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Braithwaite, Alex, and Luna B. Ruiz. "Female combatants, forced recruitment, and civil conflict outcomes." Research & Politics 5, no. 2 (2018): 205316801877055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168018770559.
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Women participated as combatants in almost 40% of civil conflicts that occurred between 1979 and 2009. We offer a novel argument about the effect of female combatants upon the outcomes of the civil conflicts that they join. Groups that recruit female combatants are more likely to achieve victory in their conflicts than are groups that do not recruit female combatants. However, when rebel groups rely upon forced recruitment, they risk undermining the benefits associated with female combatants, lowering their likelihood of victory relative to that of the government. We test this conditional argument using multinomial logistic regression models on a sample of 194 rebel groups globally from 1979 to 2009. We find that female participation appears to decrease the likelihood of government victory in civil wars; this effect holds primarily in instances in which female participation could plausibly be thought of as voluntary. Forced female participation, by contrast, appears to increase the likelihood of a government victory.
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Melvin, Kenneth B. "Rating Class Participation: The Prof/Peer Method." Teaching of Psychology 15, no. 3 (1988): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1503_7.
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To reduce the subjectivity of class participation grades, a method was devised that combined forced-distribution peer ratings with professor grades. In seven seminar courses, correlations between professor and peer ratings ranged from .83 to .90. Course/teacher evaluations were high and the prof/peer technique was generally perceived as a fair way to evaluate participation.
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Jones, Damon. "Information, Preferences, and Public Benefit Participation: Experimental Evidence from the Advance EITC and 401(k) Savings." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 2 (2010): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.2.147.
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Within a field experiment, I present a treatment group with reductions in information, administrative, stigma, and procrastination costs associated with the Advance EITC. The treatment increases Advance participation from 0.3 to 1.2 percent. Another treatment simultaneously encourages 401(k) savings, increasing 401(k) participation from 46 to 50 percent. However, there is no additional increase in Advance participation when coupled with the 401(k) treatment, casting doubt on a long-term forced savings motive. The results indicate that EITC recipients actively forgo the Advance. Further work is needed to identify what underlies these preferences. Possible explanations include uncertainty and/or short-term forced savings motives. (JEL D14, D82, H23, H24, H31)
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Witteborn, Saskia. "The digital gift and aspirational mobility." International Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 6 (2019): 754–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877919831020.
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This article discusses aspirational mobility and the digital gift in the context of forced migration in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It illustrates how gifting a mobile device and data enhances the aspirational mobility of forced migrants and intervenes into political codes, which promote social and technological isolation. Through the example of fieldwork with forced migrants and social media analysis, the article shows how participation, self-presentation, and social control were encouraged through the object and data gift. The migrants amplified their aspirational mobility by participating in urban life, presenting themselves in digital space, and maintaining romantic sociality with members of other marginalized migrant groups. The article elaborates on previous notions of technology as expanding social worlds for forced migrants while also highlighting the potential of technology for social control between migrant groups. The article also points to the potential dangers of social media use by asylum seekers for refugee status determination.
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Jakus, Paul M., Kelly H. Tiller, and William M. Park. "Explaining Rural Household Participation in Recycling." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 29, no. 1 (1997): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800007628.
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AbstractRising landfill costs have forced solid waste managers to consider waste stream reduction alternatives such as household recycling. Explaining the factors which motivate households to recycle is important to regions where households must bear a large portion of the recycling cost because unit-based garbage disposal fees and curbside recycling are not feasible options. Empirical results indicate that residents are responsive to constraints introduced by the household production technology, such as time costs and storage space, but are not responsive to variables measuring a recycling promotional program. Promotion efforts should switch focus from broader “public good” benefits of recycling to reducing household-level household production constraints.
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Singer, Jane, Huu Ty Pham, and Hai Hoang. "Broadening stakeholder participation to improve outcomes for dam-forced resettlement in Vietnam." Water Resources and Rural Development 4 (October 2014): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2014.07.001.
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Dijkers, Marcel, Jeanne Zanca, and Gale Whiteneck. "Poster 39 Forced Change In Treatments Sessions: Therapists' Ratings of Patient Participation." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 92, no. 10 (2011): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.07.063.
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Décieux, Jean, Alexandra Mergener, Kristina Neufang, and Philipp Sischka. "Implementation of the forced answering option within online surveys: Do higher item response rates come at the expense of participation and answer quality?" Psihologija 48, no. 4 (2015): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1504311d.
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Online surveys have become a popular method for data gathering for many reasons, including low costs and the ability to collect data rapidly. However, online data collection is often conducted without adequate attention to implementation details. One example is the frequent use of the forced answering option, which forces the respondent to answer each question in order to proceed through the questionnaire. The avoidance of missing data is often the idea behind the use of the forced answering option. However, we suggest that the costs of a reactance effect in terms of quality reduction and unit nonresponse may be high because respondents typically have plausible reasons for not answering questions. The objective of the study reported in this paper was to test the influence of forced answering on dropout rates and data quality. The results show that requiring participants answer every question increases dropout rates and decreases quality of answers. Our findings suggest that the desire for a complete data set has to be balanced against the consequences of reduced data quality.
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DENGLER, KATHARINA. "Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Programmes on the Job Quality of Welfare Recipients in Germany." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 4 (2019): 807–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000114.
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AbstractUsing rich administrative data on unemployed welfare recipients in Germany and propensity score matching, the author analyses the effects of participating in four major active labour market programmes (ALMPs) on various dimensions of job quality. In Germany, welfare recipients may suffer from poor job quality because they are forced to accept any reasonable job offer. However, few studies consider the effects of participation in ALMPs on job quality. The results imply that participation in a programme not only increases the probability of taking jobs but also increases the probability of holding a high-quality job for some dimension of job quality. In particular, further vocational training is very effective in terms of job quality for West German women. Thus, job centres should focus on the activation of unemployed welfare recipients.
