Literatura académica sobre el tema "Flame retardant formulation"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Flame retardant formulation"
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Lee, Hyung Woo, Jae Hee Jung, Jong-Shin Lee, Soon Park y Seon-Mee Yoon. "Formulation of flame-retardant waxes and evaluation of combustion characteristics of treated wood using mass loss calorimetry". BioResources 20, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2025): 1872–82. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.1.1872-1882.
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The objective of this study was to synthesize flame-retardant wax by nano-sizing a previously developed flame-retardant with favorable performance characteristics. Additionally, this study assessed the leaching resistance of wood treated with flame-retardant wax. The findings revealed that wood treated with flame-retardant wax demonstrated no notable change in the weight loss rate before and after weathering treatments. In contrast, wood treated exclusively with flame retardants exhibited a discernible increase in the extent of weight loss. Furthermore, the leached phosphorus content was measured during the weathering process, revealing that the amount extracted from wood treated with flame-retardant wax was approximately 1/20 times of that extracted from wood treated with flame-retardant agents. Therefore, that wood treated with flame-retardant wax demonstrated superior flame-retardant performance before and after weathering treatments.
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Li, Jiaqi, Zhaoyi He, Le Yu, Lian He y Zuzhen Shen. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Performance Characterization of Asphalt Modified by Nanocomposite Flame-Retardant Based on Response Surface Methodology". Materials 14, n.º 16 (4 de agosto de 2021): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164367.
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In order to improve the safety of the tunnel asphalt pavement in the event of a fire, and reduce the deterioration of the low temperature crack resistance of the asphalt by the flame retardant. The research uses aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as a smoke suppressant, diethyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADP) as a flame retardant, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a synergist to modified styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) modified asphalt (MA). First, the content of ATH, ADP, and HNTs was used as the response variable. The physical properties (Penetration, Softening point, Ductility) and static flame retardant properties (Limiting oxygen index meter, Ignition point) of the asphalt modified by nanocomposite flame-retardant (HNTs-CFRMA) were the response variables. The response surface methodology was used to design the test, and regression models were established to analyze the influence of flame retardants on the performance of asphalt. Then, comprehensively considering the effects of physical properties and flame retardant properties, the normalized desirability function was used to perform a multi-objective optimization design on the components of the nanocomposite flame retardant modifier to obtain the best flame retardant formula. Finally, the rheological properties of MA, conventional flame-retardant modified asphalt (CFRMA), and HNTs-CFRMA were tested based on Dynamic shear rheometer, Multiple stress creep test, Force ductility tester, and Bending beam rheometer. The performance of flame-retardant and smoke suppression were tested by the Cone calorimeter tests. The result shows that ATH, ADP, and HNTs can enhance the high temperature performance of asphalt, reduce the penetration. The addition of HNTs can increase significantly the softening point and reduce the deteriorating effect of flame retardants on the low temperature performance of asphalt; the addition of ATH and HNTs can improve significantly the flame retardancy of asphalt. Based on the desirability function of power exponent, the formulation of the nanocomposite flame retardant with better physical properties and flame retardant properties is ATH:ADP:HNTs = 3:5:1, and the total content is 9 wt%. Nanocomposite flame retardants can improve obviously the high temperature rheological properties of asphalt. The rutting factor and the cracking factor of HNTs-CFRMA improve markedly, and the irrecoverable creep compliance is reduced, compared with MA and CFRMA. Nanocomposite flame retardant can make up for the deterioration of conventional flame retardants on asphalt’s low temperature performance. At the same time, it has better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression performance.
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Lu, Weimiao, Jiewang Ye, Lianghai Zhu, Zhenfu Jin y Yuji Matsumoto. "Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam". Polymers 13, n.º 10 (14 de mayo de 2021): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101585.
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Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.
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Nguyen, Hung Kim, Wataru Sakai y Congtranh Nguyen. "Preparation of a Novel Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabric". Materials 13, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010054.
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A novel halogen-free flame-retardant formulation was prepared and coated onto cotton fabrics. The structure of phosphorus compounds in the system was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results from the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses presented that the flame retardant was coated successfully onto a cotton surface. We investigated the thermal stability and fire-retardant behaviors of cotton fabrics using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the vertical flame test. We also discuss the mechanism of flame retardance of coated cotton fabrics.
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Haveriku, Sara, Michela Meucci, Marco Badalassi, Camillo Cardelli, Giacomo Ruggeri y Andrea Pucci. "Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Polyolefin Composites Loaded with Mineral Fillers for Flame Retardant Cables". Micro 1, n.º 1 (29 de julio de 2021): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro1010008.
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Formulations based on mineral fillers and polymeric matrices of different nature were studied to obtain halogen-free flame retardant compounds (HFFR) for cable applications. The work was carried out by comparing fire-retardant mineral fillers of natural origin with synthetic mineral ones available on the market. As a reference, a formulation based on micronized natural magnesium hydroxide (n-MDH, obtained from brucite) and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with 28% by weight (11% by moles) of vinyl acetate were selected, and the mechanical and flame retardant properties compared with formulations based on secondary polymers combined with EVA, metal hydroxides, and carbonates. Notably, we found a synergistic effect in the mechanical, rheological and flame retardant properties for the composite containing a mixture of n-MDH and boehmite in a 3:1 weight ratio. Overall, the present work provided a complete and optimized recipe for the formulation of polymer composites characterized by the required flame retardant and mechanical features in electric cables applications.
