Tesis sobre el tema "Fire scenarios"
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Woodward, Andrew Bruce. "Fire scenarios for an improved fabric flammability test". Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0427103-233516/.
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Murtiadi, Suryawan. "Behaviour of concrete frame structures under localised fire scenarios". Thesis, Aston University, 2007. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14315/.
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This thesis encompasses an investigation of the behaviour of concrete frame structure under localised fire scenarios by implementing a constitutive model using finite-element computer program. The investigation phase included properties of material at elevated temperature, description of computer program, thermal and structural analyses. Transient thermal properties of material have been employed in this study to achieve reasonable results. The finite-element computer package of ANSYS is utilized in the present analyses to examine the effect of fire on the concrete frame under five various fire scenarios. In addition, a report of full-scale BRE Cardington concrete building designed to Eurocode2 and BS8110 subjected to realistic compartment fire is also presented. The transient analyses of present model included additional specific heat to the base value of dry concrete at temperature 100°C and 200°C. The combined convective-radiation heat transfer coefficient and transient thermal expansion have also been considered in the analyses. For the analyses with the transient strains included, the constitutive model based on empirical formula in a full thermal strain-stress model proposed by Li and Purkiss (2005) is employed. Comparisons between the models with and without transient strains included are also discussed. Results of present study indicate that the behaviour of complete structure is significantly different from the behaviour of individual isolated members based on current design methods. Although the current tabulated design procedures are conservative when the entire building performance is considered, it should be noted that the beneficial and detrimental effects of thermal expansion in complete structures should be taken into account. Therefore, developing new fire engineering methods from the study of complete structures rather than from individual isolated member behaviour is essential.
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Puybaraud, Marie-Cecile. "A model of the role of management in construction fire safety failure scenarios". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1139.
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Berchtold, Florian [Verfasser]. "Metamodel for complex scenarios in fire risk analysis of road tunnels / Florian Berchtold". Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2019. http://d-nb.info/120422272X/34.
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Kuhlmann, Salas Claudio Andrés. "Ellipsoidal forest and wildland fire scar scenarios for strategic forest management planning under uncertainty". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131350.
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Magister en Gestión de OperacionesIngeniero Civil Industrial
La importancia que ha tomado la conservación del medioambiente ha ido en aumento, lo que ha afectado directamente en los objetivos y forma de operar de las organizaciones. Es por esto que la interacción entre la operación y el desarrollo del ecosistema debe ser considerada para balancear la sustentabilidad y conservación con los objetivos productivos, siendo las perturbaciones forestales un punto de gran interés. Incendios, plagas, erupciones volcánicas e inundaciones son algunas de las perturbaciones al ecosistema que afectan la productividad del bosque. Por lo tanto, reducir el riesgo y las consecuencias de estos episodios es clave para la industria. El objetivo es crear una metodología que permita generar escenarios de incendios elipsoidales para su utilización en la toma de decisiones en el manejo de incendios y recursos forestales. Para esto se utilizan incendios elípticos generados a través de un simulador, los cuales, siguiendo el método de Monte Carlo, son asignados a uno de los patrones representativos de incendio previamente definidos, utilizando la distancia de Pompeiu-Hasudorff. La probabilidad de ocurrencia de los patrones representativos es obtenida al dar cuenta de la cantidad de simulaciones asignada a cada uno de ellos. Para dar con un algoritmo que permitiera utilizar los recursos computacionales de forma eficiente se implementaron distintos métodos para el cálculo de la distancia de Pompeiu-Hausdorff, además de utilizar múltiples procesadores en paralelo cuando esto fuese posible. Cinco métodos fueron implementados, los cuales son definidos utilizando las propiedades geométricas de las elipses para lograr resolver el problema de optimización implícito. El método que logra dar con los resultados más exactos para la distancia hace uso de optimización cónica, mientras que el más rápido calcula la distancia entre cada uno de los vértices de una elipse discretizada. Haciendo uso de estos dos métodos, se genera una estrategia multi etapa para el cálculo de la distancia de Pompeiu-Hasdorff entre dos elipses que es eficiente y precisa. La estabilidad de los resultados obtenidos para 200 patrones es lograda luego de 100,000 sampleos, sin embargo, se observaron variaciones muy pequeñas incluso después de 20,000 simulaciones. En conclusión, los intervalos de confianza obtenidos para las probabilidades calculadas dependen de los recursos computacionales con los que se cuente y de las restricciones de tiempo que puedan ser impuestas. La metodología desarrollada entrega a los planificadores forestales una herramienta para analizar la probabilidad de incendio de zonas determinadas, las cuales pueden ser utilizadas en un modelo de optimización bajo incertidumbre que les permita manejar los recursos disponibles de la mejor forma posible.
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Horvath, Istva'n. "Extreme PIV Applications: Simultaneous and Instantaneous Velocity and Concentration Measurements on Model and Real Scale Car Park Fire Scenarios". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209641.
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This study is a presentation of an instantaneous and simultaneous velocity and concentration measurement technique and its applications on car park fire scenarios. In this actual chapter 1 general introduction is given to each chapter. Chapter 2 is dedicated to a detailed description of the instantaneous and simultaneous velocity and concentration measurement technique and its associated error assessment methodology. The name of the new technique is derived from the names of the acquired parameters (VELocity and COncentration) and shall be hereafter referred to as VELCO. After having validated and performed an error assessment of this technique, it is applied to an investigation of full-scale car park (30 m x 30 m x 2.6 m – Gent / WFRGENT) fire cases in chapter 3. The measurements were carried out with the financial support of IWT-SBO program. In the full-scale measurements only the velocity part is applied of VELCO, yet it can be considered as its application since the special data treating was developed and implemented in the Rabon (see: §2.1.2) program, which is the software of the new technique along with Tucsok (see: §2.1.1) and they will be both discussed in the related chapter. Here it is enough to mention that the concentration and velocity information can be obtained independently as well. During the full-scale measurements, beyond of VELCO the smoke back-layering distances (SBL) are also derived from the temperature values, which were measured by thermocouples under the ceiling in the midline of the car park. The critical velocity, which is an important measure of fire safety, can be obtained from the SBL results. In chapter 4, isothermal fire modeling is surveyed in order to present how full-scale fires are modeled in small-scale. In this part of the study the theory of fire related formulae and an isothermal model are described. Here it is important to stress the fact that the fire modeling is not directly related to the VELCO technique. However it connects the full-scale to the small-scale measurements, which the technique is applied on. Chapter 5 discusses small-scale measurements (1:25 – Rhode Saint Genese / VKI) on the car park introduced in chapter 3 and their validation. After the validation, more complex car parks scenarios are also investigated due to the easy to change layout in the small-scale model with respect to the full-scale car park. In this chapter the smoke back-layering distances are obtained by VELCO. Finally, in chapter 6 important conclusions are drawn with the objective of increasing fire safety.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Wang, Yanbo. "An investigation of techniques to assist with reliable specification and successful simulation of fire field modelling scenarios". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8472/.
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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based Fire Field Modelling (FFM) codes offer powerful tools for fire safety engineers but their operation requires a high level of skill and an understanding of the mode of operation and limitations, in order to obtain meaningful results in complex scenarios. This problem is compounded by the fact that many FFM cases are barely stable and poor quality set-up can lead to solution failure. There are considerable dangers of misuse of FFM techniques if they are used without adequate knowledge of both the underlying fire science and the associated numerical modelling. CFD modelling can be difficult to set up effectively since there are a number of potential problems: it is not always clear what controls are needed for optimal solution performance, typically there will be no optimal static set of controls for the whole solution period to cover all stages of a complex simulation, there is the generic problem of requiring a high quality mesh - which cannot usually be ascertained until the mesh is actually used for the particular simulation for which it is intended and there are potential handling issues, e.g. for transitional events (and extremes of physical behaviour) which are likely to break the solution process. In order to tackle these key problems, the research described in this thesis has identified and investigated a methodology for analysing, applying and automating a CFD Expert user's knowledge to support various stages of the simulation process - including the key stages of creating a mesh and performing the simulation. This research has also indicated an approach for the control of a FFM CFD simulation which is analogous to the way that a FFM CFD Expert would approach the modelling of a previously unseen scenario. These investigations have led to the identification of a set of requirements and appropriate knowledge which have been instantiated as the, so called, Experiment Engine (EE). This prototype component (which has been built and tested within the SMARTFIRE FFM environment) is capable, both of emulating an Expert users' ability to produce a high quality and appropriate mesh for arbitrary scenarios, and is also able to automatically adjust a key control factor of the solution process.
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GUELPA, ELISA. "Modeling strategies for multiple scenarios and fast simulations in large systems: applications to fire safety and energy engineering". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2643992.