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Šlekys, Deividas. "Lithuania’s Balancing Act." Journal on Baltic Security 3, no. 2 (2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jobs-2017-0008.
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AbstractSince regaining independence in 1990 and creating its regular armed forces, Lithuania has had to do a balancing act. It has had to balance between different approaches of state defence, military structure, collective and national defence. Due to events in Ukraine Lithuania had to reconfigure this balance. The Russian threat forced to emphasize strategy of territorial defence, which altogether required tying up forces and enlarging its numbers by bringing back conscription, substantially increased defence budget, followed by higher tempo and scale in procurement and training. However, Lithuania has managed to maintain its activity and participation in international military operations and political initiatives. Its recent contributions have led to an assumption that its participation in various military missions in the future will not diminish, quite the opposite. Increasing the framework of cooperation in terms of defence and security initiatives will involve Lithuania more deeply and will require further contributions.
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MUÑOZ, Angel E., and Lorena MARTINEZ. "Peace in Colombia, at any cost?!" Espacios 41, no. 45 (2020): 354–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n45p28.
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Our purpose is to demonstrate: why it is important to maintain citizen faith in their justice institutions. Peace accords cannot be associated with a weakening of criminal justice. Hence the research question: how to strengthen Colombian justice in the peace accords? Colombia is not a failed state forced to sign any peace agreement. The research observes that Colombia is a democratic state with weak public values. This forces us to look for new models of participation: more plural and democratic.
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Lei, Jiaxing, Hao Shi, Ping Jiang, Yi Tang, and Shuang Feng. "An Accurate Forced Oscillation Location and Participation Assessment Method for DFIG Wind Turbine." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 130505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2939871.
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Baskes, Jeremy. "Coerced or Voluntary? The Repartimiento and Market Participation of Peasants in Late Colonial Oaxaca." Journal of Latin American Studies 28, no. 1 (1996): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0001261x.
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AbstractThis article challenges the traditional depiction of the late colonial repartimiento de comercio as a system of forced production and consumption. Employing a micro-economic analysis of the repartimiento's operation in Oaxaca, it argues that peasant participation in the alcaldes mayores' repartimientos was voluntary, not coerced, and that the repartimiento should be understood instead as a system of consumer and producer credit designed to operate under colonial conditions of high risk. Repartimiento credit was expensive, but it permitted peasants to participate more extensively in markets as consumers and producers. ‘Indians are capable of requesting the cargo of a flotilla, and [so] it is a vulgarity and a misunderstanding of the repartimiento to say that they are forced.’
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Saxton, Kate. "Privileging participation in the Pacific: Researcher reflections." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 30, no. 4 (2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol30iss4id606.
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This researcher reflection examines the challenges faced in using participatory action research (PAR) as a methodology when researching social work in Fiji. PAR allows for disadvantaged groups to engage in research and social action as a means to address inequity. However, PAR relies on people’s ability and desire to participate in this process of change. The epistemological roots of PAR are well suited to Western notions of democracy and power, conflicting with how society operates within Fiji. This reflection examines some of the challenges faced in conducting PAR due to this cultural clash. In conducting this research, the researcher was forced to engage in deep and, at times, confronting, reflections about identity and positionality as both a critical social worker and researcher. By using a PAR approach as the starting point for research design and implementation, the research not only failed to empower Fijian social workers but at times replicated a form of neo-colonialism.
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Hughes, Brian. "‘Make the terror behind greater than the terror in front’? Internal discipline, forced participation, and the I.R.A., 1919–21." Irish Historical Studies 42, no. 161 (2018): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2018.3.
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AbstractThis article will explore two relatively neglected features of the Irish Republican Army’s (I.R.A.) guerrilla war between 1919 and 1921: internal discipline and forced participation. The gravest disciplinary measure was the death penalty and I.R.A. orders directed that it should apply to members guilty of certain offences against the army. While British army and police officials often insisted that the I.R.A. executed its own without scruple, the death penalty was rarely carried out in practice. General Headquarters (G.H.Q.) was largely unsuccessful in applying a standard disciplinary code and there was also a general inconsistency and lack of rigour in applying other punitive measures for less serious offences. On a related theme, it was not uncommon for soldiers to be ‘conscripted’ or forced to take part in operations under duress during irregular warfare. In the Irish case, this idea has rarely been discussed. It will be argued here that, along with the death penalty and strict punitive measures, forced participation was an uncomfortable idea and often counter-productive in practice. The nature and extent of discipline and coercion was also firmly dictated by local conditions and personalities.
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Haynes, Rudene Mercer, S. Joseph Sirintrapun, Jennifer Gao, and Andrew J. McKenzie. "Using Technology to Enhance Cancer Clinical Trial Participation." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 42 (April 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_349671.
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The COVID-19 pandemic presented many challenges to health care systems, including oncology clinical research programs. There were substantial negative effects on oncology clinical trial screening, enrollment, and study activities that forced institutions and regulatory bodies to develop innovative solutions to maintain robust and equitable participation in these trials. Digital pathology innovations at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center have streamlined the diagnostic life cycle for patients with cancer, and the seamless integration of digital pathology services with next-generation sequencing and other molecular pathology services have accelerated the time to diagnosis and receipt of molecular results. Timely access to these results, coupled with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center’s knowledge engine OncoKB, enhances patient clinical trial coordination precisely and efficiently. At the Sarah Cannon Research Institute, centralized remote clinical trial matching and screening, virtual molecular tumor boards, and centralized molecular interpretation support services have empowered clinic staff to identify more efficiently potential participants in clinical research, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence has been involved in several efforts to address challenges for patients with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic, including writing guidance documents and participating in efforts to modernize clinical trials. The enclosed personal experience of a patient with cancer currently participating in an oncology clinical trial emphasizes the need for continued decreasing of barriers to study participation. Clinical trial advances that were accelerated by the pandemic will ultimately help patients with cancer and the greater oncology health care community.
