Tesis sobre el tema "Federation of smart cities"

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutora.
O desenvolvimento sucessivo de Cidades Inteligentes pelo mundo, tem criado uma atitude negativa e prejudicial que resulta na dificuldade de atração de habitantes para estes espaços. As novas tecnologias não são suficientemente impulsionadoras para garantir uma taxa de adoção sustentável dentro destas novas cidades. O conceito de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas visam resolver esta questão tendo em conta aspectos relacionados na base da habitabilidade e da sustentabilidade. Enquanto o papel da arquitetura nas Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas é ainda mais importante do que Cidades Inteligentes, os princípios que se encontram subjacentes na sua concepção e, em última instância, no seu sucesso, não foram ainda sistematicamente estudados e avaliadas. Este trabalho sistematiza e valida as necessidades de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas e propõe um conjunto de princípios para a sua planificação, concepção e manutenção. As necessidades foram validadas com os casos de estudo da cidade de ‘Songdo City’ em Incheon, na Coreia do Sul, em Ulaanbaatar na Mongólia e em Minsk na Bielorrúsia. Com a definição dos princípios orientadores subjacentes à concepção de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas, o quadro proposto permitirá que arquitetos, engenheiros, governos, e organizações internacionais afiram soluções a serem implementadas mundialmente. Estes princípios podem ser facilmente implementados em intervenções em cidades europeias, nas cidades emergentes e, em países subdesenvolvidos que estão sujeitos a um mau planeamento estratégico.
ABSTRACT: Successive deployments of Smart Cities around the world are hindered by the difficulty in attracting a critical mass of inhabitants. New technology is not enough as a driver to guarantee a sustained adoption rate within the new cities. The concept of Climate Smart City aims at solving this issue by putting aspects related to liveability and sustainability at the centre. While the role of architecture in Climate Smart Cities is even more important than in Smart Cities, the principles that underlie their design and, ultimately, their success, have never been systematically studied and assessed. This research work systematises and validates the needs of Climate Smart Cities and then proposes a framework of principles for their planning, design and maintenance. The needs are validated with field studies of Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Minsk, Belarus. By defining the guiding principles underlying the design of Climate Smart Cities, the proposed framework will also enable architects, engineers, decision-makers and, international organisations to benchmark the solutions to be implemented. These principles can be readily implemented in interventions planned for European cities, emerging cities and, underdeveloped cities subject to poorly strategic planning.
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This master’s thesis consists of two articles where the first article is theoretical and the second is the empirical study. Article I The purpose with this paper is to explore and illuminate how smart home and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and Quality of Life in elderly citizens and allow them to live longer in their home. The paper provides a brief introduction to health promotion and highlights the thesis theoretical framework and foundation of Aaron Antonovsky’s theory of Salutogenesis. In light of a growing elderly population worldwide, many nations are eager to search for new ways to meet this challenge. One of several possible solutions to this is smart homes and smart home technology. The papers concluding remarks is that even though there exists little empirical data in relation to achieved health benefits the literature shows that smart homes and smart home technology might contribute to enhance QoL in elderly citizens. Furthermore the paper is providing a proposal to a health promotional (salutogenic) framework and an example on how salutogenesis can be used in a practical and new way of thinking in relation to future development of smart homes and smart home technology. Article II The study’s primary objective is to examine in which ways smart homes and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and Quality of Life (QoL) in elderly citizens and allow them to live longer in their homes. In addition to this it aims to explore if such technology increases safety, independence and enhances social activity. Six in-depth interviews with elderly citizens living in a smart home make the basis of the result. The interview protocol included questions regarding QoL, smart homes and smart home technology, safety and security and independence. The interviews were recorded and the recordings were transcribed. To analyze the data material a content analysis  and systematical text condensation were used as inspiration. The results showed that there wasn’t a single factor that could contribute to an enhancement in QoL, but the totality of several. The study concludes that smart homes and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and QoL in elderly citizens and master to live longer in their homes, but further investigation is needed in order to draw a final conclusion.
Denne masteroppgaven er skrevet i artikkelform og består av en teoretisk og en empirisk artikkel. Artikkel I Hensikten artikkelen er å utforske og belyse hvordan smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan være med på å forbedre helse og livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker. I tillegg til dette undersøkes det om denne teknologien kan bidra til å øke eldre menneskers muligheter for å bo lengre i sine egne hjem. Artikkelen gir en kort innføring i helsefremming, og belyser masteroppgavens teoretiske rammeverk og fundament i Aaron Antonovsky’s teori om Salutogenese. I lyset av en raskt voksende aldrende befolkning verden over, er mange nasjoner ivrige etter å søke nye metoder for å møte denne utfordringen. En av flere mulige løsninger til dette er smarthus og smarthusteknologi. Artikkelens avsluttende bemerkninger er at selv om det finnes lite empirisk data på dette feltet, viser litteraturen at smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan være med å bidra til en økning i livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker, dette gjennom en økt følelse selvstendighet, trygghet, sikkerhet og trivsel. Videre blir det foreslått et mulig helsefremmende salutogent rammeverk, og gitt et eksempel på hvordan salutogenese kan brukes i praksis og som kan være med på å bidra i utviklingen av fremtidige helsefremmende smarthus. Artikkel II Studien tar sikte på å undersøke på hvilken måte smarthus og smarthusteknologi bidrar til å forbedre helse og livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker og om denne teknologien bidrar til å øke deres muligheter til å bo lengre i sine hjem. Det undersøkes også om denne teknologien bidrar til økt sikkerhet, uavhengighet og sosial aktivitet blant eldre. Det ble gjennomført seks dybdeintervjuer med eldre beboere i et smarthus som danner det empiriske grunnlaget i studien. Intervjuguiden består av spørsmål som tar for seg livskvalitet (QoL), smarthus og smarthusteknologi, sikkerhet og uavhengighet. For å analysere datamaterialet har en innholdsanalyse og systematisk tekstkondensering vært en inspirasjon. Resultatene viser at det ikke var en enkelt faktor som bidro til å øke deres livskvalitet, men det totale av det Kampen Omsorg+ (KO+) tilbød. Smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan bidra til å øke helse og livskvaliteten og i tillegg bidra til at eldre mennesker kan leve lengre i sine hjem, men det er et behov for videre undersøkelser for å kunne trekke en avsluttende konklusjon.

Lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di analizzare lo stato dell’arte della Pianificazione Energetica Territoriale tenendo presenti le varie tecnologie disponibili con particolare riferimento a quelle “low carbon”, che includono le rinnovabili. Vengono esaminati i ruoli dei vari enti europei per la Pianificazione Energetica e il Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile (PAES). Il primo esempio di “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon”, tipico del al panorama italiano come esempio scelto dei borghi antichi, è il Comune di Magliano in Toscana che ha una Convenzione di Ricerca con l’INGV dove è stata attuata un’importante riqualificazione energetico-architettonica in merito alle varie filiere nelle quali operare. Sono stati analizzati i dati sperimentali reali provenienti dal Comune stesso, includendo la Centrale a Biomasse della Azienda di Luigi Vivarelli e tutte le sue più recenti evoluzioni. Un altro esempio di sistemi “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon” presentati nella tesi è lo studio realizzato nelle isole canarie, che grazie alle loro caratteristiche territoriali e alla posizione geografica sul mare, possono utilizzare al meglio le tecnologie previste dai bandi Europei Horizon 2020 “Smart Cities and Communities”. I risultati scientifici Smart e Low-Carbon sia compilativi che sperimentali ottenuti includono considerazioni sia energetiche che economiche attraverso l’analisi di preventivi reali, per le installazioni dei sistemi energetici, di cui si fornisce una stima della produzione mensile e annuale, ipotizzando un periodo di ammortamento.Le strategie per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, l’aumento delle FER e la diminuzione dei consumi, sono e saranno sempre più legate allo sviluppo di comuni e città intelligenti. Promuovere e sviluppare la sostenibilità, intraprendere opere di efficientamento energetico, agevolerà il passaggio alla nuova generazione tecnologica basata sulle FER, nel rispetto dell’ambiente.

There has been an exponential growth of cities in the last decade. Rural to urban migration are occurring at an unprecedented level. This is partly because cities serve as hubs of innovation offering numerous economic opportunities. However, this growth comes with its unique challenges some of which include strained mobility, pollution, growth of slums etc. The “smart cities” concept aims to address this with increased efficiency using a unique combination of data and technology in every aspect of the city. Even though it is believed that the smart cities concept inherently incorporates sustainability or ultimately leads to a more sustainable city, not all smart city concepts are aligned with sustainability targets. In this research, we provide a more holistic view studying the relationship between a “smart city” and a “sustainable city”. We conceptualised a framework to measure the connection between technology and environmental sustainability and categorised European cities based on this relationship. We provide a concise and clearer understanding of the drivers of the use of technology through the sharing economy to foster sustainability in cities by citizens. Using a weighting and meta-analysis of adoption theories, we laid the foundation for additional hypothesises which researchers can evaluate in future smart sustainable cities assessment studies and provided interesting insights for city councils and governments pushing for a citizen adoption of sustainable practices within their administrative boundaries. Lastly, we rank European capital cities based on how smart and sustainable they are using a composite index based on publicly available data. We also carried out a sensitivity analysis and validation study of our results.
En esta investigación, proporcionamos una visión más holística que estudia la relación entre una "ciudad inteligente" y una "ciudad sostenible". Conceptualizamos un marco para medir la conexión entre la tecnología y la sostenibilidad ambiental y categorizamos las ciudades europeas en función de esta relación. Proporcionamos una comprensión concisa y más clara de los impulsores del uso de la tecnología a través de la economía compartida para fomentar la sostenibilidad en las ciudades por parte de los ciudadanos. En esta investigación, proporcionamos una visión más holística que estudia la relación entre una "ciudad inteligente" y una "ciudad sostenible". Conceptualizamos un marco para medir la conexión entre la tecnología y la sostenibilidad ambiental y categorizamos las ciudades europeas en función de esta relación. Proporcionamos una comprensión concisa y más clara de los impulsores del uso de la tecnología a través de la economía compartida para fomentar la sostenibilidad en las ciudades por parte de los ciudadanos.

The aim of this work is to simplify access to information for citizens of the city of Brno and at the same time to innovate the way of communication between the citizen and his city. The problem is solved by creating a conversational agent - chatbot Kroko. Using artificial intelligence and a Czech language analyzer, the agent is able to understand and respond to a certain set of textual, natural language queries. The agent is available on the Messenger platform and has a knowledge base that includes data provided by the city council. After conducting an extensive user testing on a total of 76 citizens of the city, it turned out that up to 97\% of respondents like the idea of a city-oriented chatbot and can imagine using it regularly. The main finding of this work is that the general public can easily adopt and effectively use a chatbot. The results of this work motivate further development of practical applications of conversational agents.

