Tesis sobre el tema "Fonds marins – Géologie"
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Dominguez, Stéphane. "Déformations des marges actives liées à la subduction de reliefs océaniques. Analyse tectonique de données de géophysique marine et de modèles analogiques". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20259.
Texto completoFournier, Marc. "Ouverture de bassins marginaux et déformation continentale : l'exemple de la mer du Japon". Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066125.
Texto completoDupuis, Céline. "Pétrologie et géochimie des provinces mésozoïques téthysiennes reliées à la zone de suture du Yarlung Zangbo, Tibet". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22464/22464.pdf.
Texto completoFerret, Yann. "Morphodynamique de dunes sous-marines en contexte de plate-forme mégatidale (Manche orientale) : approche multi-échelles spatio-temporelles". Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES028.
Texto completoSubmarine dune dynamics is studied in the context of a macrotidal continental shelf subjected to the swell action. Off Dieppe, the gravelly-sand seabed is moulded by dunes and sand banks, and characterized by gradients in hydrodynamics, morphologies and sediment grain-size, which are studied according to various spatial and temporal scales. Multivaried analysis showed that the sediment grain-size and sediment availability are the main controlling factors of the morphology and the dynamics of the dunes. Over a 56-year period, repeated bathymetric surveys show a decrease in dune migration rates when observation periods are longer, implying a significant and frequent oscillation of dune displacements. Sediment flux calculations (bedload, non-uniform sediment) show that waves, even weak, can reverse residual sedimentary transport direction and increase the amount of transported sediments. VHR seismic measurements make it possible to visualize dune internal architecture. 0. 5 to 4 ° dipping discontinuities constitute the dune master-bedding and their periodicity of formation is estimated to be similar to those observed from the wavelet analysis carried out on the chronicles of tide and wave time-series recorded in the study area, and on a NAO index chronicle. Preserved discontinuities are interpreted as erosive surfaces due to a temporary inversion of dune migration, caused by exceptional storm events. Their formation seems to obliterate several discontinuities formed previously during weaker wave events. The medium term climatic fluctuations, which control the variability of the storm events, are presented as being the main factor influencing dune dynamics on the long term
Minster, Gaspard. "Modélisation du processus de saltation en milieu extrême : application au Raz Blanchard". Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0006.
Texto completoUnderstanding the mechanism of saltation in areas of high tidal currents such the Alderney Race, is needed to develop exploitation of hydrokinetics energy. In these areas, sediment transport is characterized by inertial regime. An experimental study in a channel and a numerical simulation are used. The principle consists to let spherical particles roll in different flows on a defined bed roughness. After having characterized the flow, we recorde the particles movement with a Fastcam in order to identify height and length of jumps, impact and rebound velocity and angle. A first law between relative roughness and length/height ratio is established, as well as a second law linking the Shields parameter and the height of the jumps. It is then possible, with the knowledge of theShields parameter, the bed roughness and the diameter of the sediments, to predict the mean jumps height and length. The experimental results are in agreement with the laws described in the literature, and complete them for the inertial regime. These proposed laws are then compared and completed by a numerical model of periodical saltation (Berzi et al. 2016). Finally, they are applied on the study area of the Alderney Race to carry out simple maps. These maps characterize the jumps in different places of the Alderney Race
Mulder, Thierry. "Aspects géotechniques de la stabilité des marges continentales : application à la baie des Anges (Nice, France)". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_MULDER_T.pdf.
Texto completoRigollet, Christophe. "Valorisation sédimentologique de l'information sismique : application au comblement des bassins profonds de la Marge Atlantique Nord Européenne du Crétacé à l'Actuel". Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1278.
Texto completoThe NE Atlantic margin reservoir sands result from high density turbiditic flow (massive sands pro parte). Their transport and deposition are controlled by the basin floor topography. Consequently, whatever the observation scale, the open and confined sands are characterised by onlap on the basin floor and by lenticular shape with convex up base. The restitution of the paleotopography, sedimentary source, transit surface and deposit areas, give some relevant tools to predict the sands. This approach reviews the "sandy debris flow" model, defined in the same area, which is today the subject of a large debate. The bottom currents are a sorting factor, either intercepting the finest grain of a turbulent flow, or reworking the grains, after their deposition. The post-depositional architectural element identification, gives some tools to predict the reservoir location, the cover rock permeability and to avoid confusion caused by the similarity with sedimentary elements
Martínez-Rius, Beatriz. "Making the Seafloor. French Geologists, Marine Resources, and New Deep Territories (1945-1975)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS284.