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The use of computational modeling has become very popular and important in many engineering and physical fields, as it is considered a fast and inexpensive technique to support and often substitute experimental analysis. In fact system design and analysis can be carried out through computational studies instead of experiments, that are typically demanding in terms of cost and technical resources; sometimes the systems characteristics and the technical problems make the experiments impossible to perform and the use of computational tools is the only feasible option. Demand of resources for realistic simulation is increasing due to the interest in studying complex and large systems. In these framework smart modeling approaches and model reduction techniques play a crucial role for making complex and large system suitable for simulations. Moreover, it should be considered that often more than one simulation is requested in order to perform an analysis. For instance, if a heuristic method is applied to the optimization of a component, the model has to be run a certain number of times. The same problem arises when a certain level of uncertainty affect the system parameters; in this case also many simulation are required for obtaining the desired information. This is the reason why the use of technique that allows to obtain compact model is an interesting topic nowadays.
In this PhD thesis different reduction approaches and strategies have been used in order to analyze three energetic systems involving large domain and long time, one for each reduction approach categories. In all the topic considered, a smart model has been adopted and, when data were available, tested using experimental data. All the model are characterized by large domain and the time involved in the analysis are high in all the cases, therefore a method for compact model achievement is used in all the cases.
The considered topics are:
• Groundwater temperature perturbations due to geothermal heat pump installations, analyzed trough a multi-level model.
• District heating networks (DHN), studied from both the fluid-dynamic and thermal point of view and applied to one of the larger network in Europe, the Turin district heating system (DHS), trough a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition - Radial Basis Function model.
• Forest fire propagation simulation carried out using a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition projection model.
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Kerber, Stephen. "Evaluation of the ability of fire dynamic simulator to simulate positive pressure ventilation in the laboratory and practical scenarios". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3243.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Dülsen, Steffen [Verfasser]. "Development of a combined experimental and simulative method for the assessment of fire scenarios in motor vehicles / Steffen Dülsen". Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1220036307/34.
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Richards, Paul Leonard Edward. "Characterising a Design Fire for a Deliberately Lit Fire Scenario". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1779.
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Deliberately lit fires make up over 15% of all fires in New Zealand buildings yet they are
typically omitted from the design brief for fire engineering purposes. This report examines
where deliberately lit fires should be included as part of the fire engineering design by
examination of all deliberately lit fires recorded in the New Zealand Fire Incident
Reporting System (NZ FIRS) between the years 1996 and 2006.
The main types of buildings identified where consideration of deliberately lit fires within
the design would provide benefits are:
· Prisons
· Psychiatric institutions
· Schools
· Crowd activities
· Attached accommodation
The report also examined what is required to include deliberately lit fires as part of the
design process. Based on an analysis of the fire incident statistics, the majority of
deliberately lit fires are the result of unplanned activities and existing design fires will be
adequate. Two critical fire scenarios were identified as exceeding these requirements, the
ignition of multiple fires and the use of accelerants. Greater life safety benefits are obtained
by considering accelerants.
In the case of multiple fires, each fire is likely to be within the capabilities of a fire
engineered building however a number of such fires may overwhelm the fire protection
features of a building. A number of issues for the fire engineer to consider are briefly
discussed. In the case of accelerants, a number of experiments were completed to
characterise the heat release rate and species production of a Molotov cocktail based on the
fuel volume used. A second round of experiments extended this work by examining the
scenario where a Molotov cocktail containing 1000 milliliters of petrol was deployed
within a stairwell.
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Dai, Xu. "Extended travelling fire method framework with an OpenSees-based integrated tool SIFBuilder". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33088.
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Many studies of the fire induced thermal and structural behaviour in large compartments, carried out over the past two decades, show a great deal of non-uniformity, unlike the homogeneous compartment temperature assumption in the current fire safety engineering practice. Furthermore, some large compartment fires may burn locally and they tend to move across entire floor plates over a period of time as the fuel is consumed. This kind of fire scenario is beginning to be idealized as 'travelling fires' in the context of performance‐based structural and fire safety engineering. However, the previous research of travelling fires still relies on highly simplified travelling fire models (i.e. Clifton's model and Rein's model); and no equivalent numerical tools can perform such simulations, which involves analysis of realistic fire, heat transfer and thermo-mechanical response in one single software package with an automatic coupled manner. Both of these hinder the advance of the research on performance‐based structural fire engineering. The author develops an extended travelling fire method (ETFM) framework and an integrated comprehensive tool with high computational expediency in this research, to address the above‐mentioned issues. The experiments conducted for characterizing travelling fires over the past two decades are reviewed, in conjunction with the current available travelling fire models. It is found that no performed travelling fire experiment records both the structural response and the mass loss rate of the fuel (to estimate the fire heat release rate) in a single test, which further implies closer collaboration between the structural and the fire engineers' teams are needed, especially for the travelling fire research topic. In addition, an overview of the development of OpenSees software framework for modelling structures in fire is presented, addressing its theoretical background, fundamental assumptions, and inherent limitations. After a decade of development, OpenSees has modules including fire, heat transfer, and thermo‐mechanical analysis. Meanwhile, it is one of the few structural fire modelling software which is open source and free to the entire community, allowing interested researchers to use and contribute with no expense. An OpenSees‐based integrated tool called SIFBuilder is developed by the author and co‐workers, which can perform fire modelling, heat transfer analysis, and thermo-mechanical analysis in one single software with an automatic coupled manner. This manner would facilitate structural engineers to apply fire loading on their design structures like other mechanical loading types (e.g. seismic loading, gravity loading, etc.), without transferring the fire and heat transfer modelling results to each structural element manually and further assemble them to the entire structure. This feature would largely free the structural engineers' efforts to focus on the structural response for performance-based design under different fire scenarios, without investigating the modelling details of fire and heat transfer analysis. Moreover, the efficiency due to this automatic coupled manner would become more superior, for modelling larger structures under more realistic fire scenarios (e.g. travelling fires). This advantage has been confirmed by the studies carried out in this research, including 29 travelling fire scenarios containing total number of 696 heat transfer analysis for the structural members, which were undertaken at very modest computational costs. In addition, a set of benchmark problems for verification and validation of OpenSees/SIFBuilder are investigated, which demonstrates good agreement against analytical solutions, ABAQUS, SAFIR, and the experimental data. These benchmark problems can also be used for interested researchers to verify their own numerical or analytical models for other purposes, and can be also used as an induction guide of OpenSees/SIFBuilder. Significantly, an extended travelling fire method (ETFM) framework is put forward in this research, which can predict the fire severity considering a travelling fire concept with an upper bound. This framework considers the energy and mass conservation, rather than simply forcing other independent models to 'travel' in the compartment (i.e. modified parametric fire curves in Clifton's model, 800°C‐1200°C temperature block and the Alpert's ceiling jet in Rein's model). It is developed based on combining Hasemi's localized fire model for the fire plume, and a simple smoke layer calculation by utilising the FIRM zone model for the areas of the compartment away from the fire. Different from mainly investigating the thermal impact due to various ratios of the fire size to the compartment size (e.g. 5%, 10%, 25%, 75%, etc.), as in Rein's model, this research investigates the travelling fire thermal impact through explicit representation of the various fire spread rates and fuel load densities, which are the key input parameters in the ETFM framework. To represent the far field thermal exposures, two zone models (i.e. ASET zone model & FIRM zone model) and the ETFM framework are implemented in SIFBuilder, in order to provide the community a 'vehicle' to try, test, and further improve this ETFM framework, and also the SIFBuilder itself. It is found that for 'slow' travelling fires (i.e. low fire spread rates), the near‐field fire plume brings more dominant thermal impact compared with the impact from far‐field smoke. In contrast, for 'fast' travelling fires (i.e. high fire spread rates), the far‐field smoke brings more dominant thermal impact. Furthermore, the through depth thermal gradients due to different travelling fire scenarios were explored, especially with regards to the 'thermal gradient reversal' due to the near‐field fire plume approaching and leaving the design structural member. This 'thermal gradient reversal' would fundamentally reverse the thermally‐induced bending moment from hogging to sagging. The modelling results suggest that the peak thermal gradient due to near‐field approaching is more sensitive to the fuel load density than fire spread rate, where larger peak values are captured with lower fuel load densities. Moreover, the reverse peak thermal gradient due to near‐field leaving is also sensitive to the fuel load density rather than the fire spread rate, but this reverse peak value is inversely proportional to the fuel load densities. Finally, the key assumptions of the ETFM framework are rationalised and its limitations are emphasized. Design instructions with relevant information which can be readily used by the structural fire engineers for the ETFM framework are also included. Hence more optimised and robust structural design under such fire threat can be generated and guaranteed, where we believe these efforts will advance the performance‐based structural and fire safety engineering.
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Stern-Gottfried, Jamie. "Travelling fires for structural design". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5244.