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K.R., Ravishankar. "A Study on the Problems of Elected Women Gram Panchayat Members before Contesting Election in Dakshina Kannada District, India." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 10, no. 1 (2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v10.n1.p5.
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<p>Women representation in Gram Panchayat plays very important role in contemporary Society.Reseration is one of the legislative efforts to empower women especially for the political participation. This article mainly dealt with the problems faced by elected women Gram Panchayat members before contesting Gram Panchayat election. The youngsters were participating in politics and majority of them were also educated .The family head and also political parties were preparing women to contest in the Gram Panchayat elections. Interestingly few respondents were also spent their own money to contest in the Gram Panchayat election.. Some respondents were actively participating in Gram Panchayat activities. But before the elections even if they are not interested to contest election also, either they were forced or prepared to contest in the election. </p>
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Ghiblartar Gastina, Difa, and Irawati Handayani. "THE INTERRELATION OF FORCED EVICTION AND THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (2019): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v3i2.320.
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AbstractDevelopment is one of the most common reasons to evict inhabitant forcibly. This happens because individuals or communities are placed as objects of development, causing the closure of participation space in development. In the perspective of human rights, development is claimed as a right, which every human being has the right to participate, contribute, and receive benefits for everything that results from development. This study aims to understand the perspective of the right to development towards forced evictions and the implementation od state obligation on the right to development at the national level. The study reveals that based on the principles in the right to development (such as holistic development;placement of humans as the central subject of development as well as participation in the development process) can protect individuals or communities from forced evictions. Futhermore, to ensure the fulfillment, state has key role to implement the right to development at the national level.
 Keywords: Forced Eviction, Human Rights, Right to Development.
 AbstrakPembangunan merupakan salah-satu alasan paling umum penyebab terjadinya penggusuran paksa. Hal ini dikarenakan individu atau masyarakat ditempatkan sebagai objek pembangunan yang menyebabkan tertutupnya ruang partisipatif dalam pembangunan tersebut. Dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia, pembangunan diklaim sebagai hak dimana setiap orang berhak untuk berpartisipasi, berkontribusi dan menerima manfaat hasil pembangunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perspektif hak atas pembangunan terhadap penggusuran paksa, serta bagaimana kewajiban Negara dalam menerapkan hak tersebut ditingkat nasional. b Berdasarkan analisis terhadap prinsip-prinsip dalam hak atas pembangunana seperti pembangunan yang holistik; penempatan manusia sebagai subjek sentral dari pembangunan dan juga partisipasi dalam proses pembangunan dapat melindungi individu atau masyarakat dari penggusuran paksa. Untuk menjamin pemenuhannya, Negara dalam menerapkan hak atas pembangunan ditingkat nasional.
 Kata Kunci: Hak Asasi Manusia, Hak atas Pembangunan, Penggusuran Paksa.
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Qutubuddin, Abu, Timothy Reis, Raed Alramadhani, David X. Cifu, Alan Towne, and William Carne. "Parkinson’s Disease and Forced Exercise: A Preliminary Study." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/375267.
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Objective. The concept of forced exercise has drawn attention for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms with anecdotal reports of success. This study sought to ascertain any significant effect of forced exercise using a motorized stationary bicycle when compared to controls on Parkinson’s disease symptoms in a blinded, randomized, and controlled setting.Setting. Parkinson’s disease outpatient clinic, Veterans Administration Medical Center.Method. We assessed 23 patients (13 experimental and 10 controls) on a number of standard Parkinson’s measures at baseline, after participation in eight weeks of twice weekly forced exercise or eight weeks of conventional clinic care, and then after a three-month period had elapsed. Dependent measures were UPDRS-III, Berg Balance Scale, finger taping test, and the PDQ-39.Results. Results did not demonstrate any main effect differences between the exercise and control groups on any measure at any point in time. A within subjects effect was demonstrated for the forced exercise group on overall UPDRS-III scores at the three-month end point. No other within group effects were noted. Results suggest that early enthusiasm for forced exercise may need tempering. Limitations of the study are discussed as well as numerous logistical challenges to this type of study.
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Green, E., and B. Kloos. "Facilitating Youth Participation in a Context of Forced Migration: A Photovoice Project in Northern Uganda." Journal of Refugee Studies 22, no. 4 (2009): 460–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep026.
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Wagner, L. F., and J. H. Griffin. "Forced Harmonic Response of Grouped Blade Systems: Part II—Application." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (1996): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816529.
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The vibration of grouped blades on a flexible disk should, for purposes of economy and clarity of modal identification, be analyzed using procedures developed for cyclically symmetric structures. In this paper, a numerical model, based on the theory of cyclically symmetric structures, is applied to the vibration analysis, and in particular, the harmonic response, of a flexible disk supporting a number of groups, or packets, of turbine blades. Results are presented to show variations in the modal participation factors as a function of such parameters as disk flexibility, blade density, and the total number of assembled groups. It is also shown that many characteristics of the system spectra of natural frequencies are strongly dependent on the number of blade groups.
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Smith, Yda. "Traditional Dance as a Vehicle for Identity Construction and Social Engagement after Forced Migration." Societies 8, no. 3 (2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8030067.