Texto completoEarly in the 1960s, the seafloor began to emerge as a new territory, over which imaginaries of limitless natural resources, to be explored and exploited, were projected. The oil industry became a patron for marine geosciences, whereas coastal governments hastened to ground in geophysical data their sovereign claims over underwater regions. This thesis inquiries through which mechanisms the patrons’ motivations to explore the seafloor drove the production of knowledge about it; while it explores how the seafloor emerged as a territory, shaped by concerns and priorities deriving from decolonization. Focusing on France’s oil industry and political stances interested in exploiting marine resources, I analyze the institutional and social mechanisms through which commercial motivations were articulated with marine geosciences. A singular network, weaved by a political elite, grew connecting government instances, extractive industries, and scientific laboratories, creating academic-industrial interplays to explore the seafloor in which trade secrecy dissolved. This research suggests a continuum in practices, infrastructures, and state actors from the decolonization of France’s oil-producing territories to the seafloor, in the quest for new productive grounds. In this context, geological knowledge from the seafloor increasingly became a crucial asset for the French government, which could mobilize it to negotiate international relations and foster national prestige. This thesis conveys that economic motivations to explore the seafloor and the oil industry’s patronage shall not be overlooked in our understanding of the oceans’ history
Köng, Eléonore. "La mer Ionienne : évolution de l'activité sédimentaire au cours des derniers 400 000 ans dans un système en contexte tectonique convergent et influence de la sédimentation sur les propriétés géoacoustiques des fonds". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0348/document.
Texto completoThe Ionian Sea is an active geodynamic area because of the convergence between theNubia and the Eurasia plate. It corresponds to the last stage of the Tethys ocean life. Therefore,the tectonics and the sedimentation are much reduced; and the low sedimentary supply enables torecord a multiplicity of sedimentary processes. Nevertheless, this area still poorly studied from asedimentary point of view, in particular on timescales on the order of hundred thousand years.This work is based on a sedimentological study of marine archives supplemented by acoustic data(bathymetry and multibeam imagery) recovered during oceanographic campaign leaded by theSHOM. The detailed sedimentary analysis of facies and sequences allows, at first, to established acalendar of the natural hazard (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanism), their origins and theirdepositional processes into the basin over the last 330 000 years. Then, secondly, to reconstructthe evolution over the last 400 000 years of the circulation and the oxygenation of bottom waterthrough the Ionian basin and the influence of the strait of Sicily, in particular of the Malta Plateau,on the exchanges between the western and the eastern basins. The integration of thesedimentological data in a geoacoustic modelling developed by the SHOM finally allowed todetermine the impact of the sedimentary variability (special distribution, lithology, stratification)on the acoustic waves propagation for various frequency bands (300 Hz - 3000 Hz) and incidentangle (0 - 90°) and to established a mapping of the sedimentary answer of the acoustic signal
Ogor, Julien. "Design of algorithms for the automatic characterization of marine dune morphology and dynamics". Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENTA0005/document.
Texto completoMarine dunes are large sedimentary mounds often organized in dunefields. Theyhave been discovered in oceans all around the globe, from continental rises to nearshore areas. These mobile seafloor structures reflect the unique and complex relationship between the sediment, the seafloor topography and the hydrodynamics (currents). Dunes are not only interesting at a scientific level. In fact, their study is also motivated by economic, safety and environmental reasons. The study of dunes can be divided into two complementary approaches: Modelling and analysis of in situ data (granulometry, current, bathymetric data).The increased quality of MultiBeam EchoSounder (MBES) data allows scientists to monitor and visualize the complexity of, both, dune morphology and dynamics. Au-tomatic methods to characterize dune morphology and dynamics using Digital TerrainModels (DTMs) have already been proposed. But, none does it at the dune scale. Mor-phological and dynamical descriptors are estimated for patches of the dunefield. Today, the evaluation of such descriptors for each dune can only be achieved manually.The objective of this thesis is to design automatic algorithms for the quantification of dune morphology and dynamics. A representation of MBES data as triangular meshes has been preferred to the usual gridded DTMs. The first stage consists of delineating dunes in the seafloor. A scale adaptative, region growing algorithm based on geomorphometry is proposed. The combination of mesh implification and crest extraction algorithms enables to accurately recover dune crest lines. The mesh simplification facilitates the crest extraction by adapting the mesh resolution. Crest extraction is based on the discrete interpretation of the definition of crest lines in differential geometry. The crests are, then, used as seed regions by the dune extraction algorithm
Balanche, Abel. "Conversion sismo-acoustique au passage du fond océanique". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453445.