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Traditional methods for specifying thermal inputs for the structural fire analysis of buildings assume uniform burning and homogeneous temperature conditions throughout a compartment, regardless of its size. This is in contrast to the observation that accidental fires in large, open-plan compartments tend to travel across floor plates, burning over a limited area at any one time. This thesis reviews the assumptions inherent in the traditional methods and addresses their limitations by proposing a methodology that considers travelling fires for structural design. Central to this work is the need for strong collaboration between fire safety engineers to define the fire environment and structural fire engineers to assess the subsequent structural behaviour. The traditional hypothesis of homogeneous temperature conditions in postflashover fires is reviewed by analysis of existing experimental data from wellinstrumented fire tests. It is found that this assumption does not hold well and that a rational statistical approach to fire behaviour could be used instead. The methodology developed in this thesis utilises travelling fires to produce more realistic fire scenarios in large, open-plan compartments than the conventional methods that assume uniform burning and homogeneous gas phase temperatures which are only applicable to small compartments. The methodology considers a family of travelling fires that includes the full range of physically possible fire sizes iv within a given compartment. The thermal environment is split into two regions: the near field (flames) and the far field (smoke away from the flames). Smaller fires travel across a floor plate for long periods of time with relatively cool far field temperatures, while larger fires have hotter far field temperatures but burn for shorter durations. The methodology is applied to case studies showing the impact of travelling fires on generic concrete and steel structures. It is found that travelling fires have a considerable impact on the performance of these structures and that conventional design approaches cannot automatically be assumed to be conservative. The results indicate that medium sized fires between 10% and 25% of the floor area are the most onerous for a structure. Detailed sensitivity analyses are presented, showing that the structural design and fuel load have a larger impact on structural behaviour than any numerical or physical parameter required for the methodology. This thesis represents a foundation for using travelling fires for structural analysis and design. The impact of travelling fires is critical for understanding true structural response to fire in modern, open-plan buildings. It is recommended that travelling fires be considered more widely for structural design and the structural mechanics associated with them be studied in more detail. The methodology presented in this thesis provides a key framework for collaboration between fire safety engineers and structural fire engineers to achieve these aims.
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Firl, Jonas [Verfasser]. "Probabilistic Maneuver Recognition in Traffic Scenarios / Jonas Firl". Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2015. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.
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Healy, Thomas F. "Fighting tomorrow's fire today: leveraging intelligence for scenario-based exercise design". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41388.
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CHDS State/LocalThere is a great opportunity for collaborative learning when agencies conduct emergency preparedness exercises together. If different members of the community contribute to the development of these exercises, then this learning benefits the entire population. As it stands, preparedness exercises are being conducted with minimal regard to recommendations from previous exercises and real-world events. Along with the incorporation of intelligence into these exercises, the objectives should promote a more inclusive design process based on focused relevance, encouraging agencies to view themselves more as members of the greater community rather than individual entities. Terrorist organizations learn from past failures as well as successes, and emergency responders should strive to parallel this learning in order to develop tactical improvements. Emergency responders need to promote the idea of intelligence-driven exercise design in order to support community resilience through collaborative training. Municipalities should spearhead this effort, supported financially by the private sector. With this fusion of intelligence and collaborative exercise design, we can learn from the fires of yesterday and prepare for the emergencies of tomorrow.
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Elrgaiye, Ali Saad Ab. "Semi-quantitative Risk Assessment of an anaerobic digestion process". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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Biogas is the most emerging industrial sector for energy production from renewable sources at National and European levels, and growing government funds favor the development of its market. From a process safety standpoint, Seveso Directive (Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council), but Biogas plants are complicated enough to require both their specific technology and an accurate risk assessment for design purposes. The number of accidents involving biogas plants has been too many to be ignored. Biogas plants are often operated wrongly, deficient in technological details and incorrectly scaled-up. Moreover, all these mistakes are repeated over and over again. Therefore, there is the pressing need for an assessment of the reliability of these plants in order to operate them safely. For this reason, a quantitative risk assessment was carried out to on a biogas production plant.
Starting from event trees conventional for process industry (EU- Project ARAMIS), to the critical events, and ending with selecting the specific reference accident scenarios.
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Merino, Albert. "Vivre avec le feu en région méditerranéenne : une approche participative multicritère et multi-scénarios appliquée au cas du massif des Maures (Var, France)". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV016/document.
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Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une évaluation multicritère de plusieurs « scénarios de vie avec le feu » en forêt méditerranéenne. Le cas d’études concerne le massif des Maures (Var ; France), un territoire fortement soumis au risque « feux de forêt » et ayant connu d’importantes transformations socio-économiques au cours des dernières décennies. Cette étude cherche également à tester et comparer la pertinence de plusieurs cadres évaluatifs comme outils d’aide à la gouvernance du risque « feux de forêt ». La thèse est composée de trois parties principales clairement distinctes d’un point de vue aussi bien thématique que méthodologique. La première partie de la thèse a pour objet l’« Economie du feu », autrement dit, l’ensemble de concepts et d’outils généralement proposés par la Science Economique pour l’analyse du risque « feux de forêt » (modèle C+NVC, « budget optimal de protection », etc.). Nous soulignons par rapport à ce premier cadre évaluatif jusqu’à trois sophismes fondamentaux qui démontrent son inadéquation par rapport à la complexité, l’incertitude, l’ambiguïté et l’incommensurabilité qui caractérisent le phénomène du feu. La thèse se focalise dans un deuxième temps sur la présentation d’une approche alternative au sein de laquelle plusieurs scénarios semi-qualitatifs sont évaluées dans une logique participative et multicritère. La deuxième partie de la thèse est ainsi consacrée à la présentation de l’approche des Scénarios Environnementaux, puis de chacune des étapes du processus prospectif mené sur le terrain avec la participation des acteurs locaux. Ce processus aboutit à quatre « avenirs du feu » dans les Maures : (i) l’AFFRONTEMENT technique ; (ii) la (RE)COLONISATION de la forêt ; (iii) la DOMESTICATION du feu ; et (iv) l’ADAPTATION collective. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous présentons les Approches Participatives MultiCritère (APMC), puis nous analysons le processus d’exploration réalisé sur le terrain par les acteurs locaux eux-mêmes à travers une plateforme heuristique inspirée de deux APMC communément employées dans la gestion de systèmes socio-écologiques et la gouvernance des risques, à savoir, la Multi-Criteria Mapping (cartographie multicritère) et l’Approche INTÉGRAAL. L’analyse des résultats obtenus à travers ce processus d’exploration permettent d’établir plusieurs recommandations susceptibles d’améliorer les pratiques actuelles de gouvernance du risque et de décupler l’acceptabilité sociétale des mesures de gestion aujourd’hui en placeThis thesis aims to: (i) explore and evaluate several ways of living with fire in Mediterranean forests; (ii) appraise different evaluative frameworks for wildfire risk governance. The case study concerns the Massif des Maures (Var; France), a fire-prone territory where structural socio-economic transformations are coming about since 50 years now. The thesis consists of three main parts clearly distinguishable (thematically as well as methodologically). First part focuses on “Fire Economics”, that is, the set of theoretical concepts and methodological tools commonly applied by economists for the study of wildfire risk (C+NVC model, “most efficient program level”, etc.). We highlight up to three fundamental sophisms in such an evaluative framework. We thus underline its inadequacy for dealing with the complexity, uncertainty, ambiguity and incommensurability of wildfires phenomenon. The focus of the thesis moves then to the presentation of an alternative approach in which several semi-qualitative and integrated Scenarios are explored through an inclusive Multi-Criteria reasoning. Second part thus treats Environmental Scenarios, an approach which is first presented in a general way and whose application to our case study is then analysed in detail, from the very first interviews with local actors to the final scenarios generated with their participation. These scenarios are: (i) Technical Confrontation; (ii) Forest (re)Colonisation; (iii) Fire Domestication; and (iv) Collective Adaptation. Third part deals with Participatory Multi-Criteria Approaches (PMCA). We first present and contextualise these evaluative frameworks as an example of Value-Articulating Institution (VAI). We then apply to our case study a hybrid PMCA inspired from two approaches frequently used in social-ecological systems management and risk governance: Multi-Criteria Mapping and INTÉGRAAL Approach. The thesis concludes with several recommendations that could improve social acceptability of current fire management strategies and more generally, enhance fire risk governance practices
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Uhler-Kim, Eun Suk. "Scenarios for Korean reunification the political dimension /". St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/06604243001/$FILE/06604243001.pdf.
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Johns, Kenneth W. Jr. "Toward managing & automating CyberCIEGE scenario definition file creation". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1669.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThe CyberCIEGE project seeks to create an alternative to traditional Information Assurance (IA) training and education approaches by developing an interactive, entertaining commercial-grade PC-based computer game/virtual laboratory. CyberCIEGE will provide a robust, flexible and extensible gaming environment where each instance of the game is based on a fully customizable scenario. These scenarios are written in the CyberCIEGE Scenario Definition Language. Unfortunately, the trade-off for flexibility, extensibility and fully customizable scenarios is syntax complexity in the scenario definition language. This thesis will solve this real world problem by showing that the complexity of scenario definition language syntax can be managed through a software tool. This thesis will develop such a tool and further demonstrate that progress can be made toward automating scenario generation.
Civilian, Federal Cyber Service Corps, Naval Postgraduate School
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Johns, Kenneth W. "Toward managing & automating CyberCIEGE scenario definition file creation /". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Mar%5FJohns.pdf.