La ville intelligente est un concept relativement nouveau qui pourrait devenir indispensable dans un avenir proche. Ce que nous considérons comme une idée fera partie de notre vie quotidienne. Le concept de ville intelligente diffère d'un continent à l'autre. alors que la vision américaine est davantage orientée vers la technologie, celle européenne est davantage orientée vers la collaboration. Malgré le fait que la ville intelligente ait plus d'une définition, toutes les définitions utilisées impliquent le développement, la durabilité, la résilience, l'amélioration, l'évolution et la qualité de vie. Pour nous concentrer sur les villes intelligentes et précisément sur les résultats et les résultats de ce concept relativement nouveau, nous devons rechercher le moyen le plus efficace et le plus efficient de gérer ces villes, et quoi de mieux que la gouvernance pour maintenir, évoluer et prospérer. La gouvernance peut être perçue de plusieurs manières, comme un processus entrepris par un gouvernement ou un processus lié aux ressources humaines, à des personnes intelligentes ou à la collaboration des parties prenantes. En ce qui concerne l’axe, les piliers ou les chapitres de la gouvernance, différents types de structures et de modèles de gouvernance peuvent être trouvés, ainsi que différents systèmes et outils de suivi permettant d’évaluer et de suivre les évolutions et les succès en matière de gouvernance. Malgré l'utilisation de terminologies différentes, les différents types de gouvernance partagent des concepts similaires, notamment une mission, une vision, une planification stratégique avec des objectifs intelligents, de meilleurs résultats, de meilleurs résultats, la participation, la transparence, la gestion et la reconnaissance. Tous ces concepts, une fois combinés, fournissent un cadre constitué de règles, de règlements et de procédures, ainsi que du processus de leur conception et de leur contrôle. Pour améliorer la gouvernance des villes intelligentes, le chercheur propose d'utiliser un outil d'auto-évaluation afin de fournir aux décideurs politiques un instrument efficace pour améliorer les résultats de la bonne gouvernance. L'outil d'évaluation proposé, la gouvernance des universités (University Governance Screening Card (UGSC)), a été créé par la Banque mondiale pour évaluer la gouvernance des universités. Cet outil sera adapté pour devenir la carte d'evaluation de la gouvernance de la ville intelligente (Smart City Governance Screening Card (SCGSC)) et testé sur une ville intelligente. Sur la base des résultats, le chercheur mettra à jour le SCGSC et proposera un plan d'action pour la ville intelligente sélectionnée afin d'améliorer sa gouvernance
Smart city is relatively a new concept, which might become indispensable in the near future. What we consider just an idea will become part of our daily life. The smart city concept differs between continents; while the American view is oriented more toward technology, the European one is more oriented toward collaboration. Despite the fact that smart city has more than one definition, all used definitions involve development, sustainability, resilience, improvement, evolution and quality of life. Focusing on smart cities and precisely on the outputs and outcomes of this relatively, new concept requires us to look for the most effective and efficient way to manage these cities, and what better than governance to sustain, evolve and thrive. Governance can be perceived in several ways, such as a process undertaken by a government or a process concerned with human resources, smart people or towards stakeholder collaboration. As for the governance axis, pillars or chapters, different types of governance structures and models can be found and with that comes different monitoring systems and tools that can evaluate and monitor governance developments and successes. Despite using different terminologies, the different types of governance share similar concepts, including, a clear mission, vision, strategic planning with smart objectives, better outputs, better outcomes, participation, transparency, management and recognition. All these concepts when combined provide a framework that is made up of rules and regulations and procedures, and the process of how they are designed and controlled. To improve the governance of smart cities, the researcher proposes the use of a self-assessment tool in order to provide policy and decision-makers, with an efficient instrument, with the aim of improving the outcome of applying good governance. The proposed assessment tool, the University Governance Screening Card (UGSC), was created by the World Bank to assess governance of universities. This tool will be adapted to become the Smart City Governance Screening Card (SCGSC) and tested on a smart city. Based on the findings, the researcher will update the SCGSC and will propose an action plan for the selected smart city to improve its governance

Our time is characterized by strong transformations that are visible in new social, economical, geopolitical arrangements and because of them there is a series of new issues and needs that only 10 years ago would have been imaginable. Urbanization is every day more consistent, it has characteristics and proportions never met before and it is forecasted that in 2050 the global population will reach the quote of 9 billion people and that 70% of population will live in cities. Smart cities are the solution found to contrast recent times' most urgent problems as the aforementioned urbanization, environmental pollution, and cities technology innovation. The objective of this thesis is to explain the concept of smart cities, making a deep analysis of all its aspects and hypothesizing a future development. At the beginning I will start with a definition and the history of this terminology, following with the analysis of the development of the first projects (first and second chapter). Secondly I will transfer this concept to the Chinese cities, making some concrete example of operation and distinguishing all main smart cities aspects: smart mobility, smart economy, smart environment, smart living, smart people and smart governance (third chapter). Lastly, the theme of surveillance and state control will be the object of the fourth chapter, with some consideration about possible further development in the future (conclusion).