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The Karen are the largest non-Burman ethnic group in Burma. After decades of violence in their homeland, hundreds of thousands have fled into refugee camps on the Thai-Burma border. Over 73,000 Karen have been resettled in the United States. Karen youth in urban areas of the United States have been participating in traditional Karen dance, practicing and performing regularly. This study explored the reasons Karen youth choose to engage in this activity. Interviews were conducted and were analyzed using grounded theory qualitative research methods that were constructivist in nature. One over-arching theme, “If You Don’t Know Your Culture, You Don’t Know Who You Are”, and four sub-themes emerged from the data. Results demonstrate that group members are highly invested in maintaining their social engagement with their Karen community and find strength in Karen identity maintenance. This study demonstrates that those forced to migrate to a foreign country may face challenges to their sense of identity and belonging when immersed in a society that is unfamiliar to them. Local agencies can play an important role in the adaptation process by facilitating participation in meaningful activities that provide in-group social connections and opportunities to participate in familiar culturally relevant activities.
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Jurišević, Nebojša, Jelena Nikolić, Aleksandar Nešović, Dubravka Živković, and Natalija Aleksić. "The indirect effect of the COVID-19 virus pandemic on student traffic participation." Tehnika 77, no. 5 (2022): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2204476j.
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The pandemic of the COVID-19 virus disease has resulted in significant changes in everyday life. As a result, two-thirds of the urban population has been forced to alter previously established travel habits. With this in mind, the international scientific community wonders if the newly formed travel habits could be maintained after the pandemic is over. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted among students in Kragujevac prior to and during the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Furthermore, the citizens' expectations regarding the change in travel habits following the end of the pandemic are presented. For a period of five years, the survey was conducted once a year on students at the Faculty of Engineering in Kragujevac (Serbia). According to the survey results, during the pandemic, the car was considered a more comfortable mode of transportation than before. When compared to before the pandemic, the share of student families with two cars increased by 15%. The number of cyclists has also increased, making the lack of bike paths during the pandemic a more visible issue than previously. The students polled believe that once the pandemic is over, they will walk more and continue to rely on public transportation as before.
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Soroka, Rostyslav. "Understanding Rousseau’s Forced Freedom Through Two Concepts of Liberty." Political Science Undergraduate Review 2, no. 2 (2017): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur37.
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How can someone be “forced to be free”? Why is the arrest of a drunk driver not actually against their will? This paper answers these questions by drawing parallels between Rousseau’s “Social Contract” and Isaiah Berlin’s essay “Two Concepts of Liberty”. The coherence of “forced freedom” depends on a specific understanding of “freedom”—namely Isaiah Berlin’s notion of “Positive freedom”. Positive freedom suggests that free actions are those which act in affirmation of a will rather than those acting in the absence of obstacles. Therefore, Positive freedom is concerned with the source of a will. Rousseau’s forced freedom is meant to be applied in cases of incongruence between an individual’s various whims, wills, and deep interests. Forced freedom does not act against a will but acts as a rationalization of an existing will to illuminate what it truly desires. In the case of the drunk driver, their implicit participation in society means that they must understand through some capacity why established drunk driving laws exist. An individual’s belief in Positive freedom is therefore necessary in order for them to internalize the coercion of the state and to allow themselves to be “forced to be free”.
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Rossi, Benedetta. "What “Development” Does to Work." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000199.
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AbstractThis article introduces an Africa-focused special issue showing that the rise of development in its modern form coincided with the demise of the political legitimacy of forced labor. It argues that by mobilizing the idea of development, both colonial and independent African governments were able to continue recruiting unpaid (or underpaid) labor—relabeled as “voluntary participation,” “self-help,” or “human investment” —after the passing of the ILO’s Forced Labor Convention. This introduction consists of two parts: the first section summarizes the main findings of the contributions to the special issue. The second part advances preliminary considerations on the implications of these findings for our assessment of international development “aid.” The conclusion advocates that research on planned development focus not on developers-beneficiaries, but rather on employers-employees. Doing so opens up a renewed research agenda on the consequences of “aid” both for development workers (those formally employed by one of the many development institutions) and for so-called beneficiaries (those whose participation in development is represented as conducive to their own good).
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Majka, Lorraine, and Brendan Mullan. "Employment Retention, Area of Origin and Type of Social Support among Refugees in the Chicago Area." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (1992): 899–926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600307.
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This article examines the impact of various sociodemographic variables on refugees’ employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago area. It extends existing research and knowledge of forced migrants’ labor force activities by exploring the impact of region of origin and refugees’ access to support systems and organizations on employment retention and job maintenance. The analysis shows that refugees’ labor force participation patterns and experiences are influenced differentially both by their background characteristics and by their exposure to U.S. assistance systems. Southeast Asian asylees are less successful in maintaining stable job placements when compared to their more socially advantaged and often more suitably placed Eastern European counterparts. Refugee self-help initiatives require greater empowerment and increased acceptance and status to assist other refugees in adjusting to the host society.
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Kleiman, Mark A. R. "Resisting 12-Step Coercion: How to Fight Forced Participation in AA, NA, or 12-Step Treatment." Addiction 97, no. 1 (2002): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00045.x.
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Lemini, C., B. Cruz-López, and L. Martínez-Mota. "Participation of estrogen receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of prolame on the forced swimming test." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 103, no. 3 (2013): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.11.004.
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Atuhaire, Pearl K., and Sylvia Blanche Kaye. "Through the lens of forced displacement : refugee women's rights as human rights." World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 6, no. 2 (2016): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/10321/2983.