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Abuhimd, Hatem, Tentu Nageswara Rao, Jung-il Song, Prashanthi Yarasani, Faheem Ahmed, Botsa Parvatamma, Asma A. Alothman, Murefah Mana AL-Anazy y Ahmad A. Ifseisi. "Influence of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles on Epoxy-Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System". Coatings 10, n.º 10 (12 de octubre de 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100968.
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Ethylenediamine modified ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP) and charring-foaming agents (CFA) were prepared using a simple chemical method and further used to make intumescent flame retardant coatings based on epoxy resin. The content of MAPP and CFA was fixed at a ratio of 2:1. Nanoparticles of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4 NPs) have been introduced into the flame retardant coating formulation in various quantities to evaluate the promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs with a flame retardant coating system. The promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs on the flame retardant coating formulation was studied using a vertical burning test (UL-94V), limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that the addition of MgAl2O4 effectively increased flame retardancy and met the V-0 rating at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the incorporation of MgAl2O4 NPs at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter experiments show that MgAl2O4 NPs effectively decreased peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). The FTIR results indicated that MgAl2O4 NPs can react with MAPP and generate a dense char layer that prevents the transfer of oxygen and heat.
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Barbalini, Marco, Mattia Bartoli, Alberto Tagliaferro y Giulio Malucelli. "Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics". Polymers 12, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040811.
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Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.
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Chang, SeChin, Brian Condon y Jade Smith. "Microwave Assisted Preparation of Flame Resistant Cotton Using Economic Inorganic Materials". Fibers 6, n.º 4 (6 de noviembre de 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040085.
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Innovative approaches for preparing flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by utilizing a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Our attempts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with low cost inorganic formulations, such as urea and diammonium phosphate, were done successfully. The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45° angle (clothing textiles test), vertical flame (clothing textile test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). For formulations with urea only, LOI values of treated fabrics were 21.0–22.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 5.16–18.22%. For formulations comprising urea with diammonium phosphate, LOI values were greater than 29.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 1.85–7.73%. With the formulation comprising urea and diammonium phosphate, all treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test for add-on values 5.34–7.73%. Their char lengths were less than half the length of the original fabric and after-flame and after-glow times were less than 3.2 s. Additional thermal properties of desired products will be discussed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC).
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Wu, Hao, Rogelio Ortiz, Renan De Azevedo Correa, Mourad Krifa y Joseph H. Koo. "Self-Extinguishing and Non-Drip Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Nanocomposite: Mechanical, Thermal, and Combustion Behavior". Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Materials 1, n.º 1 (20 de enero de 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flret-2018-0001.
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AbstractIncorporation of flame-retardant (FR) additives and nanoclay fillers into thermoplastic polymers effectively suppresses materials flammability and melt dripping behavior. However, it largely affects other properties, such as toughness and ductility. In order to recover the lost toughness and ductility of flame retardant polyamide 6, various loadings of maleic anhydride modified SEBS elastomer were added and processed by twin screw extrusion. TEM images showed exfoliated nanoclay platelets and reveals that the clay platelets well dispersed in the polymer matrix. By balancing the ratio of flame retardants, nanoclay and elastomers, formulation with elongation at break as high as 76% was achieved. Combining conventional intumescent FR and nanoclay, UL-94 V-0 rating and the LOI value as high as 32.2 were achieved. In conclusion, effective self-extinguishing and non-drip polyamide 6 nanocomposite formulations with significant improvement in toughness and ductility were achieved.
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Jang, Eun-Suk, Xiao Jia Kang, Seok-Un Jo y Hee-Jun Park. "Preliminary investigation on the vacuum pressure impregnation performance of flame retardant for larch (Larix kaempferi) depending on grooving type". BioResources 19, n.º 4 (28 de octubre de 2024): 9606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.4.9606-9615.
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Due to wood’s susceptibility to fire, it is crucial to treat wood-based materials with flame retardants, especially in construction applications. This study investigated the effectiveness of various grooving types, including transverse, longitudinal, both transverse and longitudinal, and surface grooving, in enhancing the vacuum pressure impregnation of larch wood. The results revealed that transverse grooving provided a slightly greater impregnation advantage than longitudinal grooving. Moreover, exceptional impregnation performance was observed in larch samples subjected to threefold longitudinal, transverse, and surface grooving, exhibiting a remarkable improvement of 215% compared to untreated larch. However, a limitation of this study is that only one wood species and one flame retardant formulation were used. While it is meaningful as a preliminary investigation into the vacuum pressure impregnation performance of flame-retardant wood based on groove processing, further studies using various wood species and flame retardants.
Tesis sobre el tema "Flame retardant formulation"
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Cérin-Delaval, Oriane. "Development and characterization of a novel flame retardant EVM-based formulation : investigation and comprehension of the flame retardant mechanisms". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10132/document.