2014 - 2015
One of the mega trends over the past century has been humanity’s move towards cities. Public Administration and Municipalities are facing a challenging task, to harmonize a sustainable urban development offering to people in city the best living conditions. Smart cities are now considered a winning urban strategy able to increase the quality of life by using technology in urban space, both improving the environmental quality and delivering better services to the citizens. Mobility is a key element to support this new approach in the growth of the cities. In fact, transport produces several negative impacts and problems for the quality of life in cities, such as, pollution, traffic and congestion. Therefore, Sustainable Mobility is one of the most promising topics in smart city, as it could produce high benefits for the quality of life of almost all the city stakeholders. The boldest and imminent challenge awaiting mobility in smart cities is the introduction of the electricity as energy vector instead of fossil fuels, concerning both the collective and the private transports. Electric public transport include electric city buses, trolleybuses, trams (or light rail), passenger trains and rapid transit (metro/subways/undergrounds, etc.). Even though railway systems are the most energy efficient than other transport modes, the enhancement of energy efficiency is an important issue to reduce their contributions to climate change further as well as to save and enlarge competition advantages involved. One key means for improving energy efficiency is to deploy advanced systems and innovative technologies. Additionally, electrification of the private road transport has emerged as a trend to support energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction targets. According to the International Energy Agency, in order to limit average global temperature increases to 2°C - the critical threshold that scientists say will prevent dangerous climate change -, by 2050, 21% of carbon reductions must come from the transport sector. Full electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motor and battery energy for propulsion, which has higher efficiency and lower operating cost compared to the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Today, there are more than 20 models offered by different brands covering different range of sizes, styles, prices and powertrains to suit the wider range of consumers as possible. The continuous development of lithium ion battery and of fast charging technology will be the major facilitators for EVs roll out in the very near future. However, the present EVs industry meets many technical limitations, such as high initial price, long battery recharge time, limited charging facilities and driving range. Although it is desirable a fast development from the start of electric mobility, its impact on the existing power grid must be assessed beforehand to see if it is necessary prior an adjustment of power infrastructure or/and the introduction of new services in the power grid. In fact, the interconnection of EVs on the power grid for charging their batteries potentially introduces negative impacts on grid operation: uncontrolled charging can significantly increase average load in the existing power systems, with problems in terms of reliability and overloads. If uncontrolled EV charging is added to the system, this can have effects both at the distribution and at the generation level. Controlled or smart charging will allow a much greater number of cars in the cities, avoiding local overload and allowing a faster EVs penetration without requiring an imminent improvement of the electricity generating and grid capacity. Smart charging might also allow load balancing both at sub-station and at the grid level, particularly with charging at peak wind supply times. This kind of use of EV battery capacity for storing electric energy may ease the integration of large scale intermittent electricity sources such as renewable energy sources. The proposed PhD Dissertation is developed in the context just described, mainly focusing the attention on the impact that electric mobility will have on the power systems and the effectiveness of solutions aimed to increase the reliability and resilience in the smart grid. In particular, it is addressed a scenario analysis regarding the electric vehicles charging management and some innovative solutions to increase energy efficiency in electrified transport systems. The first chapter emphasizes on the key aspects related to the sustainable mobility in the smart cities of the future. It provides a brief overview on the transport sector energy consumption expected in the next years. In particular, the chapter shows the significant contribution that the electrification of urban transport may provide to the sustainable mobility, and the serious concerns related to its impact on existing power systems. Chapter 2 proposes a solution method for an optimal generation rescheduling and load-shedding (GRLS) problem in microgrids in order to determine a stable equilibrium state following unexpected outages of generation or sudden increase in demand. The chapter mainly focuses on the mathematical formulation of the GRLS problem and the proposed solution algorithm. Finally, simulations results carried out by using a real case study data are presented and discussed. In Chapter 3, a simple and effective methodology is proposed to analyze data acquired during the fulfillment of the COSMO research project, and to identify typical load pattern for the EVs charging. The chapter also presents a novel scheduling problem formulation, flattening the demand load profile and minimizing the EVs charging costs, according to the electricity prices during the day. Finally, some simulations results are discussed, showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Chapter 4 introduces some innovative solutions for energy efficiency in urban railway systems focusing, in particular, on energy storage systems and eco-drive operations in metro networks. The mathematical formulation of these optimization problems and the proposed solution algorithms are illustrated and discussed. The obtained results are part of the activity carried out in the SFERE research project. Finally, Chapter 5 ends the Dissertation with some concluding remarks and further developments of the proposed research activity. [edited by author]
Una delle grandi tendenze nel corso del secolo scorso è stata la concentrazione della popolazione nelle città. Attualmente, le Pubbliche Amministrazioni e i Comuni si trovano ad affrontare un compito impegnativo per armonizzare uno sviluppo urbano sostenibile e offrire agli abitanti delle città le migliori condizioni di vita. Le smart cities sono ormai considerate una strategia urbana vincente in grado di aumentare la qualità della vita utilizzando la tecnologia, sia per il miglioramento della qualità ambientale che per fornire servizi migliori ai cittadini. A tale scopo, la mobilità risulta essere un elemento chiave per sostenere questo nuovo approccio nella crescita delle città. Infatti, i sistemi di trasporto urbano producono diversi effetti negativi sulla qualità della vita urbana, come ad esempio, inquinamento, traffico e congestione. Pertanto, la mobilità sostenibile è uno degli argomenti più interessanti per le smart cities, in quanto in grado produrre elevati benefici per la qualità della vita di quasi tutte le parti interessate degli agglomerati urbani. La sfida più audace e imminente per la mobilità nelle smart cities del futuro è l'introduzione dell'elettricità come vettore energetico al posto dei combustibili fossili, per quanto riguarda sia il trasporto collettivo che quello privato. I mezzi per il trasporto pubblico comprendono autobus elettrici, filobus, tram, treni passeggeri e trasporto rapido (metropolitane, etc.). Anche se i sistemi di trasporto su ferro sono più efficienti rispetto ad altri modi di trasporto, l’incremento dell'efficienza energetica è un tema importante per ridurre ulteriormente il loro contributo alle emissioni inquinanti e al consumo di energia. Le più promettenti soluzioni per migliorarne l'efficienza energetica consistono nell’implementazione di sistemi avanzati per il recupero dell’energia di frenata e tecnologie di controllo innovative. D’altro canto, l'elettrificazione del trasporto individuale su strada è emersa come una tendenza finalizzata a sostenere gli obiettivi di efficienza energetica e di riduzione delle emissioni di CO2. Secondo l'Agenzia Internazionale per l'Energia, al fine di limitare, entro il 2050, l'aumento della temperatura media globale a 2 °C - la soglia critica che gli scienziati suggeriscono di non superare per evitare pericolosi cambiamenti climatici -, il 21% delle riduzioni di biossido di carbonio deve provenire dal settore trasporti. I veicoli elettrici (EV) utilizzano un motore elettrico e l'energia accumulata nelle batterie per la propulsione, in modo da avere una maggiore efficienza e minori costi operativi rispetto ai veicoli convenzionali con motore a combustione interna. Oggi, esistono