Tesis sobre el tema "Focu"
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Ramírez, Sadovski Valentín. "Qualitative theory of differential equations in the plane and in the space, with emphasis on the center-focus and on the Lotka-Volterra systems". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669890.
Texto completoOliveira, Thiago Augusto Costa de. "Efeitos dos focos interno e externo de atenção na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39133/tde-08122010-074011/.
Texto completoThe objectives of the dissertation were to investigate (a) the effects of internal and external foci of attention in learning motor skills due to automatisation (experiment 1) and (b) if the effects of external focus of attention would be dependent on those of previous internal focus instruction (experiment 2) and on acquisition (experiment 3). In the three experiments the task was the golf putter shot and the participants were young adults of both sexes. The number of attempts in the acquisition phase was also the same for the experiments (100 trials). The first experiment involved two groups (internal focus and external focus), and half of each, at the final phase of the acquisition and retention test was tested with a distracter task. The results showed that no group has achieved automaticity and therefore, they havent learned. The second experiment involved four groups, two of internal focus and two of external focus in the acquisition phase. The difference between the groups of equal focus was on previous instruction, i.e. one group of each focus received internal focus during previous instruction. Another aspect of the design of this experiment was the use of retention and transfer tests. The results showed learning only for the group with internal focus on instruction and external focus on the acquisition phase. In experiment 3, instead of the internal focus instruction being given to an internal and to an external focus group, it occurred in the acquisition phase. It was found that only the group with internal focus previous to the external focus in acquisition demonstrated learning
Marques, João Amaral. "Pensamento contrafactual: Estudo do efeito de foco nos cenários e atribuição de culpa à vítima e agressor". Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2547.
Texto completoA presente dissertação, sobre o pensamento contrafactual, pretende analisar o efeito de foco de um cenário, quer nos pensamentos contrafactuais que são produzidos, quer na atribuição de culpa feita aos dois personagens principais (vitima e agressor). Procura-se desta forma colmatar uma lacuna apontada por Kahneman e Miller (1986), a de que os cenários habitualmente usados na investigação do pensamento contrafactual estão maioritariamente centrados na vítima, tornando as suas acções mais salientes e mutáveis e, portanto, o foco central dos pensamentos contrafactuais. Outra consequência que os autores referem é o elevado grau de atribuição de culpa à vítima, já que é mais fácil imaginar a vítima a agir de forma diferente e, assim, a ter evitado o que lhe aconteceu. Foram criadas três situações – acidente de viação, agressão e assalto – cada uma relatada segundo um foco distinto – vítima, agressor ou ambos. Foi esperado que o supracitado efeito produzisse resultados em termos dos contrafactuais gerados e das atribuições de culpa, conduzindo, por um lado, a um maior número de contrafactuais centrados na personagem principal do cenário e, por outro, a maiores atribuições de culpa a essa personagem. A análise de resultados, obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 72 alunos do 12º ano, em Lisboa, indicaram que o efeito de foco se verificou para os contrafactuais, mas não para as atribuições de culpa, já que o agressor foi sempre mais culpado do que a vítima. Os resultados foram interpretados à luz de diferentes perspectivas teóricas como a teoria dos modelos mentais (Byrne, 2005) ou a teoria de controlo culpável (Alicke et al., 2008) e as devidas limitações do estudo foram apontadas.
ABSTRACT: This dissertation on counterfactual thinking aims to study the focus effect of a scenario, not only on the production of counterfactual thoughts, but also on the blame ascribed to both the victim and perpetrator of said scenario. In so doing, this study endeavors to fill a gap mentioned by Kahneman and Miller (1986): scenarios usually employed in counterfactual research center mainly on the victims, thereby making their actions more salient and mutable and, therefore, the main focus of counterfactual thoughts. Another consequence discussed by the authors is the greater ascription of blame to the victim since it is easier to imagine them acting differently, thus having been able to avoid a certain misfortune. Three situations were created – car accident, physical assault, and mugging – each one described through a different focus – victim, perpetrator or both. It was hypothesized that the aforementioned effect would produce results on the counterfactuals generated and on the blame ascribed leading, on the one hand, to more counterfactuals being centered on the focal actor of a scenario while, on the other hand, to more blame being ascribed to that actor. Data analysis, obtained through a sample of seventy-two 12th grade students in Lisbon, indicated that the focus effect was present for the counterfactuals generated, but not for the blame ascriptions due to the perpetrator always being ascribed more blame than the victim. Results were interpreted according to different theoretical perspectives such as the mental models theory (Byrne, 2005) or the culpable control model (Alicke, 2008) and the study’s limitations were duly addressed.
Acs, Patricia Dayane. "O foco proletário: processo narrativo da obra A mãe de Maksim Górki". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8155/tde-22052012-122541/.
Texto completoThe research proposes to focus the study and analysis of literary-critical work The mother by Maxim Gorky, generally regarded as the matrix of Socialist Realism. Addressing to the novel from a bias aesthetic form and content interweaving. The objective was to seize the organization of ideas and content through the unveiling of his novelistic composition, scanning the art procedures and mechanisms used by the author in the internal structure of his work. Among these procedures, is of substantial importance of how to construct narrative that interweaves the narrator, narrative focus and narrated in a peculiar way. As we know, is the narrator\'s point of view that organizes the narrative space and time. In Gorky\'s novel, this seems to be precisely the central issue, key input for a more complete understanding of the work. The novel has a narrator in third person, which imply a narrative focus of omniscience with the maximum possible. However, Gorky - on the creator - has opted to reduce the omniscience in favor of a narrative focus that is not neutral and the omniscient narrator, but a character who participates in the narrated the mother. This is exactly the game and that\'s where the penetrating analysis which is the complexity of artistic The mother, whose appearance is presented in a simple manner. It was just a passionate defense of the socialist movement the substrate of the work perhaps Gorky had chosen to recount everything from the point of view of the child, further enhances the figure of a hero. However, your goals - both artistic and social - are beyond that. The choice of narrative focus held by Gorky also demonstrates an author\'s intention to achieve a layer of popular readers, last conclusion to get that research.
Antunes, João Manuel Guerra. "Creativity: Yes! But when? O Papel da Regulação do Foco e da Auto-liderança na Criatividade". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13197.
Texto completoA criatividade, embora se trate de um constructo válido teoricamente e no meio organizacional, continua em muitas situações longe de ser explorada e vista como uma mais-valia para o dia-a-dia organizacional. O facto de poderem existir organizações onde não existe uma promoção da criatividade mas uma repressão da mesma demonstra que este conceito continua a necessitar de mais validação teórica e prática, na medida em que o mesmo deve fortalecer a sua relação com outros conceitos indispensáveis ao contexto organizacional. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo passa por explorar a relação existente entre a auto-liderança e a criatividade praticada na organização e, para além disto, perceber em que condição a regulação do foco tem impacto nesta relação. Para estudar esta relação foram recolhidos dados de 100 profissionais do setor terciário em Portugal. Os resultados evidenciaram que apenas a auto-liderança e a regulação da promoção do foco possuem uma relação positiva significativa com a criatividade praticada. Não se verificou qualquer influência da regulação do foco na relação proposta. No entanto, este estudo de caso contribui com resultados pertinentes para a investigação sobre a problemática da criatividade praticada nas organizações
Creativity although it is a valid construct and essential to the organizational environment, it still continues in many situations, far from being explored and viewed as an asset for an organization’s day-to-day life. The fact that there may be organizations where there is no promotion of creativity but a repression of the same, shows that this concept still requires more theoretical and practical validation in that it should strengthen its relationship with other essential concepts for the organizational context. Thus, the aim of this study involves exploring the relationship between self-leadership and practiced creativity in organizations, and in addition, it aims to understand when the regulatory focus, as a trait, influences this relationship. To study this relationship data were collected from 100 professionals from the tertiary sector in Portugal. The results showed that only self-leadership and the promotion focus have a significant positive relationship with practiced creativity. There was no influence of regulatory focus in the proposed relation. However, this study provides relevant results for research regarding practiced creativity in organizations.
