CFC regulations overlaps with the anti-avoidance mechanisms that these enhanced TP rules are designed to achieve. Thus, in a South African context, the most efficient way to curb tax avoidance may be to rely on TP, rather than CFC, legislation. As such, it is recommended that South Africa's CFC regulations be repealed.
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Botha, Pieter. "An analysis of low tax jurisdictions as a means of increasing foreign direct investments from a South Africa point of view". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26441.
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The purpose of this study is to analyse low tax jurisdictions as a means of attracting direct foreign investment from a South African point of view. The phenomenon of low tax rates, tax havens and foreign investment have been inextricably linked over years but have gained notoriety since efforts by the Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD), to harmonise taxation and eliminate unfair tax competition between countries and specifically so with regard to countries classified as tax havens. These efforts have been given further momentum by the recent events known as the worldwide “financial crisis” which have at least partially been blamed on practices followed by tax havens. The phenomenon of low tax rates has been identified as one measure to increase foreign direct investment (FDI) and therefore stimulate the growth of local economies. Low tax rates have been very successfully exploited by countries labeled as tax havens resulting in high economic growth for such countries. It is recognised that South Africa is in need of foreign investment and specifically fixed investment to accelerate growth and solve specific problems like the high levels of unemployment. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie studie is om ‘n ontleding uit ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse oogpunt te doen van die aanvaarding van ‘n lae koers belastingstelsel soortgelyk aan diè soos gebruik in sogenaamde belastingtoevlugsoorde. Die verskynsel van lae belastingkoerse en buitelandse investering is ‘n bewese feit maar het berugtheid verwerf sedert die pogings van die Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), om belastingkoerse te harmoniseer en onbillike belastingwedywering uit te skakel tussen lande en met spesifieke verwysing na lande geklassifiseer as belastingtoevlugsoorde. Hierdie pogings het verdere momentum verwerf na aanleiding van die gebeure wat bekendheid verwerf het as die wêreldwye finansiële krisis wat ten minste gedeeltelik toegeskryf is aan praktyke gevolg deur belastingtoevlugsoorde. Die praktyk van lae belastingkoerse is geïdentifiseer as een metode om buitelandse investering te stimuleer en sodoende plaaslike ekonomiese goei aan te moedig. Verskeie sogenaamde belastingtoevlugsoorde het sukses behaal deur gebruik te maak van lae belastingkoerse ten einde hoë ekonomiese groeikoerse te bewerkstellig. Suid Afrika het ‘n behoefte aan buitelandse investering en spesifiek vaste investering ten einde plaaslike groei van die ekonomie aan te moedig en sodoende probleme soos hoë werkloosheidsvlakke aan te spreek.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Taxation
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Stark, Laure. "L'internationalité en droit international privé". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCF005.
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L’internationalité est une notion centrale du droit international privé, que celui-ci n’est pourtant jamais parvenu à définir clairement. La construction européenne et les différents phénomènes de déspatialisation induits par la mondialisation en ont compliqué encore davantage l’appréhension, en introduisant une différenciation entre les situations européennes et les situations purement internationales et en remettant partiellement en cause la localisation étatique de certaines situations juridiques, qualifiées de transnationales, voire d'anationales. Les difficultés définitionnelles qui ont toujours affecté la notion d’internationalité gagnent en outre aujourd’hui en visibilité et en importance en raison de l’accroissement du nombre de situations internationales. Dans ce contexte, sont premièrement proposées certaines solutions aux problèmes d’appréhension les plus courants de l’internationalité, ainsi que l’adoption d’une approche fonctionnelle de la notion, qui permet d’en définir les contours avec une précision satisfaisante. Partant ensuite du constat que l’existence de l’internationalité déclenche l’application des règles de droit international privé, qui conduisent à un régime juridique souvent différent et plus favorable que celui qui est réservé aux situations internes par le droit interne, il est démontré que cette différence de traitement résultant de l’internationalité n’est pas toujours justifiée, en ce qu’elle n’est pas toujours commandée par la prise en charge de besoins propres à l’internationalité. S’agissant de l’influence de la régionalisation européenne et de la déspatialisation sur le régime des situations internationales, nous questionnerons enfin partiellement l’opportunité de l’instauration par le droit de l’Union européenne d’une régime juridique différent pour les situations européennes et les situations purement internationales, d’une part, et concluons à l’adéquation des méthodes actuelles de droit international privé pour réglementer les situations transnationales, d’autre partInternationality is a central concept of private international law, which has however never been clearly defined. The construction of Europe and the several phenomena of despatialization brought about by globalization have made it even more difficult to grasp by introducing a differentiation between European and truly international situations and by partially calling into question the spatial localization of certain legal situations, qualified as transnational or even anational. The definitional difficulties that have always affected the notion of internationality are today gaining in visibility and importance as a result of the increase in the number of international situations. In this context, we first propose certain solutions to the most common problems of apprehension of internationality, as well as the adoption of a functional approach to the concept, which makes it possible to define its contours with satisfactory precision. Secondly, starting from the observation that the existence of internationality triggers the application of the rules of private international law, which lead to a legal regime that is often different and more favorable than that reserved for internal situations by domestic law, it is shown that this difference in treatment resulting from internationality is not always justified, in that it is not driven by the needs specific to internationality. Similarly, the appropriateness of establishing a legal regime specific to European situations as compared with truly international situations is partly questioned. With regard to the influence of European regionalization and despatialization on the regime of international situations, we finally partially question the appropriateness of the establishment by EU-law of a different legal regime for European situations and truly international situations, on the one hand, and conclude that the current methods of private international law are adequate to regulate transnational situations, on the other hand
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Ivey, Madison. "It Takes a Village: An Analysis of Multilateralism and the Legal Mechanisms Designed to Prevent Violence Against Women". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1377.
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Treaties and international organizations work together to create a global environment that protects the rights of a person and actively promotes the well-being of society. However, they do not necessarily guarantee the rights of everyone. Since women are not explicitly named in human rights documents, they are often not granted equal human rights. Therefore, it takes more than just international legal instruments to guarantee women's rights as human rights. A combination of civil society (NGOs), International organizations (IOs), and domestic government creates a perfect coalition to beat the barriers that must be overcome to fully protect women from violence.
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Castro, de Figueiredo Roberto. "The contribution of foreign investments to the economic development of host states as a jurisdictional requirement under the ICSID Convention". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8376.
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This thesis addresses the problem concerning the contribution of foreign investments to the economic development of the host State as a jurisdictional requirement under the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (“ICSID Convention”). The ICSID Convention governs the jurisdiction of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes for the institution of arbitral proceedings between Contracting States and nationals of other Contracting States. While the institution of arbitral proceedings under the ICSID Convention is contingent upon the consent of the disputing parties, the jurisdiction of the Centre is limited to disputes that fulfill certain requirements. One of the core requirements of the jurisdiction of the Centre is that the dispute must arise out of an investment. Although the ICSID Convention lacks a definition of investment, most arbitral tribunals that had to define the function and content of the investment requirement concluded that the ICSID Convention contains a notion of investment that may not be waived by the consent of the disputing parties. The majority of these decisions considered that the contribution to the economic development of the host State would be one of the elements of such notion of investment. According to these decisions, the economic development requirement, as an element of the investment requirement of the ICSID Convention, could be inferred from the wording of the first recital of the Preamble of the ICSID Convention, which states that the ICSID Convention was concluded considering the role of private international investments in the economic development. It is submitted in this thesis, however, that these decisions were based on a misapplication of the general rule of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which codified the existing customary international law rule of treaty interpretation, given that they ignore the ordinary meaning of the term “investment” as employed in the ICSID Convention. The general rule of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention establishes a method by which each source of the intention of the parties to the treaty plays a relevant role. Above all, treaty interpretation must be based on the text of the treaty, which must be interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning of its terms. The use of the object and purpose of a treaty is a second step and may not be relied on in order to contradict the ordinary meaning of the terms employed in the treaty and to confer a special meaning on them.