in commercio più di 20 modelli offerti da diverse case produttrici che coprono una ampia gamma di modelli che differiscono per dimensione, stile, prezzo e motorizzazione in modo da soddisfare il maggior numero di consumatori possibile. Il continuo sviluppo delle batterie al litio e delle tecnologie di ricarica rapida saranno i principali fattori abilitanti per la diffusione degli EV in un futuro molto prossimo. Tuttavia, l'attuale industria dei veicoli elettrici incontra molte limitazioni tecnico-economiche, come elevati costi, autonomia e tempi di ricarica della batteria, capillarità delle infrastrutture di ricarica. Sebbene sia auspicabile un rapido sviluppo della mobilità elettrica, il suo impatto sulla rete elettrica esistente deve essere investigato a fondo per verificare la necessità di potenziamenti delle infrastrutture e/o l'introduzione di nuovi servizi nella rete elettrica. Infatti, l'interconnessione dei veicoli elettrici con la rete di distribuzione dell’energia necessaria per la ricarica delle batterie può causare effetti negativi sul normale funzionamento del sistema elettrico: una ricarica degli EV non controllata può aumentare significativamente il carico medio negli impianti esistenti, introducendo problemi di affidabilità e sovraccarico. La ricarica intelligente o controllata degli EV consente, invece, di gestire un numero molto maggiore di autovetture elettriche nelle città, riducendo le possibilità di sovraccarico locale e di velocizzare la penetrazione della mobilità elettrica senza che rendere necessari imminenti potenziamenti dei sistemi di produzione di energia elettrica e incrementi della capacità di rete. La ricarica intelligente, inoltre, può anche influire sul bilanciamento del carico sia a livello della sottostazione elettrica che a livello di rete di distribuzione, in particolare quando si verificano molte sessioni di ricarica nelle ore di punta. Infatti, l’utilizzo della capacità della batteria degli EV per l’accumulo di energia elettrica può facilitare l'integrazione su larga scala delle fonti di energia non programmabili, come quelle rinnovabili. Il lavoro di tesi si sviluppa nel contesto di riferimento appena descritto, focalizzando l'attenzione soprattutto sull'impatto che la mobilità elettrica ha sui sistemi elettrici e sull'efficacia di nuove soluzioni finalizzate all’incremento dell'affidabilità nelle smart grids. In particolare, viene proposta un'analisi di scenario per quanto riguarda la gestione intelligente delle ricariche dei veicoli elettrici e alcune soluzioni innovative per aumentare l'efficienza energetica nei sistemi di trasporto elettrificati. Il primo capitolo sottolinea gli aspetti chiave relativi alla mobilità sostenibile nelle smart cities del futuro e fornisce una breve panoramica sul consumo energetico del settore trasporti previsto nel prossimo futuro. In particolare, vengono evidenziate da un lato il significativo contributo che l'elettrificazione dei trasporti urbani può fornire alla causa della mobilità sostenibile, e dall’altro, le gravi preoccupazioni legate all’impatto sui sistemi elettrici esistenti di un notevole incremento della domanda. Il Capitolo 2 propone un metodo per la soluzione del problema congiunto di scheduling dei generatori e load shedding (GRLS) all’interno di microgrids portando in conto l’incertezza sia sulla domanda che lato generazione. Il fine è determinare un nuovo stato di equilibrio stabile in seguito a guasti, riduzione della generazione da fonte rinnovabile o improvviso aumento della domanda. Il capitolo si concentra principalmente sulla formulazione matematica del problema GRLS e sull'algoritmo di soluzione proposto. Infine, sono presentati e commentati i risultati di simulazione basati su un caso studio reale. Nel Capitolo 3, è proposta una metodologia semplice ed efficace per identificare profili di carico tipico relativi alla ricarica di veicoli elettrici: in particolare, l’analisi condotta si basa sull’analisi dei dati acquisiti durante lo svolgimento del progetto di ricerca COSMO. Il capitolo, inoltre, introduce una formulazione matematica del problema dello scheduling delle ricariche dei veicoli elettrici, che garantisce un appiattimento del profilo di carico e riduce allo stesso tempo il costo della ricarica per gli utenti. Infine, sono commentati i risultati delle simulazioni eseguite dimostrando l'efficacia della metodologia proposta. Il Capitolo 4 introduce alcune soluzioni innovative per l'efficienza energetica nei sistemi di trasporto urbani: l’attenzione viene posta, in particolare, sui sistemi di accumulo dell’energia e sulla condotta di guida Eco-Drive in reti metropolitane. In dettaglio, nel capitolo, vengono introdotti e commentati la formulazione matematica dei problemi di ottimizzazione proposti e i rispettivi algoritmi di soluzione. I risultati ottenuti fanno parte delle attività svolte nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca SFERE. Infine, il Capitolo 5 conclude la tesi con alcune osservazioni finali e con i possibili sviluppi dell'attività di ricerca proposta. [a cura dell'autore]
XIV n.s.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Smart city is an approach to managing and coping with urban challenges in search for innovative solutions leading to better quality of life and sustainability in cities. Several initiatives have been undertaken, with a significant worldwide growth trend in the coming years. Such initiatives, however, may require non-trivial public investment, and failures resulting from them can have important consequences such as monetary loss, loss of reputation, reduced confidence and lack of public value. This research aims at setting a methodology in smart cities composed of a reference model and an assessment method from the Public Value perspective. These artifacts were evaluated based on the perception of 23 representatives of the Quadruple Helix (government, industry, university and citizens) and on the results of the applicability in practice, through an initial pilot evaluation, in the city of Nova Santa Rita. It follows Design Science as its epistemological paradigm and Design Science Research as its method, uniting theoretical and methodological rigor as well as practical utility for society. The results showed that the artifacts developed in this research can help in the design and assessment of smart cities in a gradual way, bringing together best practices considered intelligent and that allow for the expansion and/or generation of Public Value, consisting of a prescriptive scientific contribution. Among the contributions are the protocol, contingency and construction heuristics, which detail how these artifacts were rigorously designed and developed, under the Design Science paradigm, to solve the problem identified in this research. They are specific and useful knowledge, generated from this research, aimed at the practice and resolution of real problem, and can be used for future evolutions of the artifacts developed in the research and/or design of new artifacts, in different contexts and classes of problems.
Smart city corresponde a uma abordagem para gerenciamento e enfrentamento de desafios urbanos, em busca de solu??es inovadoras para melhor qualidade de vida e sustentabilidade nas cidades. Em raz?o disso, diversas iniciativas v?m sendo feitas, com tend?ncia de crescimento significativo nos pr?ximos anos, em ?mbito mundial. Entretanto, tais iniciativas podem requerer investimentos p?blicos n?o triviais e falhas podem ter consequ?ncias importantes como perda monet?ria, preju?zo em rela??o ? reputa??o, redu??o de confian?a e aus?ncia de valor p?blico para as partes interessadas. Este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia em smart cities, sob a perspectiva de Valor P?blico, composta por um modelo de refer?ncia e um m?todo de avalia??o, avaliados com base na percep??o de 23 representantes da Qu?drupla H?lice (governo, ind?stria, universidade e cidad?os) e nos resultados da aplicabilidade na pr?tica, por meio de uma primeira avalia??o piloto, na cidade ga?cha de Nova Santa Rita. Adota Design Science como paradigma epistemol?gico e Design Science Research como m?todo de pesquisa, unindo rigor te?rico-metodol?gico e utilidade pr?tica para a sociedade. Os resultados mostraram que os artefatos desenvolvidos nessa pesquisa podem ajudar na concep??o e na avalia??o de smart cities de um modo gradual, reunindo melhores pr?ticas consideradas inteligentes, que possibilitam amplia??o e/ou gera??o de Valor P?blico, consistindo numa contribui??o cient?fica de car?ter prescritivo. Entre as contribui??es t?m-se tamb?m o protocolo, as heur?sticas contingenciais e de constru??o, que detalham como esses artefatos foram projetados e desenvolvidos com rigor, sob o paradigma de Design Science, para a resolu??o do problema identificado nessa pesquisa. Constituem conhecimento espec?fico e ?til, gerado a partir da pesquisa, voltado ? pr?tica e ? resolu??o de um problema real, podendo ser usado para futuras evolu??es dos artefatos desenvolvidos na pesquisa e/ou no projeto de novos artefatos, em diferentes contextos e classes de problemas.

