Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Fire resist"
Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Fire resist.
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Fire resist".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Leško, Róbert y Martin Lopušniak. "Determination of Fire Resistance of Ceiling Structure Variant Design on the Basis of Timber Using Numerical Calculation Methods". Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (enero de 2016): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.379.
Resumen
Ability to resist of high temperature impacts during fire is not based exclusively on ignitability of building materials. At the present time, fire resistance is declared mainly through fire tests, but numerical procedures for the determination of fire resistance also represent an effective alternative in this field. Using calculation methods for the determination of ceiling structure fire resistance on the basis of timber is subject of the submitted paper. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the fact that timber, or products from it, are building materials capable to resist impacts of fully developed fire for the period of more than 60 minutes in spite of their flammability. Applicability of these results in selected countries of Europe can be seen from the list of requirements.
2
Wang, Xiaoyang, Qiaoran Zhang, Xia Zhang, Zhiwei Li, Ivan P. Parkin y Zhijun Zhang. "Modifying Epoxy Resins to Resist Both Fire and Water". Langmuir 35, n.º 44 (8 de octubre de 2019): 14332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02761.
3
Santarpia, Luciano, Simone Bologna, Virgilio Ciancio, Iacopo Golasi y Ferdinando Salata. "Fire Temperature Based on the Time and Resistance of Buildings—Predicting the Adoption of Fire Safety Measures". Fire 2, n.º 2 (10 de abril de 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2020019.
Resumen
During a fire in enclosed spaces, having structures with a good level of resistance is very important. The post flashover fire time interval, during which rescue squads operate, is important to verify if the structure can still resist fire for an acceptable time interval. This can be determined through the REI value. Hence, the way the fire develops must be examined together with the trend of the temperature that might guarantee that the structure will resist the heat flux released during the combustion. This article examines and compares, through a case study, the most important methods for analysis of the fire risk: the prescriptive approach and the simplified performance-based approach. The performance-based method (more suitable for the actual planning demand with respect to the more cautious prescriptive approach) is affected by the parameters influencing its development. The goal of this article is to provide a graph (based on parameters like the type of building, opening factor “O” and fire load “q”) that might be used by designers and architects to carry out the planning phase and adopt fire prevention systems before dealing with the assessments required by the engineering field for the fire risk analysis.
4
Huang, Yen-Chieh, Shin-Ku Lee, Chi-Chang Chan y Shui-Jinn Wang. "Full-scale evaluation of fire-resistant building integrated photovoltaic systems with different installation positions of junction boxes". Indoor and Built Environment 27, n.º 9 (9 de junio de 2017): 1259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17713256.
Resumen
Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are a promising strategy to integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems with building materials to reduce construction costs and add aesthetic features. In this study, a fire test in accordance with ISO 834-1:1999, CNS 14803-2010 and ISO 3008:2007 to provide the standard heating curve was carried out to investigate the fire-resistant characteristics based on the breaking behaviour and surface temperature distribution of type I and type II BIPV modules. The BIPV modules tested have both open and hidden junction-box (J-box) designs, with the aim of reducing fire risks. Our results show that the proposed type II BIPV module could resist the simulated room fire test for about 12 min without reducing any risk with regard to the J-box. Furthermore, the type II BIPV module could resist a fire test at temperatures of up to ∼1000℃ for 60 min with better compartment functionality when refractory glasses are employed. The BIPV fire test data reported in this study can help to improve the design and development of BIPV systems.
5
Li, Haoyang, Shimin Di, Calvin Hong Yi Li, Lei Chen y Xiaofang Zhou. "Fight Fire with Fire: Towards Robust Graph Neural Networks on Dynamic Graphs via Actively Defense". Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 17, n.º 8 (abril de 2024): 2050–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3659437.3659457.
Resumen
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved great success on various graph tasks. However, recent studies have revealed that GNNs are vulnerable to injective attacks. Due to the openness of platforms, attackers can inject malicious nodes with carefully designed edges and node features, making GNNs misclassify the labels of target nodes. To resist such adversarial attacks, recent researchers propose GNN defenders. They assume that the attack patterns have been known, e.g., attackers tend to add edges between dissimilar nodes. Then, they remove edges between dissimilar nodes from attacked graphs, aiming to alleviate the negative impact of adversarial attacks. Nevertheless, on dynamic graphs, attackers can change their attack strategies at different times, making existing passive GNN defenders that are passively designed for specific attack patterns fail to resist attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel active GNN defender for dynamic graphs, namely ADGNN, which actively injects guardian nodes to protect target nodes from effective attacks. Specifically, we first formulate an active defense objective to design guardian node behaviors. This objective targets to disrupt the prediction of attackers and protect easily attacked nodes, thereby preventing attackers from generating effective attacks. Then, we propose a gradient-based algorithm with two acceleration techniques to optimize this objective. Extensive experiments on four real-world graph datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed defender and its capacity to enhance existing GNN defenders.
6
Cheng Yong, Heah, Liew Yun Ming, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah y Kamarudin Hussin. "Fire Resistant Properties of Geopolymers: A Review". Key Engineering Materials 660 (agosto de 2015): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.660.39.
Resumen
This paper presents fire and thermal properties on geopolymer binders, composed of metakaolin, slag and fly ash as precursor. Geopolymers are inorganic polymeric materials that are believed being capable to resist heat, high temperature and fire. Based on the previous researches, geopolymers offer a feasible alternative to fire resistance applications and with further deep studies, it has great potential to be fabricated for engineering applications.
7
Maleta, Yulia. "Playing with fire". Journal of Sociology 45, n.º 3 (20 de agosto de 2009): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783309335647.
Resumen
This article considers the roles, identities and experiences of female emergency services volunteers, most of whom are active fire fighters, within a regional brigade of the NSW Rural Fire Service (RFS). It is based on interviews and explores how women both adapt to and resist the culture and in the process are transforming it. RFS women were motivated by values of camaraderie, skill and community participation. Their experiences were informed by inclusion and exclusion, and the complex association of gender and competence with physical strength and leadership. Drawing upon the Foucauldian insight that power is never simply repressive but productive and relational, the findings demonstrate how women actively negotiate their position as a collective and as individuals within a mixed gender environment. This article concludes that the demonstrated prowess and agency of women within a non-traditional work context is changing and transforming the cultures and practices of rural fire fighting.
8
Nguyen, Ha, Ann E. Jeffers y Venkatesh Kodur. "Computational simulation of steel moment frame to resist progressive collapse in fire". Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 7, n.º 4 (12 de diciembre de 2016): 286–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-12-2016-020.
Resumen
Purpose This paper aims to address a need for improving the structural resilience to multi-hazard threats including fire and progressive collapse caused by the loss of a column. Design/methodology/approach The focus is on a steel moment frame that uses welded-unreinforced flange-bolted web connections between the beams and columns. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was created in ABAQUS with temperature-dependent properties for steel based on the Eurocode. The model was validated against experimental data at ambient and elevated temperature. Findings The failure mechanisms in the FE model were consistent with experimental observations. Two scenarios were considered: fixed load with increasing temperature (i.e. simulating column failure prior to fire) and fixed temperature with increasing load (i.e. simulating column failure during fire). Originality/value A macro element (or component-based) model was also introduced and validated against the FE model and the experimental data, offering the possibility of analyzing large-scale structural systems with reasonable accuracy and improved computational efficiency.