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Chassang, Céline. "L’étranger et le droit pénal : étude sur la pertinence de la pénalisation". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100162.
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Le droit pénal génère des distinctions entre étrangers et nationaux, les premiers faisant, dans certaines situations, l’objet d’une pénalisation spécifique. Pourtant, la pertinence de cette pénalisation peut être questionnée au regard d’un balancement, opéré par le droit pénal, entre distinction et assimilation.Dans un premier temps, l’étude démontre que les différentes distinctions en droit pénal peuvent être contestées. D’une part, la pénalisation dont fait l’objet l’ensemble des étrangers ne semble pas opportune car elle apparaît tant superflue – lorsque le droit pénal se superpose à un dispositif extra-pénal suffisant – qu’illégitime – lorsque le droit pénal utilise l’apparence d’extranéité comme critère d’application. D’autre part, la pénalisation spécifique dont font l’objet les étrangers en situation irrégulière apparaît inadéquate puisque, dépendante de l’évolution des règles administratives et européennes, elle revêt un caractère instable et parce qu’elle ne présente qu’un intérêt relatif pour lutter contre l’immigration illégale.Dans un second temps, l’analyse montre, à travers un mouvement d’assimilation progressive de l’étranger au national, que le droit pénal sait aussi se désintéresser de l’extranéité. D’une part, cette assimilation répond à un impératif d’égalité qu’il est possible d’observer dans le cadre du procès pénal, mais également à l’aune de la création d’immunités pénales au profit de certains étrangers. D’autre part, cette assimilation est fondée sur la lutte contre l’impunité des auteurs d’infractions puisqu’elle est commandée par les impératifs de la coopération pénale internationale et consacrée par le mécanisme de la compétence universelleCriminal law gives rise to distinctions between aliens and nationals, the former being subjected to specific criminalization. But the relevance of this criminalization may be questioned, considering the balance sought by criminal law between distinction and assimilation.First, the study demonstrates that the different distinctions provided by criminal law may be challenged. On one hand, criminalization that applies to every alien is not convenient since it appears non-essential – when criminal law overlaps already sufficient extra-criminal rules – and illegitimate – when criminal law uses foreign origin as selection criterion. On the other hand, specific criminalization applied to illegal aliens appears to be inadequate since, depending on the evolution of national administrative rules and European rules, it has no legal certainty and relative interest to restrict illegal immigration.Then, the analysis shows, through a movement of progressive assimilation of aliens to nationals, that criminal law can also lose interest in foreign origin. On one hand, this assimilation meets to a requirement of equality that one may observe not only in criminal lawsuits but also in matters of criminal immunities in favor of some aliens. On the other hand, this assimilation is based on broader fight against impunity of offenders as required by international criminal cooperation and recognized by the mechanism of universal jurisdiction
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Marchetti, Mauricio. "Imunidade de jurisdição e de execução de entes de direito público externo e sua repercussão no processo do trabalho". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9052.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-09This present work has the purpose of developing a study on the immunity of jurisdiction and of enforcement of foreign public entity that hires Brazilian workers. Its analysis passes through the perception of a new international dynamic that places the state sovereignty, previously seen as unlimited, as something relative, which ends up propitiating the understanding that the immunity of jurisdiction is a value that may suffer limitations. The facts that triggered the relativization of this immunity serve to understand the gradual adaptation of its regulation to the characteristics of the international public law, upon the division of the acts practiced by the States into acts of government and acts of management. Having relativized the immunity in the procedure s instruction phase, thesis already appeased both in Brazil and in the majority of the countries of the international community, the challenge is to mitigate the immunity in the enforcement of the judgment decision phase, which continues generating polemics, maintaining almost absolute. This situation shows to be inefficient for solution of the majority of labor-related conflicts between domestic employees and foreign entities governed by public law, whether due to the difficulty in finding goods from the foreign State possible of being expatriated, whether due to the lack of execution of this procedure through the diplomatic means. We will thus seek to propose new guidelines to make effective the final verdict in labor lawsuits filed by national persons against foreign entities governed by public law, based on the fact that work is a constitutionally ensured human value in our country, to be observed inclusively by a foreign State, without this harming its sovereignty
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um estudo sobre a imunidade de jurisdição e de execução do ente público externo que contrata trabalhadores brasileiros. Sua análise passa pela percepção de uma nova dinâmica internacional que coloca a soberania estatal, antes tida como ilimitada, como algo relativo, o que acaba por propiciar o entendimento de que a imunidade de jurisdição é um valor passível de sofrer limitações. Os fatos que desencadearam a relativização dessa imunidade servem para entender a gradual adequação de sua regulação às características do direito internacional público, mediante a divisão dos atos praticados pelos Estados em atos de império e atos de gestão. Relativizada a imunidade na fase de conhecimento do processo, tese já pacificada tanto no Brasil como na maioria dos países da comunidade internacional, o desafio é abrandar a imunidade na fase de execução de sentença, que continua gerando polêmicas, mantendo-se quase absoluta. Essa situação mostrase ineficiente para a solução da maioria dos conflitos de natureza trabalhista entre empregados nacionais e entes de direito público externo, quer pela dificuldade de se encontrar bens do Estado estrangeiro passíveis de serem expropriados, quer pela falta de efetivação desse processo pela via da diplomacia. Buscaremos, dessa forma, propor novas diretrizes para tornar efetiva a sentença condenatória em ações trabalhistas movidas por nacionais contra os entes de direito público externo, com fundamento de que o trabalho é valor humano constitucionalmente assegurado no nosso país, a ser respeitado inclusive pelo Estado estrangeiro, sem que com isso seja ferida a sua soberania
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Grimbeek, Mathew. "The applicability of the apportionment of Damages Act 34 of 1956 to contractual claims with emphasis on the development of apportionment laws in South Africa and similar foreign jurisdictions". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26669.
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This study will follow the development of the rules pertaining to apportionment of damages, with particular emphasis on the Apportionment of Damages Act 34 of 1956 (‘the Act”) and its applicability to contractual claims. It furthermore delves into the current legal position in England, Australia and New Zealand. In Thoroughbred Breeders Association v Price Waterhouse 1999 (4) SA 968 (W), the Court decided that the Act was applicable to contractual claims and apportioned the damages payable by the defendant to the plaintiff. However, the matter was taken on appeal with the decision of the Court a Quo overturned. It will be argued that, although the reasoning at first glance seems sound, upon closer examination, the application of the Act need not be limited solely to delictual claims. The best manner in which to remedy this lacunae in our law is an amendment to Section 1 (1) and 1(3) of the Act, to explicitly extend the application thereof to contractual claims.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Private Law
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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко y Bogdan Derevyanko. "Питання доцільності утворення спеціалізованого інвестиційного суду України". Thesis, Суми: Сумський державний університет, 2020. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8313.
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Відновити довіру іноземного інвестора, а в перспективі й українського до судової системи можливо двома шляхами – покращенням роботи МКАС при ТПП України або утворенням нового судового органу – Вищого інвестиційного суду України. У випадку утворення такого органу потрібно буде зменшити обсяг юрисдикції діючих загальних та спеціалізованих судів, а також кількість посад суддів та обслуговуючого персоналу.
Восстановить доверие иностранного инвестора, а в перспективе и украинского к судебной системе возможно двумя путями – улучшением работы МКАС при ТПП Украины или образованием нового судебного органа – Высшего инвестиционного суда Украины. В случае образования такого органа нужно будет уменьшить объем юрисдикции действующих общих и специализированных судов, а также количество должностей судей и обслуживающего персонала.It is possible to restore the confidence of a foreign investor, and in the future the Ukrainian one, in the judicial system in two ways: by improving the work of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry or by creating a new judicial body – the High Investment Court of Ukraine. If such a body is formed, it will be necessary to reduce the scope of jurisdiction of the existing general and specialized courts, as well as the number of posts of judges and service personnel.