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Carvalho, Anabela Victorino. "Forest fires and air quality under a climate change scenario". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/700.
Texto completoResumen
Doutoramento em Ciências Aplicadas ao AmbienteOs incêndios florestais e a qualidade do ar em cenário de alteração climática constituem uma das maiores ameaças ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Nestes sentido, este trabalho pretende avaliar o impacte das alterações climáticas nos incêndios florestais e na qualidade do ar. A análise estatística de doze distritos Portugueses revelou que a meteorologia e as componentes do índice Canadiano de risco de incêndio são as variáveis que determinam os números dos incêndios florestais em Portugal. Neste âmbito, este trabalho pretendeu também caracterizar os padrões atmosféricos associados à ocorrência dos incêndios florestais. Com base numa análise estatística com desfasamento temporal (lagged correlation) concluiu-se que a ocorrência de grandes incêndios é precedida por transporte de ar quente e seco do centro da Península Ibérica para Portugal. De forma a avaliar o impacte das alterações climáticas nos incêndios florestais estimou-se o índice meteorológico de risco de incêndio para o cenário SRES A2 do IPCC para duas resoluções espaciais, 12 km e 25 km. A análise permitiu concluir que num cenário de alteração climática o risco de incêndio sofrerá um agravamento significativo, principalmente nos distritos do Norte e Centro do país. Com base nesta análise e nas relações estatísticas estabelecidas entre os incêndios florestais e a meteorologia foi possível prever a área ardida e o número de incêndios em clima futuro. Os distritos de Bragança e Porto poderão ser os mais afectados em termos de aumento da área ardida. As projecções indicam que no final do século XXI a área ardida e o número de incêndios em Portugal poderão aumentar cerca de 500 % e 300 %, respectivamente, relativamente aos anos 80. Com base nas projecções de área ardida em clima futuro estimaram-se as emissões provenientes dos incêndios florestais e avaliou-se o seu potencial impacte na qualidade do ar. O impacte das alterações climáticas e dos incêndios florestais nos níveis de ozono e partículas foi avaliado através da aplicação do sistema de modelação MM5/CHIMERE. As projecções indicam que a alteração climática contribui para o aumento dos níveis de ozono na atmosfera em cerca de 20 µg m-3. Se a emissão dos incêndios florestais em clima futuro também for considerada poderá verificar-se uma redução das concentrações de ozono na imediação dos incêndios florestais e um aumento a jusante. Os níveis de partículas na atmosfera sofrerão aumentos mas também serão detectadas diminuições em determinadas regiões. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta científica inovadora que ajuda a fundamentar decisões políticas e estratégias de combate e mitigação do impacte das alterações climáticas nos incêndios florestais e na qualidade do ar.
Forest fire activity and air quality under a changing climate are considered one of the main threats to sustainable development. The interaction between the climate, the forest fire activity and the air quality over Portugal is the main purpose of this study. The relationship between the weather, the fire weather risk and the forest fire activity has been assessed for twelve districts over Portugal. Statistical significant correlations have been established among the analysed variables indicating the weather as the most important natural factor influencing forest fires in Portugal. In order to better assess the role of the regional scale atmospheric conditions in fire activity, the typical structural evolution of the atmospheric field patterns in a wildfire event was investigated by lagged analysis. The analysis pointed out that in the pre-phase of a forest fire event heated air is transported from the Iberian Peninsula’s centre towards Portugal. Having in mind the important role of the atmospheric conditions on fire activity statistics over Portugal, the fire weather under the IPCC SRES A2 scenario was assessed for two spatial resolutions, 12 km and 25 km. A substantial increase on the future fire weather risk over Portugal especially in the inner districts of the North and Centre is expected. Taking into account that the weather explains the majority of the forest fire activity in Portugal and based on the fire weather projections under future climate it was possible to forecast future area burned and number of forest fires. The projections showed a substantial increase on the area burned namely in Bragança and Porto districts. By the end of the XXI century, Portugal may face increases of approximately 500 % and 300 % for area burned and number of fires, respectively, comparatively to the 80s. Based on the future area burned projections it was possible to estimate future fire emissions and to evaluate their impact on air quality. The MM5/CHIMERE air quality modelling system was applied to the reference and to the future climate scenarios. The projected impacts pointed that climate change alone enhances the ozone levels in the atmosphere of up to 20 µg m-3. When forest fire emissions are also considered the ozone levels decrease in the vicinity of the forest fires but increase downwind of their locations. The particulate matter in the atmosphere will increase but decreases may also be detected. This study constitutes an innovative scientific tool that helps to fundament strategies and policies to face and mitigate future climate change impacts on forest fire activity and air quality.
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Denzler, Alain. "The Audiovisual Future Current Developments, Future Scenarios and Implications /". St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01649508002/$FILE/01649508002.pdf.
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Byström, Alexandra. "Compartment Fire Temperature Calculations and Measurements". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-59927.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis is devoted to heat transfer and fire dynamics in enclosures. It consists of a main part which summarizes and discusses the theory of heat transfer, conservation of energy, fire dynamics and specific fire scenarios that have been studied. In the second part of this thesis, the reader will find an Appendix containing seven scientific publications in this field. In particular, one- and two-zone compartment fire models have been studied. A new way of calculating fire temperatures of pre- and post-flashover compartment fires is presented. Three levels of solution techniques are presented including closed form analytical expressions, spread-sheet calculations and solutions involving general finite element temperature calculations. Validations with experiments have shown good accuracy of the calculation models and that the thermal properties of the surrounding structures have a great impact on the fire temperature development. In addition, the importance of the choice of measurement techniques in fire engineering has been studied. Based on the conclusions from these studies, the best techniques have been used in further experimental studies of different fire scenarios.Denna avhandling behandlar problem kopplade till värmeöverföring och branddynamik i slutna utrymmen med tonvikt på värmeöverföring mellan gaser och utsatta konstruktioner. Avhandlingen består av en huvuddel och ett appendix innehållande sju vetenskapliga artiklar. I huvuddelen sammanfattas och diskuteras grundläggande teorier och principer inom värmeöverföring och branddynamik samt studier av ett antal specialfall av brandscenarion som baseras på dessa teorier. I de avslutande bilagorna (Artiklar A1-A3 och Artiklar B1-B2) finns sju vetenskapliga artiklar som grundligare beskriver de ovan nämnda specialfallen. Huvudfokus i avhandlingen ligger på temperaturutveckling vid brand i slutna utrymmen. I avhandlingen studeras i synnerhet en- och två-zonsmodeller för brand i slutna utrymmen, och en ny metod för att beräkna brandgastemperaturer före och efter övertändning i rumsbränder är framtagen. Validering av dessa modeller med experiment visar att deras noggrannhet är bra. Modellerna visar också att de termiska egenskaperna hos de omgivande ytorna har stor inverkan på brandtemperatursutvecklingen. I tillägg studeras i denna avhandling betydelsen av val av mätmetoder i brandtekniska tillämpningar. På grundval av slutsatserna från dessa studier har de främsta mätteknikerna använts i ytterligare experimentella studier av olika brandscenarier.
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Caratozzolo, Vincenzo. "Development and validation of models for accident scenario following the spill of hazardous substances from pipelines". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Buscar texto completoResumen
The releases of hazardous substance from pressurised pipelines are of particular interest due to the different scenarios that may occur following the loss of containment. These may have different causes, as accidental release, corrosion, etc. In such cases the release of flammable substances can lead to different scenarios as Fires, Explosions and Environmental pollutions. The severity of such scenarios can increase due the "Domino Effect" that will affect also other equipment or near unit operations, potentially causing a cascading event. For these reasons an accurate methodology is necessary in order to estimate the consequences and the evaluation of the possible hazards coming from those scenarios.
In this work a CFD software developed at the University College London (UCL) called PipeTech was used to predict the depressurization parameters (Temperature, Pressure, etc.) and the outflow following the rupture of a pipeline, as well as to assess the hazard coming from the Jet Fire and the Pool Fire.
In particular, an initial validation, against some experimental data and another commercial software Phast (DNV GL), of the Jet Fire and Pool Fire models implemented in PipeTech was performed. Moreover, an evaluation of the effect of some main parameter (pressure, tilt angle and orifice diameter) were taken into account to evaluate how they affect the incident radiation coming from the Jet Fire.
With the aim to upgrade the Pool Fire model implemented in PipeTech, a new model based on correlations found in literature is described, in which the flame is considered as to have two different emitting zones: a lower and luminous part and an upper partially obscured part due to the smoke envelope that emits with distinctive Surface Emissive Power, thus affecting in different way the incident radiation coming from a Pool Fire, Especially in the region very close to the flame. This upgrade was validated against Phast v8.2 and some experimental data present in literature.
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Minton, Mark A. "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a fire-induced accident scenario involving binary variables and mechanistic codes". Thesis, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4939.