9
Beh, Jing Han y Ming Kun Yew. "Lightweight Flame-retardant Material Reinforced with Hevea Brasiliensis Ash Intumescent Agent". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2023): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012027.
Resumen
Abstract Flame retardant materials play an important role in many building construction components. The ability of building components to resist fire is crucial to the safety and well-being of the occupants. This research examines a lightweight flame-retardant material-Vermiculite (V) reinforced with a renewable Hevea Brasiliensis Biomass Ash Intumescent Agent (HBAIA) in different compositions. Four specimens of vermiculite reinforced with HBAIA (V/HBAIA) with standard size 200 mm x 200 mm x 10 mm (W x Lx H) were fabricated for investigations. All V/HBAIA specimens were assessed in terms of their density, fire-resistant, fire endurance and smoke, char surface morphology, and flexural toughness. Data disclosed V/HBAIA-2 with the composition of 90% vermiculite reinforced with 10% HBAIA obtained the most prominent outcomes in overall. V/HBAIA-2 attained the lightest density of 37.5 kg/m3 and weight of 0.20 kg, with lowest end temperature of 122 °C after exposure to one-hour of 1000 °C fire. This indicated the best fire-resistant performance in V/HBAIA-2. No structural deformation and only mild smoke and odor were observed in V/HBAIA-2 during the fire endurance examination. V/HBAIA-2 was able to resist the maximum loading force of 67.4 N before and 52.5 N after the fire resistant, with the higher flexural toughness value of 1.47 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a more uniform, denser, closely connected air cavities char cell quality in V/HBAIA-2 explained its superior outcomes in fire-resistant and flexural toughness as compared to the rest of specimens.
10
Minnich, RA y YH Chou. "Wildland Fire Patch Dynamics in the Chaparral of Southern California and Northern Baja California". International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, n.º 3 (1997): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970221.
Resumen
In ecosystems where fire occurrence has significant time-dependence, fire sequences should exhibit system-regulation that is distinguished by nonrandom (nonstationary), self-organizing patch dynamics related to spatially constrained fire probabilities. Exogenous factors such as fire weather, precipitation variability, and terrain alter the flammability of vegetation and encourage randomness in fire occurrence within pre-existing patch structure. In Californian chaparral, the roles of succession/fuel build-up and exogenous factors is examined by taking advantage of a 100 yr 'natural experiment' in southern California (SCA) and northern Baja California, Mexico (BCA), where factors influencing fire occurrence have been systematically altered by divergent management systems. In SCA, suppression has been practiced since 1900. In BCA, fire control was not official policy until the 1960s and has not been effectively practiced. Fire perimeter histories for 1920-1971 in SCA and BCA, reconstructed from fire history records and repeat aerial photographs, are compared for fire frequency (events/area), size, rotation periods, stand age structure, ignition rates, weather, burning season, and drought. Landscape-scale fire rotation periods are long (≈70 yr) regardless of management policies because fire occurrence is driven by the gradual development of fire hazard during succession, produced by small annual increments of growth and litterfall, as well as by high fuel moisture in evergreen shrubs. Without fire control frequent fires establish fine-grained mosaics. Fire control reduces fire frequencies, increases fire size, and encourages coarse-scale patch structure. Patch dynamics exhibit evidences of nonrandom turnover. Fire size distributions reflect the nearest-neighbor distances between patches below some age-dependent combustion threshold (CT) in the patch mosaic that resist the spread of fires in stands older than CT. Regional burn rates are poorly related to fire frequency, ignition rates, drought, and terrain. The small size of fires in BCA may be reinforced by interactions between fire and pre-existing, fine-grained patch structure, and by random fire occurrence in the probability distributions of fire weather and climate. In SCA, fires are nonrandomly restricted by fire control to extreme weather.
11
Redwan, Amamer, Khairiah Haji Badri y Azizah Baharum. "A Urethane Block Copolymer as Binder for Fire-Resist Palm-Based Fibreboard". Polymers and Polymer Composites 24, n.º 9 (noviembre de 2016): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111602400902.
12
Vasilyeva, O. y Y. Kozak. "ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINING METHODS OF THE THERMAL FIRE DETECTORS TIME PARAMETERS". Municipal economy of cities 1, n.º 175 (3 de abril de 2023): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2023-1-175-136-144.
Resumen
The article is devoted to substantiating the pulse method of time parameters determining - the thermal fire detectors' operation time and constant time with a thermal resist sensitive element. Significant research is that the time parameters of thermal fire detectors include the operation time and constant time that are interconnected. It is shown that the contribution of constant time to the operation time can be up to 20% at a speed of change in ambient temperature 0.50C per C-1. It is also found that their testing is used to determine the time parameters of thermal fire detectors, which are divided into stationary or autonomous and operational or object. The article specifies that the disadvantage of inpatient tests with the help of heat chambers is the asymmetry of the airflow distribution and temperature, and the lack of such tests employing standard combustion cells is that the thermal impact parameters on the fire detector sensitive element are not normalized. The research results have found that the amount of the fire detectors' constant time is not determined, and only control of the fire detectors' operation time is carried out according to the admission criteria. During the object tests, in most cases, the thermal impact on a fire detector's sensitive element with the help of small heat chambers is realized, the purpose of such tests is to check the fire detectors' performance without obtaining estimates of their operation time and constant time. It is worth noting that the thermal impact on the fire detector's sensitive element can be carried out with the help of both external and internal sources of heat. The second option is characteristic of fire detectors with a thermal resist sensitive element and is based on the use of the Joule-Lenz effect (heating of a conductor or semiconductor is directly proportional to its resistance, the duration of the current and the square of the current). In this case, new opportunities are opened to improve the efficiency of the fire detectors operation of this type. Keywords: fire equipment, detectors, improving the efficiency of the fire detectors operation, time parameters of thermal fire detectors.
13
Song, Li Wei. "Subway Platform RF Electromagnetic Field Strength Test". Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (octubre de 2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.445.
Resumen
Since in their tenders for subway fire alarm system contracts some fire detector manufacturers recently claimed that the RF electromagnetic field strength to which their products can resist is much higher than the requirements of the relevant national technical standards on fire, we have conducted tests on the RF electromagnetic field strength around the fire detectors installed on the platform of a number of selected subway stations in Guangzhou, and the performances of the electromagnetic radiation analyzer used for the tests are strictly in compliance with the specified use conditions for fire detectors installed on the platform in subway stations. The test results show that the RF electromagnetic field strength applied in the RF radiated immunity test as specified in relevant national standards conforms to the current application conditions.
14
Paul, K. T. "Fire, Foams and Furniture". Cellular Polymers 4, n.º 3 (mayo de 1985): 195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938500400303.
Resumen
Placing the words Fire, Foams and Furniture together, may create a picture of rapidly burning high temperature fires with dense smoke. This is almost the traditional view of furniture containing polyurethane foams and while it is recognised that such furniture does exist, it must be emphasised that many items of furniture containing polyurethane foam have excellent fire behaviour. Foams used in furniture can be the flexible polyether foams used for upholstery but the latter could also comprise other materials, e.g. polyester fibre mats, waddings, rubber latex foam, etc. Foams may also be found as flexible fire barrier materials and also as rigid structural elements. The outer layer of upholstered furniture is almost invariably a fabric. Many fabrics exist; in conjunction with the sub-structure of the upholstery they determine the ignitability and initial burning characteristics of the furniture. By carefully selecting materials and considering the interactions of materials and design, it is possible to build furniture which will resist large ignition sources even when vandalised Such performance demands inevitably lead to compromises and limitations to the choice of fabrics or designs and to the comfort (e.g. soft or hard) of the furniture. They may also probably lead to increase in costs. Modern technology has produced materials which will, in selected designs, give extremely good fire behaviour. It is the responsibility of the specifiers and purchasers to decide the level of performance required in a particular end-use environment and thereby create a market for such products.