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Cette étude s’intéresse aux procédés d’ignifugation d’un élastomère, le copolymère d’éthylène acétate de vinyle (EVM) vulcanisé, et plus particulièrement à l’ajout en masse de retardateurs de flamme commerciaux. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à mettre au point une formulation à base EVM destinée aux domaines de la câblerie et des transports, ignifugée et à haute tenue mécanique, ainsi qu’à comprendre les phénomènes d’ignifugation mis en jeu. L’évaluation de différents types d’additifs, sur le plan mécanique et retard au feu, a permis de dégager une combinaison innovante associant le trihydroxyde d’aluminium (ATH) et le diéthylphosphinate d’aluminium (OP1230). Le mode d’action de l’ATH dans l’EVM, généralement attribué à sa déshydratation endothermique, a été revisité à l’aide d’une approche cinétique de la dégradation du système EVM/ATH. Ces résultats ont été corrélés à l’étude de l’évolution du matériau soumis à des conditions incendie. Il a été montré que l’endothermicité de la réaction n’a qu’un rôle secondaire, l’additif agissant principalement en formant au sein du matériau une structure protectrice d’alumine jouant le rôle de barrière thermique et ralentissant ainsi le transfert de masse lors de la combustion. Pour la formulation complète (EVM/ATH/OP1230), les interactions chimiques entre additifs et polymère et les mécanismes d’action de l’OP1230 et de la combinaison ATH/OP1230 ont été étudiés. L’effet de synergie observé entre les deux additifs est attribué à la formation d’une couche protectrice vitreuse résistante à la surface du matériau pendant la combustion, couplée à la libération d’espèces phosphorées agissant en phase gaz comme inhibiteurs de flammeThis study is dedicated to the formulation of an innovative flame retardant material based on elastomeric vulcanized ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVM) used in the fields of cable and transportation, and to the comprehension of the flame retardant phenomena. The screening of various additives, evaluated in EVM in terms of mechanical and fire retardant properties, allowed the determination of an innovative combination, made of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) and aluminium diethyl phosphinate (OP1230). The ATH mode of action, generally assumed to be a cooling effect, was revisited by a kinetic approach of the thermal degradation of the EVM/ATH formulation in oxidative and pyrolytic conditions, associated with the investigation of the evolution of the material in simulated fire conditions. It was found that the cooling effect occurs, but the main protective effect of ATH consists in the formation during combustion of an alumina layer, diminishing the mass and heat transfer and thus the flame feeding. In the complete formulation (EVM/ATH/OP1230), the chemical interactions between ATH, OP1230 and the polymer were investigated, revealing that the synergistic effect provided by the two additives results from the creation during combustion of a resistant glassy layer. Moreover phosphorous species are evolved in the gas phase during combustion, acting as flame inhibitors
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Elalaoui, Oussama. "Optimisation de la formulation et de la tenue aux hautes températures d’un béton à base d’époxyde". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CERG0577.
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La durabilité des matériaux employés en génie civil est remise en question par le vieillissement physico-chimique de ces matériaux pouvant engendrer des dégradations significatives qui peuvent mettre en péril la stabilité des structures du génie civil. Pour pallier à certains inconvénients des bétons hydrauliques, l'utilisation des matériaux composites à l'instar des bétons de résine, qui possèdent des qualités remarquables par rapport aux matériaux de construction conventionnels, s'avère très intéressant.À l'heure actuelle, les freins majeurs quant aux développements des bétons résines sont d'une part le coût de la résine dont le taux varie, selon l'application industrielle, de 5% à 25% et d'autre part leurs comportements aux températures élevées et au feu puisque les liants dans ces bétons sont des substances organiques qui résistent beaucoup moins à la chaleur que les matières inorganiques. L'objectif de l'étude est de favoriser le développement des bétons résines par la diminution du taux de la résine en optimisant les constituants du béton et l'amélioration de leurs ténues aux températures élevées par l'ajout des additions tout en assurant des performances mécaniques raisonnables. L'optimisation de la formulation du béton est menée sur deux étapes ; la première vise à optimiser le squelette granulaire (sable 0/4 et Gravier 4/10, silico-calcaires) expérimentalement en confrontant les résultats à ceux issus du modèle d'empilement compressible. La deuxième étape vise à optimiser la fraction massique du liant époxydique (6%, 9%, 13% et 16%) sur la base des essais de caractérisation mécaniques et physiques. Le deuxième objectif de l'étude a était menée par l'ajout des ignifugeants appartenant à deux familles différentes c'est-à-dire les hydroxydes de métal et les produits phosphorés inorganiques. Les propriétés physiques, thermiques et mécaniques des bétons additionnées et témoins, avant et après exposition à un cycle de chauffage-refroidissement de la température ambiante à une température de consigne de 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 225°C et 250 °C avec une vitesse de montée fixée à 0.5°C/min, ont été évaluées par les techniques de caractérisation usuelles en plus des essais d'analyses chimiques et thermiques.Cette étude aboutit à la formulation d'un béton optimal en terme de composition et à évaluer l'effet de l'addition des ignifugeants surtout sur les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques.Mots clés : béton de résine, optimisation, température élevée, ignifugeants, propriétés mécaniques, propriétés physiques, propriétés thermiquesThe material used in civil engineering applications must be re-evaluated because of their physicochemical ageing which can generate significant damages and hence put the stability of civil engineering structures in danger.The replacement of the hydraulic concrete by composite materials as the polymer concrete which offer higher properties compared to conventional construction materials seems to be very interesting. At the present time, the major restrain for the development of polymer concrete are on one hand the cost of the polymer whose ratio varies according to the industrial applications between 5% and 25%, and on the other hand their behaviour when exposed to high temperatures or fire since the resin acting as binder in these polymer concretes are organic substances which are more sensitive to heat than the inorganic matters as cement.The aim of this study was to help the development of polymer concrete by optimizing the formulation and improving their behaviour when exposed the high temperatures by incorporating additions while keeping acceptable mechanical performances.The optimisation of the formulation is done in two steps; the first step consists of optimising the aggregates content (Natural River sands 0/4 mm and crushed gravels 4/10 mm). Experimental results are compared to those given by means Compressible Packing Model. The second step consists of optimizing the amount of polymer (6%, 9%, 13% et 16%) based on mechanical and physical tests.The second aim of this work was fulfilled by the incorporation of two flame retardants belonging to metal hydroxide and phosphorous components types. Physical, thermal and mechanical properties of concretes with or without flame retardant, before and after heating-cooling cycle from ambient temperature to exposure temperature of 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 225°C et 250 °C with a rate of 0.5°C/min, are evaluated by common characterisation tests besides chemical and thermal ones. This study has leading to obtaining an optimum polymer concrete and evaluates the effect of flame retardant particularly on the thermal and mechanical properties.Keywords: polymer concrete, optimization, high temperatures, flame retardant, mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal properties
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Groos, Karine. "Poudres et mélanges de poudres pour la fonctionnalisation et l’imprégnation de textiles à sec : formulation de poudres bifonctionnelles". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0166.