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Silva, Fernanda Rosa da. "Deslocamento de tópico e foco no português brasileiro: uma análise semântico-pragmática". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-18072017-181108/.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to investigate the semantic and pragmatic particularities of declarative clauses in Brazilian Portuguese (PB) that have a syntactic structure in which phrases from different positions are dislocated to the left periphery of the clause. More precisely, this research analyzes if elements with informational functions as topic and focus can be dislocated to the left periphery of the clause and in which circumstances this phenomenon can occur. The methodology adopted consists in the judgment of the truth-value of a sentence, as well as the felicity conditions in which it was enunciated. Such judgments and conditions are given by the intuition of Brazilian Portuguese native speakers. This research also intends to compare the following notions and concepts: topic x focus; contrast x non-contrast; exhaustivity x non-exhaustivity. From the analyzed data, we conclude that in PB both phrases with informational function of focus and phrases with informational function of topic can be dislocated to the left periphery of the sentence. We also conclude that contrast itself is not an obligatory notion in sentences with dislocated phrases. We also show that exhaustivity is an implicature in some dislocation cases, but cannot be canceled in others, mainly in the ones in which the elements of the most salient set are not explicitly given. In clauses with dislocation, we can see a greater difficulty in cancelling the exhaustivity when compared to canonical clauses. When it comes to definitiness, it is not determinant to topic and focus dislocation in PB. We could find clauses with indefinite phrases dislocated to the left periphery of the clause for both topic and focus discursive function. Finally, phrases with topic function do not necessarily need to be previously mentioned in the context.
Silva, Elen Glauciene. "Chacina do Duro: do evento à representação dos acontecimentos". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7744.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This dissertation deals with the different writings of Memory, Literature and History about events that occurred between 1918 and 1919 in the town of São José do Duro, in the northeast of the State of Goiás, and which were nationally known by the novel O Tronco of Bernardo Élis. Despite starting from the same sources, the authors constructed different representations about the events. In order to analyze the differences in the narratives, the forms of plot elaboration that led to the observation of the type of explanation given to the events were identified, and from there to the identification of which ideological implications are implicit and/or explicit in the texts. The narrative focuses adopted by the various authors were also analyzed, allowing the understanding that even when there are homogeneity of worldviews, history and time, and therefore ways of explanation, the narratives do not match, as they are attentive to different Outbreaks, denoting openness to future narratives. Meanwhile, the historical narratives took as a model of events the novel by goiano Bernardo Élis, a work that gave an opening to history.
Esta dissertação tem como objeto as diferentes escritas da Memória, da Literatura e da História sobre acontecimentos ocorridos entre 1918 e 1919 na Vila de São José do Duro, antigo nordeste do Estado de Goiás e que ficaram conhecidos nacionalmente pelo romance O Tronco de Bernardo Élis. Apesar de partirem das mesmas fontes, os autores construíram diferentes representações sobre os eventos. Para analisar as diferenças existentes nas narrativas foram identificadas as formas de elaboração de enredo que levaram à observação do tipo de explicação dado aos eventos e, a partir daí à identificação de quais implicações ideológicas estão implícitas e/ou explícitas nos textos. Os focos narrativos adotados pelos diversos autores também foram analisados, possibilitando a compreensão de que mesmo quando há homogeneidade de visões de mundo, de História e de tempo e, portanto, de maneiras de explicação, as narrativas não se igualam, pois se atentam a diferentes focos, denotando abertura para futuras narrativas. Entrementes a tudo isso, as narrativas históricas tomaram como modelo de representação dos acontecimentos o romance do goiano Bernardo Élis, uma obra que deu abertura para a História.
Pozzebon, Edna Alves dos Santos. "Partículas modais da língua alemã em materiais didáticos para aprendizes iniciantes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-26062017-084505/.
Texto completoIn order to investigate the modal particles of the German language presented in teaching materials of German as a foreign language for beginners, we conducted an empirical research on the series Deutsch als Fremdsprache IA, Stufen international and Studio D, in order to verify which particles are presented and which communicative functions (based on Helbig 1990) they exert on the interactions represented in the materials in question. The occurrences were also analyzed in relation to the types of focus proposed by Long (1989; 1991), as well as the types of proposed activities and / or exercises in which such particles are inserted. In the corpus, 17 modal particles or sets of particles were identified, with a total of 617 occurrences. The five particles with highest occurrence are: denn (32%), doch (19%), mal (15%), ja (10%) and eigentlich (7%). From the analysis of the communicative situations presented in the corpus materials, we developed a set of 31 functions, in which those expressed by denn, doch, mal and ja stand out, evidencing their importance from the first steps in the language. In the analyzed materials, the modal particles are mainly used to express courtesy and attenuation, to assert the will of the speaker in relation to his interlocutor, or even to direct the interlocutor to the consensus desired by the speaker. Regarding the type of exercises in which the particles are inserted, its totality is of the mechanical / reproductive type in the volumes referring to level A of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). Thus, it is clear the importance of exposure to the modal particles from the beginning of the learning of German as a foreign language, even though in a non-productive way. The results of the analysis show that both communicative and non-communicative materials approach the theme from the focus on meaning, in which the attention of the learner is shifted to meaning without dwelling on form, excluding formal grammar teaching, which is learned implicitly and incidentally. From this observation, on can infer that the three materials, in principle, recognize that the modal particles are important for authentic communication, but do not necessarily need to be actively approached by the teacher.
Franzoni, Mariana Marília. "O efeito do foco de atenção na aprendizagem motora de idosos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-09022012-094247/.
Texto completoElderly tend to direct attention toward to their body movements in an online movement control mode, which it has been associated with a not efficient muscle system activation, and an inhibition of an effective automatic process of control (CHIVIACOWSKY, WULF e WALLY, 2010). Focus of attention has been presented as one of the four main factors affecting motor learning. It seems that external focus of attention can promote qualitative superior performance and speed up learning by adopting automatic patterns of control, using less conscious processing (WULF, SHEA E LEWTHWAITE, 2010). In the other hand, there are some evidences that the external focus of attention only does not affect movement control mode and the advantages on the focus adoption are dependent on the learner skill level and also on the given instruction volume. In this sense, the objective of this study was to examine whether the adoption of a focus of attention, internal (FI) and external (FE), affect the learning of a motor skill in old age. Two groups with 20 individuals between 60 and 75 years old were analyzed on the darts throwing toward a static target. Results showed that although the two groups have improved performance with practice and were able to learn, FE group showed discrete advantage in the learning initials stages. Despite of that, there was also some indicatives that when instructions are repeated it can take FE off of the automatic control, which causes performance decrease. Considering that the performance differences found in the beginning of learning did not maintain, particularly, in the retention test, it is not possible to accept the hypothesis that the external focus is favorable in the darts throwing learning in old age
Santos, Eduardo Ferreira dos. "A periferia esquerda da sentença no português de Angola". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-25102010-161209/.
Texto completoThe purpose of the study The left periphery of the sentence in portuguese of Angola aims to describe and analyze the left periphery of the sentence in portuguese of Angola, specifically the discursive categories focus and topic. We begin our work with the considerations about the historical, social and linguistics aspects of Angola that help us to understand the presence of portuguese language in Angola and its linguistic situation in a multilingual environment like this country. Based on Generative Theory, Principles and Parameters model, pre-minimalist version, we established the concept of focus and the typology adopted in our work for this category. From an interface morphosyntax / discursive, we consider the clefts and pseudoclefts sentences as focus carrying by presenting a specificational reading, where there is an obligatory predication of value to a variable, expressing the readings of contrast, exclusiveness and exhaustive. We present, therefore, an analysis to focus on the portuguese of Angola, from the typology of clefts and pseudoclefts sentences works of the european and brazilian portuguese language. For the sentences traditionally classified as interrogative cleft without copula, we propose an analysis in which we consider this kind of sentence outside of the cleft classification. We consider that the fronted element receiving the focus reading is followed by a particle focussing pointing to a grammatically controlled focus. For topic category, we limit ourselves, only in presenting a preliminary typology to the portuguese in Angola, based on recent studies of the vernacular brazilian portuguese.