15
Srivastava, Surabhi, Ritesh Yadav y Usha Chauhan. "Intelligent Robotic System for Fire Fighting". International Journal of Data Science 2, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijods.2.2.85-91.2021.
Resumen
Fire-fighters faces several risks on jobs like burns, heat exhaustion and also they come in contact with high levels of carbon monoxide and other toxic hazards that put them at greater risks. This system is designed with the help of raspberry pi module which is integrated with ultrasonic sensor to avoid obstacles and pi camera which helps to detect fire or smoke using YOLOV2 Convolution neural network and also live video streaming is done that can be accessed by nearest fire fighting station through a web page. An aluminium sheet is used to make the body of the robotic system to protect it from high temperatures which can resist heat up to 700 centigrade. This intelligent robotic system performs many tasks and reduces damages caused by fire and also helps in saving lives of human fire-fighters.
16
Quiel, Spencer E. y Shalva M. Marjanishvili. "Fire Resistance of a Damaged Steel Building Frame Designed to Resist Progressive Collapse". Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 26, n.º 4 (agosto de 2012): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000248.
17
Khetata, Seddik M., Paulo AG Piloto y Ana BR Gavilán. "Fire resistance of composite non-load bearing light steel framing walls". Journal of Fire Sciences 38, n.º 2 (marzo de 2020): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119900931.
Resumen
The light steel frame walls are mostly used for non-load bearing applications. The light steel framed walls are made with studs and tracks that require fire protection, normally achieved by single plasterboard, by composite protection layers or by insulation of the cavity. The partition walls are fire rated to resist by integrity and insulation. Seven small-scale specimens were tested to define the fire resistance of non-load bearing light steel frame walls made with different materials. All tests were validated using two-dimensional numerical models, based on the finite-element method, the finite-volume method and hybrid finite-element method. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical and the experimental results from fire tests. The fire resistance increases with the number of studs and also with the thickness of the protection layers. The hybrid finite-element method solution method looks to be the best approximation model to predict fire resistance.
18
Haque*, Md Mustafeezul, Dr Sabih Ahmad, Abdul Hai y Md Marghoobul Haque. "Effect of Geopolymer Concrete Encased I-Section and Geopolymer CFST Column Under Fire". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, n.º 10 (30 de agosto de 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i9350.08101021.
Resumen
Geopolymer concrete can resist fire quite well when compared with conventional concrete. Recent studies to observe the behaviour of geopolymer composite column under the effect of fire are very few. In this paper results in terms of stress, strain and deformation of geopolymer composite column expressed to elevated temperature are presented. It was observed that geopolymer composite column performs better at elevated temperatures than the conventional composite column. This tests are performed with four composite column with geopolymer concrete and conventional concrete which is tested at four elevated temperatures i.e., 400 oC, 500 oC, 600 oC, 700 oC and 800 oC to evaluate the strength parameters. It results geopolymer concrete column can be used where fire disaster chances are high.
19
Sah, Jay P., Michael S. Ross, James R. Snyder, Suzanne Koptur y Hillary C. Cooley. "Fuel loads, fire regimes, and post-fire fuel dynamics in Florida Keys pine forests". International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, n.º 4 (2006): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05100.
Resumen
In forests, the effects of different life forms on fire behavior may vary depending on their contributions to total fuel loads. We examined the distribution of fuel components before fire, their effects on fire behavior, and the effects of fire on subsequent fuel recovery in pine forests within the National Key Deer Refuge in the Florida Keys. We conducted a burning experiment in six blocks, within each of which we assigned 1-ha plots to three treatments: control, summer, and winter burn. Owing to logistical constraints, we burned only 11 plots, three in winter and eight in summer, over a 4-year period from 1998 to 2001. We used path analysis to model the effects of fuel type and char height, an indicator of fire intensity, on fuel consumption. Fire intensity increased with surface fuel loads, but was negatively related to the quantity of hardwood shrub fuels, probably because these fuels are associated with a moist microenvironment within hardwood patches, and therefore tend to resist fire. Winter fires were milder than summer fires, and were less effective at inhibiting shrub encroachment. A mixed seasonal approach is suggested for fire management, with burns applied opportunistically under a range of winter and summer conditions, but more frequently than that prevalent in the recent past.
20
Alzeebaree, Radhwan, Arass Omer Mawlod, Dillshad K. Amen, Khaleel H. Younis y Alaa Mohammedameen. "Fire Resistance Performance of Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete: Review". E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131803003.
Resumen
Geopolymer is a relatively new substance that has sparked a surge of research into nearly every field of geopolymers in recent years. It's still on the verge of becoming a competitive OPC concrete alternative. Mechanical, hardness, and fire resistance properties of geopolymer are exceptional. There has been no/limited research on the effect of fiber integration on fire resistance of geopolymer concrete. In fire-exposed concrete, fiber can help to resist spalling. The goal of this study is to develop materials that exhibit eco-friendly properties and better fire-resistant behavior. Moreover, the combined effect of binder materials and different fibers on the fire resistance of geopolymer concretes. According to the findings, the fire resistance of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concretes increased in the order of carbon fiber-based GPC, micro-steel fiber-based GPC, hooked steel fiber-based GPC, and polypropylene fiber-based GPC. Furthermore, as compared to slag and metakaolin-based GPC, fly ash-based GPC has greater stability and fire resistance. Fiber-reinforced GPC can also be used as a sustainable and durable building material in various construction applications where high performance is needed.
21
Suwondo, Riza, Lee Cunningham, Martin Gillie y Colin Bailey. "Analysis of the robustness of a steel frame structure with composite floors subject to multiple fire scenarios". Advances in Structural Engineering 24, n.º 10 (5 de febrero de 2021): 2076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433221992494.
Resumen
This study presents robustness analyses of a three-dimensional multi-storey composite steel structure under the action of multiple fire scenarios. The main objective of the work is to improve current understanding of the collapse resistance of this type of building under different fire situations. A finite element approach was adopted with the model being firstly validated against previous studies available in the literature. The modelling approach was then used to investigate the collapse resistance of the structure for the various fire scenarios examined. Different sizes of fire compartment are considered in this study, starting from one bay, three bays and lastly the whole ground floor as the fire compartment. The investigation allows a fundamental understanding of load redistribution paths and member interactions when local failure occurs. It is concluded that the robustness of the focussed building in a fire is considerably affected by the size of fire compartments as well as fire location. The subject building can resist progressive collapse when the fire occurs only in the one-bay compartment. On the other hand, total collapse occurs when fire is located in the edge three-bay case. This shows that more than one fire scenario needs to be taken into consideration to ensure that a structure of this type can survive from collapse in the worst-case situation.
22
Lei, Gao y Rui Wang. "Dynamic Behavior of Concrete Filled Double Steel Tube under Impact with Simply Supported". Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (diciembre de 2014): 1341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1341.