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While the need for equal access to civil, political as well as economic, social and cultural rights is clear under the international law, the adoption of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against women in 1979 made this even clearer. Despite this positive progress, the abuse of refugee women's rights is one of the basic underlying root causes of their marginalisation and violence in their countries of asylum. This paper presents a critical review on the development of refugee women's rights at the international levels and national levels. It provides an array of scholarly literature on this issue and examines the measures taken by the international community to curb the problem of violence against women in their various provisions through the instruments set. It is cognizant of the fact that even if conflict affects both refugee women and men, the effects on women refugees are deep-reaching, due to the cultural strongholds they face. An important aspect of this paper is that it is conceptualised against the fact that refugee women face the problem of sexual and gender based first as refugees and second as women, yet, their rights are stumbled upon. Often times they have been rendered "worthless victims" who are only in need of humanitarian assistance than active participants committed to change their plight through their participation in political, economic and social participation in their societies. Scholars have taken notice of the fact that women's rights in refugee settings have been marginalized and call for a need to incorporate their perspectives in the planning and management of refugee settings in which they live. Underpinning this discussion is feminism theory which gives a clear understanding of the root cause of refugee women's problems. Finally, this paper suggests that these policies should be translated into action at local, national international and regional levels to ensure sustainable peace.
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Gangopadhyay, Mayurakshee, Shreyosi Chatterjee, Rini Patra, Jayita Ash, and Sanjana Sarkar. "Participation of Muslim Female Students in Online Education: A Survey." International Journal of Islamic Khazanah 12, no. 1 (2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijik.v12i1.16455.
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Contemporary India is a primitive, patriarchal society of various feudal tribes. When we refer to caste in Considering the education system to be secular in the sense, when dealing with minority participation, we must bear in mind the debate expressed by Irfan Ahmed that “the characterization of minorities is not just numbers but a comparative and powerless position vis-a-vis the majority community in a given government” . Socio-religious issues dominate the understanding of minority female students and their participation in the education system while the existing considerations are subject to the internal affairs of the state; The current social conditions affected by the pandemic have changed and forced these conditions to be watched out for in order to create a global education system. Using qualitavie and survey research methods. This study aims to take advantage of this global space to investigate the participation status of Muslim female students and to identify areas for improvement.
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Pugh, Jeffrey D. "Negotiating Identity and Belonging through the Invisibility Bargain: Colombian Forced Migrants in Ecuador." International Migration Review 52, no. 4 (2018): 978–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12344.
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This article argues that an “invisibility bargain” constrains migrants’ identities and political participation, demanding their economic contributions plus political and social invisibility in exchange for tolerance of their presence in the host country. In response, migrants negotiate their visible identity differences, minimize social distance from the host population, and build informal coalitions with non-state brokers to avoid citizen backlash against overt political activism. Examining Colombian forced migrants in Ecuador, the article challenges state-centric governance approaches, underscoring migrant agency in negotiating identity to influence social hierarchies, coexistence, and human security. Its findings advance the broader understanding of migration in the Global South.
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Brown, Elise, Laura Spiller, Beverly Stiles, and Lon Kilgore. "Sexual Coercion Risk and Women’s Sport Participation." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 57, no. 1 (2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0002.
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Abstract Sexual coercion affects approximately 58% of college-age females. Victims of sexual coercion often share similar characteristics, such as lower self-esteem, lower assertiveness, higher depressive symptoms, higher alcohol use, increased number of sexual partners, more romantic relationships, prior victimization, and relationship insecurity. Female athletes, on the other hand, have in common such protective factors as higher self-esteem, higher assertiveness, lower alcohol use, and fewer sexual partners. These, then, are assumed to guard against sexual coercion. The purpose of this study was to determine if female athletes were at a lower risk for sexual coercion and whether differences existed in levels of assertiveness, sexual assertiveness, self-esteem, sexual esteem, alcohol use, and the number of sexual partners. Participants included 174 college females (aged 19.94 ± 1.87 years). Participants were identified as an athlete if they reported a history of at least three years of athl iation etic involvement and described themselves as either a high school athlete or having participated in competitive sports (n=125). From among all the participants, 49 were classified as non-athletes. Data demonstrated no differences in either forced or coerced sexual contact history. Athletes and nonathletes differed neither in global nor sexual self-esteem, nor did they differ in global or sexual assertiveness. There was a significant difference across the groups in alcohol use: athletes scored higher on the AUDIT than non-athletes. The number of years of sport involvement positively correlated with the level of alcohol use. Athletes and non-athletes reported similar numbers of sexual partners. The findings of this study imply that athletics may indirectly place females at risk for sexual coercion through an assocwith higher alcohol use.
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PARK, Ji Hyung. ""How Did Local Governments Recover Their Financial Condition? Lessons from Citizen Participation"." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, no. 68 E (February 24, 2023): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.68e.6.
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This study offers lessons for overcoming future economic crises by examining whether democratic management helped local governments recover their financial condition. During the Great Recession, local governments were forced to make painful decisions regarding increased taxes and user charges, and cuts in public services. Several case studies provide evidence that citizen participation allows localities to increase property taxes as well as cut public services. However, broader, systematic empirical research is lacking. This study found that local governments with participatory budgeting were more likely to improve their financial condition during the Great Recession. The results allow us to identify the role of citizens in fiscal decision-making, offering lessons on how local governments can overcome possible fiscal crises in the future.
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Liu, Zi Min, and Zhi Ling Yang. "Wind Turbine Gearbox Transmission Chain Forced Vibration Analysis Exerted by Random Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.22.
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The reason for the gearbox high failure rate is mainly its poor working environment, especially the vibration due to random actuator. Consequently, its necessary to study the gearbox vibration characteristics under random actuators to prevent from serious damage caused by a resonance. In order to follow the actual working condition, random input speed and random torque actuators are inputted with power spectrum density method (PSD). 64 orders of natural frequencies, displacement frequency response and modal participation factor are obtained after computation and simulation. The analysis results indicate transmission system resonance occurs likely. In addition, displacement vibration responses of planet gears and high speed shaft are the largest, which are the easiest to cause vibration fatigue damage. Keywords: wind turbine gearbox, transmission chain, vibration analysis, random actuator
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Nagy, Stephen, Ralph DiClemente, and Anthony G. Adcock. "Adverse Factors Associated With Forced Sex Among Southern Adolescent Girls." Pediatrics 96, no. 5 (1995): 944–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.5.944.