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S’intéressant aux interactions entre la formulation, le procédé et le produit, ce travail original axé sur la fonctionnalisation ignifuge de textiles utilisés dans les transports et le bâtiment porte sur le développement de poudres non feu. La ligne conductrice de cette étude étant de comprendre comment les propriétés ignifuges du textile technique peuvent être influencées par les choix de formulation ou de procédé de mélange. L'identification des besoins, c.-à-d. la réalisation d’un produit fini ignifuge, la conception de mélanges de granulométrie définie qui s’écoulent facilement et qui possèdent une sensibilité à l’inflammation faible, a permis de proposer et d’examiner diverses formulations. En matière de méthodologie ce projet combine l’approche sécurité à l’ingénierie produit. La sélection finale des mélanges sera fonction des résultats de cette analyse technique globale. Le travail expérimental a permis de sélectionner le polymère et l’agent ignifuge à la concentration de 40 % pour l’obtention en mélangeur interne de particules bifonctionnelles répondant aux spécifications fixées. Contrairement aux mélanges à retournement ou haute vitesse, les grains préparés par granulation Hot-Melt ont des liaisons mécaniques renforcées. Ce résultat semble s’expliquer par la bonne affinité, le bon rapport en termes de taille de particules entre les composants et une morphologie favorable à la formation de ce type de structures. Ce mode de fabrication a également permis de lever les deux principaux verrous à savoir préparer une poudre bifonctionnelle à haute teneur en agent ignifuge et réaliser un mélange qui ne se démélange pendant l’étape d’imprégnation du procédé DPregThis original work deals with the functionalization of textile fire retardant used in transport and the building focused on the development of fire retardant powders while studying the interactions of three criteria: the formulation, process and product. The main line of this study is the understanding and quantification of the flame retardant properties of the textile, which can be influenced by the choice of formulation or mixing process. The identification of needs, i.e. the realization of a finished fire retardant, the design of defined particle size mixtures, which flow easily and possess low sensitivity to inflammation, allowed to propose and consider various formulations. This project methodology is a good example of the combination between two approaches: the product engineering and a safety approach. The final selection of mixtures will be based on the results of a comprehensive technical analysis. The experimental work allows us to select the polymer and the flame retardant at a concentration of 40% in order to obtain in an internal mixer of bifunctional particles meet the specifications set out in this study. Unlike conventional mixtures by inversion or high speed, the grains prepared by Hot-Melt granulation have enhanced mechanical linkages. This result seems to be due to the good affinity and good particle size ratio between the components and a good morphology to the formation of such structures. This manufacturing method also overcomes two obstacles; the preparation of a bifunctional powder with high content of flame retardant and the realization of a mixture which does not demix under the action of the electric field of the DPreg impregnation process
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Verret, Éric. "Optimisation des systèmes de protection incendie par machine learning : Application aux systèmes intumescents". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CLIL0033.
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L'optimisation est un élément majeur en science des matériaux et est particulièrement importante dans le développement de formulations complexes, comme par exemple les formulations retardatrices de flamme. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur le développement d'une méthode d'optimisation active basée sur une technique de machine learning appelée Optimisation Bayésienne (BO). Parmi les différents types de systèmes retardateurs de flamme, les systèmes intumescents suscitent un grand intérêt et ont fait l’objet de cette étude. Nous avons étudié deux systèmes complexes : une formulation intumescente à base de polypropylène (PP) et un revêtement intumescent applicables à des substrats de type bois. Pour le système à base de PP, une approche d’ignifugation en masse i.e. par ajout d’additif a été choisie. L’optimisation a été menée selon deux approches: (a) une approche mono-objective visant à optimiser uniquement le Pouvoir Calorifique Superieur (PCS) obtenue à partir du Bombe calorimètre, et (b) une approche multi-objective visant à optimiser à la fois l'indice limite d'oxygène (LOI) et la teneur en additifs dans la formulation. Dans le cas du revêtement intumescent, plusieurs paramètres incluant la chaleur totale libérée (THR) mesurée par le cône calorimètre en position horizontal, et la vitesse de perte de masse, mesuré en position verticale ont été optimisés. Un test à petite échelle permettant de mesurer le flux de chaleur critique à l'extinction (CFE) a également été utilisé pour mesurer la propagation des flammes. D’autre part, une segmentation d'image basée sur du machine a été appliquée pour évaluer le front de dégradation. Cette étude a permis de démontrer dans les cas d’études, la pertinence de l’OB en science des matériauxOptimization is a major element in materials science and is particularly important in the development of complex formulations, such as flame-retardant formulations. This PhD thesis focuses on the development of an active optimization method based on a machine learning technique called Bayesian Optimization (BO). Among the different types of flame-retardant systems, intumescent systems are of great interest and were the focus of this study. We studied two complex systems: a polypropylene (PP)-based intumescent formulation and an intumescent coating applicable to wood-type substrates. For the PP-based system, additives were added to the polymer matrix through melt blending. Optimization was carried out using two approaches: (a) a mono-objective approach aiming at optimizing only the higher heating value (HHV) obtained from the Calorimeter Bomb, and (b) a multi-objective approach aiming at optimizing both the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the additive content in the formulation. In the case of the intumescent coating, several parameters including total heat release (THR) measured by the Calorimeter cCone in the horizontal position, and mass loss rate, measured in the vertical position using a mass Loss Calorimeter were optimized. A small-scale test to measure the Critical heat Flux at Extinction (CFE) was also used to measure flame propagation. In addition, machine-based image segmentation was applied to assess the degradation front. This study demonstrated the relevance of OB in materials science
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Mangin, Rémy. "Influence du vieillissement sur le comportement au feu de formulations hétérophasées ignifugées". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0216/document.