Resumen
Concrete filled double skins steel tube is a new components which is based on concrete filled steel tubular and use inner steel tube instead of core concrete. The components have many advantages such as little weight, good resistance for earthquake, good stiffness for resist bending and good performance for resist fire, and has been used in bridge pier, high-rise buildings, power transmission tower and so on. While these structures may inevitably suffer impact which comes from vehicles, ships, aircraft, etc. the structures which is impacted have taken much attention. This article will analysis dynamic behavior of concrete filled double steel tube under impact with simply supported, and propose formula of dynamic bearing capacity, laid the foundation for the analysis of impact performance of CFDST.
23
Shih, Pai-Haung, Yi-Kuo Chang, Hao-An Dai y Li-Choung Chiang. "Porous Fire-Resistant Materials Made from Alkali-Activated Electric Arc Furnace Ladle Slag". Processes 10, n.º 4 (24 de marzo de 2022): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040638.
Resumen
The application of electric arc furnace ladle slag (EAF ladle slag) in cement products might be limited due to the volume expansion and volume instability created by late hydration. Proper control technique should be developed before the reuse of ladle slag (LS). With the addition of aluminum powder in alkali-activated slag pastes, porous materials were produced. By adjusting the activator modulus between 1.25 and 2.00, fine pores were produced in the foamed pastes, and the material densities were controlled between 594 and 1184 kg/m3. The compressive strengths increased from 0.95 to 9.04 MPa with the increase in density. Direct firing tests showed that the produced porous materials could resist fire damage. With low thermal conductivities range from 0.532 to 1.435 W/m·K, the temperatures in the back panel of the materials were below 100 °C, even under flames of 800 °C for 1 h, which were better than marketing rock wool. The alkali-activated technique was proven to be applicable for the manufacturing of porous fire-resistant materials from ladle slag in this research.
24
Shallal, Muhaned A. y Aqil Mousa K. Al Musawi. "Tests of Residual Shear Transfer Strength of Concrete Exposed to Fire". Archives of Civil Engineering 64, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0024.
Resumen
AbstractReinforced concrete is one of the most widely used structural components about which much scientific research has been conducted; however, some of its characteristics still require further research. The main focus of this study is the effect of direct fire on the shear transfer strength of concrete. It was investigated under several parameters including concrete strength, number of stirrup legs (the steel area across the shear plane), and fire duration. The experimental program involved the testing of two sets (groups) of specimens (12 specimens each) with different concrete strengths. Each set contained specimens of two or four stirrup legs exposed to direct fire from one side (the fire was in an open area to simulate a real-life event) for a duration of one, two, and three hours. The results of the comparison showed the importance of using high-performance concrete (instead of increasing the number of stirrup legs) to resist shear stress for the purpose of safety. A significant reduction in shear strength occurred due to the deterioration of the concrete cover after three hours of direct fire exposure.
25
Park, Kyung Hoon, Heung Youl Kim y Byung Youl Min. "An Experimental Study on the Fire Behavior of Concrete Segments in Tunnel Linings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (julio de 2011): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.527.
Resumen
As soon as the plan to build deep and long tunnels in Korea was announced, guaranteeing fire-resistance of R/C tunnel linings became an important issue. As a matter of fact, the R/C segments used in bored tunnels are structural members which are requested to resist both the transverse pressure of the soil and the longitudinal thrust of the TBM. Because of the temperature sensitivity of the high-performance concrete (compressive strength>40 MPa) that will be used, proper measures should be taken against possible fire-induced damage, like surface spalling and deterioration of the reinforcement. In the past, concrete linings were built in Korea with scanty attention to their fire safety, as demonstrated by the lack of studies on fire resistance of both materials and structures. Therefore, in this study the objective is how to improve the safety of R/C tunnel linings in case of fire, by comparing the damage observed in some full-scale tests recently performance in Korea with the damage observed in the tests performed by EFNARC (European Federation of Producer and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures) and by investigating the fire behavior of a concrete lining as a whole.
26
Ren, Hongge, Li Zhang, Min Yan, Bowei Chen, Zhenyu Yang y Linlin Ruan. "Spatiotemporal Assessment of Forest Fire Vulnerability in China Using Automated Machine Learning". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 5965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235965.
Resumen
Frequent forest fires cause air pollution, threaten biodiversity and spoil forest ecosystems. Forest fire vulnerability assessment is a potential way to improve the ability of forests to resist climate disasters and help formulate appropriate forest management countermeasures. Here, we developed an automated hybrid machine learning algorithm by selecting the optimal model from 24 models to map potential forest fire vulnerability over China during the period 2001–2020. The results showed forest aboveground biomass (AGB) had a vulnerability of 26%, indicating that approximately 2.32 Gt C/year of forest AGB could be affected by fire disturbances. The spatiotemporal patterns of forest fire vulnerability were dominated by both forest characteristics and climate conditions. Hotspot regions for vulnerability were mainly located in arid areas in western China, mountainous areas in southwestern China, and edges of vegetation zones. The overall forest fire vulnerability across China was insignificant. The forest fire vulnerability of boreal and temperate coniferous forests and mixed forests showed obviously decreasing trends, and cultivated forests showed an increasing trend. The results of this study are expected to provide important support for the forest ecosystem management in China.
27
Yan, Kai, Wen Zhong Zheng y Ying Wang. "Modelling and Analysis of the Bottom Frames of Multi-Story Masonry Buildings Exposed to Fire". Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (mayo de 2011): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.704.
Resumen
The multi-story masonry buildings with reinforced concrete frames on ground floors collapse more easily than pure frames when bottom frames exposed to fire, for reasons that fire load of its ground floors is relatively large, and the ratio of dead load to the total loads is also large, deformations of joists caused by fire produce adverse effect on arch mechanism of masonry. For the purpose of loading temperature on steel bars and concrete for fire resistance analysis of reinforced concrete structures in ABAQUS, separated loading method is proposed firstly in this article. The Hill yield criterion for compression and the Rankine yield criterion for tension are adopted to establish anisotropic elasto-plastic material model for masonry. The process simulation from temperature rises to buildings collapse is realized. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects on fire resistance of the bottom frames when the bottom floors exposed to fire due to the change in effective load ratio, section size and reinforcement ratio. The study shows that the failure mode of the bottom frames exposed to fire is mainly due to columns collapse. Bottom fames designed with seismic class I and II have relatively more safety storage than non-seismic designed bottom frames to resist the fire load effect, and they can satisfy time limits of fire resistance.
28
Creyf, H. y J. Fishbein. "Advance of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Technology". Cellular Polymers 5, n.º 3 (mayo de 1986): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938600500301.
Resumen
The polyurethane industry presents a whole range of flexible polyurethane foams which, when selected properly for its application, offer an adequate fire behaviour. Different PU foams exist which resist a whole range of ignition sources, from lighted cigarettes to sources up to 7 kg of wood. In order to appreciate the costs involved, a risk analysis is required, taking into account the composite behaviour and the influences of the environment.
29
Briscoe, Kaleb L. y Veronica A. Jones. "“The House Is on Fire”: A Critical Analysis of Anti-CRT Bans and Faculty Experiences". Education Sciences 14, n.º 4 (29 de marzo de 2024): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040360.
