Tesis sobre el tema "Finnish nature"

This study examines opportunities for renewable resource management when population data are collected by spatial subdivisions. In particular I look at potential applications for the design of management experiments, the distribution of monitoring resources, and the improvement of parameter estimation. Methods are developed to rank possible groupings of subdivisions for use as experimental units. Factors external to the experiment can cause differences between experimental units. Selecting subdivisions that have reacted similarly in the past to external factors could minimize the risk of external factors creating differences in experimental units. Methods are developed to identify subdivisions that could provide information about similar subdivisions when monitoring resources are low or when stratified sampling is being used. The use of these subdivisions as "index units" could notify managers of extremely good or bad years in a large number of subdivisions. Two methods developed by Walters (1986) provide innovative estimation techniques that can be used with subdivided populations. A Bayesian approach allows parameter estimates to be adjusted using a known distribution. Another approach allows similar subdivisions to be estimated jointly more accurately than would be possible individually. Not all renewable resource data sets provide reliable information for use with these applications. Data sets where there is little common variation, high levels of autocorrelation in the noise, or even modest amounts of measurement error are inappropriate for most methods. A series of steps is introduced for managers to test the reliability of the methods on their particular data sets. Data on Finnish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are used throughout the thesis to illustrate the methods. The reindeer data appear to be appropriate for these methods when tested using the steps developed. Possible experimental units and index units for monitoring are identified. Walters' (1986) methods of parameter estimation are used on the data set as well. The reindeer data show that subdivisions with similar external effects were located close to one another. This pattern was at least partially caused by the existence of extremely bad years occurring within geographic regions. The reindeer subdivisions are very highly managed and provide little evidence of any kind of density dependence. Managers could potentially benefit by conducting experiments to test the biological limits of the population growth rates and carrying capacities within subdivisions.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo.
Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
El presente trabajo se encuentra compuesto fundamentalmente de dos partes. En la primera, se analiza el concepto de ley natural de John Finnis y las propiedades sustanciales más importante de de los valores básicos o primeros principios de la razón práctica (capítulo I). Se enuncia el concepto de ley natural propuesto por el autor australiano (a) y se estudian las principales propiedades de los valores básicos (b). Entre las propiedades de los valores básicos veremos: (b.1) la notoriedad y evidencia, (b.2) la indemostrabilidad, (b.3) la pre-moralidad, y, (b.4) el mismo carácter de fundamental. En la segunda parte se analizan los valores básicos en particular: la vida (capítulo II), el conocimiento (capítulo III), el juego (capítulo IV), la experiencia estética (capítulo V), la amistad (capítulo VI), la razonabilidad práctica (capítulo VII), y, la religión (capítulo VIII). Se hace presente que, no obstante enunciar todos los valores básicos propuestos por John Finnis y presentar sus características y propiedades fundamentales, se pondrá especial atención en el valor básico de la vida. Posterior al planteamiento de todos los valores básicos, se analizará críticamente (aspectos negativos y positivos) la obra de John Finnis (capítulo IX).