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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко y Bogdan Volodymyrovych Derevyanko. "Питання доцільності утворення спеціалізованого інвестиційного суду України". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77423.
Texto completoResumen
Відновити довіру іноземного інвестора, а в перспективі й українського до судової системи можливо двома шляхами – покращенням роботи МКАС при ТПП України або утворенням нового судового органу – Вищого інвестиційного суду України. У випадку утворення такого органу потрібно буде зменшити обсяг юрисдикції діючих загальних та спеціалізованих судів, а також кількість посад суддів та обслуговуючого персоналу.Восстановить доверие иностранного инвестора, а в перспективе и украинского к судебной системе возможно двумя путями – улучшением работы МКАС при ТПП Украины или образованием нового судебного органа – Высшего инвестиционного суда Украины. В случае образования такого органа нужно будет уменьшить объем юрисдикции действующих общих и специализированных судов, а также количество должностей судей и обслуживающего персонала.
It is possible to restore the confidence of a foreign investor, and in the future the Ukrainian one, in the judicial system in two ways: by improving the work of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry or by creating a new judicial body – the High Investment Court of Ukraine. If such a body is formed, it will be necessary to reduce the scope of jurisdiction of the existing general and specialized courts, as well as the number of posts of judges and service personnel.
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Alharbi, Meshal Nayef. "Trademark and patent disputes in Saudi Arabia : an analysis of private international law". Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13858.
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The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.
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Havenga, Kelsey. "How comparative laws of foreign jurisdictions may be used by South African courts to find the fair value of shares when shareholders use the appraisal remedy provided for in s 164 of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19739.
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A set method of determination of the fair value of shares is omitted from s164 of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 (the South African Act), which deals with the appraisal remedies of dissenting shareholders. This dissertation will consider how courts in the United Kingdom and the United States have dealt with the question of what is fair value in the context of oppression remedies and appraisal rights
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Alvares, Diovani Vandrei. "A garantia do acesso à justiça através da cooperação jurisdicional internacional: análise das tutelas de urgência em homologação de sentença estrangeira no P.L. 166/2010". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6420.
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Previous issue date: 2014-04-25The current social relations show up remarkably, dynamic and globally, however it s not possible to sight significant efforts to address this issue in its entirety: to make a faster delivery adjudication of disputes with transnational feature. Brazil remains almost alien to this new reality a proof of it is the lack of doctrinal studies and jurisprudence regarding emergency situations when it comes in homologation of foreign sentences. This dissonance between the reality and speed of contemporary society and the judicial process is dangerous, in so far as it calls into question the legitimacy of the judiciary as a whole. Ensuring the tutored person, regardless of their nationality or the competent court for trial on the merits of the main action, the effective protection of their rights, it will be - allowing procedural science properly perform its goal: ensuring universal access to justice. To defender the positivization and implementation of enforcement of foreign judgments in preliminary proceedings; to grant incidentally to probate action for injunctive relief; as well as the wide possibility of granting interim relief in the headquarters of the foreign judgment ratifying procedure; glimpsing with such institutes, the guarantee to judicial effectiveness as a Fundamental Human Right, after all, is not sufficient to ensure judicial solution to all conflicts, what is essential is that this solution is actually " fair ", that is , able , useful and effective for the grant of the practice you are entitled to protect, according to the claimed need and putting under the judicial examination of the state. At this point, it is essential to analysis Project 166/10, which yields broad advances on the Institutes of Legal International Recognition of Foreign Judgments, Law and Guardianship Assistance Emergency Cooperation, however, a critical-dialectical view, points what could be the subject of further advancement
As relações sociais da atualidade mostram-se acentuadamente dinâmicas e de âmbito global, em contrapartida não se vislumbra esforços significativos no sentido de enfrentar essa problemática em sua inteireza: tornar mais célere a entrega da prestação jurisdicional os litígios com feição transnacional. O Brasil mantém-se praticamente alheio a essa nova realidade, prova disso é a escassez de estudos doutrinários e jurisprudência no tocante a situações de urgência em sede de homologações de sentença estrangeira. Essa dissonância entre a realidade da sociedade atual e o processo judicial afigura-se perigosa, na medida em que põe em xeque a legitimidade do Poder Judiciário. Garantir ao jurisdicionado, independente da sua nacionalidade ou do tribunal competente para o julgamento do mérito da ação principal, a efetiva tutela de seu direito em estado de periclitação, estar-se-á permitindo que a ciência processual desempenhe adequadamente seu mister: garantir a acesso universal à justiça. Defender a positivação e aplicação da homologação de sentenças estrangeiras proferidas em ações cautelares; a concessão incidentalmente de tutela cautelar à ação homologatória; bem como a ampla possibilidade de concessão de antecipação de tutela em sede de procedimento homologatório da sentença estrangeira; vislumbrando-se, com tais institutos, a garantia à efetividade jurisdicional como Direito Humano Fundamental, afinal, não é suficiente ao ideal da justiça garantir a solução judicial para todos os conflitos, o que é imprescindível é que essa solução seja efetivamente justa , isto é, apta, útil e eficaz para outorgar à parte a tutela prática a que tem direito, segundo a necessidade reclamada e posta sob análise jurisdicional do Estado. Nesse ponto, é imprescindível a análise do Projeto de Lei 166/10, que traz amplos avanços sobre os institutos da Cooperação Jurídica Internacional, Homologação de Sentença Estrangeira, Auxílio Direito e Tutelas de Urgência; no entanto, numa visão crítica-dialética, pontua-se o que poderia ser objeto melhorias
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Salles, Marcelo Corrêa de. "O diferencial entre as curvas de juros doméstica e externa em reais é uma evidência para o argumento de 'incerteza jurisdicional'?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16597.
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This work make an analysis of the Brazilian interest rates, and the main features of the sovereign nominal rates curve, with emphasis on fixed income securities issued by the government in local currency (Reais), in both the domestic and foreign markets, where we note the occurrence of a phenomenon quite peculiar, which is the diferential in the yield and the maturity existing between the two markets. Arida, Bacha and Lara-Resende (2004) conjecture about the existence of an inherent risk to the country, called 'jurisdictional uncertainty' related to Brazilian institutions, and that would be behind the high interest rates and the absence of a long-term domestic credit market. It is also done a more detailed diagnosis of the possible causes of the longer maturity phenomenon and lower yield on securities issued in foreign markets compared to securities issued in the local market, noting that both phenomena - the high Brazilian interest rates and the absence of a market long-term interest rates - are directly related. The conclusions on the possible causes of the yield differential between local and foreign securities issued in Reais envolve both quantitative factors, related to investment costs in Brazil and convertibility risk, which in part contributes to increase required yields for local securities, as well as qualitative factors, such as worse institutions in Brazil compared to the external institutions. The difference in the maturity of the two securities also comes from institutional issues, which, to some extent, reaffirms the theory of 'jurisdictional uncertainty' to explain this phenomenon.