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Le comportement au feu de matériaux polymères peut changer plus ou moins fortement après vieillissement, mettant en péril les biens et les personnes en cas d’incendie. Ces changements dépendent du système considéré (nature du système retardateur de flamme, de la matrice polymère) et des conditions de vieillissement. Or jusqu’à aujourd’hui, les normes exigent l’évaluation de la réaction au feu d’un matériau juste après fabrication et rarement après un vieillissement représentatif des conditions réelles d’utilisation. L’évolution des caractéristiques des polymères ignifugés au cours du temps est actuellement peu connue, et seules quelques études ont eu lieu à ce sujet. Le travail de cette thèse concerne donc l’impact du vieillissement sur les performances au feu de systèmes complexes de polymères ignifugés. L’étude est basée sur les polymères polyméthacrylate de méthyle (PMMA) et acide polylactique (PLA) ; le système retardateur de flamme est quant à lui constitué de charges phosphorées et de silicates nanométriques. Un protocole de vieillissement et une méthodologie d’étude ont ensuite été mis en place pour déterminer l’influence du vieillissement sur les propriétés de ces matériaux : morphologie, masse molaire des polymères, dégradation des retardateurs de flamme, comportement au feu. Enfin, les caractéristiques des produits émis en phase gaz au cours de la combustion d’échantillons vieillis et non vieillis ont été analyséesThe fire behaviour of polymeric materials can be modified after ageing, possibly leading to severe damages. These modifications depend on the chemical nature of the system (polymeric matrix, flame retardant system) and on the ageing conditions. Currently, norms exist, that define fire properties of fresh flame-retarded materials; but only few studies have been performed on aged materials. The aim of this work consists in evaluating the impact of ageing of flame-retarded materials. Firstly, materials have been processed from various formulations. The study focused on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymers; flame-retardant system combining a phosphorus compound and mineral nanoparticles was added. Then an operating procedure has been created to simulate ageing, and a methodology has been developed to assess the characteristics of the composites before and after ageing (viscosity, morphology, fire behaviour). Finally, the combustion aerosols emitted by unaged and aged formulations have been investigated
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Tibiletti, Lucie. "Nouvelles formulations de résines polyesters insaturés pour l’amélioration du comportement au feu". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20134.
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Les polyesters insaturés sont des résines thermodurcissables particulièrement appréciées pour leur facilité de mise en œuvre et leur coût modéré. Cependant, comme tous les polymères organiques ils ont une réaction au feu médiocre, ce qui est critique dans un certains nombres de d'applications. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'élaborer de nouvelles formulations de résines ayant un comportement au feu amélioré. La première stratégie développée a été le greffage de monomères phosponés dans la matrice polyester. Des monomères méthacryliques et styrénique ont été synthétisés et utilisés pour remplacer une partie du styrène dans la résine. La stabilité thermique des résines modifiées est diminuée, mais leur comportement au feu est globalement meilleur. Des effets du phosphore en phase gazeuse et en phase condensée ont pu être mis en évidence.Dans une seconde partie, une sélection de particules se distinguant par leur nature, leur taille et leur facteur de forme a été testée. Si l'impact des ces charges est assez limité lorsqu'elles sont utilisées individuellement, des tests calorimétriques ont révélé que certaines combinaisons de particules pouvaient améliorer significativement la réaction au feu des résines. Enfin, des associations d'additifs phosphorés et de particules submicroniques ont été investiguées. Le polyphosphate d'ammonium se distingue des autres additifs par un impact très important sur le comportement au feu et particulièrement par le charbonnement important qu'il engendre, cependant sa combinaison avec des charges inorganiques ne s'est pas révélée probanteUnsaturated polyesters are thermoset resins particularly appreciated for their low cost and easy processing. Nevertheless one of their main drawbacks is their poor fire resistance. The aim of this PhD thesis was to prepare new resin formulations with an improved fire behaviour. The first part of this work was dedicated to the grafting of phosphorous monomers in the polyester matrix. Methacrylic and styrenic monomers were synthesized and used to replace of part of the styrene in the resin. Resin thermal stability was decreased, but on the whole their fire behaviour was improved. Condensed phase and gas phase effects of phosphorus were highlighted.In a second part, a screening of various kinds of particles with different sizes was performed. Calorimetric tests revealed that, while the effect of these particles used alone is limited, a decrease of resin flammability could be achieved with specific combinations. Finally, commercial phosphorous additives were associated with submicronic fillers. From all the additives tested, ammonium polyphosphate stands out, with a powerful impact on the resin fire reaction and especially a much increased charring. However, its combination with inorganic particles was not conclusive
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Viretto, Amandine. "Influence de la morphologie sur la dégradation thermique et le comportement au feu de formulations polymères complexes en vue d'applicationsen en câblerie". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20045.
