Tesis: "Feed and Food"

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Chaddick, Justin Garrett. "Sustainable tilapia feed derived from urban food waste". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54468.

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Finding an alternative to fishmeal and fish oil in animal feeds has been a topic of increasing interest due to the pressures being put on the ocean’s fisheries and the increasing world demand for animal protein. An often-overlooked source of nutrients is in the form of food waste. One third of all food produced globally ends up in landfills, wasting a huge amount of nutrients and embodied energy that could otherwise be redirected towards productive use. This study investigated the feasibility of feeding Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), grown on urban food waste, and Lemna minor, a species of duckweed, to tilapia in a recirculating aquaponic system as a compound feed. The study compared the growth of two groups of 58 tilapia over 44 days; one group was fed commercial pellets and the other a compound feed composed of BSFL and duckweed. The group fed the commercial pellets achieved heavier weight gain than the group fed the experimental feed but both groups resulted in steady weight gain and had similar mortality rates. Feeding the experimental feed composed of BSFL and duckweed to tilapia in an aquaponics system is an effective method of diverting food waste from the landfill and further research should be done to optimize this process.

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2

Budu, Ben Asare. "Economic feasibility of processing food waste and incorporating processed food waste products in least cost duck feeds". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33067.

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The focus of this thesis was to analyze the least cost of producing rations for ducks in three age categories from a mixture of conventional feed ingredients and three different processed food waste products and to examine the financial and economic feasibility of establishing an industrial plant to produce these food waste products in the Montreal region. The first part of the thesis was investigated through the use of a linear programming model. The effect of recognizing the variability of protein levels in the various feed ingredients was examined through the use of chance-constrained programming.
The second part of the thesis was examined using economic and financial analyses for the investment. The basic plant requirements to produce the three processed food waste products were the same, however energy costs were different for the three products. Revenue was generated from tipping fees and the sale of the three processed food waste products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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3

Farhat, Antoine G. "Nutritional evaluation of industrial food wastes in ducks diets". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0006/MQ29689.pdf.

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4

Mo, Wing Yin. "Food wastes as feeds incorporated with Chinese herbs and prebiotic fibers on growth and non-specific immunity of grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/91.

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Food waste accounts for about 1/3 of the municipal waste generated in Hong Kong. Using food waste as major ingredients to produce fish feed pellets could ease part of the disposal pressure on the existing landfill sites. The present study focused on the use of food wastes and feed supplements (prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs) for rearing freshwater fish (grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia) in Hong Kong. Two isonitrogenous formulations, Food Waste Diet A (FWA), consisted of 53% cereal, 10% fruit and vegetables, 8% bone meal, 4% other food waste, 10% fishmeal, 15% corn meal and Food Waste Diet B (FWB), consisted of 25% meat, 28% cereal, 10% fruit and vegetables, 8% bone meal, 4% other food waste, 10% fishmeal, 15% corn meal were manufactured by Kowloon Biotechnology Ltd, were used as feeds for rearing grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia. The essential amino acid profiles and proximate compositions (crude protein, crude lipid and total phosphorous) of the two food waste based feed pellets were compared with other common feed items, including Napier grass, rice bran, breads, noodles, soybean dreg (remains of soybean after juicing for soybean milk) and the commercial feed pellets (Jiefeng® 613). Jiefeng® 613, FWA and FWB possessed 5.83%, 5.76% 5.79% (% protein) of lysine, which could satisfy the dietary requirements of both grass carp and Nile tilapia. Results indicated all the fish feed pellets possessed sufficient essential amino acids and suitable proximate compositions (crude lipid, crude protein, crude fibre and non-fibrous carbohydrate) for both grass carp and Nile tilapia. A field trial was conducted using the three feed pellets (Jiefeng® 613, FWA and FWB) to study their effects on fish growth (grass carp, bighead and mud carp) as well as water quality. FWA that possessing a higher P content (2770 μg/g feed, while control= 967 μg/g feed and FWB= 1942 μg/g feed) favoured the growth of plankton and led to better growth of bighead carp (in terms of length gain, wet weight gain and productivity), while grass carp fed with FWB showed significant better growth (in terms of length gain, wet weight gain, productivity, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio), probably due to the relatively lower amount of carbohydrate (24.2%) and CHO:L ratio (1.83) than Control and FWA. Mud carp grew equally well in ponds fed with the three diets. FWB was subsequentially selected for further feeding experiments. A laboratory feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of feeding grass carp and Nile tilapia with FWB on their growth performance in terms of relative weight gain (RWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein digestibility. Both fish fed with FWB showed similar growth performances to groups fed with control diet (Jiefeng® 613), while grass carp showed impaired protein digestibility when compared to group fed with control diet. FWB supplemented with 0.3% of vitamin-mineral premix (VMP) significantly improved the growth performance of both fish species and protein digestibility for grass carp. Results suggested that FWB incorporation with VMP would be necessary as it significantly enhanced growth of the fish. Four dietary supplements (inulin, mannan-oligosacharride, huangqi and goji, at the rates of 0.2% or 2%, w/w) were incorporated into FWB for further enhancing fish growth as well as non-specific immunity of grass carp and Nile tilapia. Grass carp fed with 0.2% and 2% inulin, 2% MOS and 0.2% goji, and Nile tilapia fed with 0.2% goji had significantly enhanced growth (RWG, FCR, SGR and PER). Both prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs boosted the tested non-specific immune parameters (total serum immunoglobin, serum bactericidal activity and anti-protease activity) of both species. Among all the dietary supplements, 0.2% goji appeared to be the best supplement for both grass carp and Nile tilapia as it significantly enhanced the growth among all experimental diets. Grass carp and Nile tilapia fed with 0.2% showed about 10% and 30% higher RWG, 10% and 30% lower FCR value, respectively, than groups fed with other experimental diets. Moreover, all the tested non-specific immune parameters (total serum immunoglobin, serum bactericidal activity and anti-protease activity) were significantly enhanced when compared with the groups fed with control diets (Control and FWB without supplementation) . The present study demonstrated the feasibilities of using food wastes incorporated with feed supplements (prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs) to enhance fish growth and immunity, for the sustainable development of Hong Kong inland aquaculture.

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5

Darwish, Randa. "Investigating Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a functional food and feed ingredient". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49762/.

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Microalgae have become recognized as excellent sources for many valuable nutrients. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalga which has attracted attention as a model organism for recombinant protein and vaccine production, but its nutritional value and key functional components have not been previously assessed. Initial comparisons with species already used in this manner (Chlorella and Spirulina) indicated that microalga had potential to be added as a nutritional addition to food. C. reinhardtii was characterised by a high omega 3 fatty acids content and a good source of pigments (chlorophyll (a+b), β-carotene (provitamin A) and lutein). In-vitro digestion trials were conducted to determine the concentrations of digestive enzymes (pepsin and pancreatin) released from cells. The digestive conditions caused major changes in structure, cell shape and partially unlocked nutrients from the cells. Grinding C. reinhardtii with liquid nitrogen increased accessibility of β-carotene from 6% for intact cells to 14%, iron from 4.04% to 8.8% and inclusion of PLRP2 significantly improved lipid hydrolysis. Determining growth and other significant parameters for zebrafish fed with C. reinhardtii revealed a significant improvement when compared with zebrafish consuming a standard fish diet. Interestingly, fish on a diet containing C. reinhardtii was characterised by a significantly higher linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) content (P≤ 0.05). Inclusion of the fatty acid hexadecatrienoic acid (C16: 4-n-3) ensured that C. reinhardtii lipid was hydrolysed and absorbed in the zebrafish intestine. A visible yellow pigmentation of zebrafish (egg in the female and skin in the male) fed with C. reinhardtii was distinct from the control, this yellow pigmentation was determined to be lutein which the zebrafish had assimilated from C. reinhardtii cells. There was a significant increase in retinol in C. reinhardtii fed fish (10 and 20%) when compared to the control. Thus, it is deducted that zebrafish was able to assimilate β-carotene and convert it to vitamin A. All things considered, C. reinhardtii displayed a great potential as a functional food and feed ingredient which is characterized by relatively good digestibility both in vivo and in vitro.

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6

Vandenbroeck, Emma. "Food: to feed or to profit? : (De)commodification in the food system and Community Supported Agriculture". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-402182.

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7

Tung, Catherine. "Harnessing the Trajectory of Food Transitions to Better Feed the World". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/966.

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This thesis examines the trajectory of food politics and its relationship with modernizing food landscapes. Today’s food politics discussions in the US and other high-income countries lean towards concerns with social issues, while in the recent past it was more focused on producing enough food to feed the growing population – two different situations with important concerns. The question this thesis explores is whether the modernization of society has given us a higher level of wellbeing and a better world through food landscapes and food policy, and how we came up with the current food situations we face today. It looks into the food landscape and policies of the US and its implications on wellbeing, and the dietary transition of Japan, comparing it to other modernized countries. It is important to look at these factors of food politics to see how other countries may handle a food transition, and whether or not there is a direction all countries can go in that will better benefit its food landscapes. Concerns not only lie in producing sufficient yields but also in wellbeing, cultural values, and true consumer demands. Only when true consumer demands are acknowledged individually can the trajectory of food politics be better harnessed and guided to a more desirable outcome than it has been going in so far.

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8

Jeffrey, Andrea. "The role of Salmonella in animal food". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32583.