The increase in the energy consumption of cities forecasted for the coming years makes these urban areas tend to be representative of the energy sustainability of their countries. In this sense, on the basis of the analysis of the management model and technological development "Smart City", the objective of this Thesis is to study the scalability from buildings to country level of the reduction in the energy consumption and the increase of the photovoltaic self-consumption . The contribution of this Thesis is based on its relevance in the process of energy transition towards a decarbonised economy, more specifically,in the study of the flexibilization of the functioning of the electrical system through the empowerment of the consumer. Thus ,through its six chapters ,this Thesis addresses broad research focused on identifying the relationship between energy sustainability and "Smart Cities", based on the study of active demand management and the evaluation of the technical-economic performance of buildings and cities with almost zero energy consumption. Chapter 1 serves as a preface to the research of the Thesis describing the relationship between the study of climate change, energy sustainability and the energy transition under the "Smart City" concept. In Chapter 2,"Contribution of Cities to Transition and Energy Sustainability" presents an analysis of the relationship between both concepts. The main contribution of this chapter is the presentation of the hypothesis of the representativeness of the energy sustainability of cities in the energy sustainability of their countries. In Chapter 3, "Electricity strategic conservation through Smart Meters and Demand Side Response: A review", the contribution of the consumer to the flexibilization of the operation of the electrical system is studied. Based on a systematic review of references ,this chapter analyzes the results of the empirical works on the reduction of electricity consumption in households through the feedback of energy information. Chapter 4,"A model for an economic evaluation of energy systems using TRNSYS", contributes with the description and validation of the economic calculation methodology of a model proposed to evaluate "Nearly Zero Energy Buildings " and distributed generation systems. Continuing with this contribution, in Chapter 5 "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities", the economic evaluation model is applied to a simulation model of the energy performance of the urban energy self­ consumption, performance which is based on the distribution of energy among consumers, prosumers and energy producers and the increase in the consumption of local renewable energy resources to the detriment of the consumption of external sources. Both of these two Chapters 4 and 5 were published in the scientific journal Applied Energy (Q1). Finally,Chapter 6 presents the conclusions of the research, highlighting among them that to maintain the balance of the security of electricity supply,equity in access to energy and environmental sustainability of the city-country, the evaluation of energy sustainability should be addressed from the effectiveness of the electric systems of "Smart Cities". The research covered in this Thesis opens the possibility of addressing the following three research works in the future. 1) Designing a methodology to assess the energy sustainability of cities, which links the evaluation of the effectiveness of "Smart Energy Systems" with the evaluation of local and national climate targets. 2) Expanding the application of the "Nearly Zero Energy City" model to convert its results into an indicator of the flexibility of urban electrical systems. And 3) evaluating other cities in the world with this model, and including electrical storage systems and urban wind generation .
El aumento del consumo energético de las ciudades previsto para los próximos años hace que estas urbes tiendan a ser representativas de la sostenibilidad energética de sus países. En este sentido, en base al análisis del modelo de gestión y desarrollo tecnológico para áreas urbanas "Smart City", el objetivo de esta Tesis es estudiar la escalabilidad desde edificios hasta el nivel de país, de la reducción del consumo energético y el aumento del autoconsumo fotovoltaico. La contribución de esta Tesis se basa en su relevancia en el proceso de transición energética hacia una economía descarbonizada. Específicamente, en el estudio de la flexibilización del funcionamiento del sistema eléctrico a través del empoderamiento del consumidor. Así, dividida en seis capítulos, esta Tesis aborda un amplio trabajo de investigación centrado en identificar la relación entre la sostenibilidad energética y las "Smart Cities", en base al estudio de la gestión activa de la demanda y la evaluación del desempeño técnico-económico de edificios y ciudades de consumo energético casi nulo. El Capítulo 1 sirve de prefacio a la investigación de la Tesis describiendo la relación entre el estudio del cambio climático, la sostenibilidad energética y la transición energética bajo el concepto "Smart City". En el capítulo 2, "Contribution of Cities to Transition and Energy Sustainability", se presenta el análisis de la relación entre ambos conceptos . La principal contribución de este capitulo es la presentación de la hipótesis de la representatividad de la sostenibilidad energética de las ciudades en la sostenibilidad energética de sus países. En el capítulo 3, "Electricity strategic conservation through Smart Meters and Demand Side Response: A review", se estudia la contribución del consumidor a la flexibilización de la operación del sistema eléctrico. Basado en una revisión sistemática de referencias, este capítulo analiza los resultados de los trabajos empíricos sobre la reducción del consumo eléctrico en los hogares a través de la retroalimentación de la información energética. El Capítulo 4, "A model for an economic evaluation of energysystems using TRNSYS", contribuye con la descripción y validación de la metodología de cálculo económico de un modelo propuesto para evaluar "Nearly Zero Energy Buildings" y sistemas de generación distribuida. Continuando con esta contribución, en el capítulo 5 "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities", el modelo de evaluación económica es aplicado a un modelo de simulación del desempeño energético del autoconsumo energético de ciudades. Desempeño el cual, se basa en la distribución de energía entre consumidores, prosumidores y productores de energía, y el aumento del consumo de recursos energéticos renovables locales en detrimento del consumo de fuentes externas. Cada uno de estos dos capítulos 4 y 5, fue publicado en la revista científica Applied Energy (Q1). Finalmente, el capítulo 6 presenta las conclusiones de la investigación, destacando entre ellas que para mantener en equilibrio la seguridad del suministro eléctrico, la equidad en el acceso a la energía y la sostenibilidad ambiental del binomio entre ciudad y país, la evaluación de la sostenibilidad energética debe abordarse desde la efectividad de los sistemas eléctricos de las Smart Cities. La investigación cubierta en esta Tesis abre a la posibilidad de abordar los siguientes tres trabajos de investigación en el futuro. 1) Diseñar una metodología para evaluar la sostenibilidad energética de las ciudades que vincule la evaluación de la efectividad de "Smart Energy Systems" con la evaluación de objetivos climáticos locales y nacionales .2) Ampliar la aplicación del modelo "Nearly Zero Energy Cities" para convertir sus resultados en un indicador de la flexibilidad de los sistemas eléctricos urbanos. Y 3) evaluar con este modelo otras ciudades del mundo,

Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
Nowadays, the IoT panorama faces a great obstacle in establishing a global ecosystem, due to the emergence of a number of data standards created to fit the needs of di↵erent use cases and/or industries. In the Smart Cities scenario it is now clear that paving the way for the interoperability of di↵erent vertical solutions is an absolute necessity in order to make them truly intelligent. It is in the interest of this dissertation to take a developed implementation of a vertical IoT solution and enable the integration of third-party applications in a transparent way.
Hoje em dia, o panorama da Internet das Coisas enfrenta um grande obst´aculo ao tentar estabelecer um ecossistema global devido so surgimento de v´arios standards de dados que se adequam `as necessidades de diferentes use cases e/ou ind´ustrias. No cen´ario das Cidades Inteligentes ´e agora mais claro do que nunca que ´e absolutamente necess´ario tra¸car o caminho para a interoperabilidade de diferentes solu¸c˜oes verticais de modo a tornar as cidades verdadeiramente inteligentes. No ˆambito desta disserta¸c˜ao o objetivo ´e partir de uma implementa¸c˜ao desenvolvida de uma solu¸c˜ao IdC vertical e possibilitar a integra¸c˜ao de aplica¸c˜oes de terceiros de uma forma transparente.

The systems that operate the infrastructure of cities have evolved in a fragmented fashion across several generations of technology, causing city utilities and services to operate sub-optimally and limiting the creation of new value-added services. The integration of cross-domain city data offers a new wave of opportunities to mitigate some of these impacts and enables city systems to draw effectively on interoperable data that will be used to deliver smarter cities. Despite the considerable potential of city data, current smart cities initiatives have mainly addressed the problem of data management from a technology perspective, have treated it as a single and disjoint ICT development project, and have disregarded stakeholders and data needs. As a consequence, such initiatives are susceptible to failure from inadequate stakeholder input, requirements neglecting, and information fragmentation and overload. This thesis proposes a systematic business-model-driven framework, named SMARTify, to guide the design of large and highly interconnected data infrastructures which are provided and supported by multiple stakeholders. The framework is used to model, elicit and reason about the requirements of the service, technology, organization, value, and governance aspects of smart cities. The requirements serve as an input to a closed-loop supply chain model, which is designed and managed to explicitly consider the activities and processes that enables the stakeholders of smart cities to efficiently leverage their collective knowledge. We demonstrate how our approach can be used to design data infrastructures by examining the degree to which the results of the SMARTify approach handles the holistic design of a data infrastructure and informs the decision making process. To establish the effectiveness of SMARTify to improve the quality of data infrastructures design, we have validated the framework against real-world case studies in different domains using a combination of both real systems and software simulation.

In the near future, a world of smart cities is envisioned in which many devices equipped with sensors and communication interfaces can be used to collect and share data in order to derive maps or infer information on some parameter of interest. Wireless technologies are enabling this smart city paradigms, where many items are networked for the growth of society. This scenario opens new challenges to wireless network designers, with new performance metrics, coverage and privacy needs, as well as the need for a tighter integration of different networks. This is the fundamental concept of Heterogeneous Networks. Enclosing humans in the loop, through crowdsensing techniques, will dramatically increase the amount of data available for the mapping process, with obvious benefits in terms of the resulting accuracy. On the other hand, the huge amount of data generated represents also a challenge that, along with the irregular, uncontrollable, spatial distribution of measurements represent serious challenges to be addressed. Another important aspect of smart cities scenarios is represented by vehicular networks. Several technologies have been proposed to address such application. Among the others, an interesting solution is provided by Visible Light Communications (VLC). Based on the use of the light emission diodes (LEDs) that are already available on the majority of vehicles, VLC would enable short range communication in large, unlicensed, and uncongested bands with limited costs. In the framework of smart cities scenarios, my research activity aimed at formulating and solving some of the issues arising from the envisioned challenging services, with both analytical and simulation-based approaches.

Traffic congestion has become one of the major challenging problems of modern life in many urban areas. This growing problem leads to negative environmental impacts, wasted fuel, lost productivity, and increased travel time. In big cities, trains and buses bring riders to transit stations near shopping and employment centers, but riders then need another transportation mode to reach their final destination, which is known as the last mile problem. A smart bike-sharing system (BSS) can help address this problem and encourage more people to ride public transportation, thus relieving traffic congestion. At the strategic level, we start with proposing a novel two-layer hierarchical classifier that increases the accuracy of traditional transportation mode classification algorithms. In the transportation sector, researchers can use smartphones to track and obtain information of multi-mode trips. These data can be used to recognize the user's transportation mode, which can be then utilized in several different applications; such as planning new BSS instead of using costly surveys. Next, a new method is proposed to quantify the effect of several factors such as weather conditions on the prediction of bike counts at each station. The proposed approach is promising to quantify the effect of various features on BSSs in cases of large networks with big data. Third, these resulted significant features were used to develop state-of-the-art toolbox algorithms to operate BSSs efficiently at two levels: network and station. Finally, we proposed a quality-of-service (QoS) measurement, namely Optimal Occupancy, which considers the impact of inhomogeneity in a BSS. We used one of toolbox algorithms modeled earlier to estimate the proposed QoS. Results revealed that the Optimal Occupancy is beneficial and outperforms the traditionally-known QoS measurement.
PHD

The sustainability challenges that are threatening cities are increasingly being tackled through the use of smart technologies. These smart technologies have implications for the citizen; however, the current discussions of smart citizens within the extant literature were found to be abstract and limited in their considerations. The aim of this thesis, therefore was to explore the smart citizen concept, from a psychological perspective, in terms of factors influencing smart energy technology acceptance. Study 1 investigated the smart city and smart citizen in order to gain further understanding of the current issues and potential challenges. As such, interviews were conducted with UK city stakeholders who were involved in smart city initiatives. Overall, they felt that citizens should sharing the goals for smart city developments and pursuing goals for the collective benefit. Studies 2a and 2b used the extended technology acceptance model (TAM2) in conjunction with psychological empowerment, environmental concern, and environmental citizenship to predict participants’ intention to use a home energy management system (HEMS) to engage in either energy reduction (2a) or load shifting (2b). Study 3, used the same factors to again explore acceptance of the HEMS, however the HEMS and load shifting were then framed with either a gain goal-frame or a normative goal-frame, as per goal-framing theory. The framing of the information across the studies lead to different factors being significant in each of the predictive models. This thesis concludes that internalised goals may undermine the effect of more individualistic concerns for intention to use a HEMS. As such, the internalisation of wider collective national or city goals by citizens will be a critical aspect of citizen engagement and empowerment within the smart city and is likely to be important in supporting the roll out of smart technology and the achievement of the smart city strategies.