O trabalho faz uma análise sobre as taxas de juros brasileiras, além das principais características da curva soberana de juros nominais, dando ênfase aos títulos pré-fixados emitidos pelo governo em moeda local, no mercado doméstico e externo, onde notamos a ocorrência de um fenômeno bastante peculiar, que é o diferencial de rendimento e de maturidade existentes entre os dois mercados. Arida, Bacha e Lara-Resende (2004) conjecturam sobre a existência de um risco inerente ao país, chamado por eles de 'incerteza jurisdicional', relacionado às instituições brasileiras, e que estaria por trás das altas taxas de juros e da inexistência de um mercado de crédito doméstico de longo prazo. É feito um diagnóstico mais detalhado sobre as possíveis causas do fenômeno de maior maturidade e menor rendimento dos títulos emitidos no mercado externo em relação aos títulos do mercado interno, notando-se que ambos os fenômenos – dos altos juros brasileiros e da inexistência de um mercado juros de longo prazo – estão diretamente relacionados. As conclusões sobre as possíveis causas para o diferencial de rendimento entre os títulos locais e externos emitidos em Reais dizem respeito tanto aos fatores quantitativos, relacionados aos custos de investimento no Brasil e ao risco de conversibilidade, que contribuem em parte para aumentar as taxas exigidas para os títulos locais, bem como aos fatores qualitativos, como piores instituições no Brasil em relação às instituições externas. A diferença de maturidade entre os títulos também advém de questões institucionais, o que reafirma de certo modo a teoria de 'incerteza jurisdicional' para explicar este fenômeno.
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Nicolau, Jean. "Droit international privé du sport : études sur une discipline en construction". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3018.
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En appréhendant les éléments du droit international privé, en sa notion la plus large, pour les appliquer aux situations associées à l’activité sportive en général et au droit du sport en particulier, cette étude se propose de forger les piliers d’un droit international privé du sport. En effet, seront abordées premièrement des thématiques ayant trait à la nationalité, étatique comme sportive, des athlètes composant le le mouvement sportif. Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail se penchera sur l’identification et la détermination tant des autorités compétentes pour les situations juridico-sportives de dimension internationale, que sur le droit applicable à ces dernièresThrough the examination of the elements of the private international law and their contrast to situations associated with sports practice in general, and to Sports Law in particular, this thesis intends to establish the pillars of the private international law on sport. In this regard, the topics related to the nationality of the athletes, either granted by the State Law or Sports Law, are initially addressed. Subsequently, this thesis aims to identify and to determine the competent authorities and the applicable law to rule over international legal issues related to sport
A partir do exame dos elementos do direito internacional privado e da contraposição dos mesmos a situações associadas à prática esportiva, de modo geral, e ao direito desportivo, em particular, este estudo pretende erigir os pilares do direito internacional privado do esporte. Com efeito, são abordadas, em um primeiro momento, temáticas relacionadas à nacionalidade, estatal e esportiva, dos atletas que integram o movimento esportivo. Na sequência, o objeto da tese repousa sobre a identificação e a determinação tanto das autoridades competentes para a apreciação das situações jurídico-desportivas de dimensão internacional, quanto do direito aplicável a estas últimas
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Jeon, Joo Yeol. "Essai sur l'adoption du droit du service public français en droit administratif coréen". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1000.
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Le droit administratif coréen se trouve caractérisé depuis peu par une tentative d'adoption du droit du service public. Cette tentative signifie un mouvement pour faire évoluer le droit administratif par le dépasse-ment de ses fondements classiques en provenance du droit allemand, notamment des doctrines fondamentales élaborées à la fin du 19ème siècle. La tentative se manifeste par l'introduction de règles générales pour les activités du service public. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de ces règles novatrices pour le droit coréen ne sera cohérente que lorsque certaines conditions seront satisfaites, notamment des conditions procédurales telle que l'élargissement de la recevabilité du contentieux administratif. Nous avons relevé des éléments dont on doit tenir compte pour le changement du droit administratif coréen par l'adoption du droit du service public français afin que l'adoption soit opérationnelle. Cette démarche est fondée sur l'analyse de l'état actuel du droit coréen concernant l'idée de service public et les juridictions publiquesKorean administrative law is characterized recently by an attempt to adopt the law of public service. This means a movement attempting to change the administrative law by exceeding its classical foundations from German law, including fundamental doctrines developed in the late 19th century. The attempt is mani-fested by the introduction of general rules for public service activities. However, the implementation of these innovative rules for Korean law will be consistent only when certain conditions are met, including procedu-ral requirements such as enlargement of the admissibility of administrative litigation. We identified elements that must be considered for change of Korean administrative law by adoption of the French law of public ser-vice se that it could be operational. This approach is based on the analysis of the current state of Korean law regarding the idea of public service and public jurisdictions
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Bouderhem, Rabaï. "La nationalité des sociétés en droit français". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00960318.
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Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d'un espace européen intégré tant d'un point de vue économique que politique a relancé le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n'est pas tant de savoir si les sociétés commerciales disposent d'une nationalité au même titre que les personnes physiques - les solutions en la matière sont depuis longtemps acceptées par la doctrine et la jurisprudence internationales - mais plutôt de déterminer comment cette notion a évolué et s'adapte aux contraintes d'une part, d'une économie de marché mondialisée et d'autre part, du droit de l'Union européenne qui bouleverse les solutions traditionnellement admises en matière de nationalité des sociétés dans les droits internes des Etats membres. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d'une société à un Etat déterminés par les règles de droit international privé de chaque Etat s'orientent inéluctablement vers le critère anglo-saxon de l'incorporation. L'apparition de nouvelles personnes morales de droit de l'UE comme la Société européenne (SE) ou la future Société privée européenne (SPE) posent également la question de la nationalité et de la loi applicable à ce type de groupement européen. Il en est de même s'agissant des groupes de sociétés dont une réglementation de leurs activités pourrait être relancée dans le cadre du droit de l'UE.
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Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn. "Les contrats internationaux : étude comparative franco-thaïlandaise". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856584.
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Le droit international privé français des contrats est très avancé, la richesse de la jurisprudence et la doctrine font une bonne preuve de l'évolution du droit français en la matière. Ses conceptions sont répandues et admises par d'autres États, européens en premier lieu, puis dans le monde entier. Le système de droit français et celui de droit communautaire sont complémentaires l'un et l'autre. Pour cette raison l'étude de droit international privé français ne peut plus être restreinte uniquement dans le cadre de droit international commun. Dés lors le droit international privé communautaire devrait aussifaire l'objet de cette étude. Quant au droit international privé des contrats thaïlandais, il est en cours de développement et a besoin de grande réformation urgent pour la coopération juridique dans l'ASEAN. L'étude comparative en cette matière permettrait donc de trouver la bonne solution et d'apprendre l'application de règles conflictuelles ainsi que d'autres mécanismes du droit international privé pour régler les problèmes dans l'ordre juridique thaï. Donc les questions de la loi applicable et le règlement des différends font l'objet principal de cette étude.
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LIU, SSU-YUN y 劉思筠. "Study in Jurisdiction of Internet Civil Case with Foreign Factors". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11252821073482409434.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法學系
95
The modern science and technology change with each passing day, and the Internet develops quite fast, so the Internet has considerable influence on using the law. And the International Private Law is no exception. The International Private Law is mainly solving the civil legal problem concerning foreign affairs mainly, but before entering entity's legal relation to judge, the form that the court should pass the case first is examined, namely, whether the court has jurisdiction to this case. Traditionally, the judgment of jurisdiction is to regard geographical territory as the boundary. Because the Internet has borderless characteristic and other particularity, it makes the judgment of jurisdiction difficult. So this text aims at seeking the jurisdiction problems of the civil case that the Internet activity involves in, and offers the foundations and concrete identifying standards on the Internet jurisdiction by annotating the regulations of our country civil procedure about jurisdiction through the traditional principle of jurisdiction and foreign law and convention about jurisdiction. In this thesis, the research approach is the arrangement and analysis of relevant documents and the main study center is the jurisdiction of Internet civil cases. Among them, the content includes the basic conception of the Internet, theoretical foundation of jurisdiction on the International Private Law, special jurisdiction principle in U.S.A. law, the settlement of jurisdiction on the Internet and relevant introduction of international convention in U.S.A. law, and etc. Finally, the problems about the clause of the jurisdiction of our country civil procedure applied to the Internet are examined one by one.