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Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Cassandra Jones
Salmonella contamination in animal food production facilities is a growing concern. The bacteria has been the cause of 40% of pet food recalls in the past 5 years, and there are potential human health implications because pet food is a direct human contact food. A potential method to reduce Salmonella contamination in pet food is through the use of acidifiers and desiccants to destroy and inhibit growth of bacteria. The objective of this thesis was to quantify Salmonella contamination in livestock feed and pet food manufacturing facilities, and propose mitigation measures to mitigate the presence of pathogens in animal food. Therefore, the objective of Experiment 1 was to investigate sources of Salmonella contamination throughout livestock feed (n = 2) and pet food (n = 2) manufacturing facilities on a specific sampling day. Salmonella was present in all four facilities. However, one of the livestock feed manufacturing facilities had more than double the Salmonella-positive locations than all other facilities. This experiment demonstrated that surface type and location should be taken into consideration when controlling Salmonella contamination. In Experiments 2 and 3, the use of a commercial powdered dry acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was studied as a coating of dog kibble to reduce and prevent Salmonella growth over time. The coating reduced Salmonella concentration, and its efficacy was not impacted by altering the bulk density or surface area of the kibble. Experiment 4 was conducted to determine the efficacy of sodium bisulfate added to poultry mash to reduce or prevent Salmonella growth over time. The inclusion of the dry acidulant did not reduce Salmonella concentration; however, storage time reduced Salmonella contamination in poultry feed. In summary, Salmonella contamination exists in manufacturing facilities, but the location and magnitude of contamination differs. Furthermore, sodium bisulfate effectively reduces Salmonella contamination when applied as a pet food coating, but not in poultry feed.

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9

Stroka, Jörg. "Determination of aflatoxins in food and feed with simple and optimised methods". [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963266624.

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10

Finn, Beverley. "The production of food/feed ingredients by selective cultivation of saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431829.

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11

Yousuf, Zarina. "Development and potential of two novel reporter systems for use in lactic acid bacteria". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326434.

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12

Normand, Luc. "Recycling of agro-industrial food wastes into feed for Pekin duck meat production towards a sustainable agriculture in the Province of Quebec". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0004/MQ29759.pdf.

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13

Frizzell, Caroline Margaret. "An investigation of food and feed based mycotoxins as potential endocrine disrupting contaminants". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676471.

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Hormones regulate numerous biological processes. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemicals which are capable of altering normal hormone signaling, and as a result may contribute to a wide range of adverse health effects. Mycotoxins are one group of compounds which remain to be extensively tested for endocrine disruption. These compounds are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, which are ubiquitous in nature and may be present in the food and feed of humans and animals, respectively. This study has made use of human in vitro systems to assess the impact of mycotoxins on steroid hormone receptor and non-receptor mediated pathways. The mycotoxins tested included zearalenone (ZEN) and two of its metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol (α-and β-ZOL); alternariol (AOH); the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins; ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin (PAT). The bioassays used included reporter gene assays (RGAs) with natural estrogen, androgen, progestagen and glucocorticoid steroid receptors; and the H295R steroidogenesis model. Endpoints such as nuclear receptor transcriptional activity, receptor expression, hormone production, steroidogenic gene expression or cytosol protein expression were assessed. All of the mycotoxins tested had significant effects on one or more of these parameters when compared to controls. The human in vitro systems used in this thesis have proved very useful for assessing interferences with the endocrine system. As steroid hormones and steroid hormone action is critical to numerous normal biological processes, changes in the activity of steroid hormones due to interference by mycotoxins may serve as a discerning indicator of endocrine dysfunction. This knowledge on the mechanisms of action of various mycotoxins is valuable for risk assessment purposes, which are necessary in order safeguard humans and animals.

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14

Kyriazakis, I. "Growth, feed intake and diet selection in pigs : theory and experiments". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28387.

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A theory of growth and feed intake in the pig is proposed and the results of five experiments to test it are reported here. An attempt is first made to describe the potential growth in pigs, that is, growth under non-limiting conditions; the conditions needed to allow potential growth to be retained are then considered. Two ways of providing non-limiting feeding conditions are discussed: a single balanced feed and a set of feeds given as a choice. In addition, a model which predicts the voluntary feed intake of pigs is also developed and tested in experiments. The results from pigs offered single feeds in the first two experiments were consistent with the predictions of the model, which were that the rate of feed intake would increase as the protein content of the feeds was decreased. The size of the increase depended on the ability of the pig to lose heat. In these experiments, when pigs were offered a pair of feeds as a choice, a combination of which was non-limiting, the results suggested that this method cannot be successfully used to attain the potential growth of pigs. The diet selection results were characterised by a considerable variation in the diets selected by individual pigs, and only some pigs achieved what was estimated to be their potential rate of growth. It was suggested that pigs which failed to select a non-limiting diet did not have the necessary chance to choose. Experiment 3 evaluated a simple method of ensuring that pigs are given both the necessary choice, and the chance to choose. This was achieved by giving them the opportunity to sample the single feeds, which were to be offered as a choice, alone on alternate days for a short period of six days. Subsequently, pigs given a choice between two feeds were able to select a non-limiting diet. Experiment 4 incorporated the method established previously and consisted of a severe investigation into the rules of diet selection. It was concluded that pigs are able to avoid excess of nutrient, in this case protein, intake or to select the best possible diet in less favourable conditions, ie. a choice between two limiting feeds. The last experiment consisted of an extended test of the theory that a pig will select a diet which is a reflection of its degree of maturity, state and sex. Pigs made fat and delayed in growth in one period were subsequently given the opportunity to recover on a pair of feeds offered as a choice. The diets selected by the fat pigs satisfied their requirements for compensatory protein gain allowing only a slow rate of lipid gain. In addition, they met the different growth and fattening requirements by the two sexes. All these findings are discussed in relation to the use of choice-feeding as an independent test of other estimates of resource requirements, as a feeding technique when the potential growth of pigs is to be observed and as a help in predicting the feeding behaviour in pigs.

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15

de, Vries Tialda. "Let's head to the food store : An analysis of accessibility to food stores in rural and urban Västerbotten". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-187661.

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Food is of great importance to daily life. Food stores and supermarkets are the key places to get food for both the urban and rural populations. This study presents the accessibility of urban and rural food stores in Västerbotten County. A GIS-based analysis created service areas around the food stores using the road network in Västerbotten. These service areas were created for two different forms of transport, driving and public transport. The public transport service areas made us of the GTFS tool within ArcGIS pro. The population within and not within these service areas were counted as having access and not having access to the food stores in the time cost model. Compared to the urban population, the rural population has less access to the food stores in both the driving and public transport service areas. For both the urban and rural populations, accessibility with the car is higher than when taking public transport options.

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Wang, Jian. "Analyses of food and feed compounds using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0013/NQ59690.pdf.

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17

Palestra, Ilaria Maria. "Estimation and achievement of optimal measurement uncertainty form the sampling of food and feed". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488580.

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In this thesis, the OU methodology was the principal technique usefd to investigate the fitness-for-purpose of the samplmg of food and animal feed. The Optimised Uncertainty (OU) methodology balances the potential financial consequences due to misclassification of food commodities, against the costs of measurements by identifying the optimal level of uncertainty.

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18

Liu, Chi-Wei. "Hog island agricultural protectionism, food dependency, and impact of the international food regime in Taiwan /". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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19

Ghalamkari, Zahra. "Improving the Nutritional Quality of Food and Feed by Manipulation of Iron Storage in Plants". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21650.

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Eisen (Fe) liegt an vierter Stelle in der Fülle von Elementen in der Erdkruste, aber Fe-Mangel ist ein weit verbreitetes Problem bei Pflanzen und Tieren, da die Fe-Oxide unlöslich sind. Fe-Mangel führt zu einer Verringerung der Pflanzenproduktivität und am deutlichsten zu einer erhöhten Fe-induzierten Anämie beim Menschen. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Biofortifizierung von Fe ein praktischer Ansatz zur Verbesserung der Nährstoffqualität in Pflanzen und damit auch in Lebensmitteln oder Tierfutter ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden neue Strategien zur Erhöhung des Fe-Gehalts in der Modellpflanze Arabidopsis getestet. Vakuoläre Fe-Transportgene der VTL-Familie wurden in Kombination mit dem neu entdeckten Fe-Regulierungsprotein IMA1oder dem Fe-Bindungspeptid NAS3 überexprimiert. Zusammenfassend wurde gezeigt, dass die Überexpression von VTL1, 2, 3, 4 oder 5, IMA1 oder NAS3 mit erhöhtem Eisengehalt im Samen korreliert. Die Expression der Gene für die Aufnahme von Fe und die Homöostase bestätigten den erhöhten Fe-Gehalt in diesen überexprimierenden Pflanzen. Die doppelte Überexpression der VTL-Gene in Kombination mit IMA1 oder NAS3 führte zu keinem weiteren Anstieg des Fe-Gehaltes, der wahrscheinlich durch die Regulation der VTL-Gene durch IMA1-Expression und den Mangel an erhöhtem Nicotianamin im Fall von VTL5 / NAS3-Überexpressionpflanzen verursacht würde. Zukünftige Forschung sollte der Übertragbarkeit dieser Ergebnisse auf Kulturpflanzen gewidmet sein.
Iron (Fe) ranks fourth in an abundance of elements in the Earth’s crust, but Fe deficiency is a widespread problem in plants and animals because of the insolubility of Fe oxides. Fe deficiency leads to reduce plant productivity and most significantly to enhanced Fe-induced anemia in humans. Fe biofortification has been suggested to be a practical approach for improving the nutritional quality of plants for food or feed. In this work, we have tested new strategies for increasing Fe content in the model plant Arabidopsis. Vacuolar Fe transport genes of the VTL family (VIT1-like) were over-expressed in combination with the newly discovered Fe regulatory protein IMA1 (IronMan1) or the Fe-binding peptide NAS3. Over-expression of each of the five VTL genes (VTL1 – 5) led to an increased Fe content by 2- to 3-fold in Arabidopsis seeds. IMA1 was greatly induced under Fe deficiency. Over-expression of IMA1 resulted in an Fe deficiency response also in Fe-sufficient plants. Fe content was an increase by 3-fold in seed, leaves, roots, and seedlings of Arabidopsis. The expression of Fe uptake and homeostasis genes was greatly induced in over-expressing plants independent of the Fe supply compared to the wild type. Analyses of NAS3 OE plants showed that Fe content in seeds was increased approximately 2-fold compared to WT. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that single over-expression of VTL1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, IMA1 or NAS3 correlated with increased seed Fe. Expression of Fe uptake and homeostasis genes confirmed the increased Fe content in these over-expressing plants. Double over-expression of the VTL genes in combination with IMA1 or NAS3 resulted in no further increase in Fe likely caused by the regulation of the VTL genes by IMA1 expression and the lack of increased nicotianamine in the case of VTL5/NAS3 over-expressing plants. Future research should be dedicated to extending these findings to crop plants.