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CIVINSApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
In response to the transition by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to a risk-informed, performance-based fire protection rulemaking standard, Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) methods have been improved, particularly in the areas of advanced fire modeling and computational methods. In order to gain a more meaningful insight into the methods currently in practice, it was decided that a scenario incorporating the various elements of uncertainty specific to a fire PRA would be analyzed. Fire induced Main Control Room (MCR) abandonment scenarios are a significant contributor to the total Core Damage Frequency (CDF) estimate of many operating nuclear power plants. This report details the simultaneous application of state-of-the-art model and parameter uncertainty techniques to develop a defensible distribution of the probability of a forced MCR abandonment caused by a fire within a MCR benchboard. This report details the simultaneous application of state-of-the-art model and parameter uncertainty techniques to develop a defensible distribution of the probability of a forced MCR abandonment caused by a fire within a MCR.
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Minton, Mark A. (Mark Aaron). "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a fire-induced accident scenario involving binary variables and mechanistic codes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76589.
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Thesis (Nucl. E. and S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2010."September 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-74).
In response to the transition by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to a risk-informed, performance-based fire protection rulemaking standard, Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) methods have been improved, particularly in the areas of advanced fire modeling and computational methods. As the methods for the quantification of fire risk are improved, the methods for the quantification of the uncertainties must also be improved. In order to gain a more meaningful insight into the methods currently in practice, it was decided that a scenario incorporating the various elements of uncertainty specific to a fire PRA would be analyzed. The NRC has validated and verified five fire models to simulate the effects of fire growth and propagation in nuclear power plants. Although these models cover a wide range of sophistication, epistemic uncertainties resulting from the assumptions and approximations used within the model are always present. The uncertainty of a model prediction is not only dependent on the uncertainties of the model itself, but also on how the uncertainties in input parameters are propagated throughout the model. Inputs to deterministic fire models are often not precise values, but instead follow statistical distributions. The fundamental motivation for assessing model and parameter uncertainties is to combine the results in an effort to calculate a cumulative probability of exceeding a given threshold. This threshold can be for equipment damage, time to alarm, habitability of spaces, etc. Fire growth and propagation is not the only source of uncertainty present in a fire-induced accident scenario. Statistical models are necessary to develop estimates of fire ignition frequency and the probability that a fire will be suppressed. Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is performed to determine the probability that operators will correctly perform manual actions even with the additional complications of a fire present. Fire induced Main Control Room (MCR) abandonment scenarios are a significant contributor to the total Core Damage Frequency (CDF) estimate of many operating nuclear power plants. Many of the resources spent on fire PRA are devoted to quantification of the probability that a fire will force operators to abandon the MCR and take actions from a remote location. However, many current PRA practitioners feel that effect of MCR fires have been overstated. This report details the simultaneous application of state-of-the-art model and parameter uncertainty techniques to develop a defensible distribution of the probability of a forced MCR abandonment caused by a fire within a MCR benchboard. These results are combined with the other elements of uncertainty present in a fire-induced MCR abandonment scenario to develop a CDF distribution that takes into account the interdependencies between the factors. In addition, the input factors having the strongest influence on the final results are identified so that operators, regulators, and researchers can focus their efforts to mitigate the effects of this class of fire-induced accident scenario.
by Mark A. Minton.
Nucl.E.and S.M.
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Mertens, Ralf. "The Role of Psychophysiology in Forensic Assessments: Deception Detection, ERPs and Virtual Reality Mock Crime Scenarios". Diss., Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, 2006. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1470%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Ageberg, Erik. "Into tomorrow1 : Constructing scenarios for the record industry in the 21-century". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129511.
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Titel: Into tomorrow – Constructing scenarios for the record industry in the 21-century.Number of Pages: 54 (55 including enclosures)Author: Erik G AgebergTutor: Else NygrenCourse: Media and Communication Studies DPeriod: Spring semester 2009University: Division of Media and Communication studies, Department ofinformation science, Uppsala University.Purpose/Aim: The aim of this paper is to, through scenario planning methodology,present recommendations in order for record companies to be competitive in the nearfuture. In order to achieve this goal three question where asked. (1) What are the mostcentral problems of the record industry? (2) How can these problems affect the futurein the industry? (3) In what way can record companies’ work to avoid theseproblems? The paper focuses on the Swedish market partly because of the giventimeframe but also because of Sweden’s position in that of file sharing as well astechnological advances. It is also assumed in this paper that the future of music saleswill be concentrated to the Internet.Material/Method: The chosen method for this paper was scenario planning. Anextensive literature study was complemented with interviews of key players involvedin content consumption over the Internet.Main results: A fundamental issue for the future of the music industry is that oflegislation. The outcome of the record industry’s future is almost exclusivelydependent on the way, which the legislation takes. A stricter legislation, whichincludes violations of citizens’ personal integrity, may backfire and result in politicalpirate parties’ becoming members of parliaments. This may in turn result in that theintellectual property laws of the nineteenth century are removed. Suing privatepersons and trackers can result in record companies alienating an entire generation ofmusic consumers. Record companies attempts to retain music as a product may proveto be futile within time, but they can absolutely prolong the period in which it is aproduct. It is nevertheless, not entirely negative for music to become a service. Bybeing a service music can more easily be attached to another service, like an Internetsubscription, or an experience.
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Alvari, Gianpaolo. "Fine-Grained Analyses of Early Autism-related Social Behavior in Real-World Scenarios by Machine Learning". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/331002.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that carries high costs for families and the healthcare system, requiring extensive management both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The implementation of AI-based systems in clinical practice represents a possible supportive solution that can help clinicians by providing more systematic meth- ods to monitor child behavior. The main advantage over more traditional observational approaches is to offer quantitative and refined analysis solutions that can be ecological at the same time. The relevance of AI in clinical applications can have a role both in the challenge of early detection and in designing intervention programs better tai- lored to the specific functioning of children with ASD. The research project presented in this dissertation focused on developing AI-based systems for fine-grained analysis of autism-related social behaviors and their validation in concrete clinical environments. Specifically, in Chapter 2, our first study is presented, which targets on implementing a computational phenotyping system to address the need for new early markers of the condition. Through fine-grained analytics of facial dynamics in videos, we identified a set of features that distinguished young (6-12 months) infants with ASD (18 ASD, 15 non-ASD) during unconstrained at-home interactions. In Chapters 3 and 4, we introduce EYE-C, a Behavior Imaging model for robust analysis of eye contact episodes in eco- logical therapist-child interactions. The system was validated in the clinical setting for personalized early intervention. First, we investigated the influence of extracted features in categorizing spectrum heterogeneity across a sample of 62 preschool (<6 years) chil- dren with ASD. Further, we tested our metrics as predictors of early intensive treatment outcomes in a sub-sample of 18 subjects with ASD. The project aims to demonstrate the feasibility of effective computational systems that are robust to the high variability of unstructured interactions, with emphasis on the applicative value in real-world scenar- ios. Even though based on limited sample sizes, the work presented may offer interesting insights into the perspective of integrating AI into clinical practice.
The research project was funded by an FBK scholarship and developed in a double in- ternship at ODFLab (University of Trento) and the FBK Data Science for Health (DSH) research unit.
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Ronstad, David. "A Comparison between two different Methods to Verify Fire Safety Design in Buildings". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62258.