Resumen
The anti-critical race theory movement has caused educators strife and fear nationally. In these current socio-political times, faculty are navigating unprecedented experiences of racism as they teach and research critical race theory. Through our work, we examined 40 faculty experiences challenging legislation at a national, state, and institutional level. We present recommendations for practice and policy that resist the surveillance experienced during this socio-political backlash.
30
Shen, Yicheng, Wenjia Cai, I. Colin Prentice y Sandy P. Harrison. "Community Abundance of Resprouting in Woody Plants Reflects Fire Return Time, Intensity, and Type". Forests 14, n.º 5 (24 de abril de 2023): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14050878.
Resumen
Plants in fire-prone ecosystems have evolved a variety of mechanisms to resist or adapt to fire. Post-fire resprouting is a key adaptation that promotes rapid ecosystem recovery and hence has a major impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, our understanding of how the incidence of resprouting varies in different fire regimes is largely qualitative. The increasing availability of plant trait data and plot-based species cover data provides an opportunity to quantify the relationships between fire-related traits and fire properties. We investigated the quantitative relationship between fire frequency (expressed as the fire return time) and the proportion of resprouters in woody plants using plot data on species cover from Australia and Europe. We also examined the relationship between the proportion of resprouters and gross primary production (GPP) and grass cover, where GPP was assumed to reflect fuel loads and hence fire intensity, while grass cover was considered to be an indicator of the likelihood of ground fire and the speed of fire spread, using generalised linear modelling. The proportion of resprouting species decreased significantly as the fire return time increased. When the fire return time was considered along with other aspects of the fire regime, the proportion of resprouters had significant negative relationships with the fire return time and grass cover and a significant positive relationship with GPP. These findings demonstrate that plants with the ability to resprout occur more often where fire regimes are characterised by high-frequency and high-intensity crown fires. Establishing quantitative relationships between the incidence of resprouting and the fire return time and fire type provides a basis for modelling resprouting as a consequence of the characteristics of the fire regime, which in turn makes it possible to model the consequences of changing fire regimes on ecosystem properties.
31
Suzuki, Sayaka y Samuel L. Manzello. "Ignition Vulnerabilities of Combustibles around Houses to Firebrand Showers: Further Comparison of Experiments". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (17 de febrero de 2021): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042136.
Resumen
Wildland fires and wildland urban-interface (WUI) fires have become a significant problem in recent years. The mechanisms of home ignition in WUI fires are direct flame contact, thermal radiation, and firebrand attack. Out of these three fire spread factors, firebrands are considered to be a main driving force for rapid fire spread as firebrands can fly far from the fire front and ignite structures. The limited experimental data on firebrand showers limits the ability to design the next generation of communities to resist WUI fires to these types of exposures. The objective of this paper is to summarize, compare, and reconsider the results from previous experiments, to provide new data and insights to prevent home losses from firebrands in WUI fires. Comparison of different combustible materials around homes revealed that wood decking assemblies may be ignited within similar time to mulch under certain conditions.
32
Maharani, Fandita Tonyka, Azizah Musliha Fitri y Arga Buntara. "THE ANALYSIS OF FIRE ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AT BUILDING X UNIVERSITY Y YEAR 2018". Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 8, n.º 1 (26 de marzo de 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v8i1.2019.57-65.
Resumen
Jakarta Provincial Fire and Rescue Agency mentioned that the capital approximately has 900 high building, however only 20 % of them possessed adequate safety precaution. Data from the Jakarta Provincial Fire and Rescue Agency show that in 2018, 1,106 fire cases caused economic loss worth around Rp 151,498,186,111. Building X University Y is used every day with more than 500 occupants for education purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze fire engineering and administrative controls in the building according to the standards (National Fire Protection Association standards and the Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 26/PRT/M/2008). This study used analytical descriptive design with direct observation as study method. The study was conducted in July 2018. The study found that the building has not met the adequate standards yet, such as active and passive protection systems, and the means of the evacuation system. There were no active protection systems. The only implemented passive protection system was a compartmentation system which divided the building into cells designed to resist the fire spread when it happens. There were no other passive protection systems found in the structure. All doors and windows were made of woods and glasses. There were no means of evacuation in the building. There were no administrative controls in the building. Appropriate controls are required in the building, involving fire engineering and administrative controls because the building lack of fire protective and precaution systems.Keywords: evacuation system, fire control, protection system
33
Bowman, David, Lori Daniels, Fay Johnston, Grant Williamson, W. Jolly, Sheryl Magzamen, Ana Rappold, Michael Brauer y Sarah Henderson. "Can Air Quality Management Drive Sustainable Fuels Management at the Temperate Wildland–Urban Interface?" Fire 1, n.º 2 (9 de agosto de 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire1020027.
Resumen
Sustainable fire management has eluded all industrial societies. Given the growing number and magnitude of wildfire events, prescribed fire is being increasingly promoted as the key to reducing wildfire risk. However, smoke from prescribed fires can adversely affect public health. We propose that the application of air quality standards can lead to the development and adoption of sustainable fire management approaches that lower the risk of economically and ecologically damaging wildfires while improving air quality and reducing climate-forcing emissions. For example, green fire breaks at the wildland–urban interface (WUI) can resist the spread of wildfires into urban areas. These could be created through mechanical thinning of trees, and then maintained by targeted prescribed fire to create biodiverse and aesthetically pleasing landscapes. The harvested woody debris could be used for pellets and other forms of bioenergy in residential space heating and electricity generation. Collectively, such an approach would reduce the negative health impacts of smoke pollution from wildfires, prescribed fires, and combustion of wood for domestic heating. We illustrate such possibilities by comparing current and potential fire management approaches in the temperate and environmentally similar landscapes of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada and the island state of Tasmania in Australia.
34
Paula, Susana y Daniela L. Labbé. "Post-fire invasion in Torres del Paine Biosphere Reserve: the role of seed tolerance to heat". International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, n.º 2 (2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18124.
Resumen
Biological invasions are one of the major causes of biodiversity loss. Anthropogenic alteration in fire regimes has promoted plant invasion in several regions and ecosystems worldwide, especially in those where fires are historically rare. This is the case of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Torres del Paine National Park (TPNP), located in southern South America. In this study, we hypothesised that the seeds of native species of the TPNP do not resist fire-related high soil temperatures as do exotic plants, which could facilitate the spread of exotic plant invasion in post-fire environments. To test this hypothesis, we exposed seeds of plant species collected from the TPNP to different heat doses (60°C, 5min; 90°C, 5min; 90°C, 10min; 120°C, 5min) and compared their final germination and viability with those of unheated seeds. The study was conducted on five native species and three aliens inhabiting the TPNP. Almost all the seeds of native species died after exposure to temperatures higher than 60°C, whereas seeds of the alien species resisted higher heat doses. The on-site resistance of the aliens (through fire-tolerant soil seed banks) and the fire sensitivity of native seeds contribute to our understanding on post-fire invasion in the TPNP.
35
Hoover, Elizabeth. "“Fires were lit inside them”". Review of International American Studies 12, n.º 1 (8 de septiembre de 2019): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.7391.