This research is divided into two sections. In the first section a deep analysis of the theory of natural law designed by Germain Grisez and John Finnis, known as New Natural Law Theory, is developed, while the second section underlines some criticisms to the thesis supported by the two authors. More in details, the first section highlights the features of the New Classical Theory: on the one hand the elements belonging to the Thomistic tradition, on the other those belonging the analytic area. Moreover the most important theoretical elements of this new philosophical theory are analyzed: the basic goods and the basic requirements of practical reasonableness. The basic goods are essential to build an integral human fulfillment. Instead, the basic requirements of practical reasonableness assess the action criteria, while respecting the natural law. Finally the section includes an highlight on the practical reason and the first principle of morality: “In voluntarily acting for human goods and avoiding what is opposed to them, one ought to choose and otherwise will those and only those possibilities whose willing is compatible with a will toward integral human fulfillment”. The second part of the first section examines in details the laws defined and established by the Governament. The following topics are covered: the Rule of Law, the qualities of a good law, the relationship between human law and natural law, the unjust laws, the link between public authority and people consensus, the principles of justice and freedom, the interaction immoral acts and punishment (main argument of the book “Making Men Moral” by Robert P. George). Within this second section, the Thomistic thesis is used to arise some criticism to the Finnis and Grisez’s ideas, being the main focus on: the foundation of natural law (metaphysics for Aquinas, empirical for Grisez and Finnis), the rejection of the ultimate end, the dynamic of moral action, the pre-morality of the basic goods, basic requirements of practical reasonableness, first principle of practical reason, the moral relevance of intention in actions, the principles of autonomy and self-determination. In the second half the lex humana, according to The Aquinas, is analysed and details are given as far as the purpose and nature of ius positivum, the human law content and validity as it is given by the natural law, the weaknesses of both laws (lex naturalis and lex humana), with the goal of making a comprehensive comparisons between the two. The research deals also with the concept of “common good”, as the set of conditions that is useful to live virtuously and the set of values that produces social cohesion. Finally the complex issue of unjust laws and “imperfect” laws are discussed.
La presente ricerca si articola in due sezioni. La prima attiene all’analisi della teoria sulla legge naturale elaborata da Germain Grisez e John Finnis, autori viventi ed esponenti principali della scuola di pensiero denominata New Natural Law Theory, conosciuta in Italia con l’espressione “Scuola Neoclassica”. La seconda sezione riguarda alcuni rilievi critici alle tesi dei due suddetti autori. La seconda sezione quindi in merito ai temi trattati è speculare alla prima, cambia solo l’approccio che sarà appunto di carattere censorio. Nella prima sezione innanzitutto si inquadrerà questa nuova teoria giusfilosofica all’interno del panorama delle correnti di pensiero contemporanee di matrice giusnaturalista-tomista mettendo in evidenza le sue spiccate ascendenze analitiche. Successivamente si metteranno a tema i due elementi portanti di tutta la teoria neoclassica: i beni fondamentali e le esigenze della ragionevolezza pratica. I primi sono quegli elementi indispensabili per una piena fioritura umana. I secondi indicano invece alcuni criteri d’azione necessari per compiere un’azione valida sotto l’aspetto etico. L’iter di ricerca poi si orienterà nell’indagare il cardine della teoria dell’azione secondo la prospettiva neoclassica: la ragione pratica. Tale strumento cognitivo è la struttura portante del primo principio morale: “Nella volontarietà di realizzare i beni umani e di evitare ciò che ad essi è contrario, si deve scegliere solamente quelle possibilità compatibili con un’apertura interiore alla integrale e piena realizzazione umana”. La seconda parte della prima sezione è dedicata invece ad approfondire il ruolo del diritto positivo all’interno della New Classical Theory e quali sono le relazioni peculiari tra diritto codificato e legge naturale. Gli argomenti trattati perciò interesseranno temi quali le caratteristiche che devono avere un buon sistema di governo (Rule of Law) e una buona legge, le leggi ingiuste, la collaborazione ad una legge iniqua, il rapporto tra consenso e legittimità del potere pubblico, i principi di giustizia e libertà. La prima sezione si chiuderà con l’analisi del testo di Robert P. George Making Men Moral che attiene ai limiti del diritto positivo in relazione alle condotte che contrastano con la legge morale naturale. Nella seconda sezione si utilizzerà il pensiero di Tommaso D’Aquino, autore cui si ispirano dichiaratamente Grisez e Finnis, per approcciare criticamente le tesi di costoro in merito alla lex naturalis. Si evidenzieranno così una serie di aporie che riguardano più temi: la fonte della legge naturale (di origine metafisica per Tommaso, di matrice empirica per i neoclassici), il rigetto da parte di questi autori della tesi del fine ultimo, la dinamica tomista dell’atto morale che mette in crisi l’asserita pre-moralità, ed altre caratteristiche, dei beni fondamentali, delle esigenze della ragionevolezza pratica e del primo principio della ragione pratica, il ruolo dell’intenzione nell’agire, i principi di autonomia e autodeterminazione. La seconda parte della seconda sezione invece interesserà il tema della lex humana, così come è stato articolato dall’Aquinate. L’approccio critico lascia qui spazio ad una valutazione integrativa degli scritti di Grisez e Finnis. Si compirà dunque un’analisi della natura e dei fini dello ius positivum, delle modalità di derivazione di contenuto e validità dalla lex naturalis, delle insufficienze di entrambe le leggi, naturale e positiva, e delle differenze e analogie tra le stesse. Si proseguirà mettendo a tema il concetto di bene comune, limite invalicabile per l’azione legislativa, inteso sia come insieme di quelle condizioni utili affinchè ciascun consociato possa liberamente orientarsi al bene, sia come coesione sociale fondato sui valori della lex naturalis. La ricerca si chiuderà con una disanima di alcune problematiche connesse al tema della lex iniusta e delle leggi cosiddette “imperfette”.

John Finnis is one of the seminal contemporary jurisprudential thinkers working within the natural law tradition. His Natural Law and Natural Rights, first published in 1980, has had a significant impact and stands as a centerpiece of modern natural law theory. It is at once a work of ethics, political philosophy as well as jurisprudence. The starting point of his theory of natural law con­sists in concepts such as basic human goods, practical reasonableness and the common good. These concepts provide the foundation for his analysis of communities and society as well as the legal system. This thesis sets out to expound on his theory of natural law by exploring Finnis’ understanding of the basic human goods, practical reasonableness and the common good and the way they interact with his ideas of law and justice. Some of the more controversial or contentious aspects of his theory will also be addressed; such as the supposed self-evident nature of the basic goods and their incommensurable status. Some critics allege that his theory is lacking some of the defining characteristics of a natural law theory and that it thus fails as a theory of natural law, while others have claimed that his theory lends itself to the justification of an authoritarian society. Some of these criticisms carry more strength than others and I conclude by granting that Finnis’ theory contains some weaknesses. However, these should not weaken our appreciation of his vision of the good that law can do and the interrelatedness of law and morality.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.
Title from title screen. Andrew Altman, committee chair; Timothy Renick, Peter Lindsay, committee members. Electronic text (62 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 3, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p.57-62).

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A presente dissertação é um trabalho de teoria do direito. Como o título sugere, seu objetivo é expor alguns aspectos da contraposição entre o jusnaturalismo e o positivismo jurídico no cenário contemporâneo. Utiliza como referência a reinterpretação da teoria jusnaturalista por John Mitchell Finnis e seu diálogo com positivismo jurídico contemporâneo. Ressalvo que aqui não se tem a pretensão de demonstrar que o debate entre as duas correntes esteja definitivamente encerrado, mas de esclarecer concepções e tentar afastar alguns equívocos que o permeiam.
This works is a legal theory one. As the title suggests, its goal is to expose some aspects of the opposition between natural law theory and legal positivism in the contemporary scenario. It take as reference the reiterpretation of the natural law theory by John Mitchell Finnis and his dialogue with the contemporary legal positivism. Indeed, it does not pretend to demonstrate that the debate between the two currents is definitely closed, but its purpose is to clarify concepts and attempt to remove some misconceptions that permeate it.