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In today’s Nordic construction industry, it is difficult for new and innovative building solutions to be introduced due to prescriptive and inflexible regulations. Trading products and services cross-border is something that could loosen the tough market, but this is not possible due to the lack of common international frameworks that is performance based with the possibility to perform fire safety engineering. This is something that the Nordic Innovation project group called Fire Safety Engineering for Innovative and Sustainable Building Solutions wants to change. By introducing a new probabilistic method to verify fire safety in buildings, with the intention to become a Nordic standard, so will hopefully parts of these problems be resolved. The fourth work package of the project includes field testing of the new method which this thesis is a part of. The idea is to asses and improve the new probabilistic approach by comparing it to an existing non-probabilistic method and introduce ameliorating recommendations. Comparison of the probabilistic method is performed against a Swedish verification process that’s based on the General recommendations on analytical design of fire safety strategy (BBRAD) by verifying fire safety in a car park, that is located below an office building, with both verification methods. The two performance-based analyses treat deviations from a prescriptive solution, performed with the Boverket’s Building Regulations (BBR), and the results of these verifications is compared. The requirements that is verified are; escape in event of fire, protection against the outbreak of fire, protection against the development and spread of fire and smoke in buildings, protection against spread of fire between buildings, possibility of rescue responses and ensuring fire resistance in the structural members. Fire safety designs and approaches for treatment of the deviations are compared and analysed which concludes in the improvement recommendation that’s been presented. Questions that has been answered during the work process is: How do the methods treat the possibility of a fire safety design without sprinkler? What is the main difference between the two verification methods? Which improvements could be done to the new Probabilistic method? The recommendations of improvement that has been presented is based on the work process of the probabilistic approach and the comparison with the Swedish verification process. Development of the following areas is advocated: Treatment of critical levels for evacuation scenarios Form a common Nordic statistical database Improved guidance of how to complete the validation analysis The thesis does not include all parts that’s required in a fire safety design but will merely focus on the deviations of the pre-accepted solution. The verification is only performed on the car park, i.e. the office part of the building is not included.I dagens nordiska byggbransch är det svårt för nya och innovativa byggnadslösningar att införas på grund av de preskriptiva och fyrkantiga regelverk som finns. Handel av produkter och tjänster över gränserna är något som kan luckra upp den tuffa marknaden, men det är svårt på grund av bristen utav gemensamma internationella regelverk som är funktionsbaserade med möjlighet till fire safety engeinnering. Det är något som ett nordiskt innovationsprojekt kallat Fire Safety Engineering for Innovative and Sustainable Building Solutions vill förändra. Genom att införa en ny probabilistisk metod för att verifiera brandsäkerheten i byggnader, med avsikten att skapa en nordisk standard, kan förhoppningsvis delar av dessa problem lösas. Det fjärde arbetspaketet inom projektet består av att testa den nya metoden, vilket denna avhandling är en del av. Tanken är att bedöma och ta fram förbättringsförslag till den nya probabilistiska metoden genom att jämföra den med en befintlig scenariobaserad metod och presentera förbättringsrekommendationer. Jämförelse av probabilistiska metoden utförs mot en svensk verifieringsprocess som baseras på Boverkets allmänna råd om analytisk dimensionering av byggnaders brandskydd (BBRAD) genom att verifiera brandsäkerheten i ett parkeringsgarage, som ligger under en kontorsbyggnad, med båda verifieringsmetoderna. De två funktionsbaserade analyserna behandlar avvikelser från en förenklad dimensionering, som är utförd enligt Boverkets Byggregler (BBR), och resultaten av dessa verifikationer jämförs. De krav som verifieras är; utrymning i händelse av brand, skydd mot uppkomst av brand, skydd mot utveckling och spridning av brand och rök i byggnader, skydd mot brandspridning mellan byggnader, möjlighet till räddningsinsats och att säkerställa bärförmåga vid brand. Brandskyddets utformning och metodernas behandling av avvikelserna jämförs och analyseras vilket konkluderar i de rekommendationer för förbättring som presenteras. Frågor som har besvarats under arbetsprocessen är: Hur behandlar metoderna möjligheten att dimensionera brandsäkerheten utan sprinklersystem? Vad är den stora skillnaden mellan de två verifieringsmetoderna? Vilka förbättringar kan göras på den nya probabilistiska metoden? Rekommendationerna till förbättring som har tagits fram är baserad på arbetsprocessen i den probabilistiska metoden och jämförelsen med den svenska verifieringsprocessen. Utveckling av följande områden förespråkas: Behandling av kritiska nivåer i utrymningsscenarion Uppställning av en gemensam statistiskdatabas för de nordiska länderna Förbättrad förklaring om hur man utför valideringarna av analysen Avhandlingen omfattar inte alla delar som behövs vid bandskyddsprojektering utan fokusera endast på avvikelserna från den förenklade dimensioneringen. Verifikationen är endast utförd på parkeringsgaraget, det vill säga kontorsdelen av byggnaden behandlas inte.
Fire Safety Engineering for Innovative and Sustainable Building Solutions
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Ziemba, Gilead Reed. "Theoretical analysis of light-weight truss construction in fire conditions, including the use of fire-retardant-treatment wood". Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050506-114556/.
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Ageberg, Erik. "Into tomorrow1 : Constructing scenarios for the record industry in the 21-century". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129511.
Texto completoResumen
Titel: Into tomorrow – Constructing scenarios for the record industry in the 21-century.Number of Pages: 54 (55 including enclosures)Author: Erik G AgebergTutor: Else NygrenCourse: Media and Communication Studies DPeriod: Spring semester 2009University: Division of Media and Communication studies, Department ofinformation science, Uppsala University.Purpose/Aim: The aim of this paper is to, through scenario planning methodology,present recommendations in order for record companies to be competitive in the nearfuture. In order to achieve this goal three question where asked. (1) What are the mostcentral problems of the record industry? (2) How can these problems affect the futurein the industry? (3) In what way can record companies’ work to avoid theseproblems? The paper focuses on the Swedish market partly because of the giventimeframe but also because of Sweden’s position in that of file sharing as well astechnological advances. It is also assumed in this paper that the future of music saleswill be concentrated to the Internet.Material/Method: The chosen method for this paper was scenario planning. Anextensive literature study was complemented with interviews of key players involvedin content consumption over the Internet.Main results: A fundamental issue for the future of the music industry is that oflegislation. The outcome of the record industry’s future is almost exclusivelydependent on the way, which the legislation takes. A stricter legislation, whichincludes violations of citizens’ personal integrity, may backfire and result in politicalpirate parties’ becoming members of parliaments. This may in turn result in that theintellectual property laws of the nineteenth century are removed. Suing privatepersons and trackers can result in record companies alienating an entire generation ofmusic consumers. Record companies attempts to retain music as a product may proveto be futile within time, but they can absolutely prolong the period in which it is aproduct. It is nevertheless, not entirely negative for music to become a service. Bybeing a service music can more easily be attached to another service, like an Internetsubscription, or an experience.
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Bochsler, Sharon. "Analysis of Dynamic Trends in the Population of Switzerland Scenarios for the young and old Generation /". St. Gallen, 2005. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01655943001/$FILE/01655943001.pdf.
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GOBBI, STEFANO. "Fine spatial scale modelling of Trentino past forest landscape and future change scenarios to study ecosystem services through the years". Doctoral thesis, country:IT, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/71234.
Texto completoResumen
Landscape in Europe has dramatically changed in the last decades. This has been especially
true for Alpine regions, where the progressive urbanization of the valleys has been accom-
panied by the abandonment of smaller villages and areas at higher elevation. This trend
has been clearly observable in the Provincia Autonoma di Trento (PAT) region in the Italian
Alps. The impact has been substantial for many rural areas, with the progressive shrinking
of meadows and pastures due to the forest natural recolonization. These modifications of the
landscape affect biodiversity, social and cultural dynamics, including landscape perception
and some ecosystem services. Literature review showed that this topic has been addressed
by several authors across the Alps, but their researches are limited in space coverage, spatial
resolution and time span. This thesis aims to create a comprehensive dataset of historical
maps and multitemporal orthophotos in the area of PAT to perform data analysis to identify
the changes in forest and open areas, being an evaluation of how these changes affected land-
scape structure and ecosystems, create a future change scenario for a test area and highlight
some major changes in ecosystem services through time.
In this study a high resolution dataset of maps covering the whole PAT area for over
a century was developed. The earlier representation of the PAT territory which contained
reliable data about forest coverage was considered is the Historic Cadastral maps of the 1859.
These maps in fact systematically and accurately represented the land use of each parcel in
the Habsburg Empire, included the PAT. Then, the Italian Kingdom Forest Maps, was the
next important source of information about the forest coverage after World War I, before
coming to the most recent datasets of the greyscale images of 1954, 1994 and the multiband
images of 2006 and 2015.
The purpose of the dataset development is twofold: to create a series of maps describing
the forest and open areas coverage in the last 160 years for the whole PAT on one hand and
to setup and test procedures to extract the relevant information from imagery and historical
maps on the other. The datasets were archived, processed and analysed using the Free and
Open Source Software (FOSS) GIS GRASS, QGIS and R.
The goal set by this work was achieved by a remote sensed analysis of said maps and
aerial imagery. A series of procedures were applied to extract a land use map, with the forest
categories reaching a level of detail rarely achieved for a study area of such an extension
(6200 km2
). The resolution of the original maps is in fact at a meter level, whereas the coarser
resampling adopted is 10mx10m pixels.
The great variety and size of the input data required the development, along the main part
of the research, of a series of new tools for automatizing the analysis of the aerial imagery,
to reduce the user intervention. New tools for historic map classification were as well developed, for eliminating from the resulting maps of land use from symbols (e.g.: signs), thus
enhancing the results.
Once the multitemporal forest maps were obtained, the second phase of the current work
was a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the forest coverage and how it changed.
This was performed by the evaluation of a number of landscape metrics, indexes used to
quantify the compaction or the rarefaction of the forest areas.
A recurring issue in the current Literature on the topic of landscape metrics was identified
along their analysis in the current work, that was extensively studied. This highlighted the
importance of specifying some parameters in the most used landscape fragmentation analy-
sis software to make the results of different studies properly comparable.
Within this analysis a set of data coming from other maps were used to characterize the process of afforestation in PAT, such as the potential forest maps, which were used to quantify
the area of potential forest which were actually afforested through the years, the Digital Ele-
vation Model, which was used to quantify the changes in forest area at a different ranges of
altitude, and finally the forest class map, which was used to estimate how afforestation has
affected each single forest type.
The output forest maps were used to analyse and estimate some ecosystem services, in par-
ticular the protection from soil erosion, the changes in biodiversity and the landscape of the
forests.