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Carlson, Allen Russell. "Constructing a new Great Wall Chinese foreign policy and the norm of state sovereignty /". 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51955181.html.
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Tsai, Minying y 蔡旻穎. "Jurisdiction and the Recognition • Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Transnational Patents Infringement Disputes". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20695173000403412384.
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Lin, Chi-Yang y 林季陽. "The International Jurisdiction and the Applicable law of Intellectual property disputes involving foreign events". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95271503863103365285.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
99
The disputes related to intellectual property were rarely discussed in the past due to territoriality principle as a characteristic. Nowaday the IP rights can not be easily protected because they are readily spreaded and diffused according to the development of technology under the process of globalization, which underlines the intangibility of IP rights. In addition, the types of contracts become more cmomplicated and their contents and object related often involve foreign events with the progess of business models. Namely, the restricted protection in only one country can not really protect the owner of rights and will be harmful to the development of industry. Our country has no statute of international jurisdiction and did not reach a consensus on the matter until now. My study, mainly referred to Conventions related and foreign research projects, sorts IP rights into the ones which need registration as a part of constitution and the ones which need not. In disputes having as their object a judgment on the grant, registration, validity, abandonment or revocation of the former, the courts in the State where the right has been registered or is deemed to have been registered shall have exclusive jurisdiction. As for the disputes of infringement of IP rights, it is not necessarily to take exclusive jurisdiction because allowing choice of court helps to solve such disputes. As for the matter of ubiquitous infringement, my study refers to the Amendment of Code of Civil Procedure of Japan and will not draw up a special rule. The Amendment of the Law Governing the Application of Laws to Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements of our country, which has been enforced from May, 2011, sets up special rules for some types of disputes according to the nature of IP rights. However, my study suggests that these rules related could be improved to handle and to cover ubiquitous infringement and work mad for hire.
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Shavlokhova, Zaira. "The diffusion of law or borrowing from foreign legal systems". 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31747.
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Hsuan-JuChen y 陳玄儒. "The Study of the International Jurisdiction and the Applicable Law in Intellectual Property Cases Involving Foreign Elements". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86818009565765068187.
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碩士國立成功大學
法律學系
101
Under the principle of legality of right in intellectual property (IP) right and territorialism, IP rights can’t be departed from the law which recognized its existence and gave validity, and its territorial nature limits its cross-board force. Due to the difference in IP rights laws in different countries, the different applicable laws in the same issue result in different outcomes and lead to the conflict of laws. There is no unitary international civil procedural law and international choice of laws rules currently, so this thesis focused on the determination of the international jurisdiction and ascertainment of the applicable law in IP rights cases involving foreign elements. This thesis divided the IP rights cases into three issues: the existence and validity of rights, assignment and licence contracts, and infringement, to compare with the differences of the application of the new and old laws in Taiwan, and center on the analysis of comparative law to understand the current international trend via the international norms, the rules drawn up by the international academic groups and other countries’ laws, it can be the reference for our country’s future legislation. There is no express rule under the Taiwan law for the international jurisdiction in IP disputes. On the basis of the registration procedure is closely related to the national sovereignty of the country where the right is established, this thesis approves that the action of existence and validity of registered IP rights, the court in the State where the rights has been registered shall have exclusive jurisdiction in relevant international norms. And whether the scope of exclusive jurisdiction in infringement proceedings is controversial, as the result of the action of infringement doesn’t involve the problems of right itself and registration, it is appropriate that infringement proceedings shall not apply to the exclusive jurisdiction rule. The international jurisdiction of the actions of infringement or contracts on the assignment or licence contracts of IP rights is determined by the general rule - the general jurisdiction rule of ‘actor sequitur forum rei’ and the special jurisdiction rules of torts or contracts. It is uncontroversial that parties can make the choice of court agreements in contract matters, this thesis agrees to the choice of court agreements in infringements matters, which is based on the reason that the infringement actions don’t apply to the exclusive jurisdiction and mainly judge whether the rights was infringed and the remedies. The new Law Governing the Application of Laws to Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements in Taiwan which came into effect in 2011 set up an applicable law rule of IP rights, which adopts ‘Lex Loci Protectionis’, the law of the State for which protection is claimed, and Article 42 only deals with the issues of IP rights itself. The international tendency of choice of law rules on the cases of existence and validity of rights and the infringement of rights both are lex loci protectionis, adopting the lex loci protectionis is conformed to the territorialism and also made judges closer to parties’ demand. In addition, the application of principle of party autonomy in disputes on IP rights infringement is generally recognized, however, the scope of the party autonomy is not quite identical. Party autonomy is recognized internationally with regard to the choice of applicable law in contracts on assignment or licence contracts of IP rights cases, and when the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen by the parties, the law of the country with which it is most closely connected shall be apply. Through the ‘Characteristic Performance’, it becomes a more explicit rule to ascertain the ‘most closely connected’. From the analysis of comparative law, the laws of international jurisdiction and applicable law in IP rights in Taiwan indeed have the demand and need the improvement in types and detailed regulations. Through the study of this thesis intends to provide the suggestions in practice and law amending on the parts which the law doesn’t cover, which leads to the consistence with the internal and foreign judgments, and reaches to the goal of private international law.
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Lin, Jiaru y 林佳儒. "A Study in Jurisdiction of Trademark Infringement Case with Foreign Factors - Centering on matters of Internet Infringement". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80058695908647955204.
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碩士國立中正大學
法律學研究所
102
With the development of air and ocean freight, the traditional trading patterns used to be limited by geographical space have been changed. As the distance among nations is narrowed, an increasing number of conflicts resulting from the flourishing international trade have occurred. After the Paris Convention, more attention has been paid to protect intellectual property. Traditionally, the intellectual property rights need to be registered which are subject to the influence of territoriality principle. However, whether trademark on the internet needs to be registered or not needs to be further considered and discussed. The internet represents a virtual world in which people conduct a variety of acts in parallel to the reality through the channel. As a result, the internet has both features of “virtual” and “reality.” Because of the dual characteristics of the internet, traditional trading patterns have been greatly changed; that is, transactions are done through instant messages and infringement occurs immediately, which greatly influence the traditional law. As a result, the thesis focuses on discussing the trademark law infringement on the internet. Another focus of the thesis is on introducing and comparing the management of internet in the United Stated, serving as a basis in observing related problems in Taiwan. Finally, the thesis offers related insights.
34
"The correlation between personal jurisdiction and the enforcement of foreign judgments (a comparative law study about Canada, the United States and Mexico)". Tulane University, 2007.
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Canada, the United States and Mexico offer a very interesting microcosm. On one side these three countries have strong economic, commercial and cultural ties with each other, but on the other hand there are significant and contrasting differences among each one of them. Differences in paradigms, approach, concepts, structures, procedures, et cetera While Canada is a Constitutional Monarchy with a Parliamentarian form of government, the U.S. and Mexico are Republics with a Presidential system. These three countries are known to be federal States, but their actual practice of federalism is very different in each one of them Furthermore, while Mexico's legal system belongs to the Romano-Germanic Tradition; most of the U.S. and Canada belong to the tradition of the Common Law. And yet there is even more, at different levels Puerto Rico and Louisiana in the United States, as well as Quebec in Canada are rooted in the Romano-Germanic Tradition. Accordingly, the Common Law and the Romano-Germanic traditions have to coexist harmoniously in the interaction that the domestic systems of Puerto Rico, Lousiana and Quebec have with the federal sphere of their respective counties This is the legal context in which our three countries have to coexist, interact and work together, and I think that these goals may only be achieved successfully if we understand and respect our respective legal identities in terms of that which is unique to each other, in terms of that which is different in each other, in terms of the goals that we do not have in common, in terms of the common goals that we have in common, in terms of that which we may want to achieve together, and also in terms of that what we can and should learn from each other Still, I truly believe that there are many important lessons that Mexico and world have to learn from these functional coexistences. At least in Canada this situation has driven to produce important developments in that what today is known as the Canadian Bijuralism. And even more, in my opinion---without having conscience of it---Canadians are developing the model that will frame supra-national law and global legal interaction in the twenty-first century In this sense, it would be ideal---and even desirable---to count with a broader and comprehensive view of the interaction between globalization the Law, as well as its actual effects and implications, but my goal is rather monographic This work aims to discuss one specific issue, the correlation between the assumption of personal jurisdiction by the issuing court over non-resident defendants (when the defendant has not appeared before the court, has challenged its jurisdiction or has not expressly submitted to such jurisdiction) and the enforcement of foreign judgments in the three countries of the North American subcontinent, namely Canada, the United States and Mexicoacase@tulane.edu
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Hsiao, Ya-Wen y 蕭雅文. "A Study of Divorce and Parental responsibility Cases with Foreign Factors - Centering on Jurisdiction,Choice of Law,Recognition and Enforcement of judgments". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41417055536642119939.