Texto completoResumen
La câblerie est un secteur industriel gros consommateur de polymères. Dans ce domaine, les normes imposent cependant de limiter le risque incendie et donc d'ignifuger les matériaux polymères utilisés, sources importantes de combustibles. De nombreux travaux ont porté sur leur ignifugation par utilisation d'additifs retardateurs de flammes, mais peu d'entre eux ont étudié l'influence de la morphologie des mélanges polymères chargés sur la stabilité thermique et le comportement au feu. Cette thèse fait suite à un précédent projet qui avait démontré une influence significative de la morphologie sur le comportement au feu d'un mélange polymère binaire (PC/PBT). Elle a pour but d'améliorer la compréhension de cette influence dans le cas de formulations plus complexes (ternaires ou quaternaires) à matrice éthylène méthylacrylate (EMA). Pour cela, la première stratégie adoptée a été l'identification d'un système ignifugeant comprenant un polyester capable de charbonner lors de l'ajout d'un RF. Une fois ce système identifié (PBT+MDH), il a été incorporé en matrice EMA en faisant varier la composition et la morphologie (dispersion sélective, taille des particules…). Cette approche a mis en évidence des différences significatives entre les différentes formulations et des résultats très intéressants ont été obtenus en termes de réaction au feu à l'échelle laboratoire. Cependant, le passage à l'échelle pilote (test de propagation de flamme) n'a pas permis de valider ces formulations pour des applications câbles. Au vu de ces constatations, une dernière partie a été proposée pour essayer d'améliorer la cohésion du résidu par ajout de polyphosphate d'ammoniumThe cable industry is a major consumer of industrial polymers. In this area, the standards impose to limit the fire risk and thus to enhance the fireproof of the polymeric materials which are important sources of fuel. Many studies have focused on their flame retardancy by using additive flame retardants, but few of them have studied the influence of the morphology of filled polymer blends on the thermal stability and the fire behavior. This thesis follows a previous project which demonstrated a significant influence of the morphology on the fire behavior of a binary polymer blend (PC / PBT). It aims to improve the understanding of this influence in the case of more complex formulations (ternary or quaternary) with ethylene methylacrylate (EMA) matrix. The first strategy was the identification of a flame retardant system including polyester that is able to char when a flame retardant is added. Once the system is identified (PBT + MDH), it was incorporated in EMA matrix by varying the composition and the morphology (selective dispersion, particle size ...). This approach showed significant differences between the different formulations and very interesting results have been obtained in terms of fire reaction at the laboratory scale. However, the scale-up approach (flame spread test) did not validate these formulations for cables applications. Therefore, the last part has been proposed to try to improve the cohesion of the residue by adding ammonium polyphosphate
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Mangin, Rémy. "Influence du vieillissement sur le comportement au feu de formulations hétérophasées ignifugées". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0216.
Texto completoResumen
Le comportement au feu de matériaux polymères peut changer plus ou moins fortement après vieillissement, mettant en péril les biens et les personnes en cas d’incendie. Ces changements dépendent du système considéré (nature du système retardateur de flamme, de la matrice polymère) et des conditions de vieillissement. Or jusqu’à aujourd’hui, les normes exigent l’évaluation de la réaction au feu d’un matériau juste après fabrication et rarement après un vieillissement représentatif des conditions réelles d’utilisation. L’évolution des caractéristiques des polymères ignifugés au cours du temps est actuellement peu connue, et seules quelques études ont eu lieu à ce sujet. Le travail de cette thèse concerne donc l’impact du vieillissement sur les performances au feu de systèmes complexes de polymères ignifugés. L’étude est basée sur les polymères polyméthacrylate de méthyle (PMMA) et acide polylactique (PLA) ; le système retardateur de flamme est quant à lui constitué de charges phosphorées et de silicates nanométriques. Un protocole de vieillissement et une méthodologie d’étude ont ensuite été mis en place pour déterminer l’influence du vieillissement sur les propriétés de ces matériaux : morphologie, masse molaire des polymères, dégradation des retardateurs de flamme, comportement au feu. Enfin, les caractéristiques des produits émis en phase gaz au cours de la combustion d’échantillons vieillis et non vieillis ont été analyséesThe fire behaviour of polymeric materials can be modified after ageing, possibly leading to severe damages. These modifications depend on the chemical nature of the system (polymeric matrix, flame retardant system) and on the ageing conditions. Currently, norms exist, that define fire properties of fresh flame-retarded materials; but only few studies have been performed on aged materials. The aim of this work consists in evaluating the impact of ageing of flame-retarded materials. Firstly, materials have been processed from various formulations. The study focused on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymers; flame-retardant system combining a phosphorus compound and mineral nanoparticles was added. Then an operating procedure has been created to simulate ageing, and a methodology has been developed to assess the characteristics of the composites before and after ageing (viscosity, morphology, fire behaviour). Finally, the combustion aerosols emitted by unaged and aged formulations have been investigated
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Louisy, Jérémie. "Synthesis of novel phosphinate salts and development of formulations for the flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced PolyButylene Terephthalate (PBT)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10162/document.