Polli, Tercio Campos. "A periferia à esquerda da sentença no Português Brasileiro: funções discursivas de seus constituintes e sua derivação". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-08072008-154106/.
Texto completoThis research investigates properties of the Brazilian Portuguese sentence structure, more precisely those that trigger the inversion of constituents to the left-periphery of the sentence. It is based on a corpus as a means of acquiring descriptive data, composed of ten plays, being each of them written by a writer born in a different decade, comprising two centuries: XIX and XX. The aim of this research is to identify the types of constituents that occupy the leftperiphery of sentences and why they do so (if they fulfill any discourse function like topic, focus or if they are merely in structural prominence), in order to cast light upon the way the information structure interacts with the syntax of that dialect. For that reason, it was also necessary to investigate the discourse functions played by the subject both in SV and VS orders. The theoretical framework used for the accomplishment of that task is based on the implementations made by the Minimalist Program (Chomsky - 2000, 2001 and 2004) to the Theory of Principles and Parameters. Besides, as cartographic proposal, it adopts Rizzi (2002, 2004) and, as concept of topic and focus, those proposed in Lambrecht (1996).
Resenes, Mariana Santos de. "A sintaxe das construções semiclivadas e pseudoclivadas no português brasileiro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-13102014-181231/.
Texto completoThis dissertation aims to describe and analyse semiclefts and pseudoclefts constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, with the background of Generative Theory. Given the heterogeneity of the facts analysed, we propose an approach that divides both constructions in two types. Regarding the semiclefts, one type (and this is the big group) receives a monoclausal analysis, independent of pseudoclefts, which are called true semiclefts, whereas the other, well delimited and restricted, receives a biclausal analysis, as a reduced version of pseudoclefts. In our proposal of a monoclausal analysis to the syntax of true semiclefts, the copula, which immediately precedes the focus, is the spell out of a functional category involved in the establishment of predication relations, either a RELATOR or a LINKER, following the syntax of predication developed in Den Dikken (2006a). Exploring the application of Predicate Inversion, with its implications, such as the emergence of a copula, the freezing of the subject of predication to syntactic manipulations which stays in situ and receives, invariably, the focus interpretation at the interfaces, we enlarge the approach given to the syntax of predication, treating also the \'object of\' relation as an essentially predicational relation. As for the pseudoclefts, the two types recognized receive both a biclausal analysis (contra monoclausal and reconstruction analyses). The proposal of a dual analysis to pseudoclefts, in type A and type B, a la Den Dikken, Meinunger & Wilder (2000), is based on the heterogeneity of the data in our language - especially regarding the differences attested between the two patterns of these constructions (with wh-clause initial or final) and regarding the type of wh-clause that can occur in each of them (an interrogative or a free relative) - data that resist a single fully homogeneous treatment. This dual analysis has crosslinguistic (partial or total) scope, according to the characteristics of the languages. We tried to show how different wh-clauses are related to different patterns of pseudoclefts, each of them with its particular syntactic structure, as well as some consequences that they give rise to and that contrast with each other, as predicted. We also claim that, among the polemic connectivity effects that pseudoclefts can have, some deserve a syntactic account, whereas others do not. Connectivity effects related to anaphors and bound pronouns are better accounted for by a semantic account, given their occurrence even in simple (non-cleft) specificational copular sentences, regardless of the order between the pre and postcopular terms, and for which even an analysis via reconstruction (last chance to still have a syntactic treatment) is sometimes impossible. Crucially, connectivity effects related to NPI (negative polarity items) and Case are the relevant ones to distinguish the pseudoclefts in two types. Type A pseudoclefts receive a biclausal analysis with ellipsis, in which the wh-clause is an interrogative and the counterweight is a full sentence, the complete answer to the question, subject to (strongly favoured) ellipsis of the repeated part. In analogy to the question-answer pairs, these pseudoclefts are called self-answering questions, with a \'topic-comment\' structure, whose order is rigid, resulting only in the wh-clause-initial pattern (question<answer). On the other hand, type B pseudoclefts are based on a predicational structure, a small clause. They also receive a biclausal analysis, but one of the WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) kind, in which the wh-clause, here a free relative, is the predicate, and the XP, its subject, necessarily the focus of the sentence. The free relative, as a predicate nominal, is subject to Predicate Inversion; consequently, the order of type B pseudoclefts is more flexible, resulting in both patterns, wh-clause-initial or final. Finally, we go back to semiclefts, more specifically, to its the second type, the limited group that is a reduced version of pseudoclefts, as indicated by the facts related to the agreement in the lexical verb. The occurrence of such semiclefts is restricted to the subject semiclefts. In face of two types of pseudoclefts, we show that only type A allow \'reduction\'. Factors that contribute to this are the rigid order, characteristic of semiclefts and only of type A pseudoclefts, and the possibility of omission of the wh pronoun (\'wh-drop\'), possible in interrogatives (as an available option in Universal Grammar), but never in free relatives. Since these reduced pseudoclefts are limited to the subject ones, their null wh (an instance of \'wh-drop\') is reanalysed as a prowh in the romance languages that have these constructions.
Breunig, Gustavo. "Análise informacional em paralelos : questões relacionadas às funções de tópico e de foco". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104903.
Texto completoLooking for a particular way of analyzing the information structure, this work presents an analysis of sentential topic and focus in parallels. The way information is distributed in a sentences, or its information structure, is a research subject still beginning to develop, with many terms, as well as meanings for those terms, coming up often. This analysis aims at dissociating focus and topic as complements of each other, showing a possibility of analysis in which these elements occur in different levels of analysis – the parallels – which allow them more autonomy, as well as closer in some analysis. Focus is the element that will be dealt with more in the present work, which compares both parallels, but analyzes more sentences and problems concerning the focus, such as the existence of a secondary information focus, which is called auxiliary focus, that aims at providing new information that has not been asked for. Also, in the focus parallel, the relation between focus and implicature is dealt with. Topic, on the other hand, is an element that still needs deeper research, here being introduced concerning more basic problems, but still important ones.
Gustafsson, Harald. "Speech enhancement for mobile communications /". Ronneby : Dept. of Telecommunications and Signal Processing, Univ. of Karlskrona/Ronneby [Institutionen för telekommunikation och signalbehandling, Högsk. i Karlskrona/Ronneby], 2000. http://www.bth.se/fou/.
Texto completoGrbicʹ, Nedelko. "Optimal and adaptive subband beamforming : principles and applications /". Ronneby : Blekinge Institute of Technology, Department of Telecommunications and Signal Processing, 2001. http://www.bth.se/fou.
Texto completoNordberg, Jörgen. "Signal enhancement in wireless communication systems /". Ronneby : Department of Telecommunications and Signal Processing, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2002. http://www.bth.se/fou.
Texto completoGussenhoven, Carlos. "Notions and subnotions in information structure". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1970/.
Texto completoCosta, Marconi Freitas da. "Efeitos da metáfora da verticalidade e do foco regulatório motivacional do consumidor sobre as avaliações de preços". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-08012018-120715/.
Texto completoPeople routinely make associations between affection and vertical positions, in which objects that is in up positiion are often considered good and those that is in down position are considered bad. The use of the metaphor, usually unconscious, can affect the individual\'s motivation to make product price assessments. The motivational regulatory focus of the individual can present characteristics that contribute to restore motivation, because it is divided into a focus on promotion, which seeks to seize opportunities and approach gains and a focus on prevention that seeks to maintain vigilance to avoid negative results and to avoid losses. The main goal of this research was to analyze the effects of the metaphor of verticality on the form that the individuals make the price evaluations, having the regulatory focus as moderator of this relation. Seven hypotheses were elaborated, tested with the use of experiments. The total sample of the experiments, containing a pilot study and three studies that evaluated the proposed theoretical model, was 522 participants. The data were analyzed through two way ANOVA and Hayes macro PROCESS (Model 8, 2013). The results show that the treatment group with those individuals who consider themselves to be physically high and focused on prevention made evaluations within the proposed for this study when compared to individuals who consider themselves physically low and focused on promotion. The first treatment group mentioned attributed the lowest prices to the products, demanded larger discounts to move to another store in search of a product, considered the most unfair price practiced by the company and, lastly, had the best performance in price evaluation to get a good deal. The main contribution of this thesis is that individuals are exposed daily to changes in self-esteem because of mental simulations of verticality, in which the body influences the thoughts of these individuals for decision-making in relation to prices, and that the regulatory focus is capable to mitigate such effects.