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Giromini, C. "HEALTH-PROMOTING COMPOUNDS IN FOOD AND FEED: AN IN VITRO APPROACH TO STUDY DIETARY BIOACTIVES". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/338775.

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The main aim of this thesis was to study the functional properties of health-promoting compounds in vitro with an emphasis on milk proteins, vitamin E and micronutrients. The health-promoting effects of intact whey and casein proteins were evaluated after in vitro SGD. Permeate (absorbed fraction) and retentate (intestinal fraction) were obtained and used to study their health-effects in vitro. Soya protein was include as non-animal protein in all the experiments performed. Following SGD, the milk proteins exhibited antioxidant activity, ACE-inhibitory activity and tropho-functional properties at the intestinal cell level. The whey protein permeate exhibited a higher ACE-inhibitory activity compared with the casein and soya protein permeate. SGD increased the ACE-inhibitory activity of whey protein and the antioxidant activity of all the protein tested. At specific concentrations, casein, whey and soya proteins were able to modulate intestinal cell viability and the production of intestinal mucus. Moreover, the proliferation of Lactobacillus casei was increased by specific concentrations of whey and casein proteins. Modulations of mucus production and probiotic bacteria growth were observed, and casein was the primary protein that was able to stimulate MUC5AC gene expression and promote Lactobacillus casei growth. Altogether, the analyses of goblet cell proliferation and prebiotic bacterial growth may represent complementary approaches to study the bioactivities and the functions of food proteins in the gut. Additionally, the comparison of the effect of the two major intact milk proteins performed in this thesis could provide valuable information regarding which is more efficacious in improving health. α-tocopherol has been demonstrated to play an important role in reducing oxidative stress at cellular level, in different in vitro models. Food toxicants, as OTA, have been found to be able of disrupting the cell monolayer and damaging DNA, which leads to cell death. OTA reduced tight junctions protein localization in cell membranes and influenced cell-cell interactions. The immunofluorescence analyses revealed changes in the patterns of occludin and Zo1 proteins in the presence of OTA, compared with control cells. OTA cytotoxic effects were counteracted by the presence of α-tocopherol. The pre-treatment with α-tocopherol blocked the loss of occludin protein in the tight junctions of kidney cells treated with OTA. α-tocopherol supplementation has demonstrated to counteract short-term OTA toxicity at different cellular levels, supporting the defensive role of this compound in the cell membrane. Finally, the in vitro roles of different micronutrients, specifically choline/methionine and different Zn formulations, were determined. Due to their physiological health-promoting effects, both choline/methionine and Zn are commonly used in animal nutrition. The results of this thesis confirmed that under condition of stress, choline and methionine have important roles in enhancing cell viability and counteracting oxidative stress. Specific concentrations of different Zn sources maintained the viability of human and swine intestinal cells, which underlines the beneficial role of Zn in human and swine intestinal epithelia. Overall, these results contribute to the identification of the roles of different dietary health-promoting compounds in human and animal target tissues by making in vitro models an essential tool. However, further in vivo experiments are necessary to extend these in vitro results and to clarify the contributions of health-promoting components in animal feed and human formulations. The improved knowledge related to milk protein bioactives, antioxidants and micronutrients represents a crucial subject for future systematic efforts to improve food and feed quality.

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Imamoglu, Husniye. "SENSORY AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GRAZING STANDING CORN VERSUS COMMERCIALLY FEED LOT FINISHED BEEF". MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10302007-165906/.

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This study compared feed lot finished beef and grazing standing corn beef from young steers for sensory acceptance, sensory quantitative descriptive analysis attributes palatability and WarnerBratzler shear force values. In comparing both feeding treatments results indicated no differences (P > 0.05) between feeding treatments for all attributes including appearance, aroma (with handheld) and (with sniff bottle), texture, flavor and basic taste. However, there was difference (P < 0.05) in flavor, off-flavor for different feeding systems by panelists. Analysis of variance for Warner- Bratzler shear force values revealed no differences (P > .05) between steaks from two treatments. Based on this research, the meat industry may wish to provide the consumer with the option of choosing beef that was traditionally feed lot finished or beef finished by grazing standing corn. Thus, grazing standing corn beef producers could utilize a practicable alternative feeding system with niche market appeal to represent a viable production option.

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22

Miljkovic, Ana. "Production, characterisation and mode of action of some nephrotoxic mycotoxins". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325190.

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23

Travella, Silvia. "Improving and understanding the barley genetic transformation process". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365058.

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24

Shrestha, Anuj Raj. "Feed my people food bank project a case study of space planning and costing of warehouse /". Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009shresthaa.pdf.

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25

Nelson, Laura Ashley. "Dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y affect feed intake in brioler chicks". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48899.

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Understanding the central nervous systems role in appetite regulation is crucial to cure the obesity epidemic, which is more prevalent than any disease in the United States. Central appetite regulators, known as neuropeptides, are pivotal in understanding appetite regulation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide, plays a major role in regulating the hunger signals from the brain. In all vertebrates studied, it is a strong orexigenic neurotransmitter located throughout multiple nuclei of the hypothalamus. Peripheral hormones associated with hunger are able to activate NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which leads to a cascade of events that activate orexigenic neurons throughout the hypothalamus. Although extensive research has gone into understanding the role of NPY in appetite regulation, the effects of macronutrient composition of diets on NPY function have not been elucidated in non-mammalian species. This research investigates how food intake is affected by dietary macronutrient composition in broiler type chickens that are fed three varying macronutrient diets: high carbohydrate (22% CP, 3000kcal/kg) a broiler starter diet, high fat (60% ME from lard), high protein 30%CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric. When chicks are fed the high fat diet central NPY administration has a greater effect on feed intake compared to both the basal and high protein diet. Regardless of what diet the chick is fed from hatch, if they are switched to one of the other two diets post central administration of NPY the high fat diet stimulated feed intake for the longest duration. Although, NPY had the strongest orexigenic effect on chicks fed the high fat diet, in a choice diet situation broiler chicks chose the high protein diet, independent of central NPY administration.
Master of Science

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26

Yamashita, Lina. "Making Visible the People Who Feed Us| Exploring Student Responses to Multicultural Texts About Food Workers". Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10285172.

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There is growing interest in teaching K-16 students where food comes from and how it is grown, as evidenced by school gardens, farm-to-school programs, majors related to food systems, student farms on college campuses, and campus sustainable food projects. Many of these programs, however, do not necessarily highlight social inequities embedded in food systems or engage with the people who feed us, including slaughterhouse workers and restaurant workers. Moreover, there is currently little documentation and analysis of the few programs that highlight food workers and their experiences. Given the dearth of research on the practice of critical food systems education, I designed and researched a 10-week, seminar-style undergraduate course titled “Making Visible the People Who Feed Us: Labor in the Food System” that I taught over three academic quarters. Using teacher research methodology, this qualitative study explores how three cohorts of 18 students in the course responded to multicultural texts that reflect diverse, marginalized perspectives of food workers, many of whom are people of color, women, and/or undocumented. Following the reflective and reflexive tradition of teacher research, I also reflect on my teaching practices, consider how my biases affected my teaching, and elaborate on tensions that emerged as I taught the course. Data sources included student work, field notes of each class session, post-course and 6-11-month follow-up interviews, and entries in my reflection journal.

Findings from this study indicated a wide range in terms of how students responded to multicultural texts about food workers, depending on students’ prior knowledge and experiences. Some students showed a variety of emotions, from frustration to sadness, or expressed appreciation or respect toward the workers, especially if the workers’ experiences resonated with the students in some way. Other students took a critical, analytical stance, drawing on their prior knowledge of structural inequities. Still other students, especially those who had prior knowledge of the food system, showed resistance, whether by questioning the actions of the people in the texts or questioning the content and authors of the texts. In addition, some students showed evidence of taking on different perspectives that conflicted with their prior beliefs, whether with respect to immigration or the American Dream.