Texto completoResumen
Cette étude s’intéresse aux procédés d’ignifugation d’un thermoplastique, le PolyButylène Téréphthalate (PBT), et plus particulièrement à l’ajout en masse de retardateurs de flamme à base de phosphore. L’objectif de ce projet consiste à mettre au point une formulation PBT renforcée avec des fibres de verre et ignifugée en vue d’application dans le domaine électrique et électronique. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés au feu de différents additifs combinés à un sel de diethylphosphinate d’aluminium commercial sont évaluées. Différents sels de phosphinate dérivés de l’acide carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinique ont par ailleurs été synthétisés puis testés, soit seuls ou combinés à des additifs retardateurs de flamme. Deux systèmes retardateurs de flamme, l’un consistant en un mélange RDP bentonite - diethylphosphinate d’aluminium, l’autre en un mélange RDP bentonite - phenyl amide carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinate d’aluminium, se sont avérés particulièrement efficaces en terme d’amélioration du comportement au feu du PBT renforcé. Les mécanismes d’ignifugation de ces systèmes ont été étudiés et comparés. Il a été démontré que les deux sels de phosphinate présentaient un mode d’action essentiellement en phase gaz, en libérant des espèces acides phosphiniques agissant comme inhibiteurs des réactions de combustion. Concernant le sel de phosphinate commercial, la libération d’acides phosphiniques s’effectue par interaction chimique entre l’additif et le PBT. A l’inverse, le sel de phosphinate synthétisé au laboratoire semble n’interagir que modérément avec le polymèreThis study deals with the formulation of an innovative flame retardant material based on glass fiber reinforced PolyButylene Terephthalate (PBT/GF) used in Electronic and Electrical Equipments (EEE). In a first approach, the flame retardant properties of various additives in combination with the commercial aluminium diethylphosphinate are evaluated in PBT/GF. In a second approach, a variety of phosphinate salts derived from carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinic acids are synthesized and then tested alone or in combination with FR additives. Two innovative flame retardant systems, namely the combination of Resorcinol bis-Diphenyl Phosphate (RDP) modified bentonite clay with either the aluminium diethylphosphinate or the aluminium phenyl amide of carboxyethyl(methyl)phosphinate, were found to greatly improve the fire behavior of PBT/GF. The FR mechanism of flame retardants were investigated and compared. Both phosphinate salts from the innovative systems mainly act through a gas phase mode of action by releasing phosphinic acids. Regarding the commercial product, the release of phosphinic acid occurs due to chemical interaction between the phosphinate salt and the PBT matrix while the synthesized product only moderately interacts with the polymer
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Meunier, Louis. "Etude de formulations complexes à matrice vitrimère : application aux retardateurs de flamme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR079.
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L'ajout de retardateurs de flammes dans les vitrimères par voie additive représente un défi à relever pour obtenir des matériaux commercialisables. En effet, la dynamique des réactions d'échange dans de tels systèmes est complexe, et ces additifs peuvent influer sur cette dernière voire modifier sa cinétique. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse, différents retardateurs de flamme (RF) ont été ajoutés à deux matrices différentes : un vitrimère PBT et un vitrimère époxy et l'influence de ces additifs sur la dynamique des échanges basée sur des réactions de transestérification étudiée. La première partie de ce travail s'est intéressé à l'effet de l'incorporation de RF lors de la synthèse du vitrimère PBT par extrusion réactive. Il a été démontré que l'utilisation de sels de phosphinate peut significativement accélérer la transestérification tout en conservant leurs propriétés retardatrices de flamme. En ce qui concerne les résines époxy, deux approches ont été suivies. La première consistait à formuler un matériau intumescent via l'ajout d'additifs dans le but d'obtenir un revêtement protecteur. Le matériau obtenu présente de bonnes performances au feu et sa recyclabilité a été mise en évidence. Dans une seconde approche, une comparaison a été établie entre un retardateur de flamme spécifique ajouté à une matrice époxy par voie réactive ou additive. Dans ce dernier cas, il a été proposé que la réactivité de l'additif a entraîné des réactions secondaires, menant à la consommation des époxydes disponibles empêchant d'obtenir un réseau fortement réticulé. Ce travail, l'un des premiers à aborder l'effet de l'ajout d'additifs retardateurs de flamme dans les vitrimères, montre que les interactions matrice/charge peuvent avoir des effets significatifs sur les réactions d'échange, et que dans le cas de la transestérification, la dynamique de ces réactions peut être affectée même si elle est maintenueThe addition of flame-retardant additives into vitrimers represents a challenge that has to be considered to obtain marketable materials. Indeed, the dynamics of the exchange reactions in such systems is complex and such additives may affect it or even modify its kinetics. In this work, various flame-retardant were added into two different matrices: a PBT vitrimer and an epoxy vitrimer considering the exchange dynamics within the networks based on transesterification reactions. In the first part, the effect of incorporating flame-retardant during the synthesis of PBT vitrimer through reactive extrusion was studied. It was shown that the use of phosphinate salts significantly accelerate transesterification, while their flame retardant action were maintained. As far as epoxy are concerned, two approaches were followed. The first formulation consisted of adding intumescent formulations to a vitrimer coating. The material exhibited good flame-retardancy behavior and recyclability. Secondly, a comparison was dressed between a specific flame-retardant added into an epoxy matrix through a reactive or additive pathway. In this case, the fast reactivity of the flame-retardant leads to side reactions, depleting the available epoxies and preventing the formation of a highly cross-linked network. This work, among the first one dealing with the effect of the addition of flame retardant additives in vitrimer shows that it is not a trivial topic and in the case of transesterification, the dynamic of the exchange reaction may be affected even if it is maintained
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Flame retardant formulation"
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Döring, Manfred, Sebastian Eibl, Lara Greiner y Hauke Lengsfeld. "Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin Formulations for Fiber-Reinforced Composites". En Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 311–27. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-15.