In a major contribution to Neo-Aristotelian ethics, John Finnis and Germain Grisez have argued that foundational moral principles – or ‘the first principles of practical reason’ – are self-evident and cannot be derived from facts about human nature. This claim sets Finnis and Grisez against the older, Neo-Scholastic interpretation of natural law theory, which states that fundamental moral truths can be derived from an Aristotelian philosophy of nature. More significantly, Finnis and Grisez have claimed that Aquinas accepted a version of the fact-value distinction and the impossibility of deriving normative conclusions from theoretical or factual premises later defended by Hume. In this thesis, I argue to the contrary that the first principles of practical reason are grounded in truths of natural philosophy. Furthermore, I argue that, for Aquinas, morally significant truths can indeed be derived from a consideration of man’s faculties and their proper functioning. I also argue that, pace Finnis and Grisez, a Neo-Scholastic hierarchy of the basic goods is not incompatible with their incommensurability. It is my contention, then, that Finnis and Grisez’s new natural law theory constitutes a misinterpretation of Aquinas’s moral philosophy and the relationship between theoretical and practical reason in Aristotelian philosophy. I argue that the first principles of practical reason are self-evident, but show that such self-evident truths are, for Aquinas, more akin to a posteriori necessary truths. Our grasp of a self-evident truth, then, will depend upon our prior grasp of the nature to which the self-evident truth refers. I then argue that, according to Aquinas, metaphysics and natural philosophy provide explanatory justifications for the first principles of practical reason. The Aristotelian will ground these first principles by reference to an Aristotelian philosophy of nature. I argue that, pace Finnis and Grisez, Aquinas holds that we can derive significant moral truths from facts about our faculties and about human nature in general. I argue that Hume’s no-is-from-ought principle is not a general law of logic, which is applicable to any attempt to derive a normative conclusion from factual premises. Instead, I argue that it is licit to derive a normative conclusion from truths employing functional concepts. However, I also argue that functional concepts and Aristotelian categoricals can tell us only what an instance of its kind must do if it is to count as a good instance. They cannot tell us whether we have reason to be a good instance of our kind. To answer that question, we must grasp that being a good human being is a means to acquiring the basic goods. Finally, I argue that the concept of a function has normative and evaluative dimensions. This view of functions is incompatible with Finnis and Grisez’s understanding of theoretical reason, according to which, theoretical reason is concerned with ‘bare facts’, where ‘bare facts’ are taken to exclude all normative and evaluative elements. I contend, then, that Finnis and Grisez err by assuming that all facts must, by their nature, exclude normative and evaluative elements.

Denna uppsats är en jämförelse mellan den verksamhet som Statens Informationsstyrelse (SIS) bedrev under andra världskriget och den verksamhet som idag bedrivs inom ramen för Informationsoperationer (Info Ops). Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka om likheterna mellan SIS och Info Ops har en koppling till konfliktens (krigets) natur.

Huvudfrågorna i uppsatsen är:

1. Vilka likheter finns mellan den statliga informationsverksamheten som bedrevs av Statens Informationsstyrelse under andra världskriget och den verksamhet som idag bedrivs inom ramen för informationsoperationer?
2. Kan likheterna kopplas till konfliktens (krigets) natur och i så fall hur?

För att besvara mina frågor har jag använt mig av följande tillvägagångssätt:

För min inledande del av uppsatsen har jag valt Deskription. Metodiken jag använt är arkiv- och litteraturstudier, vilket vanligen och även i mitt fall föregåtts av en litteratursökning. För den avslutande delen av uppsatsen har jag använt mig av komparation i syfte att finna likheter mellan SIS och Info Ops. För min slutledning har jag använt mig av deduktion.

Det centrala i likheterna mellan SIS och Info Ops är att båda använde/använder data och information för att påverka ett agerande hos människor. Genom att påverka agerandet hos människorna i konflikten (kriget), kan man påverka utgången av konflikten (kriget).

Despite being one of the most recognizable sea creatures in the world, sharks remain widely misunderstood by the public. Media coverage often sensationalizes them as dangerous creatures, when in reality, humans pose a much more significant threat to sharks than vice versa. Over the past few decades, overfishing has decimated populations worldwide as demand increases for byproducts such as meat, cartilage, and fins in particular, a crucial ingredient in the Chinese delicacy of shark fin soup. Finning, a particularly inefficient practice that promotes overfishing and waste, occurs when fishers cut off fins at sea and throw carcasses overboard. As sharks play an important role in marine ecosystems as apex predators and are slow to reproduce, increased attention to shark conservation is urgently needed. Although there have been attempts by international organizations such as the United Nations and by individual countries, current legislation has proven to be inadequate in combating shark exploitation. Though public awareness is on the rise thanks to increased media coverage and environmental advocacy, sharks still need greater protection in the face of overharvest and stock depletion. This thesis details the current state of shark exploitation, including shark biology, public perceptions of sharks, and current levels of shark finning, as well as the economics behind the trade. It also analyzes previous actions taken both at the international and national levels. Finally, it recommends further actions to be undertaken in order to preserve declining shark populations and keep them from extinction.