Resumen
The language of fire has sometimes been used in illustrative ways to describe how social movements spark, flare, and sometimes sputter out. Building on recent scholarship about protest camps, as well as borrowing language from environmental historians about fire behavior, this article draws from ethnographic research to describe the pyropolitics of the Indigenous-led anti-pipeline movement at Standing Rock—examining how fire was used as analogy and in material ways to support and drive the movement to protect water from industrial capitalism. Describing ceremonial fires, social fires, home fires, cooking fires, and fires lit in protest on the front line, this article details how fire was put to work in myriad ways in order to support the movement against the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), and ensure social order and physical survival at the camps built to house supporters of the movement. This article concludes with descriptions of how these sparks ignited at Standing Rock followed activists home to their own communities, to other struggles that have been taken up to resist pipelines, the contamination of water, and the appropriation of Indigenous land.
36
Plucinski, M. P., A. L. Sullivan y W. L. McCaw. "Comparing the performance of daily forest fire danger summary metrics for estimating fire activity in southern Australian forests". International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, n.º 10 (2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19185.
Resumen
Fire danger indices integrate weather and fuel variables to indicate the potential for wildland fires to ignite, spread, resist suppression and cause damage. McArthur’s Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) is applied across much of Australia, with the forecast daily maximum value used to inform fire management planning decisions and issuance of public warnings. Variations in daily maximum FFDI and the hourly changing of FFDI values during the day (including use of different soil moisture deficit indices) were compared against five binary fire activity statistics in six forested areas in southern Australia, with performance assessed using Theil–Sen regression lines fitted to rank percentile curves. Fire activity rates were similar on days with wide and narrow hourly FFDI distributions except in one study area where days with wide distributions experienced more fires. The maximum hourly FFDI metric performed the best of all the metrics tested, though there were no statistically significant differences among any of them. There was also little difference in the performance of metrics determined using alternative calculations and different drought indices. These results suggest that the current use of the forecast hourly maximum FFDI is appropriate and that using alternative methods to determine Drought Factor offers little benefit.
37
Harrison, Sandy P., I. Colin Prentice, Keith J. Bloomfield, Ning Dong, Matthias Forkel, Matthew Forrest, Ramesh K. Ningthoujam et al. "Understanding and modelling wildfire regimes: an ecological perspective". Environmental Research Letters 16, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 125008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac39be.
Resumen
Abstract Recent extreme wildfire seasons in several regions have been associated with exceptionally hot, dry conditions, made more probable by climate change. Much research has focused on extreme fire weather and its drivers, but natural wildfire regimes—and their interactions with human activities—are far from being comprehensively understood. There is a lack of clarity about the ‘causes’ of wildfire, and about how ecosystems could be managed for the co-existence of wildfire and people. We present evidence supporting an ecosystem-centred framework for improved understanding and modelling of wildfire. Wildfire has a long geological history and is a pervasive natural process in contemporary plant communities. In some biomes, wildfire would be more frequent without human settlement; in others they would be unchanged or less frequent. A world without fire would have greater forest cover, especially in present-day savannas. Many species would be missing, because fire regimes have co-evolved with plant traits that resist, adapt to or promote wildfire. Certain plant traits are favoured by different fire frequencies, and may be missing in ecosystems that are normally fire-free. For example, post-fire resprouting is more common among woody plants in high-frequency fire regimes than where fire is infrequent. The impact of habitat fragmentation on wildfire crucially depends on whether the ecosystem is fire-adapted. In normally fire-free ecosystems, fragmentation facilitates wildfire starts and is detrimental to biodiversity. In fire-adapted ecosystems, fragmentation inhibits fires from spreading and fire suppression is detrimental to biodiversity. This interpretation explains observed, counterintuitive patterns of spatial correlation between wildfire and potential ignition sources. Lightning correlates positively with burnt area only in open ecosystems with frequent fire. Human population correlates positively with burnt area only in densely forested regions. Models for vegetation-fire interactions must be informed by insights from fire ecology to make credible future projections in a changing climate.
38
Mehreen Ijaz. "Evaluation of Protective Clothing against Chemical and Fire Hazards". Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 59, n.º 3 (20 de septiembre de 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(59-3)710.
Resumen
Workplace accidents are very unpredictable. Protection against these risks and hazards is of utmost importance in every profession. Clothing has always been considered one of the integral parts of personal protective equipment. The present study aims at manufacturing and evaluating protective clothing materials used by chemical workers. It was experimental. Two important resistance characteristics; chemical and fire were assessed against international performance standards. The results highlighted the fact that the right selection of construction parameters was able to make a safe fabric against such hazards. The resultant fabric was evaluated at various washing intervals and was found to be resistant to four selected chemicals through penetration and repellency index. It was also able to resist fire by passing the standard after flame and char length tests. Very little research work has been done in Pakistan regarding the manufacturing and physical assessment of clothing materials used by chemical workers. This study aimed to approach the target area where the protection and safety of the worker should be a priority.
39
Mwangi, Simon. "Why Broadgate Phase 8 composite floor did not fail under fire". Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 8, n.º 3 (11 de septiembre de 2017): 238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-05-2017-0032.
Resumen
Purpose This paper aims to present the findings of a numerical investigation into the performance of the steel-concrete composite floor involved in Broadgate Phase 8 fire. Design/methodology/approach The investigation is conducted by carrying out a 3-D thermomechanical analysis of a composite floor similar to the one involved in the fire using ANSYS. Four fire scenarios are investigated, with each producing a unique stress – strain pattern. The results obtained are compared with the observations made after the fire and inferences drawn. Findings The results obtained are found to be correlated with the observations made after the fire. The performance of the composite floor is found to be dominated by development of large strains, leading to large deflections. Furthermore, colder parts of the structure, through redistribution of forces, are found to have a profound impact on the ability of a composite floor to resist heating effects. From the findings, it is concluded that connections’ design, occurrence of membrane action and thermal restraints were the key reasons the floor did not fail. Originality value The study takes a more forensic approach. This is a departure from majority of published literature, where comparison is usually between experimental and numerical results. By comparing the findings from a real fire with those of a numerical investigation, the study provides an insight into the accuracy of applying numerical models for the prediction of effects of fire on structural behaviour.
40
Tartaglia, Roberto, Mario D’Aniello, Marco Andreini y Saverio La Mendola. "The Performance of Preloaded Bolts in Seismically Prequalified Steel Joints in a Fire Scenario". Materials 13, n.º 22 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 5079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225079.
Resumen
Seismically pre-qualified beam-to-column joints guarantee large ductility in seismic scenarios thanks to the effectiveness of the design rules and technological requirements that are devoted to avoiding the failure of brittle components (i.e., bolts and welds). However, their performance under different severe actions like those induced by fire has not been properly investigated. Therefore, a parametric study based on finite element simulations has been carried out with the aim to verify the effectiveness of local details of seismically prequalified joints under fire. Finite element analyses were carried out on beam-to-column assemblies sub-structured from a reference archetype building accounting for both material and geometrical imperfections. The bolts’ internal actions were monitored in all the investigated specimens varying the applied vertical loads. The results show that the seismic design rules adopted to size the bolts are effective to resist the large increase in shear forces in the bolts occurring under fire. Thus, the investigated joints provide satisfactory ductility and rotation capacity at high temperature preventing the failure of bolts; further analysis could be conducted to investigated the fire performance of the investigated joints in a seismic scenario.
41
Jaya, dev. "Evaluation of Fire-Retardant Glass Fibre using the SPSS Method". Design, Modelling and Fabrication of Advanced Robots 1, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2022): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/dmfar/1/2/7.