Sócrates, Lessandro. "Quem diz \'Eu, um negro\'? Vozes e foco narrativo no filme de Jean Rouch". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27153/tde-19112010-085140/.
Texto completoThe aim of this dissertation is to discuss the subversion of the boundaries between documentary and fiction film by studying a pioneer film: Me, a black (1958), by the French filmmaker and ethnographer Jean Rouch. This duality is incorporated into the structure of this research, and the reflections on the film are divided into two parts, one closer to the documentary studies, the other more in line with the fiction film studies. In the first case, the focus is on the strategies employed by Rouch in the transposition of the historical world to cinema, highlighting the heterogeneity of image and sound records used in this process. In the second, an immanent analysis of the film is proposed, especially on the issue of voices and narrative focus. Finally, there is a discussion on the classical and the modern aspects of Me, a black, either as a fiction or as a documentary.
Calbucci, Eduardo. "A construção do ator da enunciação em romances com narrador-personagem: a experiência machadiana em \'Mémorias póstumas de Brás Cubas\'". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-22102007-114409/.
Texto completoThis thesis has its goals centered in problems of enunciation, among which are those ones that send to the relations between enunciation and enunciate, enunciator and narrator, enunciatee and narratee, narrative focus, éthos and style. Nine novels of Machado de Assis form the corpus of analysis, with special attention to Brás Cubas\' posthumous memoirs (Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas). The linguistic approach of the literary composition is not an easy task, fundamentally because certain literary texts, as the machadians, feature discoursive proceedings, which are not easy to be explained. Our idea is to raise these problems of enunciation suggested by machadian novels such as irony and the delegation of voices - and study them according to the presuppositions of French semiotics and, when necessary, taking advantage of notions of other discourse theories. Thus, our work may function as a \"discoursive grammar\" of Memórias póstumas, which will permit touching in questions that are not fully solved by linguistic and literary studies. A specific purpose of the research is to show how the actor of the enunciation is built in Machado de Assis from Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, a kind of summary of his literary work, for this novel offers indications enough to suggest the machadian éthos. In spite of the enunciator\'s éthos apprehension always to depend of a totality of discourses, we try to prove that novels with narrator-character allow synedochically that the typical traces of an actor of the enunciation are inferred - once they present textual markers that lead to the semantic distinction between the enunciations of first and second degrees. It should be taken into consideration that this did not exempt us from the obligation of confronting that éthos with the totality of the writer\'s work.
Silva, Fernanda Rosa da. "Foco e relações de escopo: um estudo de caso no português brasileiro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-27092012-120037/.
Texto completoThis work investigates the semantic and pragmatic effects of a specific kind of focus which we call over-informative focus and how it affects scope relations among quantifier phrases in Brazilian Portuguese. We discuss how information structure and quantifier scope interact paying attention to many types of quantifiers such as universals, existential and cardinals. Scope relations in Brazilian Portuguese were investigated by Negrão (1999), who have concluded that the language is very rigid disallowing scope inversion in most cases. Her work, however, was restricted to neutral (out-of-the-blue) contexts. Our goal is to investigate how over-informative focus affects this apparent rigidity. Throughout this work, we give a detailed syntactic and semantic analysis of the interaction between quantification and focalization and a pragmatic characterization of contexts in which over informative focus is licit.
Lopes, Joyce Vânia Rodrigues. "Relações entre foco regulatório, autoeficácia criativa e criatividade". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2018. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/4086.
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Creativity is an important personal resource that, together with organizational resources, can put companies in competitive advantages and stimulate growth and development, both individual and organizational. Creative performance in addition to positively correlating to the regulatory focus on promotion may be influenced by the individual's belief in his or her ability to produce creative results, conceptualized as creative self-efficacy. This dissertation aims to investigate the relationship between creativity, regulatory focus and creative selfefficacy in the Brazilian organizational context. Three studies were carried out - two theorists and one empirical one, the first one being a theoretical article that discusses the creativity and its theoretical aspects relevant to this study. The second is an article that seeks to analyze the state of the art of knowledge about creative self-efficacy. The third, in turn, is an empirical article, being a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive and correlational study that aims to analyze the existing relationships among the studied variables, namely creative self-efficacy, creativity and regulatory focus, as well as the power of mediation of creative self-efficacy in the relation between regulatory focus and creativity, thus testing the conceptual theoretical model. The data were collected as self-report, through the Creative Self-Efficacy Scale, Creativity Scale and Regulatory Focus Scale (only items related to the regulatory focus in promotion). The study was carried out with 125 workers with mean age of 35 years, 97 females and 28 males. For the data treatment, the statistical analysis programs SPSS 22.0, AMOS 22.0 and Process were used. The results allowed to conclude that the regulatory focus in promotion is positively correlated to creativity and creative self-efficacy, and that this is positively correlated to creativity. The test of the mediation model indicated that creative selfefficacy served as a mediator in the relationship between the regulatory focus on promotion and creativity, allowing a clearer verification of how creative self-efficacy, as a mediator variable, influences the relationship between regulatory focus in promotion and creativity.
A criatividade é um importante recurso pessoal que, aliado a recursos organizacionais, pode colocar as empresas em vantagens competitivas e estimular crescimento e desenvolvimento, tanto individual quanto organizacional. O desempenho criativo além de se correlacionar positivamente ao foco regulatório em promoção, pode ser influenciado pela crença do indivíduo em sua capacidade de produzir resultados criativos, conceituada como autoeficácia criativa. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar as relações mantidas entre criatividade, foco regulatório e autoeficácia criativa, no contexto organizacional brasileiro. Foram realizados três estudos – dois teóricos e um empírico, sendo o primeiro um artigo teórico que discorre sobre a criatividade e seus aspectos teóricos relevantes a este estudo. Já o segundo se trata de um artigo que busca analisar o estado da arte do conhecimento sobre a autoeficácia criativa. O terceiro, por sua vez, é um artigo empírico, sendo um estudo de corte transversal, quantitativo, descritivo e correlacional, que visa analisar as relações existentes entre as variáveis estudadas, a saber autoeficácia criativa, criatividade e foco regulatório, bem como o poder de mediação da autoeficácia criativa na relação entre foco regulatório e criatividade, testando assim o modelo teórico conceitual. Os dados foram coletados na forma de autorrelato, por meio da Escala de Autoeficácia Criativa, Escala de Criatividade e Escala do Foco Regulatório (apenas itens relacionados ao foco regulatório em promoção). O estudo foi desenvolvido com 125 trabalhadores com idade média de 35 anos, sendo 97 do sexo feminino e 28 do sexo masculino. Para o tratamento de dados, foram utilizados os programas de análise estatística SPSS 22.0, AMOS 22.0 e Process. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o foco regulatório em promoção está positivamente correlacionado à criatividade e à autoeficácia criativa, e que esta está correlacionada positivamente à criatividade. O teste do modelo de mediação indicou que a autoeficácia criativa atuou como mediadora na relação entre foco regulatório em promoção e criatividade, permitindo verificar com mais clareza de que forma a autoeficácia criativa, na condição de variável mediadora, influencia a relação entre foco regulatório em promoção e criatividade.
Freitas, Sergio Antonio Andrade de. "Deíticos e anáforas pronominais em diálogos". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25178.