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碩士國立中正大學
法律學研究所
99
Legislative Yuan made an amendment of the Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements Law on May 26, 2010, which will come into effect a year later. Especially divorce cases and parental responsibility matters meet the principles of gender equality and the interest of children respectively. In the same year, European Union enacted "Council Regulation Implementing Enhanced Cooperation In The Area Of The Law Applicable to Divorce and Legal Separation" (2010 Regulation), and will be effective in all member states on July 21, 2012. It's the first time that the E.U. reaches a consensus in the area of choice of laws. The Regulation allows limited party autonomy in choice of law. On the other hand, in 1996, "Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Cooperation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures Protection of Children" (1996 Convention) enacted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law and becomes operative on 1, January, 2002, which is the union of the choice of laws of parental responsibility without precedent. Comparing with our country, is it possible to amend Article 50 and Article 55 again? These issues needs to be further discussed. A theme for international parental responsibility emphasizes on children maintaining contact with their parents rather than determining the primary career after parents divorced. Children’s contact right has become the most recent trends. Both "Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility"(2003 Regulation), and " Transfrontier Contact Concerning Children-General Principles and Guide to Good Practice" published by Hague Conference on Private International Law in 2008 regard children’s contact right as the most important thing. However, judicial practice and doctrines of law in our country has not been approached to this subject. Therefore, this essay opens a precedent, introducing the concept of contact right, which includes accessing, visiting, and contacting. Legislators only enacted Article 182-2, Article 402 of Civil Procedure Code and Article 49 of Non-Litigation Law in international civil proceedings. Most scholars and justices determine international jurisdiction by analogy. However, taking the specialty of foreign elements into account, the better way to decide jurisdiction is considering the code of jurisdiction in our country , relevant international norms, and international private law principles, which is called the theory of "jurisprudence" . In divorce cases, we should consider not only special jurisdiction of Article 568 and Article 592 of the Civil Procedure Code but also the principle of gender equality and 1970 Hague Convention on the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations (1970 Convention). With regard to parental responsibility matters, deliberating the not only principle of the interest of children, but 1980 Convention on the Civil Aspect of International Child Abduction(1980 Convention) , 1996 Convention, and 2003 Regulation as well. Further, could the concept of domicile be explained as "habitual residence"? Moreover, should "lis pendens" and "non bis in idem" of international parallel proceedings in two jurisdictions be applied in divorce and parental responsibility cases? The conc1usion will be summarized and proposed. Finally, in part of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, what review system does Article 402 of the Civil Procedure Code and Article 49 of the Non-Litigation Law adopt? We analyzed four Clauses progressively: Foremost, the criterion of determining direct jurisdiction and indirect jurisdiction should be identical. Secondary, notice of action clause, such as appearance and legal service should be interpreted concretely. Thirdly, in order to reach individual justice, public policy clause should take the principles of gender equality and the interest of children as primary consideration. Lastly, mutual recognition clause is not appropriate and should be deleted. Especially, review authority of household registration office in the divorce cases. This essay will analyze practice judgments and relevant international norms, and then summarize and propose guidelines for the most suitable direction of our country.
36
VARA, JACOBO Marcos Octavio. "State immunity, human rights and the necessity of alternative means of redress". Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/26440.
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Supervisor: Professor Francesco Francioni, European University Institute.Award date: 26 November 2012
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
In its judgment of February 3, 2012, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) determined that the deprivation of State immunity by the Italian national courts was contrary to international law. The Court decided this matter on several grounds. The two main reasons for this finding were that: 1) Jus cogens norms do not impact on the procedural character of State immunity; and 2) the territorial tort exception, prescribed in the United Nations Convention of State Immunity and its property, is inapplicable in the context of an armed conflict. Additionally, the ICJ also determined that the ‘last resort’ argument presented by the Italian counsel did not justify the deprivation of sovereign immunity of Germany. This contribution looks at the extent to which the ICJ analyzed these arguments. It will consider what happens when a State repeatedly refuses to provide due reparation to individuals, either by failing to establish diplomatic negotiations, or by refusing to offer a legal and effective domestic remedy through its national courts. In this situation, this work asks whether the forum State, through the right of access to justice and the requirement of alternative means of redress, can exercise ‘subsidiary’ jurisdiction and provide a remedy for the victim of an armed conflict.
37
Casanova, Inês Maria Contreras de Oliveira Cunha Salazar. "Jurisdiction agreements : is the choice of a foreign court an international element for the purposes of Regulation (EU) no. 1215/2012 (Brussels Regulation)?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/28765.
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SIMONETTI, ALICE. "L'immunità funzionale degli organi statali dalla giurisdizione straniera". Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1087467.
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La presente ricerca effettua un'analisi sistematica dei presupposti e dell’ambito applicativo della immunità funzionale dell'individuo-organo dello Stato dalla giurisdizione straniera, in grado di chiarirne i limiti e profili fondanti attraverso lo studio dei due concetti chiave dell’istituto, quello di “organo dello Stato” e di “atto posto in essere nell’esercizio della funzione ufficiale”. *** The research carries out a systematic analysis of the rationale and scope of application of functional immunity of State officials from foreign jurisdiction by studying the two key concepts of "State organ" and "official capacity".
39
Nicholson, Caroline Margaret Anne. "Recognition and enforcement of foreign custody orders and the associated problem of international parental kidnapping : a model for South Africa". 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17579.
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Within the context of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments the recognition and enforcement of foreign custody orders is unique. By reason of the fact that custody orders are always modifiable "in the best interests of the child" they cannot be regarded as final orders and
are thus not capable of recognition and enforcement on the same basis as final orders.
The failure of courts to afford foreign custody orders recognition and enforcement in the normal course has created the potential for a person deprived of the custody of a child to remove the child from the jurisdiction of a court rendering a custody order to another jurisdiction within which he or she may seek a new, more favourable order. This potential for behaviour in contempt of an existing order has been exploited by numerous parents who feel aggrieved by custody orders. The problem of parental child snatching has escalated to such a degree that the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction was drawn up to introduce uniform measures amongst member states to address this problem. Despite being a meaningful step in the fight against international child abduction the Hague Convention does not fully resolve the problem. For this
reason other measures have been suggested to supplement the Convention.
The different approaches taken in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America to recognition and enforcement of foreign custody orders and the measures to overcome
the problem of international child abduction are examined and a comparative methodology applied to the design of a model approach for South Africa. The object of this model is to permit the South
African courts to address the international child abduction problem without falling prey to any of the pitfalls experienced elsewhere in the legal systems examined.Law
LL.D.