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Objective. To identify adverse behavioral and psychological factors associated with forced sex experiences of adolescent girls compared with their sexually active counterparts. Method. An anonymous self-report survey examining an array of psychosocial items, to which 3124 grade 8 and grade 10 female students responded. Results. Sexually abused girls were more likely to have been pregnant, to have initiated sexual intercourse at a younger age, to indicate illegal drug use, to have feelings of depression, to express more frequent suicidal ideation, and to have been physically abused. Conclusions. Behaviors such as gateway drug use, truancy, binge drinking of alcohol, and participation in violent episodes that were previously identified as indicators of sexual abuse did not distinguish between sexually active adolescents and those who had been sexually abused. Physicians should consider carefully a structured series of questions relating to behaviors as one approach in determining the risk of sexual abuse. Positive responses to young sexual initiation, pregnancy, illegal drug use, negative mental health states, and evidence of physical abuse are potential markers of sexual abuse in adolescent female clients.
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Garcia Bacuilima, Jorge Luis, and Veronica Natalia Espinoza Farfan. "Youth Participation University in Tax Advice via the Learning Service." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 8, no. 3 (2018): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v8i3.659.
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Taxation is one of the main sources of income of a country. When the government wants to increase economic and social development of its country, it is necessary to raise taxes or tax rates on the tax base. However, it becomes complicated when the informality of the economically active population has remained at around 45%, as is the case of Ecuador, and the people who are forced to pay these taxes mostly have questions or they do not know how to do it. For this reason, the Politécnica Salesiana University decided to sign an agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (SRI), so that students studying accounting could provide tax advice in solidarity to taxpayers who have questions or problems in their tax return forms. This article describes and analyzes the development of the office of voluntary taxpayer assistance that was implemented in the university, and how service learning influenced students, and 250 taxpayers in the sector. It also includes detailed instructions for other universities to implement a similar program and a discussion of taxes that need higher advice.
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Pujiwiyasnawa, I. Made, and I. Gusti Agung Oka Mahagangga. "Problematika Masyarakat Lokal Dalam Pengembangan Desa Wisata Bayung Gede, Kecamatan Kintamani, Kabupaten Bangli." JURNAL DESTINASI PARIWISATA 6, no. 2 (2019): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jdepar.2018.v06.i02.p26.
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This research aims to find out the problems of local community of Bayung Gede to develop tourism Village. Research technique as qualitative method to find, describe and understanding focus of this research. With purpossive sampling as the specific informant and technique analysis data used descriptive qualitative. 
 The result of this research show a complex problems when local community of Bayung Gede develop their own tourism village. The problems are garbage, infrastructure maintenance, vision and mission tourism village equalizing, souvenir core product and marketing icons. However, as long few years this tourism village has been succeed to done tourism activity with not forced participation or spontal typical participate.
 Keywords: Problems, Participation, Tourism Village.
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Hartnett, Allison Spencer. "The Effect of Refugee Integration on Migrant Labor in Jordan." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 2 (2018): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2018.91.
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AbstractBefore the Syrian civil war, Egyptians were the single largest migrant labor community in Jordan. Labor market pressures and changes to the Jordanian work permit system have resulted in the increasing vulnerability of Egyptian labor, who have been the primary labor force on Jordanian farms and construction sites since the late 1970s. Using new data from the 2015 Jordanian census, the 2010 and 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey, and field interviews conducted in Jordan from 2014 to 2018, I show that higher concentrations of Syrians at the subdistrict level are associated with higher rates of informal labor market participation for Egyptians. Furthermore, higher proportions of Syrians do not correlate with negative impacts on the formality or household wealth of Jordanian citizens, suggesting that Syrian labor does not directly compete with the Jordanian labor force. Given the importance of supporting host communities during refugee crises, this analysis sheds light on how mass forced migration affects other vulnerable segments of the migrant labor force in the Global South.
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Fafchamps, Marcel, and Ruth Vargas Hill. "Redistribution and Group Participation: Experimental Evidence from Africa and the UK." World Bank Economic Review 33, no. 3 (2018): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhx013.
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Abstract We investigate whether the prospect of redistribution hinders the formation of efficiency-enhancing groups. We conduct an experiment in a Kenyan slum, Ugandan villages, and a UK university town. We test, in an anonymous setting with no feedback, whether subjects join a group that increases their endowment but exposes them to one of three redistributive actions: stealing, giving, or burning. We find that exposure to redistributive options among group members operates as a disincentive to join a group. This finding obtains under all three treatments—including when the pressure to redistribute is intrinsic. However the nature of the redistribution affects the magnitude of the impact. Giving has the least impact on the decision to join a group, while forced redistribution through stealing or burning acts as a much larger deterrent to group membership. These findings are common across all three subject pools, but African subjects are particularly reluctant to join a group in the burning treatment, indicating strong reluctance to expose themselves to destruction by others.
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Spaaij, Ramón, and Hebe Schaillée. "Community-Driven Sports Events as a Vehicle for Cultural Sustainability within the Context of Forced Migration: Lessons from the Amsterdam Futsal Tournament." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031020.