Resumen
Fiberglass is spanned into glass fibers and Fiberglass insulation is intrinsically fire-resistantant and is then mixed with plastic polymers. Although fiberglass won't produce, you should exercise caution when using paper- or foil-backed pads because they can burn very quickly. Compared to conventional non-flammable materials, FRP is combustion and presents a number of difficulties. Fire safety precautions and safety barriers are critical. Glass fiber is an inorganic substance with excellent mechanical strength, superior thermal insulation, and strong heat resistance. Glazed wired glassware and ceramic glass are the two main categories of fire-rated glass. Glazed wire glass, the earliest glass fire solution currently accessible, is produced with strands of wire or wire mesh inserted inside the material during manufacturing. Fabrics like wool and Kevlar will resist flames longer than cotton or linen because of how their fibers are naturally structured. These are the best textiles to protect your home from fire. Materials such as Nomex, Kevlar, and Modacrylic are frequently used to construct parts of FR clothing because they have good flame-retardant properties. Other fabrics, like cotton, have built-in flame resistance and can be chemically treated to boost their barrier properties and defensive capabilities. Glass fiber Composites containing fiber reinforcement are used in the construction sector because of their high specific flexibility and strength properties, high damping, superior corrosion resistance, as well as low thermal expansion (cold station construction), in aeroplanes, and in land and sea vehicles, among other applications. Unfortunately, epoxy poses a risk to life and property due to its flammability and considerable gas and fume emissions.Reducing their fire hazards is usually accomplished by adding A protective FR coating from around composite improves the fire resistance of the manufactured parts by adding a fire retardant (Br) to the polymer matrix. Composite and responsive FR are the two forms of FR that have so far been incorporated within composite systems.The research done over the past 10 years to increase the fire excellent resistance of glass fibre reinforcement epoxy composites by integrating both varieties of FRs is the main subject of this review. This article also provides an overview of the geopolymer research that has been done to improve the heavy armour of epoxy-based materials. The possibility for improving the fire resistance qualities of fibre reinforcement epoxy by using geopolymer as one of the FRs composites is also presented in this paper, opening up some options for further research. Ratio studies are statistical analyses of data from appraisals and property valuations. Nearly all states utilise them to produce quantitative measure of the proportion of current market price about which individually estimated taxable property is appraised as well as to offer assessment performance indicators. Heat release rate, Peak heat release rate (PHRR), Fire growth rate (FIGRA), Total heat release and Time-to-ignition (TTI). The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .658 which indicates 66% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Characteristics of sisal fiber the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .658 which indicates 66% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis.
42
Fidelis, Alessandra, Luís Felipe Daibes y Aline Redondo Martins. "To resist or to germinate? The effect of fire on legume seeds in Brazilian subtropical grasslands". Acta Botanica Brasilica 30, n.º 1 (marzo de 2016): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062015abb0187.
43
Saunders, Mike R., David P. Mann, Shannon Stanis, Jan K. Wiedenbeck, Daniel C. Dey y Thomas M. Schuler. "Prescribed Fire Causes Wounding and Minor Tree Quality Degradation in Oak Forests". Forests 14, n.º 2 (25 de enero de 2023): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020227.
Resumen
Despite the adaptation of many oak (Quercus) species to repeated surface fire, many public land managers in eastern North America resist using prescribed fire as a regeneration tool because of fire’s perceived negative impacts on timber values through the wounding of overstory trees. We retrospectively quantified fire-associated wounds in 139 oak-dominated stands across four national forests, each with a history of zero to six prescribed fires within the last 30 years. For trees >25.4 cm dbh (n = 8093), fire-associated wounds within the first 3.67 m of height were categorized by type, measured for defect size and graded both accounting for and then ignoring the fire-associated wounds. Most fire-associated wounds (n = 3403) were catfaces (32.5%), seams (30.5%) or bark slough (30.1%), although catfaces had 2.1–6.4 times the average volume loss of any other wound type (9.90 ± 0.72 bd ft). Among the 2160 wounded trees sampled, 741 had multiple (≥2) wounds. Although 29.1% of all trees had at least one wound associated with prescribed fire, only 7.0% of those trees exhibited a reduction in tree grade. The likelihood of wounding was greater in stands receiving more prescribed burns, but unaffected by tree diameter for either thin- or thick-barked species. Considering both the likelihoods of wounding and grade reduction, white oak (Q. alba), chestnut oak (Q. montana), hickory (Carya sp.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) trees were more resistant to prescribed fire damage than other species. While our findings cannot be related directly to individual fire parameters, such as fireline intensity or fire duration, these results do provide estimates of the cumulative effects of multiple management-based prescribed fires that can be incorporated into fire effects models.
44
Manar Abdul Hassan Raheem, Manar Abdul Hassan Raheem. "The modern technologies role in enhancing design determinants of safety and security factors in buildings". Journal of engineering sciences and information technology 3, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 41–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.n110719.
Resumen
The fire has devastating effects that lead to heavy material and human losses. Architectural design plays a role in reducing these losses by matching design to safety and security factors. Modern technology has played a great role in preventing, limiting, controlling and extinguishing the fire and thus reducing losses. The aim of the research is to highlight the design determinants of the building to prevent fire and the role of modern technologies in combating fire and preventing its spread, whether at the level of modern building materials used in building, finishing or furnishing the building or at the level of monitoring, The research deals with these data through three axes represented in the theoretical axis and deals with the concept of fire and its causes and the role of modern technologies in increasing the efficiency of origin in fire resistance. The second axis deals with analytical study of mix-use building and the statement of the most important design determinants used in the promotion of safety and safety factors to combat the fire and then review the most important findings and recommendations in the third axis. The researcher reached several results, most notably the ability of the architect and his freedom to use a wide range of materials for the construction and finishing of the building with fire-resistant materials developed by technology or by increasing the efficiency of traditional materials to resist fire by packaging or coating with fire retardants that contribute effectively to fire protection The research reached several recommendations, the most important of which is the need to keep pace with the architect of modern technology and work on applying it in its buildings to achieve the highest safety standards.
45
Huang, Peng, Zhi Ming Hao, Wei Fen Li y Shao Quan Hu. "Finite Element Thermal Analysis of the Packing Container in Fire Environment". Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (octubre de 2013): 1539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1539.
Resumen
The packing container is used in storage and transport of the high explosive (HE) material. The study concerns the safety of the packing container in fire environment. The spruce wood filled in the packing container can effectively resist heat transfer and protect HE material. The thermal analysis of the packing container in the pool fire environment is presented with the finite element method. When considering the water evaporation and the wood pyrolysis, the enthalpy curve of wood is presented in this study. Heat can be transferred from the fire to the packing container via convection and radiation. Thus, two thermal boundary conditions are applied to the thermal model of the packing container. The simulations show the inner temperature distributions of the packing container are significantly affected by the wood-column thickness. For the same time, the simulations show there is a slight difference in the char layer thickness between two thickness wood columns. The computed results show there are large temperature gradients in the interface of char and wood. This demonstrates the spruce wood is the excellent thermal resistance material.
46
Krivtsov, Yu V., I. R. Ladygina, M. A. Komarova, A. U. Khaydarov, G. P. Eremina y Yu M. Groshev. "Assessment of compatibility of metal fire-proof compositions with primer coatings to maximize effectiveness of flame retardants". Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 38, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2023): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2023-3(38)-7-19.