Finally, a procedure for the analysis of future changes scenarios was set up to study how
afforestation will proceed in absence of external factors in a protected area of PAT. The pro-
cedure was developed using Agent Based Models, which considers trees as thinking agents,
able to choose where to expand the forest area.
The first part of the results achieved consists in a temporal series of maps representing the
situation of the forest in each year of the considered dataset. The analysis of these maps
suggests a trend of afforestation across the PAT territory. The forest maps were then reclassi-
fied by altitude ranges and forest types to show how the afforestation proceeded at different
altitudes and forest types. The results showed that forest expansion acted homogeneously
through different altitude and forest types. The analysis of a selected set of landscape met-
rics showed a progressive compaction of the forests at the expenses of the open areas, in each
altitude range and for each forest type. This generated on one hand a benefit for all those
ecosystem services linked to a high forest cover, while reduced ecotonal habitats and affected
biodiversity distribution and quality. Finally the ABM procedure resulted in a set of maps
representing a possible evolution of the forest in an area of PAT, which represented a similar
situation respect to other simulations developed using different models in the same area. A
second part of the result achieved in the current work consisted in new open source tools
for image analysis developed for achieving the results showed, but with a potentially wider
field of application, along with new procedure for the evaluation of the image classification.
The current work fulfilled its aims, while providing in the meantime new tools and enhance-
ment of existing tools for remote sensing and leaving as heritage a large dataset that will be
used to deepen he knowledge of the territory of PAT, and, more widely to study emerging
pattern in afforestation in an alpine environment.
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Gobbi, Stefano. "Fine spatial scale modelling of Trentino past forest landscape and future change scenarios to study ecosystem services through the years". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/324420.
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Over recent decades, forest land cover is dramatically changing in European mountains and in the Alps in particular. Since the 1950s the progressive urbanization of the valleys and the abandonment of mountain and rural dwellers has intensified. More than 60% of the Trentino land, is covered by forest and mainly by high forest. This human migration have brought to a progressive shrinking of meadows and pastures due to the natural forest expansion causing a dramatic change in the landscape, the consequences of which affect biodiversity, social and cultural dynamics and landscape perception as well as ecosystem services. The objective of this research focused on the application and experimentation of advanced GIS and modeling techniques to compare aerial imagery, historical maps and data and remote sensed images to understand the past landscape changes and their dynamics in Trentino and to build future scenarios based on long-term set ofobservations. The research produced a fine scale dataset representing past forest landscape for the Trentino territory. The analysis of these output data revealed a progressive afforestation process which interested homogeneously all the Trentino territory. A future forest landscape scenarios at a detailed scale (10 m) was as well produced, to simulate the future of the forest in a protected area of Trentino, to outline if the afforestation process will continue. Along with these main output of the research, new tools for image processing and evaluation of forest changes were developed.
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Tanner, Meagan C. "Was That Sexist?: Open-Mindedness Predicts Interpretation of Benevolent Sexism in Ambiguous Scenarios". Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1617726203849271.
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Johnsson, Pontus. "Riskbedömning och beslutsfattande vid bränder : En utvärdering av verkliga scenarion utifrån ett heuristiskt perspektiv". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57152.
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I syfte att förbättra kunskapsläget kring människors beteenden vid bränder och utrymningar studerades fyra brandsituationer hämtade från ett flertal verkliga händelser ur ett beslutsfattande- och riskbedömningsperspektiv. Det teoretiska underlaget hämtades ur Kahnemans och Tverskys forskning kring heuristiker (Kahneman och Tversky, 1974; Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky, 1982; Gilovich, Griffin & Kahneman, 2002). För ändamålet användes tre heuristiska regler: tillgänglighet, representativitet och affekt. Dessa tre heuristiker möjliggör ögonblickssnabba riskbedömningar genom att allt utom en särskild variabel bortses från i beslutsprocessen. När människor blir stressade tenderar de att förlita sig mer på heuristiker i sina bedömningar. Analysen visar att det är rimligt att anta att de beteenden som observerats i samband med bränder i de fyra fallen beror på beslut huvudsakligen fattade med hjälp av någon av de tre heuristikerna. Denna kunskap kan öppna upp nya möjligheter för att förebygga dödsfall på grund av felaktiga beteenden i samband med bränder och utrymningar.
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Beraki, Asmeron Fissehatsion. "Climate change scenario simulations over Eritrea by using a fine resolution limited area climate model temperature and moisture sensitivity /". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02102006-152327.
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Brands, Christian. "Scenario-based strategic planning and strategic management in family firms". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-125931.
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This cumulative dissertation covers the concepts of scenario-based strategic planning and strategic management in family firms over five articles. The first article gives an overview of the cumulative dissertation explaining the research gap, approach and contribution of the dissertation.
The paper highlights the two research areas covered by the dissertation with two articles focusing on scenario-based strategic planning and two on strategic management in family firms.
The second article is the first of two focusing on scenario-based strategic planning. It introduces and describes a set of six tools facilitating the implementation of scenario-based strategic planning in corporate practice. The third paper adapts these tools to the financial management and
controlling context in private companies highlighting the tools’ flexibility in managing uncertain and volatile environments. The fourth article is the first of two focusing on strategic management in family firms. It analyzes organizational ambidexterity as a factor explaining family firm performance. The article shows that a high level of organizational ambidexterity in family firms leads to a higher family firm performance. The final paper concludes the dissertation examining the tendency of family firms to focus on capability exploration or resource exploitation over different generations managing the family firm.
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Earle, Simon Yohann. "An examination of the experiences of five African American male students with regard to school discipline practices". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001624.
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Meyer, Marc K. "A CyberCIEGE scenario illustrating multilevel secrecy issues in an air operations center environment". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMeyer.pdf.
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Legendre, Yoann. "Reconstruction fine de l'histoire éruptive et scenarii éruptifs à la soufrière de Guadeloupe : vers un modèle intégré de fonctionnement du volcan". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077065.
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II est indispensable pour La Soufrière de Guadeloupe d'améliorer notre connaissance de l'histoire passée duvolcan pour pouvoir élaborer des scénarii crédibles d'un futur événement éruptif. Ce travail présente une nouvelle chronologie détaillée de l'histoire eruptive du complexe de la Grande Découverte - Soufrière (GDS) de Guadeloupe pour les derniers 50 000 ans. Notre étude multi-approche est basée sur une étude stratigraphique de plus de 250 nouveaux affleurements, 181 nouvelles datations 14C et l'obtention de carottes sédimentaires de l'unité connue de « Cendres Jaunes ». Nos nouvelles données chrono-stratigraphiques couplées à une synthèse exhaustive des données passées démontrent notamment que l'activité magmatique du complexe GDS est beaucoup plus élevée que suggéré auparavant. Nous mettons en évidence un minimum de 28 événements éruptifs pour ce complexe et 15 événements éruptifs pour l'épisode plus récent de la Soufrière de Guadeloupe. Sur 50 000 ans nous caractérisons un minimum de 21 phases explosives majeures balayant une large gamme de magnitudes et un minimum de 17 phases à croissance de dôme de magnitude importante caractérisées par une importante explosivité. Plus de la moitié de ces événements éruptifs sont observés au cours des derniers 9000 ans et sont rattachés à l'épisode de la Soufrière. Ces phases éruptives sont associées à 16 déstabilisations de flanc au sein d'événements éruptifs complexes que l'on décrit comme polyphasiques. L'interprétation de ces données en termes de récurrence, de magnitude et d'intensité permet d'affiner nos scénarios éruptifs crédibles et réalistes pour un futur événement de la Soufrière de GuadeloupeIt is important for the Soufrière volcano to improve our reconstruction of the eruptive past over an extended period to elaborate refined and credible eruptive scenarios. In this doctoral thesis, we present the results of a new detailed chronology of the eruptive history of la Grande Decouverte - Soufrière (GDS) complex for the last 50 000 years. Our integrated approach is based on the stratigraphyic analysis of more than 250 new outcrops, 181 new radiocarbon age dates as well as on a sedimentologic study of cores newly obtained on the « Cendres Jaunes » unit. Combined with an exhaustive reinterpretation of older available data, our new chrono-stratigraphic data show that magmatic activity of la GDS complex is significantly higher than previously interpreted. Indeed, we have identified at least 28 eruptive events for the last 50 000 years of activity of the volcanic complex. Moreover, at least 15 eruptive events have occurred during the most recent Soufrière episode in the last 9150 years. Activity over the last 50 000 years consists of at least 21 major explosive eruptive phases showing a large range in magnitude, and at least 17 dome-forming eruptive phases of large magnitude characterized by an important explosivity. Finally, at least 16 recognized flank-collapse events are associated with these eruptive events. Our data suggests activity at La Soufrière of Guadeloupe is dominated by polyphasé eruptive events consisting of different phases of activity that occur over a short yet unknown span of time. The interpretation of these data allows us to elaborate credible eruptive scenarios for a future event at la Soufriere de Guadeloupe
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LaMore, Robert L. "CyberCIEGE scenario illustrating secrecy issues through mandatory and discretionary access control policies in a multi-level security network". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FLaMore.pdf.