Texto completoThe proposal of this work is to implement a set of dialog elements expressed by two human agents. The pronominal anaphora and some deixis pronoums (in portuguese: I, you, your, my) that eventually appear during the dialog are resolved. Basically, this work is divided in four parts: 1. An introdutory study of the Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) [KAM88, KAM90]. The DRT is a formalism for discourse representation that uses models for semantic evaluation of the representation structures. This study considers only the representational aspects, looking for single sentences. 2. A study based on [HIR81, CAR87] about: some kinds of ambiguity, what anaphora are, kinds of anaphora etc. This study intends to give the reader the minimal knowledge about the linguistic aspects of anaphora. In this study, we point out two types of anaphora: personal coespecification and lexical placement, this two were the ones that we used in the system. Those two types are in the following groups: personal coespecification in the pronominal anaphora and lexical placement in the nominal anaphora. 3. Considering that DRT only represent the discourse without resolving the anaphora, we used the Focus Theory [SID79, COR92] as a tool for pronominal anaphora resolution. The Focus Theory works on the thematic informations of the sentences. It reduces the universe of the possible antecedents and give some rules to walk throught this universe. We used the focalization algorithm presented by Sophie Cormack [COR92] which is based on the original version of Candace Sidner [SID79]. 4. Finally, the system was implemented in C-Prolog [PER87], and its main functions are: (a) a DRS generator, (b) a focalization algorithm, (c) the integration of the focalization algorithm and the DRS generator. Basically, what the system does is: the discourse of the agent is read in the keyboard, and each sentence of the discourse is analised by the sintatic analyser, generating a parsing tree. Then the DRS generator reduces this tree into referents and DRS-conditions. Eventually, the focalization algorithm will be called when the sentence contain some pronominal anaphora. The deixis resolution is made by the DRS-generator.
Kim, Young-eun. "Focus and old information : polarity focus, contrastive focus, and contrastive topic /". Digital version:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992836.
Texto completoSilva, Marcelo Robson de Azevedo Martins da. "Análise comparativa entre suportes para janelamento na técnica Shape From Focus". Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6900.
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Existem muitas técnicas para reconstrução de objetos tridimensionais em computador, algumas são empregadas em ambientes controlados e outras em ambientes que não necessitam de grande precisão. Shape From Focus é um método bastante conhecido que utiliza uma pilha de fotografias retiradas com diferentes configurações focais para reconstruir um mapa de profundidade bastante preciso. Este método obtém maior estabilidade na reconstrução de objetos muito pequenos ou microscópios, mas recentemente vem sendo utilizado para reconstrução de ambientes. Com isso, o modelo de reconstrução de mapas de profundidade, Shape From Focus, passou a processar maiores quantidades de interferências na pilha de fotografias, como por exemplo, a distorção da lente, o aumento da profundidade de campo, o efeito zoom, entre outros, e também o ruído introduzido pelo ambiente. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos do suporte adaptativo para o janelamento de avaliação do medidor de qualidade de foco do método Shape From Focus. Apesar de diferentes trabalhos sobre este tema utilizarem diversas variações do janelamento de avaliação, o suporte adaptativo pode fornecer uma alternativa para encontrar a estabilidade e confiança na obtenção do mapa de profundidade, limitando o erro introduzido por interferências globais.
There are many techniques for reconstructing three-dimensional objects in a computer, some are used in controlled environments and others in environments that do not require great precision. Shape From Focus is one of the well-known method that uses a stack of cropped photographs with different focal settings to reconstruct a fairly accurate depth map. This method obtains greater stability in the reconstruction of very small objects or microscopes, but has recently been used for reconstruction of environments. As a result, the Shape From Focus reconstruction model began to process greater amounts of interference in the photo stack, such as lens distortion, increased depth of field, zoom effect, among others, as well as noise Introduced by the environment. This work analyzes the effects of the adaptive support for the evaluation window of the focus quality meter of the Shape From Focus method. Although different works on this theme use several variations of the evaluation window, the adaptive support can provide an alternative to find the stability and confidence in obtaining the depth map, limiting the error introduced by global interferences.
Leitão, Bárbara Júlia Menezello. ""Grupos de foco: o uso da metodologia de avaliação qualitativa como suporte complementar à avaliação quantitativa realizada pelo Sistema de Bibliotecas da USP"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27148/tde-12082003-150618/.
Texto completoThis dissertation demonstrates how a methodology called focus groups provides solid results to supplement a quantitative evaluation performed by the Sistema de Bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo (SIBi/USP). The basis for this dissertation is a detailed research about the most recent uses of the focus groups methodology in different areas of knowledge, especially in the Library Science field. Experiments performed in national and international universities libraries were selected and reported to build a diversified reference in this subject. It is also described one experiment headed by this researcher in some Libraries that constitutes the SIBi/USP. In this way the focus group methodology may help the libraries to improve their services and develop a essential skill for librarians: the art of listen to their users.
Nasser, Juliana Antunes. "A estruturação da informação no português brasileiro: um estudo em narrativas orais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-06112009-164642/.
Texto completoThis thesis aims at investigating how users organize information flow in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). According to Lambrecht 1994, the management of information flow is primarily based on three functions: predicate-focus structure (topic-comment), argumentfocus structure (identificational) and sentence-focus structure (event reporting or apresentational). His analysis comprises six independent but inter-related notions: pragmatic pressuposition and pragmatic assertion, identifiability and activation, topic and focus. I intend to explore the idea that there is a cognitively motivated pragmatic maxim, which induces the speaker to introduce a referent first, and then say something about it. The theoretical background is the one of Cognitive Linguistics, more specifically Discourse Pragmatics, which comprises the study of information structure. This studies are based on the observation that the structure of a sentence reflects the speakers´s assumption about the hearer´s state of knowledge and counscionusness at the time of utterance. To achieve my goals, I used a corpus composed by transcriptions of ten oral narratives, estimulated by the Pear Story movie, produced by Chafe 1980. With the empirical study, it was possible to describe how information is structured in Brazilian Portuguese. When it comes to information structure, the main specificity of BP is the formal manifestation of sentence-focus structures.
Lima, Juciane Nóbrega. "Paralelismo e foco estrutural no processamento da correferência de pronomes e de nomes repetidos". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8418.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The present study has aims to investigate the intrasentencial coreference processing, observing how the processing of coreference of pronouns and repeated names occurs in relation to the focus of their antecedents. We take as initial hypothesis that repeated names take an extra cost to be processed than pronouns, despite the antecedent is more salient or not. This is nominated by the Repeated Name Penalty, postulated by the Informational Load Hypothesis. Almor (1999, 2000). We performed two online self-paced reading, through Psyscope program. The dependent variable of the two experiments was the reading time of the critical segment (repeated name or pronoun) and the independent variables were the type of resumption (pronoun or repeated name) and the position of the antecedent (focused or unfocused) . The difference between the two experiments was that at the first we controlled all experimental sentences to contain pronouns and repeated names in the same position and syntactic function of its background, so in parallel . The second was controlled in order not to contain the conditions in parallel. 28 students from UFPB participated in each experiment. The results of the first experiment show a lower reading time for the pronouns in relation to repeated names regardless if its antecedent was focused or not .The structural focus showed no significant effect on any of the experimental conditions. A possible explanation would be that the effect of structural parallelism overlapped the effect of focus. That's what the results of the second experiment showed. The resumption and antecedent not in parallel time resulted in an significant effect of structural focus. The reading time was faster when the antecedent was focused than when it was not. It was also confirmed Repeated Name Penalty also in this second experiment.