Ultimately, I advance three arguments in this dissertation. One is that multicultural texts about food workers have the potential to encourage students to make a wide range of connections with their prior knowledge or experiences and to try on or entertain multiple perspectives that underlie labor and social justice issues more broadly. Another is that the food system is a rich context for inviting students to think critically about a variety of social justice issues embedded in society. And a third is that educators who teach about labor and social justice issues in the food system need to be both reflective and reflexive with respect to their own teaching practices and grapple with pedagogical questions that have ethical implications.

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Wang, Xuan. "Nitrogen conservation by struvite formation during composting process with food wastes". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/201.

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Food waste as a dominant fraction of municipal solid waste was in most of cases buried in landfills creating a burden on big cities with large populations such as Hong Kong. Composting provided an environmentally viable technology to divert food waste to resource utilization for the production of valuable organic fertilizer. The main problem associated with food waste composting was the intensive acidification prior the commencement of the composting process, which is commonly adjusted by the addition of alkaline materials such as lime. However, more than 50% of the initial nitrogen will be lost as ammonia, which not just reduces the nutrient value of the compost but also leads to serious odour generation. Therefore the objective of this study was to develop means to reduce the nitrogen loss through struvite formation. The first experiment of this research investigated the feasibility of controlling the nitrogen loss through struvite formation during food waste composting. Struvite forms when magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) salts exist in equimolar ratio at a slightly alkaline pH. Thus to fix the ammonia, MgO and K2HPO4 were added to food waste indifferent molar ratios (P1, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.05M/kg K2HPO4; P2, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.1M/kg K2HPO4) to induce struvite formation that can fix the compost-borne ammonia during composting. The pH of the composting mass of P1 was below 5 for more than one. However, the pH of P2 was controlled in a narrow range from 6.8 to 8.7. This slightly alkaline pH ensured a good microbial activity and improved the degradation rate as well as the precipitation of struvite. In treatment P2, the formation of struvite effectively reduced the nitrogen loss from 40.8% to 23.3% when compared to treatment with lime amendment. However, electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost increased to 6.4 mS/cm due to the addition of Mg and P salts. High salinity of the compost retarded seed germination which required further investigation to reduce the salinity while maintaining good nitrogen removal. To overcome this issue, lime as the more effective alkaline amendment, was supplemented in different concentrations along with struvite salts (to P1 treatment having less Mg salt that could reduce the salinity) to alleviate the low pH and struvite formation. The pH of the composting masses were effectively increased with increasing lime dosages and 2.25% lime was sufficient to maintain the pH in alkaline condition that significantly improved the degradation of active organic compounds resulting in increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) contents. With 2.25% lime and struvite salts, ammonia emission was significantly reduced from 44.3 to 27.4% through struvite formation compared with lime alone treatment. Furthermore, the EC were also decreased from 5.21to 3.40 mS/cm when lime amendment rate increased from 0.75% to 3%. However, the ammonia emission increased with an increase in lime dosage. Interfering ions such as calcium and potassium were reported to affect the struvite formation and pH control. Therefore, in the subsequent experiment, the influence of different types of P salts was investigated to reduce the salinity as well as N loss. When K2HPO4, Na2HPO4 and H3PO4 were used as the supplementary P salts, there were no significant differences on nitrogen conservation. In addition, the results indicated that K+ and Na+ were attached on the surface of struvite rather than constituted the crystal structure. Compared with other P salts, the presence of K+ in K2HPO4 also made a contribution to total nutrient content that benefited the final product. When CaO was gradually substituted with MgO as pH amendment, ammonia emission was significantly reduced implying that Ca2+ ions would influence the struvite formation, either by competing for phosphate ions or by interfering with the crystallization. However, this negative effect could be ignored when the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio was below 1:2. Considering the cost of MgO, supplementation of Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio at 1:2 (0.15M CaO and 0.3M MgO) with 0.05M K2HPO4 was identified as the optimum conditions (Treatment M0.3) that effectively reduced the nitrogen loss to 28% in contrast to 46% with lime addition. The significant reduction of ammonia emission through struvite formation was observed with the optimum condition that the odour unit (OU) of ammonia emission was reduced to 1.8×104 when compared with lime treatment (3.0×104) indicating a significant reduction of OIMAX (maximum odour index). Meanwhile, the well-controlled pH of this technology ensured the effective decomposition of organic matter that significantly reduced the emission of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) also. The population of total bacteria was also improved due to the addition of phosphate salts. The total nutrient content of struvite composts of treatment with optimum condition (M0.3) was 4.14% (1.5% N, 0.44% P and 2.2% K) that was higher than normal lime treated compost 2.92% (1.3% N, 0.34% P and 1.28% K). In pot experiment, soil was amended with composts at 0, 2.5%, 5% or 10% (w/w dry wt. basis). At the same application rate, the biomass yields of Chinese cabbage and cherry tomato plants were improved by struvite compost when compared tonormal compost. Considering the increasing salinity of soil with high application rate, the optimum dosage of 5% struvite compost is recommended. To conclude, a food waste composting technology was developed to achieve good nitrogen conservation and decomposition that alleviated odour issue and produced compost with higher nutrient contents, which increased its application value

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28

Buckley, Louise Anne. "Food choices for hungry broiler breeders : do they prefer quantitative or qualitative dietary restriction?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6522.

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This programme of research uses choice test methodologies to quantify hungry broiler breeder chickens’ preferences for qualitative or quantitative dietary restriction. It begins with an outline of quantitative dietary restriction, its severity and welfare implications before discussing methods of qualitative feed restriction and the difficulties ascertaining whether it represents a welfare improvement. Chapter two reviews the factors affecting diet preferences and discusses implications for feed restricted broiler breeder diet preferences. Chapter three outlines the use of a closed economy T-maze task to quantity the diet preferences of feed restricted broiler breeders. It concludes that broiler breeders can learn a food versus no food task but find it very difficult to learn a task in which both of the options are rewarded with food and this impeded diet preference quantification. Chapter four demonstrates that severity of feed restriction underlies these difficulties in learning. In Chapter five, a conditioned place preference task to identify the effects of diets on affective state (hunger versus satiety) is reported. A method validation group demonstrated that broilers show a state dependent preference for an environment associated with ad libitum access to food. However, birds failed to show a preference between an environment associated with quantitative dietary restriction and one associated with qualitative dietary restriction. Chapter six applies state- dependent learning (SDL) to quantifying the satiating effects of quantitative and qualitative dietary restriction. However, a validation group suggested that SDL preferences were probably an artefact of the test rather than a genuine state-led preference. Finally, the overall conclusion that no evidence was found that broiler breeders want, or that their welfare is improved by, qualitative feed restriction was drawn. However, the conditions under which a preference was reliably observed and the presence of hunger – state dependent effects on learning and expression of learnt preferences complicates the interpretation of any findings. Recommendations for further research are highlighted.

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29

Díaz, Gómez Joana. "High-carotenoid maize as feed and food component: mycotoxin contamination, thermal processing, bioavailability and poultry meat production". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405891.

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El panís HC (de l'anglès high-carotenoid) va ser modificat genèticament per acumular alts nivells de carotenoides, utilitzant com a base un panís blanc sud-africà (M37W). Durant tres collites consecutives (2013, 2014 i 2015), es van cultivar el panís HC i la seva línia isogènica (M37W) en un camp experimental a Lleida (Catalunya, nord-est d'Espanya). Fusarium spp. va infectar la majoria de grans de panís d'ambdós tipus, el que va originar que es donés contaminació per fumonisines en les dues varietats de panís en tots els anys d'estudi, tot i que la proporció de grans contaminats va ser substancialment més gran en el panís M37W. El panís collit cada any també va servir com a matèria primera per elaborar pinsos a base de panís i productes derivats del panís. Els pollastres alimentats amb la dieta HC van tenir paràmetres de productivitat i salut similars als pollastres alimentats amb les dietes M37W i comercial (amb pigments), i també van desenvolupar una pigmentació similar als pollastres alimentats amb la dieta comercial (amb pigments). Els carotenoides provitamina A del panís HC van ser biodisponibles, almenys en la mateixa mesura que en els additius sintètics i naturals, i van contribuir als nivells de retinol hepàtic en pollastres. La carn obtinguda a partir de pollastres alimentats amb la dieta HC va tenir una bona qualitat i vida útil sensorial, així com una pigmentació groga-ataronjada de llarga durada. Finalment, els purés elaborats amb panís HC han demostrat no només conservar el contingut inicial de carotenoides, sinó també augmentar-lo a causa de l'extracció de carotenoides de la matriu alimentària.
El maíz HC (del inglés high-carotenoid) fue modificado genéticamente para acumular altos niveles de carotenoides, utilizando como base un maíz blanco sudafricano (M37W). Durante tres cosechas consecutivas (2013, 2014 y 2015), se cultivó el maíz HC y su línea isogénica (M37W) en un campo experimental en Lleida (Cataluña, noreste de España). Fusarium spp. infectó la mayoría de granos de maíz de ambos tipos, lo que originó que se diera contaminación por fumonisinas en ambas variedades de maíz en todos los años de estudio, aunque la proporción de granos contaminados fue sustancialmente mayor en el maíz M37W. El maíz cosechado cada año también sirvió como materia prima para elaborar piensos a base de maíz y productos derivados del maíz. Los pollos alimentados con la dieta HC tuvieron parámetros de productividad y salud similares a los pollos alimentados con las dietas M37W y comercial (con pigmentos), y también desarrollaron una pigmentación similar a los pollos alimentados con la dieta comercial (con pigmentos). Los carotenoides provitamina A del maíz HC fueron biodisponibles, al menos en la misma medida que en los aditivos sintéticos y naturales, y contribuyeron a los niveles de retinol hepático en pollos. La carne obtenida de pollos alimentados con la dieta HC tuvo una buena calidad y vida útil sensorial, así como una pigmentación amarilla-anaranjada de larga duración. Por último, los purés elaborados con maíz HC han demostrado no sólo conservar el contenido inicial de carotenoides, sino también aumentarlo debido a la extracción de carotenoides de la matriz alimenticia.
High-carotenoid (HC) maize was genetically engineered to accumulate high levels of carotenoids, using as a basis a South African white maize (M37W). During three consecutive harvest seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015), HC maize and its near isogenic line (M37W) were cultivated in an experimental field in Lleida (Catalonia, Northeastern Spain). Fusarium spp. infected most maize kernels, subsequently, fumonisin contamination was found in both maize varieties in all the years of study, but the proportion of contaminated grains was substantially higher in the M37W maize. Maize grains harvested each year also served as raw material to elaborate maize-based feed and maize-derived products. Chickens fed on the HC diet had similar productivity and health parameters to those fed on the M37W and commercial (plus color additives) diets, and they also developed similar pigmentation to those fed on the commercial (plus color additives) diet. Provitamin A carotenoids from HC maize were bioavailable, at least to the same extent than in synthetic and natural additives, and contributed to liver retinol levels in chickens. Meat obtained from chickens fed on the HC diet had a good quality and sensory shelf life as well as a long-lasting golden pigmentation. Finally, HC maize-based porridges showed not only to preserve the initial carotenoid content, but also to enhance it due to the carotenoid extractability from the food matrix.