40
Kudła, Jacek. "Jurysdykcja krajowa w sprawach dotyczących ubezpieczeń według rozporządzenia Parlementu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1215/2012". Doctoral thesis, 2018.
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Przedmiotem pracy jest jurysdykcja krajowa w sprawach ubezpieczeniowych na podstawie
rozporządzenia nr 1215/2012. Praca ma pięć celów badawczych:
I) Zidentyfikowanie norm regulujących jurysdykcję krajową w sprawach ubezpieczeniowych i
ustalenie hierarchii ich stosowania;
II) Określenie zakresu podmiotowo-terytorialnego i przedmiotowego zastosowania sekcji 3
rozdziału II rozporządzenia nr 1215/2012;
III) Przedstawienie poszczególnych podstaw jurysdykcyjnych w sprawach ubezpieczeniowych i
określenie charakteru całego szczególnego reżimu norm jurysdykcyjnych w tych sprawach;
IV) Zbadanie funkcjonowania mechanizmów ochrony strony słabszej sprawy ubezpieczeniowej,
na którą składa się zasadniczo pięć elementów:
1. asymetria regulacji jurysdykcji krajowej, przejawiająca się w uprzywilejowaniu strony słabszej –
ubezpieczającego, ubezpieczonego i uposażonego z tytułu ubezpieczenia, a także
poszkodowanego – w postaci możliwości skorzystania z ustanowionych przemiennie podstaw
jurysdykcji, przy jednoczesnym braku takiego prawa dla strony silniejszej – ubezpieczyciela;
2. ograniczenie swobody stron w zawieraniu umów jurysdykcyjnych;
3. asymetryczne wzmocnienie skuteczności umów jurysdykcyjnych w przypadku zaistnienia
pozytywnego konfliktu kompetencyjnego pomiędzy sądami z różnych państw członkowskich;
4. obowiązek pouczenia strony słabszej o prawie do zakwestionowania jurysdykcji sądu oraz o
skutkach wdania się w spór;
5. zachowanie możliwości kontroli jurysdykcji pośredniej w państwie uznania lub wykonania
orzeczenia;
V) Ustalenie, czy zasadne jest istnienia odrębnej regulacji jurysdykcji dla spraw
ubezpieczeniowych.
Rozprawa doktorska składa się z 7 rozdziałów, wprowadzenia i uwag końcowych. W pierwszym
rozdziale przedstawiono kwestie materialnoprawne dotyczące umowy ubezpieczenia i konstrukcji
stosunku ubezpieczenia, do których odnosi się regulacja jurysdykcji w rozporządzeniu nr
1215/2012, używając terminologii z dziedziny materialnego prawa ubezpieczeniowego.
W rozdziale drugim ukazano rys historyczny europejskiej regulacji jurysdykcji w sprawach
ubezpieczeniowych, zidentyfikowano źródła norm, w tym regulacje prawa polskiego, wskazano
hierarchię ich stosowania oraz określono relacje pomiędzy nimi. Przeanalizowano też ogólne
wymagania zastosowania rozporządzenia nr 1215/2012 - miejsce zamieszkania w państwie
członkowskim i występowanie elementu obcego.
W rozdziale trzecim przeanalizowano podmiotowo-terytorialny i przedmiotowy zakres
zastosowania norm jurysdykcyjnych w sprawach ubezpieczeń, w tym sprecyzowano kategorię
„strony słabszej”, jej następców prawnych oraz autonomiczną wykładnię terminu „sprawa
ubezpieczeniowa”.
Na rdzeń pracy składa się przedstawienie w rozdziale czwartym podstaw jurysdykcji w sprawach
ubezpieczeniowych dostępnych stronie słabszej oraz ubezpieczycielowi. Spojrzenie na omawianą
problematykę z dwóch perspektyw pozwala uwidocznić asymetrię regulacji przewidującej
zasadniczo 7 podstaw jurysdykcyjnych dla strony słabszej i 1 dla ubezpieczyciela, nie licząc
jurysdykcji wynikającej z powództwa wzajemnego oraz jurysdykcji umownej. Szczególną uwagę
poświęcono zagadnieniom powództwa interwencyjnego przeciwko ubezpieczycielowi, podstawy
jurysdykcji dla actio directa poszkodowanego oraz przypozwaniu ubezpieczającego i
ubezpieczonego przed forum właściwym dla powództwa bezpośredniego poszkodowanego.
Rozdziały 5-7 dotyczą dopuszczalności w sprawach ubezpieczeniowych odpowiednio: umowy
jurysdykcyjnej i jej wpływu na osoby trzecie, zwłaszcza następców prawnych.; przyjęcia przez sąd
jurysdykcji na podstawie wdania się w spór oraz pouczenia strony słabszej o skutkach wdania się
w spór; uznawania i wykonywania orzeczeń sądowych, zwłaszcza w kontekście zachowania
możliwości kontroli jurysdykcji pośredniej w wezwanym państwie członkowskim.The subject matter of the dissertation is the jurisdiction in insurance matters under Regulation No 1215/2012. The dissertation pursues five research objectives: I) Identification of standards governing jurisdiction in insurance matters and establishment of an order of their implementation; II) Determination of the scope of subject-territorial and objective application of Section 3 of Chapter II of Regulation No 1215/2012; III) Presentation of the individual grounds for jurisdiction in insurance matters and determination of the nature of the entire special regime of jurisdictional standards in these matters; IV) Examination of the functioning of the protection mechanisms for the weaker party of an insurance case, with the protection consisting essentially of five elements: 1. the asymmetry in jurisdiction regulations, manifesting itself in favouring the weaker party – the policyholder, the insured and the beneficiary of insurance, as well as the victim – in the form of opportunities to take advantage of the alternately established grounds of jurisdiction, with the absence of such a law for the stronger party – the insurer; 2. the restriction of the freedom of the parties in concluding agreements on jurisdiction; 3. asymmetric reinforcement of the effectiveness of the agreements on jurisdiction in the event of a positive conflict of competence between courts in different Member States; 4. the duty to caution the weaker party of the right to challenge the jurisdiction of the court and of the consequences of entering into a dispute; 5. the maintenance of the possibility to control the jurisdiction of the intermediate state of the recognition or enforcement of a decision; V) Determination whether it is appropriate to have separate jurisdiction regulations for insurance cases. The dissertation consists of 7 chapters, an introduction and notes. The first chapter provides substantive issues pertaining to the insurance contract and the construction of the insurance relationship, referred to in regulation of the jurisdiction in the Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012, using the terminology in the field of material insurance law. The second chapter outlines the history of the European jurisdiction regulations in matters of insurance, identifies sources of standards, including the Polish regulations, indicates the hierarchy of their application, and specifies relationships between them. Further examined are the general requirements of Regulation No 1215/2012 – the place of residence in a Member State and the existence of a foreign element. The third chapter analyses the subject-territorial and substantive scope of application of the standards of jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance, including clarification of the "weaker party", its successors, and the autonomous interpretation of the term "insurance case". The core of the dissertation consists of a presentation in the fourth chapter of the grounds of jurisdiction in matters of insurance available to the weaker party and the insurer. A view of this issue from two perspectives enables highlighting the imbalance in the regulation providing in principle for 7 grounds of jurisdiction for the weaker party and 1 for the insurer, not counting the jurisdiction resulting from mutual action and contractual jurisdiction. Particular attention is given to issues of emergency action against the insurer, grounds for jurisdiction for the victim’s actio directa, and the policyholder and the insured being joined as a party to an action before a forum having jurisdiction for the direct action brought by the victim. Chapters 5-7 refer to admitting in insurance matters: the agreement conferring jurisdiction and its impact on third parties, especially legal successors; the court’s adoption of jurisdiction based on the entrance into a dispute and instruction to the weaker party of the consequences thereof; and recognition and enforcement of judgments, in particular in the context of maintaining control of intermediate jurisdiction in the requested Member State, respectively.