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Berti, Beatrice. "Analisi del ciclo di vita del processo di pirolisi di rifiuti industriali e confronto con scenari alternativi". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14381/.
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Per il presente lavoro di tesi sono stati analizzati attraverso la metodologia del ciclo di vita (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) diversi sistemi di recupero di due rifiuti industriali, ossia pneumatici fuori uso (PFU) e compositi polimerici rinforzati con fibre di carbonio (CFRC), con lo scopo di individuare quelli più virtuosi. Per quanto concerne i PFU, sono stati studiati quattro pretrattamenti (single cut, grinding, crushing e pulverisation), il processo di pirolisi dell’azienda Curti S.p.A, la termovalorizzazione, la co-combustione in cementificio e tre scenari di recupero di polverino da PFU. Dalla valutazione degli impatti dei pretrattamenti è emerso che il single cut è la tecnologia con il minor carico ambientale, mentre tra i processi termici quello più vantaggioso è la pirolisi. Il confronto tra la pirolisi e i tre scenari di recupero di materia ha invece evidenziato i punti di forza del riciclo del ferro e del polverino, quest’ultimo sempre più apprezzato sul mercato per la sua versatilità di utilizzo (può sostituire la sabbia, la gomma sintetica e naturale nelle superfici antitrauma o il bitume negli asfalti bituminosi). Per quanto riguarda invece i CFRC, sono stati messi a confronto tre scenari: la pirogassificazione dell’azienda Curti S.p.A, la termovalorizzazione e lo smaltimento in discarica (adottato fino all’emanazione del D.lgs 36/2003). Dall’analisi è emerso che il primo processo è quello più virtuoso, mentre presenta un impatto quasi nullo la discarica (vietata per questo rifiuto dal 2007). Lo scenario meno favorevole è risultato essere invece la termovalorizzazione. Per testare la robustezza del metodo e confermare i risultati ottenuti, sono stati sottoposti all’analisi di sensibilità gli scenari con i carichi ambientali più simili. Tale analisi, effettuata attraverso il metodo Monte Carlo, ha confermato quanto ottenuto durante la valutazione degli impatti, avvalorando lo studio LCA effettuato per il presente lavoro di tesi.
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Jarahnejad, Mariam y Ali Zaidi. "Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy in Telecommunications Industry". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231344.
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Renewable energy sources have started to substitute traditional energy sources in power sector, heating/cooling sector, and transportation sector. This paper explores the potential of renewable energy (mainly solar and wind) in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) industry. The focus is on mobile telecommunication infrastructure segment, since it is a prime consumer of energy within the ICT industry. Moving towards solar or wind power sources might bring a major shift in the ICT industry – both on the technological level as well as the service provisioning level. An overview of innovative technological solutions for solar/wind powered telecom networks is provided with a discussion on technological feasibility of innovative standalone solar/wind powered base stations. The market value of these innovative solutions as well as potential power savings are estimated in the total addressable market, the potential market, and the real market. The industry attractiveness of the innovation solutions is assessed using the Porter’s five forces and SWOT frameworks. Furthermore, these innovative solutions are assessed for their potential diffusion likelihood in different scenarios. There are several potential driving forces for the transformation towards solar/wind powered telecom networks. Based on the most important driving forces, plausible scenarios of the future have been identified and analyzed. It is identified that the renewable energy driven transformation in the ICT industry can affect developments in other industries such as automotive, agriculture, healthcare, and transportation industries.
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Robinson, Carrie Helene. "Examination of the relationship of work values to the "Big-Five" personality traits and measures of individualism and collectivism". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1185569363.
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Jankowski, Thaddeus K. Sr. "Planning for success: constructing a first responder planning methodology for homeland security". Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2275.
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CHDS State/LocalApproved for public release, distribution is unlimited
The planning methodologies used today by most U.S. fire departments are excellent for traditional missions, but wholly inadequate for the threats posed by terrorism. Planning in the fire service and the rest of the first responder community historically has relied on a one-dimensional approach that uses a scenario-based planning (SBP) methodology. This thesis argues that the fire service and others in the first responder community will be able to contribute to homeland security missions much more effectively, and efficiently, by switching to specially adapted versions of capabilities-based planning. This thesis proposes a new integrated planning methodology that combines the planning strengths of scenariobased planning, threat-based planning, and capabilities-based planning. The new method identifies capabilities that could be used to manage and mitigate the consequences of the different types of contingencies within the various response spectrums. It allows an organization to perform analysis and efficiency studies to evaluate the different spectrums of contingencies against existing capabilities and create a menu of capabilities necessary for the first responder to respond to all its missions, including immediate threats and terrorism, in the most efficient and cost-effective manner.
Battalion Chief, Fire Department City of New York
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Márquez, Costa Juan Pablo. "Caractérisation et modélisation des interfaces dans les composites organiques stratifiés à haute température : Application à la tenue au feu des structures aéronautiques PhyFire LOT 2 - Développement de modèles de comportement du composite Caractérisation en température de la ténacité en mode II des interfaces des CMO en utilisant l’effet Joule Caractérisation du comportement visqueux des interfaces CMO et influence sur la propagation de délaminage Convention PhyFIRE 2 - LOT 2 : Développement d’un cadre de modélisation pour les matériaux composites Durabilité des matériaux composites en conditions extrêmes : vers la prédiction des propriétés de tenue au feu Durability of Composite Materials under Severe Temperature Conditions : Influence of Moisture Content and Prediction of Thermo- Mechanical Properties During a Fire Towards the Prediction of Sandwich Composites Durability in Severe Condition of Temperature : A New Numerical Model Describing the Influence of Material Water Content during a Fire Scenario". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ESMA0004.
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Dans le cadre de la tenue au feu des matériaux composites, il est nécessaire d’évaluer la dégradation de leurs propriétés thermiques et mécaniques due à des pertes de masse, de la fissuration matricielle et/ou des délaminages. Néanmoins, peu d’études dans la littérature sur la tenue en température des composites aéronautiques concernent le comportement mécanique et la rupture des interfaces avant toute dégradation thermique, sujet qui est l’objet principal de ce travail. Ainsi, l’objectif est de proposer un modèle de prévision de rupture concernant tant l’amorçage que la propagation du délaminage pour des chargements thermomécaniques. Ce travail a porté en grande partie sur la caractérisation des propriétés d’interfaces à l’aide d’une analyse d’essais de propagation de fissure en mode II pour des éprouvettes chauffées par effet Joule. Ces analyses numériques montrent que le comportement du pli n’explique pas la réponse macroscopique pseudo-ductile observée expérimentalement. Ainsi, une méthode de dialogue essai-calcul, comparant les champs cinématiques mesurés par corrélation d’images numériques et ceux simulés par éléments finis, souligne l’importance du comportement visqueux à l’échelle de l’interface.C’est par une approche similaire de type FEMU que les paramètres d’une loi de rupture de type cohésif ont été identifiés en température et en tenant compte des différentes sources d’incertitude. Ce travail met en évidence la similitude entre le cisaillement plan et hors plan, tant sur le comportement que sur la rupture. En parallèle, l’analyse d’essais de tenue en température par impact laser a permis d’établir un critère d’amorçage par une approche couplée en contrainte et en énergie. Une confrontation de ce critère aux paramètres de la loi de zone cohésive identifiés précédemment permet de discuter de l’échelle de modélisation de l’interfaceWithin the framework of the fire resistance of composite materials, it is necessary to assess the degradation of their thermal and mechanical properties due to mass losses, matrix cracking and/or delamination cracks. Nevertheless, few studies in the literature about the temperature resistance of aeronautical composites concern the mechanical behaviour and the rupture of interfaces before any thermal degradation,subject which is the main topic of this work. Thus, the objective is to propose a failure model concerning both the delamination crack initiation and growth under thermomechanical loads. Much of this work has focused on the characterisation of interface properties using an analysis of mode II crack propagation tests for Joule heated specimens. These numerical analyses show that the ply behaviour does not explain the macroscopic pseudo-ductile response observed experimentally. Thus, a test-calculation dialog method, comparing the kinematic fields measured by digital images correlation and those simulated by finite elements, underlines the importance of the viscous behaviour at the interface scale. By a similar FEMU approach the parameters of a cohesive-type fracture law have been identified in temperature and taking into account the different sources of uncertainty. This work highlights the similarity between plane and out-of-plane shearing, both on behaviour and on failure. In parallel, the analysis of temperature resistance tests by laser impact made it possible to establish a crack initiation criterion by a coupled stress and energy approach. A comparison of this criterion with the parameters of the cohesive zone law previously identified makes it possible to discuss about the modeling scale of the interface
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PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
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Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction
strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement.
In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP.
However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may
provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario.
In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.
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WU, RONG-PING y 吳榮平. "A study on the analytical modeling of fire scenarios". Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/944agp.
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