O presente estudo tem como objeto de investigação o processamento correferencial intersentencial, procurando observar como se dá o processamento da correferência de pronomes e de nomes repetidos em relação ao foco dos seus respectivos antecedentes. Tomamos como hipótese inicial que nomes repetidos teriam o processamento mais custoso do que os pronomes, independente da saliência do antecedente. Ou seja, haveria Penalidade do Nome Repetido, postulada pela Hipótese da Carga Informacional de Almor (1999; 2000). Para isso, realizamos dois experimentos com uma tarefa on-line de leitura automonitorada (self-paced reading), por meio do programa Psyscope. A variável dependente dos dois experimentos foi o tempo de leitura do segmento crítico (nome repetido ou pronome). E as variáveis independentes foram: o tipo de retomada (pronome ou nome repetido) e a posição do antecedente (focalizado ou não focalizado). A diferença entre os dois experimentos foi que no primeiro controlamos para que em todas as frases experimentais contivessem pronomes e nomes repetidos na mesma posição e função sintática de seus antecedentes, ou seja, em paralelo. Já no segundo controlamos para que em nenhuma das condições tivessem antecedente e retomada em paralelo. O total de participantes voluntários foi de 28 estudantes da UFPB em cada experimento. Os resultados do primeiro experimento mostram menor tempo de leitura para os pronomes em relação aos nomes repetidos independentemente se o seu antecedente estivesse focalizado ou não. Já o foco estrutural não mostrou efeito significativo em nenhuma das condições experimentais. Uma possível explicação seria a de que o efeito do paralelismo estrutural se sobrepôs ao efeito do foco. Foi o que os resultados do segundo experimento demonstraram. Dessa vez, com retomada e antecedente não paralelo, o efeito de foco estrutural se mostrou significativo, ou seja, a leitura foi mais rápida quando o antecedente estava focalizado do que quando não estava. E foi confirmada Penalidade do Nome Repetido também nesse segundo experimento.
Cail, Martin Austin. "Focus". The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1321893390.
Texto completoHartmann, Katharina, Peggy Jacob y Malte Zimmermann. "Focus asymmetries in Bura". Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1938/.
Texto completoRooth, Mats. "Notions of focus anaphoricity". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1962/.
Texto completoOliveira, Janete Barbosa de. "Vou pôr uma história: estratégias narrativas em Nosso musseque, de Luandino Vieira". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8156/tde-17042015-125654/.
Texto completoThis Masters dissertation presents a reading of Nosso Musseque (2003) by the Angolan writer José Luandino Vieira, a novel that is part of the literature produced in the 60s and which catches daily life of the most disadvantaged parcels of Luanda: the inhabitants from musseques. Our goal is to analyze the narrative focus constitution and the effects of many stylistic strategies used on the text meaning. Under the aegis of a literature committed to the construction of nationality and the Angolanity, this novel is characterized by the collective memory recovery of a group of children, which lived in the borderlines of Luanda, before the Liberation War period, in which the narrator takes part. The journey through childhood, adolescence and youth is reminded under a perspective that adheres to the characters and which reveals itself on a polyphony of discursive voices, rescuing forms from the oral tradition logic in the African traditional societies, that are in tension with those presented in literature. The collective memory reconstruction evidences the conflicts between the individuals and the excluding true: his look will uncover not only the significant moments when the wishes for plenitude were frustrated, but also the resistance strategies from the marginalized related to the colonialism. Hence, the musseque boys journey is reported under an intimate and profoundly committed point of view that recollects the maturing process and the arousing of a revolutionary and utopian conscience, imbricating fiction and reality.
Itikawa, Jackson. "O problema do centro-foco para singularidades nilpotentes no plano". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55135/tde-05122012-144434/.
Texto completoThe study of singular points in planar analytic vector fields is a problem almost completely solved. The only case that remains open is the monodromic one, in which the orbits turn around the singularity. In analytic differential systems, if p is a monodromic singular point, then p is either a center or a focus. The center-focus problem consists in determining conditions for distinguishing between a center and a focus. The main purpose of this work is the investigation of the center-focus problem in analytic differential systems with nilpotent singular points. This problem is still widely studied, since there is no algorithm for such case, comparable to the Lyapunov method for the case of non-degenerate singularities. We studied two different methods. The first makes use of the normal form theory and deals with the problem in the classic way, splitting it up in two parts: the investigation of the monodromy and the study of the stability. The latter investigates the differential analytic systems with nilpotent singular points as limit of differential systems with nondegenerate singularities. In order to evaluate the efficiency and understand possible obstructions, we applied the two techniques to concrete families of differential systems
Wally, Raquel do Sacramento. "Aprendizagem motora em idosos: efeitos do foco de atenção na aprendizagem de uma habilidade motora de equilíbrio". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1834.
Texto completoThe current study aims at checking the effects of focus of attention direction in the learning of a balancing motor skill in the elderly. 34 subjects will take part in the study, randomly divided into two groups, in accordance with the different types of attention focus: internal and external. The participants will be submitted to a dynamic balance task on a balancing platform, where they will have to try to maintain the platform at a horizontal position for as long as they can within each trial. The tested hypothesis is that subjects who practice with external attention focus will reach a higher learning than those who practice with an internal focus of attention, in accordance with results from previous studies (Wulf, 2007). The acquisition phase will consist of ten trials and after 24 hours; the subjects will be submitted to a retention test consisting of six trials, without any instructions related to the attention focus. Key
O presente estudo procura verificar os efeitos do cionamento do foco de atenção na aprendizagem de uma habilidade motora de equilíbrio em idosos. Participarão do estudo 34 sujeitos, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, de acordo com os diferentes tipos de foco de atenção: foco interno e foco externo. Os participantes serão submetidos a uma tarefa de equilíbrio dinâmico em uma plataforma de equilíbrio, onde tentarão manter a plataforma na posição horizontal o maior tempo possível dentro de cada tentativa. A hipótese testada é que sujeitos que praticarão com foco de atenção externo obterão maior aprendizagem do que sujeitos que praticarão com foco de atenção interno, conforme resultados de estudos anteriores (Wulf, 2007). A fase de aquisição constará de dez tentativas, após 24 horas, os sujeitos serão submetidos a um teste de retenção constando de cinco tentativas, sem instruções relacionadas ao foco de atenção
Watterson, Susan J. "Changing focus". Chicago, Ill : McCormick Theological Seminary, 1999. http://www.tren.com.
Texto completoAbusch, Dorit. "Focus presuppositions". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1966/.
Texto completoZimmermann, Malte. "Contrastive focus". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1968/.
Texto completoGillis, Dawn R. "Shifting Focus". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4101.
Texto completoSilva, Lia Moretti e. "O efeito do foco regulatório dos consumidores na negligência da omissão na avaliação dos alimentos lácteos". Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1449.
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The main objective of this research was to assess the influence from regulatory focus consumers in omission negligence about dairy food product evaluating. In both cases, the omission negligence phenomenon and the individual regulatory focus, have influence in decision making process by consumers. To make this task, a causal quantitative study was conduct with two independent experiments how eleven hypotheses were tested. Participated in two experiments 713 respondents, 199 nutrition professionals and 514 students from two universities at Campo Grande city, in the Mato Grosso do Sul state (Brazil). The results of this research provide elements to understand as the individual`s expertise together with background cognition may cause some effects in evaluation process of dairy food product and therefore in omission negligence. Another outcome observed was the identification from the chromic individual regulatory focus influence at omission negligence phenomenon. Therefore, was observed that experts people, independent of chronic regulatory focus, recognizes the omission of information. About the non-experts people, with prevention chronic regulatory focus, also recognizes the omission of information. However, the non-experts respondents with promotional regulatory focus, neglect the omission of information. Moreover, was observed that when individual regulatory focus and the prime presented are consistent, both those expert people and non-expert people, recognizes the omission of information. At the same time, when there aren`t correlation between individual regulatory focus and the prime presented, the expert people did perform more moderate evaluations about the product, than compared the evaluations when individual regulatory focus and the prime presented are consistent. However, in both circumstance the expert people recognized the omission of the information. In contrast, the non-expert people, exposed to individual regulatory focus and non-consistent prime, neglect the omission of information.