Texto completoTcheukam, Toko Denis. "Étude de la couche limite générée par l'action de la houle et/ou du courant sur fond hydrauliquement lisse : application au transport sédimentaire". Le Havre, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LEHA0001.
Texto completoBourget, Julien. "Les systèmes turbidiques du Golfe d'Oman et de la marge est-africaine : architecture, évolution des apports au Quaternaire terminal et impact de la distribution sédimentaire sur les propriétés géoacoustiques des fonds". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13915/document.
Texto completoThis study focuses on the Late Quaternary turbidite systems of the Gulf of Oman and the East-African margin (western Indian Ocean), previously poorly studied. It is based upon a compilation of acoustic data (bathymetry, multibeam imagery, 3.5 kHz and multi-channel seismic) and sedimentological data (küllenberg and calypso piston cores) recovered during several cruises leaded by the SHOM and IFP institutes. Turbidite system architecture and sedimentary processes revealed a strong variability primarily related to the physiographic, hydro-climatic and geodynamic context of each margin. High-resolution stratigraphy has been achieved using a combination of radiocarbon dating, XRF geochemistry, biostratigraphy). This allowed to investigate the impact, the interaction and the relative importance of the external forcings on deep water sedimentation (i.e. tectonics, climate and eustasy) at high- frequency (103 -104 yrs) in different tectonic setting (active & passive margins). Finally, integration of the sedimentological data set in a geoacoustic numerical modelling leaded to a first quantitative estimation of the regional relationship between sea-floor properties (lithology, depositional environment, stratification) and propagation of acoustic signal at 300 Hz- 3kHz frequencies and 0-90°. This work constitutes a basis for future geoacoustic modelling in the area
Van, Rijsingen Elenora. "Subduction interface roughness and megathrust earthquakes : Insights from natural data and analogue models". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG033/document.
Texto completoMost mega-earthquakes (i.e. earthquakes with Mw ≥ 8.5) occur along subduction mega-thrusts, the interfaces between the subducting - and the overriding plates in convergent margins. These events may have catastrophic impact on human societies due to their destructive potential. For this reason being able to predict the timing and size of these earthquakes became one goal of the international scientific community. The subduction seismic cycle is influenced by many different parameters. The interplay between these parameters governing the frequency and size of megathrust earthquakes still remains unclear, mainly due to the short (i.e. limited to the last century) seismic record.The seismogenic part of the subduction thrust fault spans between depths of 11±4 and ± 51 km (Heuret et al. 2011). In this zone a combination of temperature, pressure and rocks characteristics creates conditions favourable for seismic behaviour. Whether a specific area in the subduction thrust fault has the ability to trigger mega-earthquakes can be expressed using the degree of seismic coupling, i.e. the amount of slip that occurs with respect to the total amount of plate convergence (e.g. Scholz 1998; Scholz & Campos 2012). When a fault is fully coupled, all of the fault slip occurs during earthquakes instead of also during aseismic behaviour (e.g. slow slip events). The internal structure of the interplate fault zone mainly determines whether an area within a subduction zone behaves seismic or aseismic (Wang & Bilek 2011). This is influenced by the topography of the plate interface (e.g. subducting seamounts; Wang & Bilek 2014), but also subducted sediments and fluids in the subduction channel may play an important role.The main goal of this project is to understand which parameters affect the behaviour of mega-earthquake ruptures. This will be done by comparing natural data (e.g. seafloor roughness, sediment thickness and fluid content in the subduction channel) to rupture characteristics of major recent earthquakes. With this analysis also more knowledge can be gained on the triggering of slow earthquakes instead of mega-earthquakes. These are slow slip events with lower frequencies and longer durations than ‘regular’ earthquakes (Saffer & Wallace 2015).The database of natural data, implemented by the long-term scientific joint venture between the Univ. Montpellier and the LET (Roma Tre) will be used for the analysis. Ongoing work is done on determining a method for estimating the seafloor roughness, i.e. the distribution of high, low and smooth areas (by Michel Peyret in collaboration with Serge Lallemand, Univ. Montpellier). Also data is available on the trench sediment thickness around the world (Heuret et al. 2011). In the frame of this project, information on the roughness of the seafloor will be added to the database. In addition the rupture characteristics of major recent earthquakes will be collected. By performing a multiparametric statistical analysis of the database, a conceptual model will be realized, exploring the possible link between all the different parameters. The aim is to validate this model in the lab using scaled 3D analogue models. This will be done both at the LET and at Univ. Montpellier by using a broad range of geometries and contact materials with different rheologies (e.g. gelatin, foam rubber and a new analogue material; Caniven et al. 2015; Corbi et al. 2013). This jointed experimental approach with both the Univ. Montpellier and the LET involved creates a rich environment where differences and similarities of the two different approaches can be used to validate the results
Tary, Jean-Baptiste. "Relations entre fluides et sismicité dans le domaine sous-marin à partir de sismographes de fond de mer : étude de cas en Mer de Marmara et Application au Delta du Niger". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591269.