This thesis presents a perceptual study of difficulties met by native speakers of English in the production of the durational patterns of Finnish disyllabic word structures. The primary purpose of the analysis was to investigate how a message changes on the way from text to utterance and further from utterance to perception, and then to evaluate how well the informants have managed in their utterances on the basis of the listeners’ perceptions. The test material of 70 words contains words pairs consisting of meaningful disyllabic Finnish words and pseudowords in random order. The meaningful words were selected so that an expected quantitative deviation would form a minimal pair with an alternative that they can be mixed with. The words were read by nine informants in a noiseless speech lab, their productions were recorded, and the recordings were played to groups of upper secondary school students, whose task was to write down their immediate perceptions. The perception data amounting to 14,350 samples was inserted to a tailored relational database for analysis. The perception analysis was made from two main points of view, focusing on quantitative changes in different syllable patterns and on the individual tendencies of the informants, including some notions of qualitative characteristics as well. The findings were, when necessary, supported by results derived from segmental phonetic measurements. All quantitative deviation types, which in this disyllabic material are shortening and lengthening of the vowel in both syllable positions and that of consonants on both sides of the syllable boundary, were analysed from the original words in each syllable pattern. By far the most common and the most persistent deviation type is shortening of the vowel in the second syllable. Problems are typically faced with patterns that contain both short and long sound segments, especially those containing a consonant cluster at the syllable boundary. Words with evenly long, either short or long sound segments are the easiest ones to master. Shortening of the vowel in the first syllable is the next most common occurrence. Durational problems at the syllable boundary, the most common being the double-length consonant perceived as short, are a challenging group altogether. These changes are typically coupled so that on the basis of the perceptions, simultaneous shortening and lengthening of the sound sequences occur on both sides of the syllable boundary, resulting in perceptions that are perhaps furthest away from the intended utterance and thus hard to understand. The study underlines the importance of mastering the quantitative opposition in Finnish from the viewpoint of successful communication. On the basis of the findings of this study training material for those learning Finnish as a second language could be tailored to better serve the needs of native English speakers
Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa esitellään havaintoaineistoon perustuva tutkimus vaikeuksista, joita englanninkieliset suomenoppijat kohtaavat pyrkiessään tuottamaan rakenteeltaan suomen kielen mukaisia kaksitavuisia sanoja. Analyysin päätarkoitus oli selvittää, kuinka viesti muuttuu matkalla tekstistä lausumaksi ja lausumasta havainnoksi, ja sen jälkeen arvioida äidinkielenään suomea puhuvien kuuntelijoiden havaintojen perusteella, kuinka hyvin informantit onnistuivat tuotoksissaan. 70 sanan testiaineisto koostuu sanapareista, joissa on oikeita kaksitavuisia suomen kielen sanoja ja rakenteeltaan samanlaisia hölynpölysanoja satunnaisessa järjestyksessä. Merkitykselliset sanat laadittiin siten, että ennustettava kvantiteetin poikkeama tuottaisi niiden kanssa minimiparin. Kaikki yhdeksän informanttia lausuivat sanat äänieristetyssä studiossa, heidän tuotoksensa tallennettiin, ja tallenteet esitettiin lukioluokan oppilaista koostuville kuulijaryhmille. Heidän välittömät kirjalliset havaintonsa, 14350 yksittäistä näytettä, syötettiin analysoitavaksi tätä tarkoitusta varten räätälöityyn relaatiotietokantaan. Havaintoaineistoa analysoitiin kahdesta näkökulmasta, yhtäältä tarkastellen kvantitatiivisia poikkeamia kussakin tavurakenteessa ja toisaalta kunkin informantin vastaavia yksilöllisiä piirteitä tehden huomioita myös laadullisista poikkeamista. Tarvittaessa havaintojen analyysiä täydennettiin foneettisista mittauksista saaduilla tuloksilla. Analyysi kattoi kaikki mahdolliset kvantitatiiviset poikkeamatyypit, joita tällaisessa aineistossa voivat olla vokaalin piteneminen tai lyheneminen kummassakin tavussa tai konsonantin piteneminen tai lyheneminen tavunrajalla. Selkeästi yleisin ja sitkein poikkeamatyyppi aineistossa on toisen tavun vokaalin lyheneminen. Eniten tätä esiintyy tavurakenteissa, joissa on sekä lyhyitä että pitkiä äännesegmenttejä, ja eritoten silloin, kun tavunrajalla on konsonanttiklusteri. Helpoimpia tuottaa ovat sellaiset sanat, joissa kaikki segmentit ovat joko pitkiä tai lyhyitä. Toiseksi yleisin poikkeamatyyppi on ensitavun pitkän vokaalin lyheneminen. Erilaiset tavunrajan kestopoikkeamat, yleisimpänä niistä kaksoiskonsonantin havaitseminen lyhyenä, ovat kokonaisuudessaan haastava ryhmä. Nämä muutokset liittyvät tyypillisesti yhteen niin, että tavunrajalla tapahtuu samanaikaisesti sekä äännesegmenttien lyhenemistä että pitenemistä, mikä johtaa havaintoihin, jotka ovat kenties kauimpana alkuperäisestä tarkoitteestaan ja siten vaikeita ymmärtää. Tutkimus korostaa suomen kvantiteettiopposition hallinnan merkitystä kommunikaation sujuvuuden kannalta. Tutkimustuloksia voidaan hyödyntää koulutusmateriaalin laadinnassa äidinkielenään englantia puhuville suomen kielen oppijoille

Rikkärr är en naturtyp med hög artrikedom, som återfinns i kalkrika våtmarker. Kända rikkärr upptar idag 2-3 % av myrarealen i Sverige (Sjörs & Gunnarsson 2002). Med snabbare och effektivare inventeringsmetoder skulle med all sannolikhet fler rikkärr återfinnas. Rikkärrens många arter har under lång tid anpassat sig till de speciella förhållandena men är idag starkt hotade då biotopen rikkärr minskar. Tillbakagången är ett resultat av dikning, upphörd hävd, övergödning, försurning och skogsbruk. I de svenska rikkärren finns många rödlistade och utrotningshotade arter inom grupperna snäckor, kärlväxter och mossor. För att bevara den biologiska mångfalden behöver vi ha säkra metoder för att identifiera rikkärr och på så vis ha möjlighet att skydda dem. Naturtypen rikkärr har många fysionomier som gör den svår att urskilja vid flygbildstolkning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om det med hjälp av geologiska data hos Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) är möjligt att finna kopplingar till rikkärren som kan användas för att på ett säkert sätt kunna identifiera potentiella rikkärrsområden snabbare i framtiden. Arbetet har genomförts genom att studera samband mellan utvalda element ur ett antal undersökningar utförda av SGU. Resultatet visar tydligt det starka samband rikkärren har till områden med kalkberggrund och på hur tydligt detta syns vid användandet av det geografiska informationsprogrammet ArcGIS. Resultaten i uppsatsen tydliggör även svårigheten med att använda befintliga data, ur SGU:s geodatabas, för att finna kompletterade komponenter med samband till biotopen rikkärr. Resultaten leder till rekommendationer om framtida undersökningar att utföra för att stärka vår kunskap om rikkärren.

Kan SGUs data användas för att förutsäga vegetationens sammansättning?

Inledning Den här studien handlar om förskollärares arbetssätt med uterummet som lärmiljö. Vi är intresserade av hur förskollärare arbetar med uterummet, vad sker under utevistelsen och vad anser förskollärarna att utevistelsen har för betydelse för barns utveckling, lärande och välbefinnande. I Läroplanen för förskolan (Lpfö 18) framhålls vikten av att barnen ska kunna växla mellan aktiviteter i olika miljöer, både utomhus och inomhus. Vilken roll beskriver förskollärare sig själva ha under utevistelsen. Vi vill ta reda på hur uterummet används av förskollärare som lärmiljö. Forskning visar att utevistelse är bra för barns hälsa och välbefinnande men att vissa barn vistas i större utsträckning inomhus på senare år   Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka förskollärares arbetssätt med uterummet som lärmiljö. Studiens frågeställningar är hur beskriver förskollärare sitt arbete i uterummet som lärmiljö? Hur beskriver förskollärare syftet med uterummet som lärmiljö?   Metod Vi har valt att använda oss av kvalitativa intervjuer. Intervjuerna antecknades med penna och papper. Ljudinspelningar valdes ej på grund av vår osäkerhet vad gäller skydd av personuppgifter. Då förskollärare har det yttersta ansvaret i barngruppen och antas ha bra insyn i förskolans verksamhet valde vi att inrikta oss på just förskollärare. Sju stycken förskollärare intervjuades på två olika kommunala förskolor, en traditionell förskola och en förskola med uteprofil. Namnen på förskollärarna och på förskolorna är samtliga fiktiva   Resultat Studiens resultat visar att förskollärarna har liknande uppfattningar om uterummet som lärmiljö och dess betydelse för barns lärande, utveckling och välbefinnande. Förskollärarna beskriver att uterummets lärmiljö ska utmana barnen i leken, ge barnen naturupplevelser och möjlighet till välbefinnande. Förskollärarna påtalade att genom att vara en medforskande, närvarande och engagerad pedagog så stimuleras barnen i deras lärande, utveckling och välbefinnande. Tematiskt arbetssätt med fokus på naturvetenskap var något som de uttryckte att de arbetade med. De anser att utomhuspedagogik är ett förhållningssätt där man tar vara på det som finns i naturen, det enkla. Barnen upplever med alla sina sinnen i naturen. Vid intervjuerna framkom att förskollärarna anser att det är viktigt att barnen kommer ut dagligen. Flera av förskollärarna påpekade att barnen har större möjlighet att röra sig utomhus, större frihet ute och mer möjlighet att välja aktivitet. Några menade också att det blir färre konflikter ute och mindre grupperingar. Barnens hälsa och välbefinnande stärks och barnen håller sig mer friska påtalades.

Inställningen till naturvetenskapliga beskrivningar av elektronen hos gymnasieelever i årskurs tre på naturvetenskapligt program har undersökts genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Elevernas inställningar motsvarar en vetenskapsteori som diskuteras i ljuset av andra vetenskapsteorier. Enligt undersökningen kan många elevers vetenskapsteori tillskrivas samhällets vetenskapsteori, som karaktäriseras av en pragmatisk och tillämpningsorienterad syn på naturvetenskaplig kunskap, samt av skepsis inför naturvetenskapliga beskrivningar som inte följer ett ”vardagligt” förnuft, vilket troligen gäller allmänt för modern fysik. En sådan vetenskapsteori leder till vissa problem för eleverna när de skall lära undervisningsstoffet i fysik. Från undersökningen kan även de viktigaste orsakerna till elevernas inställning spåras: (i) en av skolan institutionaliserad vardagsförståelse av begreppet elektron; (ii) att det inte ”lönar sig” att fokusera på begreppsförståelse vid examination i modern fysik; (iii) att det inte anses, ens av eleverna själva, allmänbildande med kunskap i naturvetenskap. Flera aspekter av undervisning med vetenskapsteoretiska perspektiv diskuteras.

On October 22, 2015, a masked man entered the primary school Kronan in Trollhättan and stabbed three people to death with a knife and a sword. Shortly after the attack the perpetrator was shot to death by the police. The event received a great deal of spatial attention in Swedish media and has been called the worst school attack in Swedish history. The twenty-one-year-old perpetrator had grown up in Trollhättan and it is his origin that is of interest in this study. The aim of this study is to examine how a perpetrator of native origin is portrayed in a Swedish medium. Previous research, which shows that there is a difference between how a perpetrator of native origin is portrayed compared to a foreign one, is used as background. According to these studies media often focuses on the perpetrator’s ethnicity and descent if the person is of foreign origin. Through a qualitative framing analysis we examine how the perpetrator in Trollhättan is portrayed in Sweden’s largest news website, namely aftonbladet.se. We explore how the perpetrator's ethnicity and origin are expressed and which of the perpetrator's characteristics are focused on by Aftonbladet. Through framing analysis we also explore how the perpetrator is portrayed from an us-and-them perspective, and how ideas and concepts are personalized through him. The results of this study show that the male perpetrator who is of native origin in the case Trollhättan is portrayed as a lone maniac who committed an act of evil and that Aftonbladet focused on his personal circumstances, for example that he had issues socializing.

Syftet med denna fallstudie var att studera om det finns någon koppling mellan hur ofta eleverna spenderar sin fritid utomhus och engagemang vid NO-lektioner utomhus. Vidare var det övergripande syftet att genom studien bidra med reflekterande tankar kring skolans roll för att stimulera elevernas naturkontakt och känsla för naturen. Data samlades genom enskilda intervjuer med åtta elever i årskurs ett samt genom en gruppintervju med deras två NO-lärare. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av eleverna tycker om att vara utomhus både på fritiden och vid NO-lektioner och att de flesta av dem gärna ser att de har fler lektioner utomhus, detta trots att de helst spenderar fritiden inomhus. Utifrån denna fallstudie går det inte att dra den generella slutsatsen att elevers inställning till NOundervisning utomhus influeras av hur ofta elever spenderar fritiden ute. I diskussionsdelen ges förslag på hur skolan kan bidra till att elever skapar en kontakt och känsla för naturen.

A sound theory of adjudication and of judicial duty requires or presupposes a sound theory of law and of legal argument. Jurisprudential inquiry is properly grounded not in reflections on conceptual properties of law but in reflections on human goods and needs as understood in a morally articulated theory of practical reason and compactly expressed in the normative concept of the common good. Such reflections confirm that law exists, in its central case, as a means to various types of authoritative co-ordination solutions. The underdetermined nature of (a) the positive requirements of practical reasonableness and the common good and of (b) the appropriate means of enforcing compliance and remedying non-compliance with either these requirements or the determinate negative precepts of practical reasonableness entails that a practically necessary aspect of the positive law’s role is constituting the requirements of justice, i.e. of what is due to whom generally and in particular situations (including situations where an injustice has been or is alleged to have been done). As a distinct and practically necessary mode of legal co-ordination for the common good, adjudication, in its central case, answers litigated questions of justice by applying all relevant law in accordance with the legal system’s practice of legal argument. Thus adjudication is performed by authoritative law-applying institutions precisely because it is about answering questions of justice, and not despite that fact. Theories of law developed on the assumption that it is possible to understand the ‘what’ of law without reliance on any moral judgments deny any practically necessary connection between (a) the promotion of justice and the common good and (b) the nature of law, in its central case, and, hence, the adjudicative application of the law. In the absence of this connection a judicial duty to do justice according to law is unintelligible.

The purpose of this study is to gain understanding of when and how the preschool teacher is working with physics in preschool, and if there is any difference in the work depending on the age of the children. The survey was conducted with qualitative interviews with ten preschool teachers. The result of the survey showed that there are some differences and similarities in the work of physics in preschool depending on the age group you are working in. The activities chosen to make physics visible to the children, and how to help each other in different departments to get tips and advice for work with physics was different. The teachers of toddlers section (1-3) saw physics in everyday situations and tried to take advantage of these situations and they felt lonely in their planning of work with physics. While large children's departments (3-5) had planned activities and took advantage of physics in everyday situations with the work with physics and they had more collaboration between different departments. All teachers see the time they go to the forest as the planned time they have focused on natural sciences and physics. But physics is not usually visible during this time.
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att få en uppfattning om när och hur förskollärare arbetar med fysik i förskolan och om det är någon skillnad i arbetet beroende på vilken ålder det är på barnen i den barngrupp man arbetar. Undersökningen är gjord med kvalitativa intervjuer med 10 förskollärare. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det finns vissa skillnader och likheter i arbetet med fysik i förskolan beroende på vilken åldersgrupp man arbetar i. Vilka aktiviteter man väljer för att synliggöra fysik för barnen och hur man tar hjälp av varandra på olika avdelningar för att få tips och råd inför arbetet med fysik skilde sig åt. Pedagogerna på småbarnsavdelning(1-3) såg fysik mestadels i vardagen och försökte ta tillvara på dessa situationer och de kände sig ensamma i sin planering kring arbetet med fysik. Storbarnsavdelningarna(3-5) hade däremot planerade aktiviteter men tog också tillvara på fysik i vardagen i arbetet kring fysik och de hade mer samarbete mellan avdelningar. Samtliga pedagoger ser den tid de går till skogen som den planerade tid som de har inriktad mot naturvetenskap och fysik. Men fysik synliggörs vanligtvis inte under denna tid.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法學系
94
Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ‘linguistic turn’ in ordinary uses of language for investigating philosophical questions in a reasonable way profoundly inspired H. L. A. Hart’s analytical approach to legal philosophy in shaping modern Jurisprudence (the concept of law) with his ‘hermeneutic turn’. The ‘participant perspectives’ within the internal viewpoint is crucial in forming one’s reason for adopting a rule to be valid. This point of view is developed by John Finnis with his methodological concept of analogy by focusing the significant meaning in differentiating the central from the peripheral case of the internal point of view itself, and reducible in our ordinary uses in language for practical thinking, decision (reason[s] for action), and doing (what we truly put into practice). I try to name a descriptive account in explaining this more reasonable method used in Natural Law and Natural Rights (and all his works) for a better understanding in legal theory in order to expand those realization to our lives, i.e., ‘how do I live a good life with truth’: the “rhetoric turn” from the spiritual grasp and the inside changing represented in daily talking and speech rendering. We may see how Professor Finnis soundly applies this strategy in discussing all the controversial subject-matter in endless academic debates (and with his opponents).

Dissertação de Mestrado, Processamento de Linguagem Natural e Indústria de Língua, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve. Centre de Recherche Lucien Tesnière,Université de Franche-Comté, 2011
This thesis proposes a machine translation system from French to Finnish. A practical application was built as part of an existing machine translation system, the LiSe Project, using a controlled version of the language for automatic translation in emergency situations. This added an agglutinating language to the inflecting and isolating languages already represented in the LiSe system. The proposed system is based on SyGuLAC theory (Systemic Grammar using a Linguistically Motivated Algebra and Calculus), according to which, tasks involving language can be broken down into a series of separate but interrelated microsystems. The phonology, morphology, and case for grammatical objects of transitive verbs of Finnish are summarized, in order to familiarize the reader with some of the concepts required for proper understanding of the algorithms. The micro-systems proposed for this system are then individually explained. Due to time constraints, a standalone program was implemented that did not need to be fully integrated into the rest of the LiSe system. Fifty randomly generated and screened sentences were tested and scored in Google’s translator and in LiSe, each sentence rated as “good” (3), “acceptable” (2), “incorrect” (1), or “nonsense” (0). Google’s average score was 0.94, with 12 sentences rated acceptable or better. The micro-system approach proposed in this thesis had an average score of 2.4, with 42 sentences rated acceptable or better. This suggests that the micro-system approach in general, and the LiSe Project in particular, can provide reliable machine translation between such typologically different languages as French and Finnish.
Ce mémoire propose un système de traduction automatique du français vers le finnois. Une application pratique a été construite dans le cadre d'un système de traduction automatique existant, le Projet LiSe, en utilisant une version contrôlée de la langue pour faire une traduction automatique en situation d'urgence. Ceci ajoute une langue agglutinante (le finnois) aux langues flexionnelles et isolantes déjà représentées dans le système LiSe. Le système proposé est basé sur la théorie SyGuLAC (Systemic Grammar using a Linguistically Motivated Algebra and Calculus), selon laquelle, les tâches linguistiques peuvent être décomposées en une série de microsystèmes qui sont distincts, mais interdépendants. La phonologie, la morphologie, et le cas grammatical pour les compléments d’objets des verbes transitifs en Finnois sont résumés, afin de familiariser le lecteur avec certains des concepts requis pour la bonne compréhension des algorithmes. Les microsystèmes proposés pour ce dispositif sont ensuite individuellement expliqués. En raison de contraintes temporelles, un programme indépendant a été mis en oeuvre qui n'a pas besoin d'être pleinement intégré avec le restant du système LiSe. Cinquante phrases générées d’une façon aléatoire ont été testées et notées dans le traducteur de Google et dans le nouveau système, avec les mentions de « bonne » (3), « acceptable » (2), « incorrecte » (1) ou « sans sens » (0). Le résultat moyen de Google était de 0,94 avec 12 mentions « acceptable » ou mieux. Le microsystème proposé dans ce mémoire avait la moyenne de 2,4 avec 42 mentions « acceptable » ou mieux. Ceci suggèrerait que l'approche microsystème en général, et le projet LiSe en particulier, peut fournir une traduction automatique fiable entre deux langues aussi typologiquement différentes que le français et finnois.
Esta dissertação propõe um sistema de tradução automática do francês para finlandês. Foi implementada uma aplicação prática, no enquadramento de um sistema de tradução automática já existente, o Projecto LiSe, utilizando uma versão controlada da língua para tradução em situações de urgência. Isso juntou uma língua aglutinante (o finlandês) às línguas flexivas e analíticas já representadas no sistema LiSe. O sistema proposto tem como base a teoria SyGuLAC (Systemic Grammar using a Linguistically Motivated Algebra and Calculus), segundo o qual, tarefas linguísticas podem dividir-se numa série de microsistemas separados mas interdependentes. Resumem-se a fonologia, a morfologia e os casos dos objectos directos dos verbos transitivos em finlandês, para familiarizar o leitor com alguns dos conceitos requeridos para a compreensão dos algoritmos. Depois apresentam-se os microsistemas propostos. Devido às limitações de tempo, foi implementado um programa independente, que não tinha de ser completamente integrado no sistema LiSe. Geraram-se cinquenta frases para testar o sistema; as frases foram traduzidas pelo Google e pelo sistema proposto. As frazes foram avaliadas com classificações de “bom” (3), “aceitável” (2), “inaceitável” (1), e “sem sentido” (0). O resultado médio do Google foi de 0,94, com 12 frases avaliadas como “aceitável” ou melhor. A abordagem microsistémica proposta nesta dissertação tinha um resultado médio de 2,4, com 42 frases avaliadas como aceitável ou melhor. Esse resultado sugere que a abordagem micro sistémica pode produzir uma tradução automática adequada entre línguas tão tipologicamente diferentes como o francês e o finlandês.

Author's name: Tomáš Palát School: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies Nám. Jana Palacha 2, 116 38 Praha 1 Program: Finnish language Title: The picture of common people in selected writings of Finnish canon Consultant: Mgr. Jan Dlask, Ph.D. Number of pages: 79 + attachments Number of attachments: 1 Year: 2012 Key words: Runeberg, Kianto, common people, rural people, Finnish literary canon, cottager, The tales of ensign Stål, Red line, death, dying, nature, bravery, heroism, patriotism, nationalism, clergy, religion This thesis aims to analyze a picture of common people in two separate well-known Finnish writings. First of them is The tales of ensign Stål from Johan Ludvig Runeberg and second is Red line from Ilmari Kianto. Both works were created in a different time periods. The Finnish society in 19th and in the beginning of 20th century was mostly comprised from relatively poor rural people who typically worked in agriculture and describing life of those people was in the same time period very common topic in Finnish literature. In this thesis the picture of common people is being studied through five main topics. How the common people see dying and death; their relationship towards nature; if they are depicted as brave and heroic or...

碩士
國立臺灣大學
哲學研究所
88
Among the modern English legal philosophers, the most prominent advocate of natural law theory is arguably John Finnis ,who was self-consciously writing in the tradition of Aquinas’ legal theory. This thesis discusses his “natural law ethics”. Finnis uses Aquinas’ Summa Theologica as basis to develop and claim a number of “first principles of natural law”, which include seven distinct but equally valuable basic goods. For Finnis, there is no hierarchy among these basic goods. To the contrary, they are incommensurable and shall be chosen according to nine “basic requirements of practical reasonableness”. The process of selection is also subject to one’s subjective and objective conditions. In addition, Finnis adopts the “is-ought distinction”, which has been maintained by modern meta-ethics and analytical school of law. He considers that the first principles of natural law cannot be inferred from any “is”-proposition such as metaphysics, ontology, or anthropology. He also insists that this viewpoint is in accordance with Aquinas’ natural law theory. On the other hand, Finnis does not deny the agreement between this type of “is”-propositions and the first principles of nature law. He suggests that although natural law cannot be inferred from “is”-propositions, it is unquestionable that natural law possesses objectiveness and certainty. Finnis maintains that the first principles of natural law are self-evident propositions and can be understood via practical reason. The author argues: 1. In general, Finnis’ “basic goods” are similar to Aquinas’ “bonum honestum”, but there are still some differences. Aquinas claims the hierarchy of bonum honestum and views happiness as the ultimate substantial end of human life. Finnis, however, insists the incommensurability and equality of basic goods. 2. Finnis succeeds in pointing out the weaknesses of utilitarianism. Yet he fails to explain how people can make judgements according to nine “basic requirements of practical reasonableness” without utilitarianism, eudaemonism, or Scheler’s “hierarchy of value”. 3. Based on the argument of practical reason’s underived understanding of first principles of natural law, Finnis concludes the existence of natural law and its objectiveness. Besides being doubtful about such non-inferential understanding, the validity of this argument would be weakened by the following questions: Why does practical reason’s recognition of basic goods correspond to the complexities of human nature? How is this possible? What Finnis fails to do is to provide a justification for the connection between the human goods and the human person. 4. Finnis ignores that Aquinas’ theory of human nature implies “ought” and evaluative meaning. It was Aquinas’ teleological disposition theory of human nature which enabled him to establish his theory of natural law and basic values. Yet Aquinas has to face the challenge against his explanation regarding the ontological analysis of human person. Key Word: Thomas Aquinas, Finnis, natural law, is-ought distinction, the first principles of practical reason, self-evident proposition, basic goods, incommensurability.

Precipitated by important work in recent natural law political theory, this research revisits the relationship between political association and human flourishing. Does the political community itself realize some aspect of human sociability intrinsic to our full flourishing or is it simply an instrumental good? The inquiry begins with a thorough examination of the merits of John Finnis’s influential argument for an instrumental political common good, pointing to a significant lacuna in his inattention to the value of political activity, as opposed to the operation of government and law. In building an alternative positive account the argument relies upon both formal and substantive considerations, generally employing an Aristotelian methodology of understanding the whole via a consideration of its constitutive parts. First, drawing from Aquinas’s Aristotelian commentaries to unpack the basic structure of part/whole relationships within the “body politic,” I argue that political community is partially defined by the nature of its basic constitutive parts. The next chapter considers the substantive good of familial association, particularly in light of longstanding concerns with the family’s particularity and inequality. I argue that the intrinsically liberal and educative character of parental love rightly orients children to virtuous activity and invests familial association with an intrinsic rationality. The final two chapters bring direct focus onto the political common good: First, I argue that a normatively compelling account of the political common good must be both inclusivist, i.e., including within its purpose the irreducibly diverse goods of every individual and basic association within the community, and distinctive, i.e., including within the calculus of practical reason the good of the political association as such. Lastly, I argue that the political common good is intrinsically—though only partially—constitutive of the human social good. Aquinas makes a crucial shift away from Aristotle’s political primacy in his more pluralistic account of human sociability and emphasis on the extensiveness of the political good over the superiority of political activity per se. Nevertheless, there are essential human virtues—justice, love, generosity—that are uniquely, if not exclusively, fostered in political community and potentially realized in civic friendship.
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This project, overall, involves a theory of law as dimensions. Throughout the history of the study of law, many different theoretical paradigms have emerged proffering different and competing ways to answer the question ‘what is law’? Traditionally, many of these paradigms have been at irreconcilable odds with one another. Notwithstanding this seeming reality, the goal of this project was to attempt to take three of the leading paradigms in legal theory and provide a way to explain how each might fit into a single coherent theory of law. I set out to accomplish this by drawing on the field of theoretical physics and that field’s use of spatial dimensions in explaining various physical phenomena. By engaging in a dimensional analysis of law, I found that I was able to place each paradigm within its own dimension with that dimension being defined by a specific element of time, and in doing so much of the conflict between the paradigms came to be ameliorated. The project has been divided into two main parts. PART I discusses the fundamentals of legal theory (Chapter 1) and the fundamentals of dimensions (Chapter 2). These fundamentals provide a foundation for a dimensional analysis of law which takes place throughout PART II. In Chapter 3, I argue that the three fundamental theses of Positivism coalesce with the 1st-dimension of law, which is defined as law as it exists at any one point in time. From there, I argue in Chapter 4 that the 2nd-dimension of law, being law as it exists between two points in time (i.e. when cases are adjudicated), is characterized by Pragmatism. I then turn, in Chapter 5, to argue that the 3rd-dimension of law, being law as it exists from the very first point in legal time to the ever changing present day, coalesces with the fundamental theses of Naturalism. Ultimately then, I argue that a theory of law as dimensions, through the vantage points of the specific elements of time, provides a more complete account of the nature of law.