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é avaliar a influência do foco regulatório dos consumidores na negligência da omissão na avaliação dos alimentos lácteos. Tanto o fenômeno da negligência da omissão quanto o foco regulatório dos indivíduos exercem influência no processo decisório dos consumidores. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa quantitativa causal constituída por dois experimentos independentes em que foram testadas onze hipóteses. Participaram dos dois experimentos 713 respondentes, sendo que 199 profissionais da área de nutrição e, 514 discentes de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior da cidade de Campo Grande/MS. Os resultados obtidos proporcionaram a verificação de que a expertise do indivíduo juntamente com a carga cognitiva causam efeitos na avaliação de alimentos lácteos e consequentemente na negligência da omissão. Outro resultado observado foi a identificação da influência do foco regulatório crônico dos indivíduos no fenômeno da negligência da omissão. Deste modo, observou-se que os indivíduos experts, independente do foco regulatório crônico, reconhecem a omissão da informação. Quanto aos indivíduos não experts, constatou-se que aqueles que possuíam foco crônico em prevenção, reconheceram a omissão da informação. Por sua vez, os participantes não experts com foco crônico em promoção, negligenciaram a omissão da informação. Ademais, averiguou-se que quando o foco regulatório do indivíduo e o prime apresentado são condizentes, tanto os indivíduos experts quanto os não experts, reconheceram a omissão da informação. Entretanto, quando não há correlação entre o foco regulatório e o prime apresentado, os indivíduos experts realizam avaliações mais moderadas do produto, do que quando comparadas às avaliações realizadas em que o foco regulatório e o prime são correspondentes. Contudo, em ambas as circunstâncias, os indivíduos experts reconheceram a omissão da informação. Diferentemente, os indivíduos não experts que perante foco regulatório e prime não relacionados, negligenciaram a omissão da informação.
Rauber, André Luiz. "Gramaticalização do foco no português do Brasil e de Portugal: estudo de diferentes sincronias da construção sendo que". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-07042014-113252/.
Texto completoThis research describes the uses and functions of the periphrasis being that (sendo que), throughout its history (XVIth to XXIst centuries), in two varieties of Portuguese: Brazil (PB) and Portugal (PP). It intends to demonstrate, by empirical data, that said periphrasis is a polyfunctional construction in both language varieties. In the pragmatic domain (DIK, 1989, 1997), being that has, in certain contexts, the function of a marker targeting the prominent information within a statement. This thesis presents the hypothesis that being that is the grammaticalization of a kind of focus element in both PP and PB. The theoretical basis was mainly formed by the functionalist conception of language as approached in the studies of Dik (1989, 1997), Halliday (2004), Lehmann (1982, 1985, 1991, 2002) and Givón (1985). The study of linguistic change, under the scope of grammaticalization, followed the theories of Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), Heine (1993, 1997), Hopper and Traugott (1993, 2003), Taylor (2006), and Heine and Kuteva (2002). For the analysis of the (inter)subjectivity mechanisms involved in abstractization, the studies done by Traugott (1982, 1989 , 1995, 2002 , 2010), Traugott & Dasher (2002 ) and Langacker (1985, 1987, 1990, 1999, 2007, 2013) were used. Change context was analysed based on Heine (2002) and Diewald (2002) and the constructional potential of being that based on Langacker (1987, 2013), Goldberg (1995, 2010), Trousdale (2008, 2013) and Traugott (2012). The corpus investigated was formed by written texts in PP and PB extracted from this sources: the corpusdoportugues.org (DAVIES and FERREIRA, 2006), XIIIth to XXth centuries, the Tarallo historical data (1991), XIIIth to XXth centuries, the corpus of the Brazilian Portuguese History Project (Castilho, 2010), XVIIIth and XIXth centuries. Synchronous data was collected from linguateca.pt project CetenFolha (PB) and CETEMPúblico (PP), XXth century, and texts produced by students representing the PB and PP varieties, XXIst century. The corpus was analyzed using the token and type frequency methodology of Bybee and Hopper (2001) and Hopper (1991). Besides the hypothesis presented, other issues arose, like the historical evolution of the construction, its high frequency in the investigated varieties and its proximity to the distributive Spanish sendos, and the partitive function in the Romance languages. The investigation revealed that strengths, not always concurrent, but systemic, such as the semantic and functional nature of the TO BE form, the gerund, cleft construction, the connection to THAT, all contributed to the grammaticalization of this construction, since the XVIth century. At that time, it was just a causal operator (RIBEIRO, 1950[1890]). Over time, the usage of the construction has expanded in both the PP and PB. It began to suffer the effects of frequency (BYBEE; HOPPER, 2001), adapting to the different communicative contexts and conditioning itself to cognitive reworkings. In effect, it accumulated other semantic nuances and reinforced its pragmatic value, which caused a functional impact on its contemporary use.
Fiedler, Ines. "Focus expressions in Foodo". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1942/.
Texto completoHartmann, Katharina y Malte Zimmermann. "Morphological focus marking in Gùrùntùm (West Chadic)". Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1952/.
Texto completoLucente, Luciana 1978. "DaTo : um sistema de notação entoacional do portugues brasileiro baseado em principios dinamicos : enfase no foco e na fala espontanea". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271130.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O sistema de notação entoacional proposto para o português brasileiro (PB) inserido inicialmente no programa de investigação científica da fonologia entoacional, utilizava para a descrição da entoação do PB uma adaptação da notação que propõe este modelo, que consiste em uma notação linear, baseada em aspectos formais da curva entoacional. Este programa adota como pressuposto fundamental a representação fonológica de parâmetros acústicos contínuos, preservada pela ação de primitivos melódicos como o alvo/tom a ser atingido, o registro funcional dos tons e o alinhamento abstrato entre curva entoacional e material lingüístico. O emprego de tal sistema para a notação de um corpus de fala espontânea do PB, em substituição a um corpus de fala semi-espontânea, se mostrou pouco produtivo e apontou para a necessidade de um sistema que combinasse aspectos formais e funcionais em sua descrição. Esse fato justificou a inserção do sistema de notação entoacional do PB em um programa de investigação científica dinâmico-entoacional, que propõe uma notação dinâmica e funcional, tendo como pressuposto fundamental a ausência de representações fonológicas, apresentando como primitivos melódicos os contornos entoacionais, a gama de variação tonal e o alinhamento específico entre curva e material lingüístico. A notação entoacional definida para o PB nesse novo paradigma por meio do sistema DaTo ¿ Dynamical Tones of Brazilian Portuguese - propõe a descrição do foco na entoação segundo a noção de contornos/tons dinâmicos, ao invés de utilizar o conceito de tons isolados para tanto, assumindo que a entoação e o foco no PB são produzidos por um sistema dinâmico integrado, que alia produção e articulação
Abstract: The intonational annotation system proposed to Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP) was initially inserted in the intonational phonology research program. The BP annotation system used an adaptation of the phonological annotation, which consists in a linear annotation, based on formal aspects of the intonational curve. This research program adopts as fundamental basis the phonological representation of continuum acoustic parameters, preserved by the action of melodical primitives as targets, the functional register and the abstract alignment between the intonational curve and the linguistics material. The application of these parameters to the annotation of spontaneous speech in BP was not productive, and pointed out the necessity of a new annotation that combines formal and functional features on the description. This necessity justified the adoption of a new annotation in a new research program, the dynamical program. This paradigm adopts as fundamental basis the absence of phonological representations, presenting as melodic primitives the intonational contours, the speech range and the specific alignment between the intonational curve and the linguistic material. The BP dynamical intonational annotation, called DaTo ¿ Dynamic Tones of Brazilian Portuguese ¿, proposes the focus description following the concept of dynamic contours, rather than the isolated tones concept, assuming that the intonation and focus in BP are produced by a dynamical system that ally phonation and articulation
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística
Herler, Thomaz Joezer. "Formação e trajetória do primeiro MR-8: possibilidades e limites de construção de uma vanguarda revolucionária político-militar (1964-1969)". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1722.