Resumen
Introduction. The present paper considers the issues of work planning for fire protection of steel structures, including the correct selection of primer coating in order to avoid potential problems, to save time and budget, as well as to ensure long-term durability of the structures due to the applied fire protection coating. The compatibility of materials appears to be essential when creating projects and coating technology to maximize the effectiveness of fire-proof materials.Aim. To establish the relevant requirements for the scope and sequence of work in assessing the compatibility of fire-proof compositions with the applied primer of steel structures.Materials and methods. The compatibility of flame retardants with primers was assessed using certified and verified laboratory equipment. The paper describes a modern laboratory facility for testing.Results. The results of testing compatibility of flame retardants with primers are presented. The coating system should be evaluated for the defects, its criticality in the subsequent operation, the degree of coating interlayer adhesion, and the ability of the coating to resist adverse environmental effects. Following the obtained information, recommendations are given on the compatibility of certain coating materials.Conclusion. The study demonstrated the significance of material compatibility when creating projects and coating application technology to ensure maximum effectiveness of flame retardants and to tackle the crucial task — providing long-term fire resistance of structures.
47
Behnam, Behrouz y Hamid Ronagh. "A Post-Earthquake Fire Factor to Improve the Fire Resistance of Damaged Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Structures". Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 4, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.4.4.207.
Resumen
Post-earthquake fire (PEF) is considered as one of the most problematic potentially possible disasters in urban areas, as it may result in a conflagration. Most standards and criteria, however, ignore the possibility of fire after earthquake and therefore, majority of conventional buildings are not designed to resist thermal loading after an earthquake. Thus, there is high likelihood of rapid collapse for those buildings damaged partially after an earthquake, which are subjected immediately to a following fire. An investigation based on sequential analysis inspired by FEMA356 is performed in this paper on two RC frames; three and five stories at the Life-Safety performance level and designed to the ACI 318-08 code after they are subjected to a spectral PGA of 0.35g. This is followed by a five-hour fire analysis of the weakened structures, from which the time it takes for the damaged structures to collapse is calculated. As a point of reference, the fire resistance is also determined for undamaged structures and before the occurrence of earthquake. The results show that the structures previously damaged by the earthquake and exposed to PEF are more vulnerable than those that are not damaged. A CPEF greater than 1 is then introduced as a function of fire extinguishing or evacuating time that can be multiplied by the base shear at the time of design in order to increase members sizes and thus improve the PEF resistance. Whilst the investigation is for a certain class of structures (ordinary buildings, intermediate reinforced concrete structure, three and five stories), the results confirm the need for the incorporation of post earthquake fire in the process of analysis and design, and provides some quantitative measures on the level of associated effects.
48
Al-Baghdadi, H. A. y A. Sabah. "Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with NSM-CFRP Strips Subjected to Fire Exposure: A Numerical Study". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, n.º 6 (11 de diciembre de 2021): 7782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4493.
Resumen
The use of Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips is an efficient technology for increasing flexural and shear strength or for repairing damaged Reinforced Concrete (RC) members. This strengthening method is a promising technology. However, the thin layer of concrete covering the NSM-CFRP strips is not adequate to resist heat effect when directly exposed to a fire or at a high temperature. There is clear evidence that the strength and stiffness of CFRPs severely deteriorate at high temperatures. Therefore, in terms of fire resistance, the NSM technique has a significant defect. Thus, it is very important to develop a set of efficient fire protection systems to overcome these disadvantages. This paper presents a numerical study that investigates the fire behavior of thermally insulated RC beams flexurally strengthened with NSM-CFRP strips and subjected to fire exposure according to the ISO 834 standard. The numerical study considered three-dimensional finite element models in the ABAQUS software that have been developed to simulate and predict the performance (thermal and structural response) of fire endurance tests on strengthened, uninsulated strengthened, and thermally insulated beams strengthened with NSM-CFRP strips, which were exposed to fire and had different fire insulation schemes. The insulation used was plaster from local material with a thickness range of 25 to 50mm. The variation of the thermal and mechanical properties with the temperature of the constituent materials was considered. All beams' mechanical and thermal responses were adequately simulated using numerical models. The results of the numerical simulations were in good agreement with the experimental data. The fire behavior of the NSM-CFRP strengthened RC beams was examined and particularly the efficiency of the NSM strengthening system during the fire. The behavior in the fire of the NSM-CFRP strengthening system on the RC beams thermally protected with different fire insulation schemes was assessed. Finally, the effectiveness of fire insulation was studied.
49
Sankey, Joel B., Matthew J. Germino, Temuulen T. Sankey y Amber N. Hoover. "Fire effects on the spatial patterning of soil properties in sagebrush steppe, USA: a meta-analysis". International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, n.º 5 (2012): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11092.
Resumen
Understanding effects of changes in ecological disturbance regimes on soil properties, and capacity of soil properties to resist disturbance, is important for assessing ecological condition. In this meta-analysis, we examined the resilience of surface soil properties and their spatial patterning to disturbance by fire in sagebrush steppe of North America – a biome currently experiencing increases in wildfire due to climate change. We reviewed 39 studies that reported on soil properties for sagebrush steppe with distinct microsite (undershrub and interspace) patterning that was or was not recently burned. We estimated microsite effects for 21 soil properties and examined the effect of burning on microsite effects during the first year post-fire, before the re-establishment of vegetation. Results indicated that the spatial patterning of biogeochemical resources, in which soil surfaces beneath shrubs are enriched, is resilient to burning. However, microsite effects for soil-surface hydrologic, temperature and erosion characteristics appeared to shift following burning. These shifts appear to create a negative feedback for the spatial patterning of soil properties before vegetation recovery. Relatively long (decades–centuries) historic fire intervals in sagebrush steppe ecosystems likely reinforce spatial patterning of soil resources. However, increased fire frequency might affect the ability for soil resources to withstand change.
50
Lelli, Lorenzo y Jonas Loutan. "Advanced analyses of the membrane action of composite slabs under natural fire scenarios". Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 9, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2018): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-12-2016-0020.
Resumen
Purpose This paper aims to detail the advanced natural fire simulations that were carried out for the composite steel-reinforced concrete structure of the JTI Building in Geneva, Switzerland. The results of these analyses led to a significant reduction of in the fireproofing of the steel floor framing. Design/methodology/approach Several scenarios were studied considering different thermal behaviours of the peripheral cladding. Despite the small thickness of the resisting slabs, the analyses performed with SAFIR software showed that the typical wide storey bay (12 × 15.86 m) can resist to the design’s fire temperatures without the protection of the main and secondary beams while the spandrels remain protected. For study completeness, the composite frame-membrane model was also simulated with Hasemi-localized fire routines on SAFIR. Findings The analyses have showed that the membrane behaviour of composite slabs under fire allows a significant reduction of the fire protection, even in case of small thickness of the concrete topping. The increase of the reinforcement ratio to sustain the membrane forces is widely compensated by the savings related to the fireproofing of the steel framing. Practical/implications A natural fire approach is particularly advisable in case of fully glazed buildings. In fact when the façade collapses, the entry of a large cold air quantity limits the increase of the gas temperature inside the compartment. Originality/value The analyses were carried out with recent SAFIR routines for localized fires (Hasemi fire model) and represent one of the first applications in practice. The issue of the rebar orientation in mesh is raised out. The latest SAFIR release allows the definition of a global orientation of the rebars and amends the issue.