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Shearar, Jeremy Brown. "Against the world : South Africa and human rights at the United Nations 1945-1961". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1278.
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At the United Nations Conference on International Organization in April 1945 South Africa affirmed the principle of respect for human rights in a Preamble it proposed for inclusion in the Charter of the United Nations. The proposal was approved and the Preamble was accorded binding force. While South Africa participated in the earliest attempts of the United Nations to draft a bill of rights, it abstained on the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights because its municipal legislation was incompatible with some articles. Similarly, South Africa did not become a party to the international human rights instruments the declaration inspired, and avoided an active role in their elaboration. Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly undertook several studies on discrimination in the field of human rights. They provided evidence that racial discrimination in South Africa intensified after the National Party came to power in May 1948 on the platform of apartheid and diverged from global trends in humanitarian law. The gap between the Union and the United Nations widened.
At the first General Assembly in 1946, India successfully asked that the treatment of persons of Indian origin in South Africa be inscribed on the agenda. The Indian question was later subsumed in the charge that South Africa's racial policies violated the Charter and in 1952 the General Assembly began to discuss apartheid. South Africa protested that these actions contravened Charter Article 2(7), which prohibited intervention in matters of domestic jurisdiction, and were ultra vires. Criticism of the Union increased in intensity, until in 1960 it culminated in calls for economic and diplomatic sanctions.
Research shows that South Africa was the main architect of its growing isolation, since it refused to modify domestic policies that alienated even its potential allies. Moreover, it maintained a low profile in United Nations debates on human rights issues, abstaining on all substantive clauses in the two draft covenants on human rights. These actions were interpreted as lack of interest in global humanitarian affairs. South Africa had little influence on the development of customary international law in the field of human rights but was a catalyst in the evolution of international machinery to protect them.Jurisprudence
(LL.D)
42
Chiao, Hsin-Yi y 喬心怡. "Research on the jurisdictional issues of foreign electronic commercial sale contract -- focus on internet contract of sale". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24520676418702637166.
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Nováková, Krajcová Barbora. "Mezinárodní internetové právo a příslušnost soudu v internetových sporech". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322638.
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© JUDr. Barbora Krajcová Mezinárodní internetové právo a příslušnost soudu v internetových sporech ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation thesis is to provide an analysis of International Internet Law from an electronic commerce and, in particular, procedural law perspective. The author focuses on questions relating to jurisdiction which are, according to the author's opinion, specific and controversial to electronic commerce cases. Other questions of procedural law, such as, for example, recognition and enforcement of judgments, are not analyzed in this thesis, since the author does not see any specific issues with these questions in connection with electronic commerce. The Chapter No. 1 in the theoretical portion of this dissertation thesis refers to internet as medium operating electronic commerce. The Chapter No. 2 reflects key and basic terms, contains, inter alia, definition of electronic commerce. However, this thesis analyses questions of jurisdiction the Chapter No. 3 analyses also substantive law relating to electronic commerce and the basic terms used throughout this thesis. Due understanding of substantive law (from an EU law perspective; the e-commerce directive and from an international law perspective; the UNCITRAL Convention on Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts) its...
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Doussy, Elizabeth. "The taxation of electronic commerce and the implications for current taxation practices in South Africa". Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/842.
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This study analyses the nature and implementation of electronic commerce in order to
identify possible problems for taxation and pinpoint those problems which may be relevant
to South Africa. Solutions suggested by certain countries and institutions are evaluated for
possible implementation in South Africa.
The study suggests that although current taxation legislation in South Africa is apP'icable
to electronic commerce transactions it is not sufficient to cater effectively for this type of
business. The conclusion reached Is that international co-operation is essential in finding
solutions. A number of recommendations are made regarding aspects of South African
taxation legislation which need to be clarified through policy decisions.
Title ofTaxation
M.Comm.
45
Kok, Johann Anton. "A socio-legal analysis of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25215.
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In the thesis I consider the potential effectiveness of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (hereafter “the Act”) in reaching its stated goal of achieving societal transformation in South Africa. I consider and analyse those socio-legal theories that have a bearing on the relationship between “law” and “society”, and the extent to which state law may be used in a “top-down” or instrumental fashion to steer society in a desired direction. I identify several characteristics of effective laws and compare these to the Act. As the Act is the South African version of what may be termed “antidiscrimination legislation”, I determine the usual shortcomings of this legislation in foreign jurisdictions, and identify the steps the South African legislature has taken to obviate these shortcomings. This thesis analyses four requirements of effective laws in more detail: (i) that the enforcementmechanisms should consist of specialised bodies staffed by well-trained personnel; (ii) that the source of the new law must be authoritative and prestigious; (iii) that the purpose behind the legislation must at least to a degree be compatible with existing values; and (iv) that the required change must be communicated to the large majority of the population. In order to assess the degree of expertise of equality court personnel, the first requirement above, I discuss and analyse the implementation of training programmes for court personnel tasked to preside in courts applying the Act. I illustrate that the current pool of equality court personnel was probably inadequately trained, inter alia because the individuals tasked to manage the training of equality court personnel did not follow good management practice. As to the second and third requirements of effective legislation referred to above, I report on an empirical study relating to unfair discrimination undertaken in 2001 in “white Pretoria”, Mamelodi and Atteridgeville. The results of this study suggest that the majority of South Africans do not experience explicit discrimination and where they do, they generally do not approach courts to have their grievances aired. In turn, this finding suggests that the Act will be underutilised and will not play the role envisaged for it by Parliament in combating discrimination. As to the last requirement highlighted above, I illustrate that the public awareness campaign relating to the Act was inadequate in its impact. In conclusion, the study identifies a number of weaknesses in the Act and proposes a range of amendments that would facilitate the use of these courts by complainants. I also identify further avenues of socio-legal research that could be undertaken relating to the Act, specifically how the Act may be utilised to combat poverty in South Africa.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Jurisprudence
LLD
Unrestricted
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Plachá, Pavla. "Aktuální otázky mezinárodního insolvenčního práva". Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368715.
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The PhD thesis "Current Issues in International Insolvency Law" aims to describe and draw attention to the moments that, in the opinion of its author, have had the strongest impact on international insolvency law so far. As such it is chiefly devoted to the analysis of existing regulation in the area of European insolvency law (which is principally based on Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings - the "Old Insolvency Regulation" - and Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings - the "New Insolvency Regulation"), and also provides a selection of the relevant case law which has over time significantly changed the way in which specific issues and instruments related to this area are viewed. To do justice to the complexity of the subject matter, the thesis also discusses the determination of jurisdiction in cross-border insolvency proceedings and recognition of the effects of foreign insolvency proceedings in relations between EU and non-EU countries. The main aim of the thesis is to answer the following questions: which legal documents have had the strongest impact on the current form of international insolvency law; whether and how the interpretation of the concept of centre of a debtor's main...
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Angers, Kathleen. "Struggles over Legitimate Diplomathood : the United States Foreign Service, the State Department and Other Government Agencies in Contemporary American Diplomacy". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20595.
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Oguttu, Annet Wanyana. "Curbing offshore tax avoidance: the case of South African companies and trusts". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1929.
Texto completoResumen
This work entails a study of some of the schemes that are employed by country residents when companies and trusts are used as vehicles for investing in offshore tax-haven and low tax jurisdictions so as to avoid taxes.
The study also entails a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the some of the laws in South Africa that curb such offshore tax avoidance schemes. Similar laws in the United Kingdom and in the United States are analysed in order to come up with some recommendations that could be considered for possible reform of the relevant South African laws where they are found wanting.
Since offshore tax avoidance is an international issue, the effectiveness of the recommendations of some international organisations in preventing the depletion of countries' tax bases are also analysed.JURISPRUDENCE
LLD