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Participation in sport can act as a means or context for enhancing the social inclusion of migrants and refugees. Research has examined if and how mainstream sport organizations’ practices of engaging newly arrived migrants and refugees are effective in supporting participation in sustainable and culturally appropriate ways. Little is known, however, about the impact of community-driven sports events on sustainable participation by migrants and refugees. This paper examines this question with an analytical focus on community sustainability and the role of culture in sport event sustainability practices. The authors draw on ethnographic fieldwork with the Amsterdam Futsal Tournament (AFT), a sports event organized by Somali diaspora community members, to consider how event organizers and participants seek to promote cultural sustainability in a diaspora sport context. The fieldwork comprised 49 semi-structured interviews, participant observation before, during and after the event, and digital ethnography of event-related social media. The findings show the importance of cultural sustainability as a driver of community-driven sport sustainability practices, but also indicate how this driver is closely linked to addressing organizational and individual sustainability. The analysis demonstrates how the AFT can serve as a catalyst for the expansion of sport and community events among Somali diaspora communities.
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Masuku, Sikanyiso, and Sharmla Rama. "Challenges to Refugees’ Socioeconomic Inclusion: A Lens Through the Experiences of Congolese Refugees in South Africa." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 20, no. 1 (2020): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x20913713.
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In antithesis to the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development (socioeconomic inclusion for all) and a relatively progressive refugee policy framework (Refugee Act 130 of 1998), refugees in South Africa continue to face targeted exclusion and reduced living potentials. Impediments to refugee groups ability to ‘thrive and not just survive’ (as called for in the 2018 Global Compact on Refugees), are examined in this paper through a synopsis of the conditions surrounding their access to legal documents (a conduit to socioeconomic rights), their equitable participation/inclusion within the formal labour markets, financial sectors etc. In examining these issues, a case-study-based interpretive research design technique with eight FGD participants and two life history participants (drawn from Congolese refugees’ residing in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) was done. Several conceptual frameworks as well as a single principal theory (Murphy’s theory of monopolization) were utilized so as to fully examine forced migrant groups socioeconomic participation/inclusion in South Africa. This articles findings revealed that primary cultural, as well as structural agentive processes of obstruction significantly inhibit refugee groups full socioeconomic participating in the life of their host communities. The said obstructions included but were not confined to: adverse forms of incorporation, opportunity hoarding, as well as the normative unobtainability of social, cultural, and symbolic forms of capital.
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KOCHARYAN, TIGRAN, and HAYK GHOULYAN. "INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF FRANCE IN THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS ON KARABAKH CONFLICT SETTLEMENT." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 12, no. 3 (2016): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v12i3.144.
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Presented article analysis shows that France, as a co-chair of the Minsk Group, is involved in the peace process in Nagorno-Karabakh, and acting in the name of peace, tends to take over balanced positions. French government was forced to take into account the interests of the conflicting parties and at the same time promote their own energy, trade and economic, as well as political and military interests in the region. Let us not forget the process of the Francophonie,which also plays a great role. However, more than twenty years’ history of the settlement shows that France is close to the diplomacy of Armenia than Azerbaijan. This has also contributed to the historical ties between the Armenian and French nations and the two countries.
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Breuer, Jan, and Ulrike Buchmann. "The necessity of a professional mediation in educational settings." Educação em Perspectiva 8, no. 3 (2017): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22294/eduper/ppge/ufv.v8i3.876.
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Society is based on human participation in society and the individual’s understanding of the same. Discussing the matter of participation in society, this article focuses on the issue of the individual human being, that is – in a philosophical understanding – called Subject. The Subject is integrated in an individual social surrounding. Being able to participate in society means to learn about the society, the social surrounding, and the Subject’s internalised concept of the social surrounding. The confrontation the Subject is forced to deal with, for example by transformations of the social surrounding, is a very complex process that is called mediation. The mediation may be the key to gain a better understanding of what it means to be a Subject, of the society, and of educational processes that need to be mediated by the Subject. Therefore, the right to education means to discuss the Subject’s participation in society as well as the professional mediation in educational settings.
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Lebedeva, L. I., and R. S. Orlov. "Electrical activity of the rectus abdominis muscle in a woman during childbirth." Kazan medical journal 43, no. 4 (2021): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj87151.
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Until now, many important issues of the mechanism of participation in the labor act of skeletal muscles have not yet been clarified, in particular, what is the relationship between the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus and the forced activity of the abdominal wall, at what stage of the act of childbirth its electrical activity is revealed. This study is devoted to the solution of these questions.
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Oosterveld, Valerie. "The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers, and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 45 (2008): 131–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009309.
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SummaryThis article considers the first two trial, and corresponding first two appeal, judgments issued by the Special Court for Sierra Leone in what are commonly referred to as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and Civil Defence Forces (CDF) cases. These judgments are noteworthy for having been the first to adjudicate at the international level the war crime of conscription or enlistment of children under the age of fifteen or using them to participate actively in hostilities and the gender-based crime against humanity of forced marriage. Beginning with the issue of child soldiers, this article explores how the Special Court addressed the applicable elements of crime, the abduction of children, the role of initiation within the act of conscription or enlistment of child soldiers, and the definition of use of children to participate actively in hostilities. The second part of this article discusses how the AFRC judgments addressed the crime against humanity of forced marriage. In comparison, the CDF Trial Chamber avoided consideration of this crime, and the Appeals Chamber’s partial criticism of this approach could not correct the negative silence created within the Special Court’s record of gender-based atrocities by the CDF. The article concludes that the AFRC and CDF judgments raise issues that require further consideration. For example, what is the legal linkage between abductions and child soldier recruitment, and how does one distinguish between active and non-active participation of children under fifteen in hostilities? These judgments also point to the dangers involved in misunderstanding a gender-based crime such as forced marriage solely as a crime of a sexual nature, and the way in which a trial record can be irrevocably altered by the unbalanced exclusion of gender-based crimes.