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Buszard, D. L. y R. J. Dellar. "The Performance of Flame Retardants in Rigid Polyurethane Foam Formulations". En Fire and Cellular Polymers, 265–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3443-6_17.
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Banik, Nibedita y Navdeep Kaur. "Industrial Application of Hydrotalcite-Based Materials". En Hydrotalcite-based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application, 107–86. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815256116124010007.
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Hydrotalcite is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) with a wide range of applications in catalysis, flame retardancy, PVC stabilization, fillers and reinforcements, additives in coatings and paints, pharmaceuticals and personal care, environmental remediation, and other industrial applications. This paper provides an overview of the properties and characteristics of hydrotalcite, as well as its potential applications in various industries. The paper begins with an introduction to hydrotalcite, including its definition, structure, synthesis methods, and properties. The next section discusses the role of hydrotalcite as a catalyst, as well as its applications in the petrochemical industry and environmental remediation. The following section focuses on the flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of hydrotalcite, and its applications in plastics and polymers. The subsequent section discusses the use of hydrotalcite as a PVC stabilizer and its benefits and applications in the PVC industry. The following sections discuss the use of hydrotalcite as a filler and reinforcement in composite materials, as an additive in coatings and paints, and in pharmaceutical and personal care formulations. The next section discusses the applications of hydrotalcite in water treatment, soil remediation, and battery and energy storage. The final section summarizes the future prospects and challenges of hydrotalcite, including emerging research areas, challenges and limitations, and potential for further industrial applications.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the properties and applications of hydrotalcite. It is intended to be a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and other professionals who are interested in this versatile material.
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"alo T ng a , blBeD7DP gi Oveaslosnogm , e FR-polypropylene using t #1, using only CFR, at a3n0d % awchoim ch biinsa1 ti 9 o . n 5 % ofhtahleogBernhaendchC lo lrfilna ated flame retardant (CFR) mm. Use of DBDPO at a 23.5% loading level which giisveas ls aoU 19 L m -e 94reV ta -r 0daanttbso . th F3o . r2maunld at i1o . n6tohtahterbu fo m rm s, u ( l NC) .5 halogen, gives a material also gives a U at L io -n . sIanre this case, Cl is 94 V-0aa ls to3 . g2ivaenndu1s .6 inmgod re if feefrfe ic nitenrt than Br as a flame retardant. Several (Formulation #4). mm. A3:1raattiiooooffBBrr : C an ldwC as l . on A ly 1 a :1 V r -a ltiaoto3. f2Bmr/ m C . l". En Tomorrows Trends in Fire Retardant Regulations, Testing, and Applications, 46. CRC Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781498705837-4.
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Shelley, Mee Y. y Jennifer L. Braun. "Epoxy Resins". En Polymer Data Handbook, 138–45. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181012.003.0023.
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Abstract Trade Names Araldite, DER, Epi-Cure, Epi-Res, Epikote, Epon, Epotuf, etc. Class Thermoset polymers, after curing (the uncured base resins are thermoplastic) Major Resin Types DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), novolacs, peracid resins, hydantoin resins, etc. Other Ingredients in Epoxy Formulation Diluents, resinuous modifiers (to affect flexibility, toughness, peel strength, adhesion, etc.), fillers, colorants and dyes, other additives (e.g., rheological additives, flame retardants). Major Applications Protective coatings (for appliance, automotive primers, pipes, etc.). Encapsulation of electrical and electronic devices. Adhesives. Bonding materials for dental uses. Replacement of welding and riveting in aircraft and automobiles. In composites for materials in space industry, printed circuitry, pressure vessels and pipes. Construction uses such as flooring, paving, and airport runway repair.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Flame retardant formulation"
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Birtane, Hatice. "The production of flame retardant paper with DOPO". En 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p16.
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Flame retardant property to paper increases the use of paper and the value of paper products. The flame retardant property was achieved by the addition of an organophosphorus agent to the paper. A great deal of research has been done on 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives as flame retardants. To apply the flame retardant property in condensed phase, DOPO derivative materials are generally used as an acid source for intumescent flame retardants to promote dehydration and carbonization of the charring agent to form a continuous layer of carbon. In this study, In order to prepare a flame retardant paper coating, DOPO derivative was synthesized with 3-aminophenyl sulfone, and benzaldehyde reaction and the chemical structure of DOPO is illuminated by ATR-FTIR then paper was coating with a flame retardant coating formulation ingredient with DOPO. The paper’s properties were investigated. Surface energy of coated papers and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Printability parameters such as color, gloss, surface tension were examined. The results the study DOPO added paper coatings improve the paper flame retardancy.