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30

PARDALES, Jr Jose R., Akira YAMAUCHI, M. A. QUEVEDO y Mitsuyo KADOHIRA. "Rootcrops as Food, Feed and Industrial Materials : The Challenge to Address Their Production and Post-harvest Needs". 名古屋大学農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8923.

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31

Brandão, Miguel. "Food, feed, fuel, timber or carbon sink? : towards sustainable land-use systems : a consequential life cycle approach". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580604.

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In view of the competing demands on land to feed people adequately, sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services and mitigate climate change, there is a clear need for a systematic basis for allocating land use with respect to economic and environmental objectives. This study formulates an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the global consequences of changing current land use in the UK with different land-use strategies for food, feed, fuel, timber and carbon sink. Novel operational approaches are proposed for resolving the associated methodological issues, which are applied in the characterisation of the main land-use strategies in the UK. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used for the environmental assessment, with emphasis on ecosystem carbon balances as the contribution to both global climate change and ecosystem services and biodiversity impacts. A parallel economic assessment is integrated with LCA. The results indicate that changing land use and management on current crop land generally does not deliver improvements in all three criteria of mitigating climate and impacts on ecosystem service and biodiversity, while creating additional economic value. There are a few exceptions, of which wheat and barley for feed and under organic management are the best. Expanding cropland onto set-aside and permanent grassland is more beneficial when crops are used for fuel (CHP) or for carbon sink (in the case of Douglas Fir and Ash, Sycamore and Silver Birch). Expansion onto set-aside is largely undesirable if by arable cropping, but desirable by energy and forestry crops. The former are best used for CHP whereas the latter as carbon sinks, even though no economic value is generated in the foreground system. The consequential assessment showed that indirect effects (i.e. those in the background system) are relevant and ought to be considered when assessing land-use strategies.

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32

Morrow, Alan Thomas Samuel. "Studies on voluntary feed intake of growing pigs with reference to behaviour and efficiency of food utilization". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333822.

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33

Magee, Kieran James. "Addressing the global food security challenge : discovery and assessment of sustainable sources of ingredients for aquaculture feed". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3028432/.

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The world faces the grand challenge of supplying enough food to achieve food security for its rapidly growing population, predicted to reach 9 billion by 2050. Animal meat is an important part of the human diet, despite the global livestock population containing almost 24 billion animals, it is estimated that total food production will need to increase by 70 % to supply the 2050 population. Fish is a highly nutritious food item associated with several health benefits. Global consumption of fish, which is increasing, now constitutes 17 % of animal protein intake. Fish supplied through capture is limited by wild stocks; in 2015 aquaculture was responsible for 53.1 % of fish and seafood produced globally. The aquaculture industry is reliant on fishmeal and fish oil as ingredients for aquafeeds, materials produced from wild stocks or industry waste trimmings; these are finite and costly ingredients. There is great desire to identify cheaper more sustainable ingredients. In order for alternative ingredients to be viable for fish feed inclusion they must be palatable and of sufficient nutritional quality. The aim of this study was to identify alternative ingredients and assess them, through palatability and performance, for aquafeed inclusion. Several alternative ingredients were identified, Natto (fermented full fat soybean), fermented Rapeseed meal, fermented potato protein concentrate (PPC) (all subjected to heating and fermentation to improve nutritional quality), NH Algae (New Horizons Global Ltd Schizochytrium microalgae NHG-002) , Mealworm meal (Tenebrio molitor), Silkworm meal (Bombyx mori), and Earthworm meal (Eisenia fetida). These were tested for palatability using a modified method of behavioural observation based on the work of Alexander Kasumyan, and by analyses of the satiety hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK), released in response to feed. They were then tested in nutritionally balanced feeds for growth and performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio) an as initial model species, then in commercially relevant and available species, while partially or completely removing fishmeal and fish oil. Palatability testing via behavioural observation was applied to three species; alternative ingredients were accepted, with only Natto and PPC showing reduced taste response compared with other materials. CCK analyses proved possible, although further development is required in order to identify any significant differences between the responses measured. Growth and performance trials showed that the NH Algae, Natto and Rapeseed meal materials can be included in species specific diets to partially reduce fish meal. The invertebrate meals when used together successfully removed fishmeal completely in diets of three species tested, achieving equal growth and equal or improved performance. Fish oil was only partially reduced with the inclusion of NH Algae, and by Natto in trout diets, the insect diets provided high amounts of linoleic and a-linolenic acid but failed to supply EPA or DHA. This project introduces novel approaches to assess palatability and shows that invertebrate meals have the greatest potential for complete removal of fishmeal, however, fish oil is still required until a suitable source of EPA and DHA can be identified.

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34

McGladdery, Candice. "Evaluation of irrigation water quality guidelines for arsenic and lead, with implications for food and feed safety". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77846.

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As mining and industry continue to impact agricultural lands and waterways, and as competition for access to fresh water increases, the agricultural industry must adapt to grow crops in increasingly polluted lands using ever more contaminated water sources. As a result, the likelihood that crops grown under such conditions could pose a food safety risk is set to rise. This research assesses the extent to which potentially hazardous trace elements, As and Pb, present in irrigation water at concentrations deemed acceptable by the Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines, impact the food (and feed) safety of crops. Four crops are investigated under two glasshouse trials. The first assesses foliar absorption of As and Pb under irrigation to the aboveground biomass and the second assesses root uptake of As and Pb via the effects of medium- to long-term irrigation programs. Results indicate that under such trace element loaded conditions, some crop parts exceed food (or feed) safety thresholds, with concentrations ranging from 0.01 mg.kg-1 to 33.38 mg.kg-1 As, and 0.01 mg.kg-1 to 62.41 mg.kg-1 Pb, on a dry mass basis. Leafy vegetables present the highest food safety risk. Therefore, if international food safety standards for fresh produce are to be adhered to, the Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines for As and Pb should be critically reviewed so as to negate all possible future contamination of fresh produce as a result of irrigation inputs. A food (and feed) safety consequence matrix is proposed as a means of modelling the effect of irrigating according to the Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines on food (and feed) safety.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Plant Production and Soil Science
MSc
Unrestricted

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35

Yamamoto, Takayuki. "Studies on the safety of food and feed, and on the effects of plant derivedanti-inflammatory components". Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215596.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19770号
農博第2166号
新制||農||1040(附属図書館)
学位論文||H28||N4986(農学部図書室)
32806
京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻
(主査)教授河田照雄, 教授保川清, 教授橋本渉
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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36

Ghalamkari, Zahra [Verfasser]. "Improving the Nutritional Quality of Food and Feed by Manipulation of Iron Storage in Plants / Zahra Ghalamkari". Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216103666/34.

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TRETOLA, MARCO. "FORMER FOODSTUFFS PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR PIG NUTRITION: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION, IMPACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCES AND GUT HEALTH". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/609808.