Texto completoDurafour, Marine. "Dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière dans le cas de sédiments hétérogènes : application au domaine côtier haut-normand". Thesis, Le Havre, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0010/document.
Texto completoParticle shape is recognized to influence the hydraulic behavior of grains but is not used in current bedload transport models for two reasons: the mechanisms of initiation of motion of sediments according to their shape are not well understood and the difficulties to define particle shape with common parameters. Several instruments were deployed in-situ, before this study, in the Eastern English Channel in March 2011. A detailed analysis of the data collected is carried out to monitor the quantities of bedload transported materials along a tidal cycle in the three study areas explored. These in-situ measurements are then compared to existing formulations using two approaches: a single fraction approach, using the median diameter of the sediment mixture, and a multiple fraction approach, involving a discretization of the granulometric curve. The need to oscillate between these two methods according to the granulometric extent of the site studied is highlighted. Photographs of grains of the sediment cover and transported in-situ by bed load highlight a preferential transport of the most circular particles of the seabed. A new formula is developed, which takes into account the heterogeneity of particles in size and in circularity, to estimate bedload sediment transport under the action of a single current. The proposed adjustment significantly improves model predictions, especially for coarse fractions of sediments. Preliminary tests in a current channel are also performed to validate a new experimental set-up and protocol in order to compare in-situ and experimental results
Mengual, Baptiste. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle des flux sédimentaires dans le Golfe de Gascogne : contributions relatives des forçages climatiques et des activités de chalutage". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0109/document.
Texto completoThe spatio-temporal variability of sediment fluxes under the influence of natural forcings and trawling activities was assessed at the scale of the Bay of Biscay shelf, from in situ data and a 3D process-based numerical modelling. Two sea trials were carried out to quantify physical impacts induced by a professional trawling gear over an intensively trawled area of the shelf, the "Grande-Vasière", in terms of resuspension (turbid plume) and alteration of the surficial sediment nature and structure. These data enabled to estimate an average trawling-induced erosion rate of 0.13 kg.m-2. Their combination with fishing effort data led to monthly spatial distributions of trawling-induced erosion fluxes.Besides, a 3D realistic hydro-sedimentary model has been set up and calibrated from measurements acquired at a mooring station. The calibration task mainly consisted in assessing the natural erosion law setting under the influence of waves and currents. A new formulation of the erosion law has been proposed to describe the erosion of any mixture of mud and fine sand (sediment facies classically encountered on continental shelves) and led to a noteworthy improvement of the model response in terms of turbidity. Two 5-year simulations were performed accounting for natural forcings only or both natural and anthropogenic forcings in order to quantify and compare their respective contributions to sediment fluxes (vertical and horizontal sediment dynamics). The temporal variability of sediment fluxes is described in a succession of typical regimes occurring in response to various conditions of forcings (e.g. tide, wind, wave, trawling), and residual fluxes are assessed at seasonal and annual scales: without accounting for riverine sediment inputs, the mud flux is estimated to 1.6 Mt/yr outflowing northward (at the latitude of the Pointe du Raz) and to 0.62 Mt/yr toward the continental slope (through the 180 m isobath)
Reiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
Texto completoUntil today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes