Tesis sobre el tema "Fermi quantum gas"

Interacting Fermi gases are one of the chief paradigms of condensed matter physics. They have been studied since the beginning of the development of quantum mechanics, but continue to produce surprises today. Recent experimental developments in the field of ultracold atomic gases, as well as conventional solid state materials, have produced new and exotic forms of Fermi gases, the theoretical understanding of which is still in its infancy. This Thesis aims to provide updated tools and additional insights into some of these systems, through the application of both numerical and analytical techniques. The first Part of this Thesis is concerned with the development of improved numerical tools for the study of interacting Fermi gases. These tools take the form of accurate model potentials for the dipolar and contact interactions, as found in various ultracold atomic gas experiments, and a new form of Jastrow correlation factor that interpolates between the radial symmetry of the inter-electron Coulomb potential at short inter-particle distances, and the symmetry of the numerical simulation cell at large separation. These methods are designed primarily for use in quantum Monte Carlo numerical calculations, and provide high accuracy along with considerable acceleration of simulations. The second Part shifts focus to an analytical analysis of spin-imbalanced Fermi gases with an attractive contact interaction. The spin-imbalanced Fermi gas is shown to be unstable to the formation of multi-particle instabilities, generalisations of a Cooper pair containing more than two fermions, and then a theory of superconductivity is built from these instabilities. This multi-particle superconductivity is shown to be energetically favourable over conventional superconducting phases in spin-imbalanced Fermi gases, and its unusual experimental consequences are discussed.

The recent development of quantum gas microscopy for bosonic rubidium atoms trapped in optical lattices has made it possible to study local structure and correlations in quantum many-body systems.
Physics

Fermionic matter is ubiquitous in nature, from the electrons in metals and semiconductors or the neutrons in the inner crust of neutron stars, to gases of fermionic atoms, like 40K or 6Li that can be created and studied under laboratory conditions. It is especially interesting to study these systems at very low temperatures, where we enter the world of quantum mechanical phenomena. Due to the Fermi-Dirac statistics, a dilute system of spin-polarised fermions exhibits no interactions and can be viewed as an ideal Fermi gas. However, interactions play a crucial role for fermions of several spin species. This thesis addresses several questions concerning interacting Fermi gases, in particular the transition between the normal and the superfluid phase and dynamical properties at higher temperatures. First we will look at the unitary Fermi gas: a two-component system of fermions interacting with divergent scattering length. This system is particularly interesting as it exhibits universal behaviour. Due to the strong interactions perturbation theory is inapplicable and no exact theoretical description is available. I will describe the Determinant Diagrammatic Monte Carlo algorithm with which the unitary Fermi gas can be studied from first principles. This algorithm fails in the presence of a spin imbalance (unequal number of particles in the two components) due to a sign problem. I will show how to apply reweighting techniques to generalise the algorithm to the imbalanced case, and present results for the critical temperature and other thermodynamic observables at the critical point, namely the chemical potential, the energy per particle and the contact density. These are the first numerical results for the imbalanced unitary Fermi gas at finite temperature. I will also show how temperatures beyond the critical point can be accessed and present results for the equation of state and the temperature dependence of the contact density. At sufficiently high temperatures a semiclassical description captures all relevant physical features of the system. The dynamics of an interacting Fermi gas can then be studied via a numerical simulation of the Boltzmann equation. I will describe such a numerical setup and apply it to study the collision of two spin-polarised fermionic clouds. When the two components are separated in an elongated harmonic trap and then released, they collide and for sufficiently strong interactions can bounce off each other several times. I will discuss the different types of the qualitative behaviour, show how they can be interpreted in terms of the equilibrium properties of the system, and explain how they relate to the coupling between different excitation modes. I will also demonstrate how transport coefficients, for instance the spin drag, can be extracted from the numerical data.

This thesis focuses on the analysis of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) evolution in ultracold superfluid Fermi gases when the interaction between atoms is varied. The tuning of attractive interactions permits the ground state of the system to evolve from a weak fermion attraction BCS limit of loosely bound and largely overlapping Cooper pairs to a strong fermion attraction limit of tightly bound small bosonic molecules which undergo BEC. This evolution is accompanied by anomalous behavior of many superfluid properties, and reveals several quantum phase transitions. This thesis has two parts: In the first part, I analyze zero and nonzero orbital angular momentum pairing effects, and show that a quantum phase transition occurs for nonzero angular momentum pairing, unlike the $s$-wave case where the BCS to BEC evolution is just a crossover. In the second part, I analyze two-species fermion mixtures with mass and population imbalance in continuum, trap and lattice models. In contrast with the crossover physics found in the mass and population balanced mixtures, I demonstrate the existence of phase transitions between normal and superfluid phases, as well as phase separation between superfluid (paired) and normal (excess) fermions in imbalanced mixtures as a function of scattering parameter and mass and population imbalance.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié expérimentalement les propriétés physiques des fermions ultra-froids grâce à une machine conçue pour refroidir un mélange fermionique de 6Li et 40K. Après une courte description concernant la construction de l'expérience et quelques améliorations que j'ai implémentées pendant ma thèse (telles que la désorption atomique par lumière ultraviolette dans le 2D-MOT), l'exposé se concentre sur deux observations principales de l'origine fermionique des gaz de potassium et de lithium.La première partie présente la quasithermalization du 6Li dans un potentiel quadrupolaire, créé par un piège magnétique. Malgré l'absence de collisions dans un gaz fermionique polarisé en dessous d'une température donnée, nous observons une redistribution d'énergie dans l'ensemble statistique après une excitation dans le piège linéaire. Une étude expérimentale détaillée ainsi qu'une analyse théorique du phénomène sont présentées. De plus, une transformation canonique de l'hamiltonien du système permet la description de particules sans masses dans un piège harmonique. Les résultats expérimentaux du système réel (gaz 6Li dans un potentiel quadrupolaire) sont donc réinterprétés pour décrire ces particules non massiques, difficiles à observer. Un développement supplémentaire de notre système expérimental permet également la réalisation d'un couplage spin-orbite non-abélien dans le gaz fermionique sans interactions.Dans la deuxième partie, on décrit la réalisation d'un gaz dégénéré de 40K à l'aide du refroidissement évaporatif. Une succession d'étapes d'évaporation, utilisant différentes technologies de piégeage, nous permet d'obtenir 1.5e5 atomes dans l'état fondamental à une température de 62nK, température équivalente à 17% de la température de Fermi
In this thesis we investigate experimentally the physics of a cold fermionic mixture consisting of 6Li and 40K. After a short description of the experimental apparatus and of a few technical particularities implemented during my PhD, for example the light-induced atomic desorption in the 2D-MOT by UV-light, we focus on two main observations of the fermionic nature of the gas.The first part describes the quasithermalization of 6Li in a magnetic quadrupole potential. Even though collisions are absent in a spin-polarized fermionic gas below a given temperature, the statistical ensemble undergoes energy redistribution after an excitation within the linear potential. We present an extensive experimental study as well as a comprehensive theoretical analysis. Moreover, the studied Hamiltonian can be canonically mapped onto a system of massless, harmonically trapped particles and the previously developed results are re-interpreted in order to describe this experimentally inaccessible system. A further development of the realized experiment allows even for the implementation of spin-orbit coupling in a gas of non-interacting fermions.In the second part, we describe the evaporative cooling of 40K to quantum degeneracy. Through different evaporative cooling stages we reach with a final number of 1.5e5 atoms in the ground-state a temperature of 62nK, which corresponds to 17% of the Fermi temperature

La compréhension des effets des interactions dans un ensemble de particules quantiques représente un enjeu majeur de la physique moderne. Les atomes ultra-froids sont rapidement devenus un outil incomparable pour étudier ces systèmes quantiques fortement corrélés. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons plusieurs travaux portant sur les propriétés d’un mélange de superfluides de Bose et de Fermi créé à l’aide de vapeurs ultra-froides de ⁷Li et de ⁶Li. Nous étudions tout d'abord les propriétés hydrodynamiques du mélange en créant un contre-courant entre les superfluides. L'écoulement est dissipatif uniquement au dessus d'une vitesse critique que nous mesurons dans le crossover BEC-BCS. Une simulation numérique d’un contre-courant de deux condensats permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents mis en jeu dans la dynamique. En particulier, l'étude numérique fournit des preuves supplémentaires que l'origine de la dissipation dans nos expériences est liée à l'émission d'excitation élémentaires dans chaque superfluide. Finalement, nous nous intéressons aux pertes inélastiques par recombinaison à trois corps qui peuvent limiter la stabilité de nos nuages. Ces pertes sont intimement liées aux corrélations à courte distance présentes dans le système et sont ainsi connectées aux propriétés universelles du gaz quantique. Cela se manifeste notamment par l’apparition de dépendances en densité ou en température inusuelles du taux de perte lorsque le système devient fortement corrélé. Nous démontrons cet effet dans deux exemples où les interactions sont résonantes, le cas du gaz de Bose unitaire et celui de notre mélange de superfluides Bose-Fermi. Plus généralement, nos travaux montrent que ces pertes inélastiques peuvent être utilisées pour sonder les corrélations quantiques dans un système en fortes interactions
Understanding the effect of interactions in quantum many-body systems presents some of the most compelling challenges in modern physics. Ultracold atoms have emerged as a versatile platform to engineer and investigate these strongly correlated systems. In this thesis, we study the properties of a mixture of Bose and Fermi superfluids with tunable interactions produced using ultracold vapors of ⁷Li and ⁶Li. We first study the hydrodynamic properties of the mixture by creating a counterflow between the superfluids. The relative motion only exhibit dissipation above a critical velocity that we measure in the BEC-BCS crossover. A numerical simulation of counterflowing condensates allows for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms at play in the dynamics. In particular, this numerical study provides additional evidence that the onset of friction in our experiment is due to the simultaneous generation of elementary excitations in both superfluids. Finally, we consider the inelastic losses that occur via three-body recombination in our cold gases. This few-body process is intimately related to short-distance correlations and is thereby connected to the universal properties of the many-body system. This manifests as the apparition of an unusual dependence on density or temperature in the loss rate when increasing the interactions. We demonstrate this effect in two examples where interactions are resonant: the case of a dilute unitary Bose gas and the one of impurities weakly coupled to a unitary Fermi gas. More generally, our work shows that inelastic losses can be used to probe quantum correlations in a many-body system

碩士
國立清華大學
物理系
103
Rydberg-dressed quantum gas is a promising ultracold atom system, which provides highly controllable interaction and long coherence time. Here we study a Rydberg-Dressed Fermi Gas with repulsive interaction at three-dimensional free space. The interaction between Rydberg-dressed atoms has a length scale Rc introduced by the blockade effect, which features a notable negative minimum in momentum space. As such, calculation within random phase approximation shows that a collective mode softens in strong interaction or long blockade radius regime, indicating a quantum phase transition from a Fermi liquid to an unknown phase. By the guess that this phase is a density wave phase, we develop a mean field theory to study the ground state properties (the phase diagram, critical temperature and the form of density modulation) of the system. The result shows there is a first order phase transition from the Fermi liquid phase to a rippled density wave phase with body centered cubic (BCC) structure. Furthermore, we investigate Pomeranchuk instability (PI) of our system with three different methods: numerical computation of energy (finite distortion of Fermi surface), Ginzberg-Landau expansion and the PI condition (both are small distortion of Fermi surface). These three results consistently show that there is no PI in the system. Our finding adds an new member to the density wave phase. This new phase has lattice constant introduced by the blockade effect, which is different from the Wigner crystal (length scale given by particle density) or charge density wave in solid states (length scale given by the underlying crystal structure).

A Fermi gas of atoms with resonant interactions is predicted to obey universal hydrodynamics, in which the shear viscosity and other transport coefficients are universal functions of the density and temperature. At low temperatures, the viscosity has a universal quantum scale ħ n, where n is the density and ħ is Planck's constant h divided by 2π, whereas at high temperatures the natural scale is p(T)(3)/ħ(2), where p(T) is the thermal momentum. We used breathing mode damping to measure the shear viscosity at low temperature. At high temperature T, we used anisotropic expansion of the cloud to find the viscosity, which exhibits precise T(3/2) scaling. In both experiments, universal hydrodynamic equations including friction and heating were used to extract the viscosity. We estimate the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density and compare it with that of a perfect fluid.
Dissertation

Spin-imbalanced Fermi gases serve as a testbed for fundamental notions and are efficient table-top emulators of a variety of quantum matter ranging from neutron stars, the quark-gluon plasma, to high critical temperature superconductors. A macroscopic quantum phenomenon which occurs in spin-imbalanced Fermi gases is that of phase separation; in three dimensions, a spin-balanced, fully-paired superfluid core is surrounded by an imbalanced normal-fluid shell, followed by a fully polarized shell. In one-dimension, the behavior is reversed; a balanced phase appears outside a spin-imbalanced core. This thesis details the first density profile measurements and studies on spin-imbalanced quasi-2D Fermi gases, accomplished with high-resolution, rapid sequential spin-imaging. The measured cloud radii and central densities are in disagreement with mean-field Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory for a 2D system. Data for normal-fluid mixtures are well fit by a simple 2D polaron model of the free energy. Not predicted by the model is an observed phase transition to a spin-balanced central core above a critical polarization.

Dissertation

The ubiquitous theory of quantum mechanics has sparked many controversial debates about possible interpretations and its place in fundamental physical theory. Perhaps most sustained of all the questions is the quest for a complete explanation of the process behind the reduction from quantum to classical phenomena. This thesis shall examine this question through detailed investigation of specific models. The models include a careful exposition of quantum entanglement through the original EPR thought experiment for continuous variables and its mathematical transcription. The transcription is compared with existing methods from quantum optics for achieving experimentally verifiable Bell-type inequality violations, which are commonly interpreted as violations of locality. In further development of this famous paradox, the mathematical model is extended to tripartite continuous variable states, and detailed measures of their violation of locality are presented. Having carefully examined quantum phenomena by the EPR-paradox and its extension to tripartite cases, the investigation proceeds by considering the effect on quantum systems by an environment. This involves a re-examination of some well-known quantum system environment models: the spin-1/2 Spin-Boson and Kondo models, in which a two-level quantum system interacts with a bath of bosons or fermions respectively. The technicalities of the interactions are exposed in intricate detail, with a careful description of the constructive bosonisation and transformation methods involved. The thorough analysis leads to a new observation about the elliptic, or fully anisotropic, Kondo model. Importantly, the re-examination of the detailed structure of fermion-gas impurity models and their connection to quantum dissipative systems enables a comprehensive extension of the family of models to include in particular a new three-level dissipative system. To underline the importance of this model, it is shown that the model is exactly solvable by admitting a reparametrisation of the scattering matrix in terms of R-matrices which obey the Yang-Baxter equation. The examination of the interaction between the quantum and the classical concludes with an investigation of entanglement criteria in the system environment models discussed. A variational Ansatz for the ground state is used to demonstrate the numerical calculation of entropy expressions for the three-level systems, while the reynman-Hellmann Theorem is used to give inprinciple exact results for the entropy corresponding to the specific three-level model Hamiltonian introduced in this thesis. Throughout we provide several suggestions for further work, procedures for experimental verification and practical application.

Hybrid quantum systems represent one of the most promising routes in the progress of experimental quantum physics and in the development of quantum technologies. In a hybrid quantum system two (or more) different quantum systems interact in the same experimental setup. Therefore, these composite systems benefit from both the properties of each single system and from the presence of an interaction term, leading to the emergence of new variables that can be experimentally manipulated. A promising hybrid quantum system is the one realized by the com- bination of an ultracold atomic gas and trapped ions. Ultracold atoms and trapped ions are two of the most studied physical systems for the implementation of several quantum technologies, like e.g. quantum simulation, quantum computa- tion, and quantum metrology. When trapped together, atoms and ions interact via an interaction potential that scales asymptotically with R^(−4), where R is the inter- particle distance, due to the electrostatic (attractive) force between the ion’s electric monopole and the atom’s induced dipole. Interestingly, this potential has a typical range on the order of hundreds of nm, i.e. approx. two orders of magnitude longer than the range of atom-atom interactions. Several studies have proposed to use this interaction to realize new quantum simulations, study few-body physics, and control atom-ion chemical reactions. Elastic collisions between ions and atoms can be exploited to sympathetically cool the ions and try to reach the so-far elusive s-wave scattering regime, in which atom- ion collisions can lead to a quantum coherent evolution of the composite system. However, the ultracold atom-ion mixtures realized so far were not brought to the s-wave scattering regime because of the so-called “micromotion”, a driven motion affecting the dynamics of the ions trapped in Paul traps. Atom-ion collisions in the presence of micromotion cause a coupling of energy from the oscillating field of the Paul trap to the colliding particles, which can be heated up in the collision. In order to realize an atom-ion experiment in which the system could reach the s-wave scattering regime, the choice of the atomic species and the ion trapping strategy are crucial. We decided to build a new experimental apparatus for the realization of an ultracold atom-ion quantum hybrid system made of a quantum gas of fermionic Lithium and trapped Barium ions. The choice for the elements ensures that atoms and ions in their electronic ground state will not undergo charge- exchange collisions, i.e. inelastic processes for which an electron is “exchanged” be- tween the two colliding particles. Additionally, the large mass ratio ensures an efficient cooling of the ion in the ultracold gas. For what regards the ion trapping strategy, in order to remove the limitations set by micromotion, we conceived a new trap. This is formed by the superposition of an electric quadrupole static potential and an optical lattice along the untrapping direction of the electric quadrupole. The ions are moved into this electro-optical trap (EOT) from a standard Paul trap, in which the ions are first trapped after their production through photoionization. In this thesis, I will describe how this new experimental apparatus for the real- ization of an ultracold atom-ion quantum hybrid system was conceived, designed and assembled. I will first describe the motivations for investigating atom-ion interactions in the ultracold regime. Then, I will describe the experimental techniques to trap and cool Barium ions and Lithium atoms, and how we plan to make them interact. The largest part of the thesis will be dedicated to the description of the parts of the experimental setup that I designed and realized, like the Lithium optical setup, the Barium imaging system and the electrical setup of the ion trap, including a compact RF drive based on interdependent resonant circuits that I developed for operating the Paul trap. The last chapter of the thesis is dedicated to this innovative drive.