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La produzione animale riveste un ruolo chiave nel garantire la sicurezza alimentare. Tale ruolo viene esercitato soprattutto grazie all’approvvigionamento di prodotti di origine animale e prodotti dell’agricoltura. Tuttavia, a causa delle diminuite disponibilità di terreni destinati all’allevamento ed alla agricoltura, insieme ai cambiamenti climatici e alla riduzione delle risorse idriche, diventa sempre più importante aumentare la sostenibilità e l’efficienza del settore agroalimentare. Per fare ciò, diventa necessario soddisfare le crescenti esigenze utilizzando al tempo stesso una quantità ridotta di risorse. Questa tesi ha avuto come tema principale quello di esaminare a fondo il potenziale utilizzo di scarti della industria alimentare (chiamati “former foodstuffs products”, FFPs) come ingredienti alternativi e sostenibili per la nutrizione animale. I prodotti esaminati sono alimenti che vengono scartati dalla grande distribuzione per difetti relativi alla loro forma, al loro colore, al loro packaging ecc. Tali scarti solitamente sono destinati a diventare rifiuto, nonostante il loro elevato potenziale nel poter essere utilizzati come ingredienti sostenibili per mangimi. La prima parte della tesi si concentra sull’analisi della composizione chimica di sei diversi tipi di FFPs. Inoltre, di questi prodotti sono state anche stimate l’energia digeribile e metabolizzabile con riferimento ai suini, la digeribilità in vitro, l’indice glicemico e di idrolisi attraverso tecniche di digestione enzimatica. La seconda parte della tesi è stata dedicata agli aspetti legati alla sicurezza dei FFPs. Campioni di FFPs sono stati quindi analizzati per la loro carica microbica e la presenza di residui di materiale di imballaggio. Per questo ultimo aspetto, sono stati testati due metodi differenti: il primo, precedentemente validato, basato sull’uso dello stereomicroscopio; il secondo, basato sull’uso dello stereomicroscopio accoppiato ad un sistema digitale di acquisizione di immagine (Computer Vision System). L’ultima parte, invece, ha investigato gli effetti di una dieta in cui in cui i cereali comunemente utilizzati per la formulazione di diete per suini in post svezzamento, sono stati parzialmente sostituiti dagli FFPs. In particolare, una dieta di controllo e quella contenente FFPs sono state confrontate per quanto riguarda la digeribilità in vitro ed in vivo della sostanza secca, le performances di crescita di suini in post svezzamento, così come alcuni metaboliti ematici ed il microbiota fecale. I risultati della tesi hanno dimostrato che gli FFPs possono essere considerati una “versione fortificata” dei cereali tradizionali comunemente utilizzati nel settore suinicolo, con valori di digeribilità in vitro comparabili agli stessi, ma con valori di indice glicemico e di idrolisi maggiori, caratterizzandoli come una fonte eccellente di carboidrati. Tutti i campioni di FFP sono risultati sicuri dal punto di vista microbiologico e sempre privi di Salmonella. Per quanto concerne la presenza di residui di materiale da imballaggio, il livello di contaminazione è risultata sempre al di sotto delle soglie di tolleranza. Il Computer Vision System si è inoltre rivelato essere una rapida alternativa per rilevare la presenza di materiali di imballaggio nei FFPs se accoppiata allo seteromicroscopio. Lo studio in vivo ha rivelato che sia i valori di digeribilità in vitro che in vivo delle diete contenenti FFPs sono maggiori rispetto ai valori delle diete di controllo. Alla fine dell’esperimento, non sono state osservate differenze nelle performance di crescita, tuttavia nei suinetti alimentati con la dieta FFP c’è stato un aumento di glucosio plasmatico ed una riduzione nella concentrazione di urea. Il sequenziamento di nuova generazione delle regioni variabili V3 e V4 del gene che codifica per il 16S rRNA hanno evidenziato come l’utilizzo di FFPs nelle diete per suini in post svezzamento riduca sia la numerosità che la biodiversità dei batteri che costituiscono il microbiota nel largo intestino. L’analisi “unweighted beta diversity” ha anche dimostrato piccole differenze nella composizione dei taxa batterici tra il gruppo FFP e quello di controllo. Inoltre, l’analisi lineare delle discriminanti ha documentato un aumento del phylum Proteobacteria ed una diminuzione del genere Lactobacillales nel gruppo FFP rispetto al controllo. Questi risultati hanno messo in evidenza il potenziale di questi ingredienti alternativi ed il loro utilizzo sicuro nella nutrizione suinicola. Il loro aumentato utilizzo potrebbe quindi portare ad una riduzione dello spreco alimentare, una riduzione dei costi del mangime, e ad un ridotto impatto ambientale della catena alimentare.
Livestock play a key role in food security, through food provision, agricultural production, and by providing employment and income. However, with the diminishing availability of farmland, climate change and the threat of declining water resources, the goal is to meet the growing demand for food and feed by using fewer resources. Exploiting alternative ingredients for livestock, feed could be one way of increasing livestock sustainability. This thesis focused on processed and ready-to-eat food products that are no longer suitable for human consumption due to logistical, manufacturing or packaging defects. Such products would normally go to a landfill yet actually have a high potential of being used as sustainable feed ingredients. The first part of this thesis investigated the chemical composition of six different former foodstuff products (FFPs). Based on the FFP composition data, the digestible energy and metabolisable energy values for pigs were estimated. In addition, the in vitro digestibility values of FFPs were evaluated using a multi-step enzymatic technique. The in vitro predicted glycaemic index and hydrolysis index of the same samples were examined using a two-step in vitro digestion assay. In the second part, the safety issues linked to the use of FFPs were investigated. FFP samples were thus analysed in relation to the microbial load and the presence of presumed remnants of packaging materials. For this purpose, two different methods were used: stereomicroscopy, according to published methods; and stereomicroscopy coupled with a computer vision system. The final part addressed the effects of a diet in which common cereal grains were partially replaced by FFPs in post weaning piglet diets. Specifically, pig growth performance and selected plasma biochemical variables were evaluated in twelve post-weaning piglets. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and the faecal microbiota were also characterized. When compared with common cereal grains used in pig feed formulations, FFPs can be considered a fortified version of cereals, with comparable in vitro digestibility values and with higher glycaemic and hydrolysis indexes, thus characterizing them as an excellent source of carbohydrates. All FFP samples were safe from a microbiological point of view, showing a limited microbial load and were always Salmonella free. Regarding the presumed remnants of packaging materials, the contamination level was always below the safety threshold set by German authorities, and the validated method demonstrated that packaging remnants were mainly from the 1-mm sieve mesh fraction. In order to find a more rapid and objective method for evaluating the packaging remnants, the innovative computer vision system was a rapid alternative for the detection of packaging remnants in ex-food samples when combined with a stereomicroscope. The in vivo study revealed that both in vitro and in vivo digestibility values were higher for the diet based on FFPs compared to the control diet. At the end of the experiment, no differences in growth performance were observed, however the plasma glucose increased in piglets fed FFPs compared to piglets fed the control diet, while the urea concentration decreased. The sequencing analysis of the variable regions V3 and V4 of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the use of FFPs in the post-weaning period decreased the bacterial richness and evenness in the large intestine. The unweighted beta diversity analysis also resulted in a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the taxa composition. The linear discriminant analysis of effect size also demonstrated an increased amount of Proteobacteria phylum and a decreased amount of Lactobacillales genus in the FFP compared to the control group. The results highlighted the potential of these alternative feed ingredients and their safe use in pig nutrition. This is essential for establishing the best scientific practices for the use of FFPs in animal nutrition and feeding. Given the increasing need to obtain a more sustainable livestock sector, research in animal sciences should focus not only on increasing the efficiency of the animal production chain but also on the efficiency of the entire food system in ensuring sustainable nutrition. By recognizing that former foodstuffs that are not suitable for human consumption are a resource for animal nutrition and not a waste product, food and feed industries could reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill or deposed-off every year, thus saving costs, and reducing the environmental impact of the food production chain.

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38

Muckey, Mary Beth. "Evaluation of surface sanitation to prevent biological hazards in animal food manufacturing". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34483.

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Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Cassandra K. Jones
Animal food manufacturing facilities need to evaluate biological hazards within their facility due to their severity and probability to cause illness or injury in humans or animals. Control of biological hazards, including Salmonella and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), in animal food manufacturing facilities may require a preventative control to mitigate the risk of the hazard. Thermal processing is an effective point-in-time control, but does not prevent cross-contamination during drying, cooling, and packaging/load-out of animal food. Therefore, it may be appropriate to sanitize surfaces to prevent cross-contamination of animal food during manufacturing. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate surface decontamination strategies for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) using chemical disinfectants to reduce viral RNA on various manufacturing surfaces. Concentrated liquid formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite reduced the quantity of viral PEDV RNA on all tested surfaces. Rubber belting from a bucket elevator retained the most PEDV RNA, while the polyethylene tote bag retained the least. In the second experiment, surface decontamination was evaluated for Salmonella Typhimurium using liquid and dry chemical sanitizers on various manufacturing surfaces. Surfaces treated with concentrated commercial formaldehyde had no detectable Salmonella after treatment, and surfaces treated with medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) had at least a 4-log reduction compared to the control. The dry commercial acidulant, sodium bisulfate, was the most effective dry sanitizer tested, but had limited efficacy depending on surface type. Experiment 3 further tested the application of two chemical sanitizers against Salmonella Enteritidis on residual surface and feed contamination in pilot-scale mixers. Manufacturing sequence, but not treatment impacted feed and surface contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis. Specifically, there was Salmonella-positive residue in the batch of feed manufactured immediately after the positive control batch. However, no Salmonella residue was detected in batches of feed treated with either concentrated commercial essential oil blend or rice hulls treated with 10% MCFA. Low levels of Salmonella residues were observed from feed and surfaces manufactured after Sequence 1, but no residues were observed by Sequence 2. This data suggests that sequencing of feed during manufacturing can reduce Salmonella-positive contamination within animal food and on manufacturing surfaces, particularly after the second batch or with the use of chemical treatments. In summary, liquid sanitizers have been shown to be effective at reducing Salmonella spp. and PEDV contamination on a variety of animal food manufacturing surfaces, but application and practicality may be limited.

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39

Lindberg, Stina. "Evaluation of a genomic work flow for the detection of Bacillus subtilis in animal feed and food samples". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6345.

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Bacillus anthracis is one of the most feared agents of biological warfare and causes the

deadly disease called anthrax. SVA (statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt) is working on a

project together with SLV (statens livsmedelsverk) where the target is to find rapid and

effective detection methods for Bacillus anthracis in animal feed and food samples. Bacillus

subtilis, which is harmless, was used in this study as a model organism to Bacillus anthracis.

A known concentration of vegetative Bacillus subtilis was spiked in animal feed and food

samples. The genomic work flow was based on automated DNA isolation and real time PCR.

The aim of the study was to screen for inhibitory components in the animal feed and food

samples using two different DNA isolation robots; Magnatrix 8000 and Biorobot EZ1. The

results showed that DNA of high quality was extracted from the samples with both robots.

However, the CT-value generated by the real time PCR showed considerable variation

depending on the sample matrix. Some samples, for instance egg and liver, were problematic

and gave low concentrations and high CT-values probably due to inhibitory components in the

samples. Further studies will be needed to solve these problems and optimize the methods that

were used in this study.

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40

Cheng, Zhang. "Use of food waste feeds for culturing low trophic level fish (grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp): persistent toxic substances". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/76.

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This study aimed at using different types of food wastes as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. The major objectives were to (1) investigate the variations of metalloid/metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the fish ponds (pond mud and water), and food wastes used as fish feeds; (2) analyze bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the food chains; and (3) evaluate the potential health risks of exposure (to these pollutants) via dietary intake of fish fed with food waste feeds. The traditional fish farming model was used to culture low trophic level fish: a filter feeder (bighead, Aristichthys nobilis), a herbivore (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and a bottom feeder (mud carp, Cirrhina molitorella), which are more environmental friendly as they can utilize more solar energy. Furthermore, low-trophic level fish are less susceptible to the accumulation of toxic chemicals. Two types of food wastes (mainly containing cereal (Food Waste A) and meat waste meal (Food Waste B)) were used as the major source of protein to replace the fish meal in fish feed to culture fish. The concentrations of metalloid (arsenic (As)), metals (mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni)) in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment of the 3 experimental fish ponds located in Sha Tau Kok Organic Farm were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year) and the results were similar to or lower than those in the commercial fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Results of the health risk assessments indicated that human consumption of grass carp (a herbivore) which fed food waste feed pellets would be safer than other fish species (mud carp, bighead carp and largemouth bass). There were no or lower magnifications, and low concentrations of metalloid/metals contained in the ponds indicated that the practice of traditional pond management by draining pond water regularly can provide a better fish pond habitat for birds and other wildlife. Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced Hg accumulation in the cultured fish. During October 2011 - December 2012, the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in three experimental fish ponds were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year). The results were similar to or lower than those obtained in commercial fish ponds around the PRD region. The mean concentrations of .PAHs and .OCPs in sediment and fish collected from the experimental fish ponds during the 2nd half year (May 2012 to December 2012) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 1st half year (October 2011 to April, 2012). .PAHs and .DDTs in the two species of fish (grass carp and bighead carp) were significantly increased (p<0.05) with time, and PAHs and DDTs in grass carp and bighead carp fed with commercial fish feed pellets (control group) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fish fed with food waste pellets (Food Waste A and Food Waste B). Fruit, vegetables, bone meal and meat products were the major sources of PAHs and OCPs contamination for producing Food Waste A and Food Waste B. No significant increases in PAHs and DDTs concentrations with trophic levels were observed in the experimental ponds, showing that PAHs were not biomagnifed in the omnivorous food chains (plankton, grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp). DDTs were lower magnifications than those predatory food chains (plankton, trash fish, and largemouth bass) in farmed ponds. There was a very low cancer risk for PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish.PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish. The present results revealed that recycling of food waste for cultivating low trophic level fish (mainly bighead carp and grass carp) is feasible, which will also ease the disposal pressure of the large volume of food waste, a common problem encountered in densely populated cites such as Hong Kong.

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41

Jonsäll, Anette. "Sensory quality of pork : Influences of rearing system, feed, genotype, and sex". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Domestic Sciences, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-517.

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Hampshire crosses of different genotype and sex were used to investigate the effects of rearing system, feed and handling on sensory quality, consumer preference and cooking loss. A selected and trained panel carried out descriptive tests. Two preference tests were carrieout by, in each case, 200 consumers.

The genotype had a major effect on sensory quality in all four studies irrespective of rearing system, feed and sex. In three of the four studies pork from RN¯ carriers scored higher for juicines, tenderness, acidulous taste and meat taste intensity.

Sex showed contradictory effects on sensory quality, while rearing system and feed had minor effects on sensory properties of pork.

Hams (M. biceps femoris) from pigs reared outdoors scored lower for juiciness and acidulous taste than hams from pigs reared indoors. Loins from pigs organically reared (KRAV) scored lower for juiciness and higher for crumbliness than ones from pigs conventionallreared.

Loins (M. longissimus dorsi) aged four days from conventionally fed pigs were juicier than ones from silage-fed pigs. When loins were aged eight days there was no difference in juicines while acidulous taste became weaker and tenderness and meat taste intensity increased.

In the case of loins stored frozen one year, those from silage-fed pigs scored higher for acidulous taste and off-flavour than those from conventionally fed pigs.

Cooking, thawing and total loss data showed minor and contradictory differences between genotypes, sexes, rearing systems and feeding regimes.

Organically and conventionally produced loins were equally liked and loins from RN¯ carrier pigs were preferred to loins from non-carriers.

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42

Scherer, Daniel [Verfasser] y P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Nick. "Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted protein recovery from microalgae biomass for food and feed applications / Daniel Scherer ; Betreuer: P. Nick". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199459437/34.

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43

Doty, Jessica E. "Creating a Non-GMO Grain and Feed Exchange System for Ohio Farmers". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1480522993553463.

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44

Chau, Tak-han Gloria y 周德嫻. "Fishes feeding fishes: the composition, size and volume of wild fish feed used in Hong Kong's maricultureindustry". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B27777649.

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45

Yeh, Kang-ni y 葉康妮. "New approaches to food waste recycling and their application potentialin Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31256077.

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46

Alarcon, Chuquichambi Adelaida. "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas (Lama glama) in the agricultural experimental center Condoriri". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5328.

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The following investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Center Condoriri (CEAC), dependent on the Faculty of Agricultural Livestock Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, located to the North of the Province border of the Department of Oruro, a distance of 12 km from the town of Caracollo and 49 km from the city of Oruro. The production of llamas and alpacas in our country is an activity of ecological, social, and especially ecological importance for Andean inhabitants. In nutrition, the fundamental factor is the power of absorption; this is because the yield of animal production depends on the quantity and quality of forage consumed. Digestibility in animals is established based on basic consumption comparison and the values of digestibility of the food. For this reason, as previously expressed, we propose in the following research "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas in the CEAC" to establish parameters of digestibility, with the following objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of production: consumption of food, consumption of water, excretion of wastes, elimination of urine and gain of living weight. To determine the digestibility of the nutrients: dry matter, raw protein, ash, air intake, raw fiber, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients. For this purpose 4 male llamas (sarijos) were utilized, taking into account the live weight, age, and breed. The investigation had two evaluation groups: the first group with a supply of alfalfa and the second group with a diet of barley. The investigation's duration was a total of 30 days, considering the following variables: characteristics of production (consumption of food, consumption of water, wastes excreted, volume of urine, and behavior of body weight); digestibility of nutrients (raw protein, ash, raw fiber, air intake, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients); leading to the following conclusions: > The average consumption of alfalfa by the llama is 6.49 kg/MF per day, of which 1344.5 g is MS, superior and distinct in respect to the fodder barley with 4.92 kg of MF/day and 1328.4 g of MS/day. Water consumption by the llama with the supply of alfalfa is of 0.77 liters; with barley it is 0.35 liters. The llamas with the supply of alfalfa excreted an average of 1.44 kg of waste, of which is 365.9 g of MS and the group with barley registered an average of 1.27 kg and 359.9 g of MS. With regard to the elimination of the volume of urine was between 2.80 and 1.22 liters per day respectively. Live weight at the start of the study was of 116.25 kg per llama and subsequent to the experimental stage of live digestibility the weight averaged 117.69 kg. Therefore, the increase of live weight during the experimental phase was equal to 1.44 kg. The daily increase of living weight in the llamas submitted to the consumption of alfalfa came to an average of 142.9 g/day/animal with a conversion allowance of 9.4. In contrast, the animals fed with barley registered a greater gain of 257 g/day/animal and a conversion allowance of 5.2. > The ratio of digestibility demonstrated by the Coefficients of Digestibility (%) of the alfalfa: MS = 72.85, C = 57.30, PC = 81.49, EE= 85.52, FC = 58.61, ELN = 77.96 and NDT = 69.17. In contrast, the coefficients of digestibility with the barley they were of 72.88% of MS, 33.13% of Ash, 74.62% PC, 84.19% of EE, 65.29% of FC, 77.08% of ELN and 68.74% of NDT.

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47

Hardy, Zolelwa. "Functional and nutritional characteristics of Bambara groundnut milk powder as an ingredient in yoghurt". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2340.