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Zapart, Robert. "Możliwości recepcji emigracyjnych wzorców edukacji wojskowej i wychowania obywatelskiego we współczesnych organizacjach proobronnych." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 20, no. 4 (2022): 392–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2022.4.27.
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The paper is an attempt at analysing the possibilities of implementing the emigrant patterns of military and civic education in modern non-governmental pro-defence organisations. In the light of the thesis presented by the author, building an intergenerational bridge, within which the knowledge and experience gained while on forced exile is transferred to such an organisation, may, possibly by referring to non-Communist models and traditions of the Second Polish Republic, increase, among the young generation seeking new incentives, the level of their public participation with a special focus on their active participation within the system of national security, thus constituting an important foundation for building the ethos of service for the Fatherland. The above process may be supported by the author’s recommendations that are based on the achievements of one of the emigrant military circles, or the Brigade Young Group “Pogoń” [Polish: Brygadowe Koło Młodych “Pogoń”] and the Józef Piłsudski Riflemen's Association “Rifleman” [Polish: Związek Strzelecki “Strzelec” Józefa Piłsudskiego], which has a similar profile and is the subsequent domestic equivalent of the first organisation. Experience gained while on forced exile may to some extent also be useful for other entities that pursue similar tasks outside the borders of their own country.
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Sheth, Dhwani, and Mona Iyer. "Local water resource management through stakeholder participation: case study, arid region, India." Water Practice and Technology 16, no. 2 (2021): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.025.
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Abstract Access to clean water is important for socio-economic development worldwide. Bhuj, in an arid region in Gujarat State in India, has an ancient and unique water resource management system. The city's visionary king developed a catchment system of lakes so that, despite minimal rainfall and frequent droughts, sufficient water could be stored to sustain the city for around 300 years. However, over the years, with rapid urbanization and the introduction of a piped water supply, this ancient supply system was abandoned and was not maintained well. As a result, the city's water resources became polluted and defunct, which forced it to depend on distant water sources. This study shows how the city's water management strategies changed before independence (1947), and pre-earthquake (1947–2001) and post-earthquake (2001 to present). The paper mainly documents how the city's own water resources can be managed successfully by following the concepts of IUWM through effective stakeholder participation, to make the city water-secure.
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Herzog-Evans, Martine. "French third sector participation in probation and reentry: Complementary or competitive?" European Journal of Probation 6, no. 1 (2014): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2066220314523228.
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In France, the third sector is virtually in sole charge of pre-sentence reports, prisoners’ resettlement, and prisoners’ families and victims’ support. It is increasingly in charge of supporting offenders’ reentry and rehabilitation in the community, of community work, of France’s equivalent of approved premises or half-way houses, of treatment programmes, and, in certain cases, of supervision itself. Unlike in England and Wales, there has not been a deliberate privatisation agenda in this jurisdiction; the third sector has simply gradually been forced to undertake the social work that state probation services have progressively forsaken. The French third sector today has little in common with its 19th century origins: it has become much more professionalised. However, it has kept its deep-seated community roots intact and is more innovative and flexible than the prison-imbedded state probation services. For these reasons, it is a much appreciated partner for the judiciary and local authorities. However, on a par with state probation, the third sector is yet to undergo an evidence-based practices revolution and policy-makers do not seem to be concerned by the outcome of their actions.
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Masiangoako, Thato, Kelebogile Khunou, and Alana Potter. "Fighting for water in South Africa: public participation, water rights claiming and strengthening governance." H2Open Journal 5, no. 1 (2022): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.023.
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Abstract Communities in South Africa employ a diverse range of strategies to actively claim their right to water. This paper examines two rights claiming strategies – protest and litigation – through the lens of two case studies. The first case study examines the struggles of the residents of Makhanda, a small town in the predominantly rural Eastern Cape Province, who formed a coalition to advocate for the dissolution of the municipal council for failing to fulfil its constitutional mandate to provide basic services. The second case examines the struggles of the residents of Marikana, an informal settlement in the City of Cape Town, where residents are forced to live in unlit, unhygienic and undignified conditions as a result of inadequate services provision. Although access to water is a justiciable right in South Africa, there is a curious paucity of legal rights mobilisation, with only one court case reaching the Constitutional Court. The article presents the following findings. First, communities employ different methods to claim their water rights, including engagement with government through formal channels, mobilisation, protest, litigation and self-supply. Water is a justiciable human right. Second, litigation is a valuable component of rights-claiming but is most effective if used alongside other strategies like community organisation and protest. Third, water rights can be achieved alongside struggles to secure other rights, like the right to housing, or holding local government accountable. In the two case studies, the legal tools of land expropriation and provincial intervention were employed to indirectly gain access to water services. Finally, community mobilisation, combined with strategic partnerships, plays a critical role in sustaining long-term efforts to claim water rights.
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Mezieobi, S. A., and Ibekwe Priscilia. "Appraisal of the Values of Voter Education in Achieving Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 5, no. 2 (2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v5i2.335.
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Voter education is expected to enthrone sustainable social order in Nigeria’s political scene. Voter apathy works against the principles of democracy. The values of voter education are delineated as follows: encouraging leadership discipline, control of political violence, exposure on the process of election, peace building and maintenance of democratic order. Sustainable democracy can be actualized through voter education in the following ways: extension of voter education, mass mobilization, values to shun violence, stemming corruption and national consciousness sensitization. The consequences of voter apathy are addressed as follows: absence of sustainable democracy, forced leadership, stabilizing illegitimate government, low political participation and political instability. Conclusion was drawn based on the ensuing discoursed and it was recommended amongst others that voter education will encourage mass political participation and the maintenance of sustainable social order.