Texto completoThis master‟s thesis deals with the formation and trajectory of the first MR-8 (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro), an armed group that was formed in order to confront the dictatorship established by the Coup of 64, attempting its overthrow and the construction of socialism in Brazil. Beginning as a PCB Dissent in Rio de Janeiro (DI-RJ) in 1964, at a time when the party was suffering cracks in many states of Brazil, its members rallied several frames of other organizations, such as Dissent of Paraná (DI-PR), Polop, Ação Popular (AP) and the Ligas Camponesas, proposing constitute a "revolutionary front". Having the break from the PCB been motivated by differences not only with the concept of "revolution through peaceful means" adopted by the party, as well as the paradigm of "revolution by stages", the MR-8, which advocated direct transition to socialismo, sought inspiration in several international revolutionary experiences. Being attracted by the recent success of the Cuban Revolution, members of the movement sought in the "theory of guerrilla focus", developed by Ernesto Guevara and Régis Debray, a starting point for building a revolutionary vanguard in a country ravaged by a Corporate-Military Dictatorship, as was the case in Brazil. However, during the development of their actions, the militants of the MR-8, due to the difficulties and limitations found in concrete experiences, would adapt the theory of guerrilla focus the possibilities afforded at that historic moment. Having its downfall in August 1969, Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro was one of the first Brazilian armed Marxist organizations to fight the Corporate-Military Dictatorship, as well as one of the first to be destroyed by repression. To better understand the theoretical discussions taking place among its members, we will articulate the discussion of "party" developed by Lenin with the "theory of guerrilla focus", from the perspective of Ernesto Guevara and Régis Debray. To rebuild his career, we use a number of historical sources, some produced by the organization, by other law enforcement agencies as well as books written by people who took part or had contact with the group in question
Esta dissertação aborda a formação e trajetória do primeiro MR-8 (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro), grupo armado que foi formado visando o enfrentamento à Ditadura instaurada pelo Golpe de 64, intentando a derrubada da mesma e a construção do socialismo no Brasil. Tendo seu início enquanto Dissidência do PCB no Rio de Janeiro (DI-RJ) no ano de 1964, num momento em que o partido estava sofrendo rachas em vários estados, seus membros arregimentaram diversos quadros de outras organizações, tais como a Dissidência do Paraná (DI-PR), Polop, Ação Popular (AP) e Ligas Camponesas, propondo constituir uma frente revolucionária . Tendo a ruptura com o PCB sido motivada por divergências não apenas com o paradigma de revolução por via pacífica adotado pelo partido, como também pela concepção de revolução por etapas , o MR-8, que pregava a transição direta ao socialismo, buscou inspiração em diversas experiências revolucionárias internacionais. Sendo atraídos pelo recente sucesso da Revolução Cubana, os quadros do movimento buscaram na teoria do foco guerrilheiro , desenvolvida por Ernesto Guevara e Régis Debray, um ponto de partida para a construção de uma vanguarda revolucionária em um país assolado por uma Ditadura Empresarial-Militar, como era o caso do Brasil. Contudo, durante o período de desenvolvimento de suas ações, os militantes do MR-8, a devido às dificuldades e limites encontrados nas experiências concretas, adaptariam a teoria do foco guerrilheiro às possibilidades propiciadas naquele momento histórico. Tendo sua derrocada em agosto de 1969, o Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro foi uma das primeiras organizações armadas brasileiras de inspiração marxista a lutar contra a Ditadura Empresarial-Militar, bem como uma das primeiras a serem destruídas pela repressão. Para melhor compreender as discussões teóricas que ocorriam entre seus membros, articularemos a discussão de partido desenvolvida por Lenin com a teoria do foco guerrilheiro , partindo da percepção de Ernesto Guevara e Régis Debray. Para reconstituir sua trajetória, utilizaremos uma série de fontes históricas, algumas produzidas pela organização, outras pelos órgãos repressivos, bem como livros escritos por pessoas que fizeram parte ou tiveram contato com o grupo em questão
Fiori, Alexandre. "O espectador de si mesmo: jogo de imagens e consciência de si em um personagem de Galdós". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-07082007-152248/.
Texto completoAfter Cervantes\'s achievement, the novel in Spain lagged almost two centuries behind other literary forms, until its eventual retake by one of its foremost representatives in the Spanish literary history: Benito Pérez Galdós. A feature of crucial importance in the whole of his work is character construction. Fortunata y Jacinta, one of the most representative among his novels of nineteenth-century realistic writing, brings along in its structure the question about the individualisation process of a character (Fortunata). The protagonist is portrayed in this work as a type-character representative of the people, or rather of a social class which was emerging in nineteenth-century Spain: the urban working class. During a considerable portion of her course in life she is a beholder of herself, since her images are shaped by her surroundings, which comprise characters from both the high and the low bourgeoisie, generally protagonists of novels Galdós wrote before Fortunata y Jacinta. This character\'s complexity materialises as a result of her assimilating objective images of herself produced by different viewpoints cast by the novel\'s narrative instances. The outward support for the main character\'s objective self-knowledge is made up of the diverse perspectives of the characters around her, of the opinions and movements of the narrator (who ends up becoming a fictionalizer of the account), of marks left by the author in the work and of the reader\'s interpretation
Kubozono, Haruo. "Focus and intonation in Japanese : Does focus trigger pitch reset?" Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2447/.
Texto completoHartmann, Katharina. "Focus and Tone". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1972/.
Texto completoHulsey, Sarah McNearney. "Focus Sensitive Coordination". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45897.
Texto completoIncludes bibliographical references (p. 114-118).
This thesis investigates the role of the Focus Sensitive Operators (FSOs) even and also when found inside of a coordination. Coordinations of this form are called Focus Sensitive Coordinations (FSC) and include or even, and even, and also, not only...but also, let alone, and as well as. I argue that let alone and as well as are composed of a coordination component and an (overt or covert) FSO adjoined to the left-hand coordinate. This analysis, taken together with Karttunen (1973)'s analysis of presupposition projection in disjunction, accounts for the fact that the existential presupposition of even does not project in an or even sentence, but it does in a let alone sentence. It is further shown that Focus Sensitive Coordination has a restricted distribution relative to ordinary coordination. In particular, FSC is generally possible only with propositional coordinates or coordinates that can be derived from propositional coordinates by way one of the kinds of ellipsis that can target coordination. Apparently smaller coordinates are subject to a range of prohibitions on remnants for gapping. This can be accounted for by a particular lexical entry for the FSOs and a prohibition against movement of the FSOs. Furthermore, a restriction on coordinations containing even adjoined to a noun phrase can be accounted for if we treat the resulting phrase as a generalized quantifier. Evidence from FSC also provides a new argument in favor of a treatment of even as being ambiguous between ordinary even and an NPI even (Rooth 1985).
(cont.) It is shown that an alternative treatment which achieves the NPI-like meaning by QR of even above a downward-entailing operator (Karttunen and Peters 1979) cannot account for the FSC cases where even is found inside of a coordination. That theory incorrectly predicts that coordinations in which even is associated with the less likely disjunct should be as grammatical as those in which it is associated with the more likely one. Finally, I provide an account of a scope asymmetry between conjunction and disjunction in gapping and show that, together with a pragmatic entailment that arises from one of the presuppositions of even, this provides an account for the fact that the scope of disjunction in FSC is restricted in a way that the scope of ordinary disjunction is not.
by Sarah McNearney Hulsey.
Ph.D.
Soza, Jessica. "Focus of Attention". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10784104.
Texto completoThe MFA Acting and Performance Pedagogy program at CSULB has inspired me to investigate non-psychological based acting techniques. These newfound techniques, coupled with my classical singing background, led me to discover how to perform with joy and ease. Sanford Meisner acting technique exercises effectively redirected my attention away from myself and onto my scene partner in singing and acting. In performance and teaching, I am able to utilize the Meisner technique to uncover what inhibits the actor’s attention and subsequently redirect their focus to the present moment. Declan Donnellan’s The Actor and the Target and Timothy Gallwey’s The Inner Game of Tennis, provide strategies to free the actor from inhibiting factors that prevent him/her from behaving naturally under imaginary circumstances. The use of all these concepts both in practice and performance allows actors to redirect their attention onto the imaginary circumstances and discover true freedom and joy in performance.
Merriman, Carolyn S. "Multicultural Focus Groups". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1999. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8465.
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