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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The aim of this study was to evaluate Bambara groundnut (BGN) milk subjected to spray drying with a view to establish functional, nutritional and physical properties as an ingredient in BGN yoghurt production. BGN milk powder (BGNMP) was successfully produced employing the spray drying technology. Maltodextrin was used as the drying carrier to elevate total solids of BGNM prior to spray drying. There were three levels of maltodextrin (5, 10 and 15%) employed and 10% was ideal. The optimum spray drying parameters were estimated to be the following; inlet temperature (150oC), outlet temperature (74oC), air pressure (3 bars), flow rate (10% or 16mL/min), and air flow (42.9 m3/h). The functional properties evaluated revealed high water solubility capabilities, making BGNMP readily soluble in water, which is one of the most crucial aspects of milk powders. The water solubility index of BGNMP at all maltodextrin levels ranged from 85.15 to 90.25%. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference amongst BGNMP (5, 10, and 15%) in colour parameters (lightness, yellowness, redness, chroma and hue angle). BGNMP indicated to have a red and yellow colour, but yellow was more dominant. The particle size and particle size distribution of BGNMP ranged from 86.13 to 162.35 μm and 84.04 to 157.0 μm, respectively and did not differ significantly (p > 0.05).

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48

Hlophe, Samkelisiwe Nosipho. "Utilisation of moringa oleifera (moringa) and pennisetum glandestinum (kikuyu) leaf meals by three commonly cultured fish species in South Africa : tilapia rendalli, oreochiromis, mossambicus and clarias gariepinus". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1433.

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Thesis (Ph.D. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2015
The ability to utilise dietary components differs between fish species. Digestive enzymes may be used to determine the efficiency of the digestive process. In this study, the activities of the digestive enzymes in Tilapia rendalli, Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus were explored. Protease, amylase, lipase and cellulase activities were measured in different parts of the digestive tract of the three fish species. The pH dynamics along the digestive tract were monitored. In all fish species, the presence of food led to a reduction in stomach pH. pH values of 1.54, 1.58 and 2.01 were recorded 12 hours after feeding in Oreochromis mossambicus, Tilapia rendalli and Clarias gariepinus respectively. Protease and amylase activities were significantly higher (P<0.05, ANOVA) in the tilapias than in Clarias gariepinus. The tilapias may be pre-adapted to produce more protease and amylase to digest plant material which is more difficult to digest compared to animal matter. In all species amylase activity was significantly higher in the proximal intestine than in the other parts of the digestive tract (P<0.05, ANOVA). The highest proteolytic activity was recorded in the distal intestines. This is because of the alkaline pH recorded in the proximal and distal intestines which favours for amylase and protease activity respectively. Lipase activities were not significantly different (P>0.05) in all species. Marginal cellulase activities were recorded in all species. It is inferred here that phylogeny and not diet may be the main factor influencing enzyme activities as all fish were fed a similar diet. Two locally available plant diets, kikuyu grass and moringa leaves, were tested as protein sources in the diet of a macrophagous fish, Tilapia rendalli (11.5±1 g). Nine diets (30% CP: 20 MJ/kg) were formulated by substituting fishmeal for kikuyu leaf meal (KLM) and moringa leaf meal (MLM). A control diet contained 10% fishmeal and no leaf meal. Fishmeal was replaced at 25, 50, 75 and 100% by KLM in diets: KLM 25, KLM 50, KLM 75 and KLM 100; then by MLM in diets MLM 25, MLM 50, MLM 75 and MLM 100. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish for 60 days. The best growth (SGR, TGC) was in the control group. There was no significant (P>0.05) decrease in SGR and TGC when KLM replaced up to 50% fishmeal. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease when MLM replaced >25% fishmeal. Kikuyu diets had no effect on villi height. A trend towards shorter villi was evident with increasing MLM. Digestive enzyme activities also decreased with increasing KLM and MLM vii levels in the diet. Hepatocyte degradation was higher in fish fed moringa-based diets. Anti-nutrients (polyphenols, tannins, saponins and phytate) in moringa may have contributed to the poor growth, irritation of the enterocytes and hepatotoxic effects. These results show that replacing up to 25% fishmeal with KLM is effective in reducing the costs without negatively affecting the growth performance or health of Tilapia rendalli. Adding MLM, even at the lowest level (25%) was expensive and resulted in compromised growth and health. The efficacy of KLM and MLM was also tested as alternative protein sources for Oreochromis mossambicus (12.5±1 g) a microphagous herbivore. The same diets used for Tilapia rendalli were fed to triplicate groups of twenty fish for 60 days. Linear regressions of feed intake, SGR, PER and protein ADC with increasing levels of leaf meal were significant (P<0.05). Superior growth performance, protein ADC and feed utilisation were also recorded in fish fed KLM-based diets than those fed MLM diets. When compared to Tilapia rendalli, Oreochromis mossambicus had superior growth performance and feed utilisation when fed the control diets and the lowest level of KLM. This was attributed to phylogeny. Protease, amylase and lipase decreased with increasing leaf meal levels and were higher in the intestine of fish fed KLMbased diets than those fed MLM-based diets. Fish fed MLM-based diets had higher number of goblet cells in the enterocytes, higher hepatocyte degradation and poor haematological parameters than those fed KLM diets. These adverse alterations were more pronounced in Oreochromis mossambicus compared to those observed in Tilapia rendalli feeding of the same diets. Cost benefit analysis also indicated that substitution fishmeal with KLM is a cheaper protein source in Oreochromis mossambicus diets. Kikuyu leaf meal may be used to replace up to 25% fishmeal without compromising the growth performance and health of Oreochromis mossambicus. Reduced growth and poor health was evident even at the lowest inclusion level of MLM. The effects of replacing fishmeal with KLM and MLM in the diets of a predatory omnivore, Clarias gariepinus were also investigated. The same KLM and MLMbased diets used in the previous experiments were used. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of Clarias gariepinus (30.5±2 g) and fed to apparent satiation for 60 days. Significantly higher (P<0.05) growth performance, feed and viii protein utilisation was observed in Clarias gariepinus fed KLM diets compared to those fed MLM. Protein digestibility was higher in Clarias gariepinus fed the control diet than in both tilapias. However, in the treatment diets protein ADC was lower in Clarias gariepinus than in the tilapias. A decrease in the activity of digestive enzymes was also observed with increasing leaf meal level in the diet. This was attributed to the natural feeding habits and digestive adaptations of the different fish species. No histological alterations were found in liver of fish fed the control diet. Increased hepatocyte degradation was seen in fish fed higher levels of KLM and MLM in the diet. The enterocytes showed a significant increase in the number of goblet cells with increasing levels of MLM. Villi height decreased significantly (P<0.05) when MLM replaced >75 fishmeal. The damage to the hepatocytes and enterocytes as well as the poor health condition shown by haematological parameters was more pronounced in Clarias gariepinus than in the tilapias. This suggests that the predatory fish is not equipped to utilise high levels of leaf meals in its diet. The results of this study indicate that KLM can replace up to 25% fishmeal and that adding MLM resulted in reduced performance. Higher profit index and lower incidence cost was observed KLM diets than in MLM diets. Anti-nutrients in the leaf meals were the main factors leading to reduced feed intake and poor growth in fish fed the plant-based diet. Therefore, a subsequent study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of exogenous enzyme supplementation to reduce the negative effects of anti-nutrients and improve fish growth. A commercial multi-enzyme Natuzyme50® was supplemented at a rate of 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 g/kg DM feed in the best performing diet (KLM 25). These diets were tested in Oreochromis mossambicus. Natuzyme50® supplementation led to improved growth performance. Fish fed the diet containing 0.50 g/kg had the best growth performance and protein ADC and highest levels of digestive enzyme activities. At higher (>0.50 g/kg) enzyme supplementation levels, growth performance decreased. The improved growth performance with enzyme supplementation was attributed to the presence of enzymes such as cellulase and xylanase in the cocktail that are not naturally produced by fish. In addition, the activities of endogenous enzymes were enhanced. The optimal Natuzyme50® dietary level for optimal growth performance in Oreochromis mossambicus was 0.62 g/kg DM feed.

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Van, Rooyen R. S. "Improved pellet quality following the implementation of a HACCP system in a commercial animal feed plant". Diss., Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03092005-103146.

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Hannon, Robert Logan, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture y School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "An evaluation of bentonite feed additives in horses and dogs and a reflection on the research process". THESIS_FAH_ARD_Hannon_R.xml, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/738.

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This thesis reports on investigations into the influence of diet and a bentonite feed additive on blood parameters in the horse, and the effect of a bentonite feed additive on the process of digestion in the dog. In addition, the methodology of scientific research is examined, and reflections of learning experiences arising from contact with the Hawkesbury approach described. A high-concentrate low-roughage diet, consisting by weight of 70% oats and 30% lucerne chaff, when fed to horses was shown to influence blood red cell levels and blood L-lactate levels compared to three diets of equivalent energy content but reduced proportion of concentrate. Other blood parameters measured included pack cell volume, total plasma protein, total and differential white blood cell count. These demonstrated no significant alteration with diet. The inclusion of bentonite feed additive in a kibble and mince diet fed to dogs was demonstrated to improve the digestion of dry matter and organic matter components of the diet compared to the unmedicated control diet. Inclusion of bentonite food additive in the diet was also associated with an improvement in degree of stool formation and reduction in faecal odour. Part B of the thesis documents the learning experience developed from involvement in the Masters program and reflection on the research studies undertaken. A model for improved reductionist research is described.
Master of Science (Hons) (Systems Agriculture)

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Tesis sobre el tema "Feed and Food"

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