Mestrado em Gestão
As cidades inteligentes constituem uma resposta face aos grandes desafios que os atores dos meios urbanos enfrentam e que irão aumentar nos próximos anos devido ao aumento da população esperado nas cidades. Trata-se de uma resposta de base tecnológica, mas também na capacidade da própria cidade em se reinventar no sentido de aumentar a qualidade de vida dos seus cidadãos. Para este estudo foram conduzidas seis entrevistas com o intuito de compreender parte da realidade portuguesa e a política europeia no tema, bem como os casos de inteligência urbana de Águeda e Aveiro, cidades localizadas no centro de Portugal, dando-se um maior enfoque para o Smart Living, dimensão das Smart Cities que envolve as áreas da coesão social, cultura, turismo, educação, saúde e segurança. É observado que a cidade de Águeda possui uma maior orientação relativa à mediação tecnológica no sentido de se tornar uma cidade inteligente, quando comparada com Aveiro que, apesar da presença da Universidade e de empresas do setor das TICE na cidade, não conseguiu transportar a utilização das TIC para a obtenção de uma qualidade de vida superior dos seus cidadãos, mas que é conseguida através de outros meios. Como conclusão, seria benéfico para as cidades portuguesas integrarem de uma forma mais recorrente em projetos integrados nos variados programas de financiamento ligados às cidades inteligentes e promovidos pela Comissão Europeia, mostrando-se aqui necessária a atuação de entidades que consigam fazer com que as cidades portuguesas ganhem maior notoriedade no cenário europeu em matéria de inteligência urbana.
Smart cities are a response to the great challenges that urban actors face and that will rise in the coming years due to the expected population increase in cities. This is a technology-based response, but also the city's ability to reinvent itself in order to increase the quality of life of its citizens. For this study, six interviews were conducted in order to understand part of the portuguese reality and the european politics on this theme, as well the cases of urban intelligence in Águeda and Aveiro, cities located in the center of Portugal, giving a greater focus to Smart Living, the dimension of Smart Cities that involves the areas of social cohesion, culture, tourism, education, health and safety. It is observed that the city of Águeda has a greater orientation regarding technological mediation in the sense of becoming an intelligent city, when compared to Aveiro that, despite the presence of the University and companies of the ICTE sector in the city, is still unable to transport the use of ICT to achieve a better quality of life for its citizens, although that is achieved through other means. As a conclusion, it would be beneficial for Portuguese cities to integrate in a more recurrent way into projects integrated in the various funding programs linked to smart cities and promoted by the European Commission, showing that it is necessary the operation of entities that succeed in getting Portuguese cities to become more prominent in the European scenario in urban intelligence.

This thesis addresses on research accomplished and published during the last five years on the state-of-the-art about the development on Smart and Digital Cities. The world population has been increasing and conglomerating mainly in urban centers and, in order to provide better life quality to citizens, new strategies are being taken under the scope of innovation and technology. Among its contributions, this thesis focuses on the connection between technologies and social science, one of its aims is to perceive the way citizens are being inserted into this rapidly transformed environment. Based on operations research techniques, solutions that cover mobility, marketing, governance, privacy, education, citizen's right, among others, are highlighted in the collection of papers presented here. Cutting-edge concepts of information and communication technologies, internet-of-things, blockchain, smart contracts, internet-of-value, optimization, are introduced, explored and extended, contributing for society to move towards sustainable, efficient and transparent use of technology.
Esta tesis aborda la investigación realizada y publicada durante los últimos cinco años sobre el estado del arte sobre el desarollo de las cuidades inteligentes y digitales. La población mundial ha aumentado y se ha conglomerado principalmente en los centros urbanos y, para proporcionar una mejor calidad de vida a los cuidadanos, se están adoptando nuevas estrategias en el ámbito de la innovación y la tecnología. Entre sus contribuiciones, esta tesis se centra en lá conexión entre las tecnologías y las ciencias sociales, uno de sus objetivos es percibir la forma en que los ciudadanos se insertan en este entorno rápidamente transformado. Con base en las técnicas de investigación operativa, las soluciones que cubren movilidad, marketing, gobernanza, privacidad, educación, derechos de los ciudadados, entre otras, se destacan en la colección de documentos presentados aquí. Se introducen, exploran y amplían conceptos innovadores de tecnologías de información y comunicación, internet de las cosas, blockchain, contratos inteligentes, internet de valor, optimización, contribuyendo a la sociedad hacia un uso sostenible, eficiente y transparente de la tecnologia.
Aquesta tesi aborda les investigacions realitzades i publicades durant els darrers cinc anys sobre l'estat de la tecnologia en el desenvolupament de les ciutats intelligents i digitals. La població mundial ha anat augmentant i aglutinant-se principalment als centres urbans i per tal de proporcionar una millor qualitat de vida als ciutadans, s’estan adoptant noves estratègies en l’àmbit de la innovació i la tecnologia. Entre les seves contribucions, aquesta tesi es centra en la connexió entre les tecnologies i les ciències socials. Un dels seus objectius és percebre la manera com s’està inserint els ciutadans en aquest entorn ràpidament transformat. A partir de tècniques d’investigació d’operacions, destaquen solucions que cobreixen la mobilitat, el màrqueting, la governança, la privacitat, l’educació i el dret del ciutadà, entre d’altres, tal i com s'exposa en aquest treball. Es presenten, exploren i amplien conceptes d’avantguarda sobre tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació, internet de les coses, blockchain, contractes intelligents, internet de valor i optimització, contribuint a la societat cap a un ús sostenible, eficient i transparent de la tecnologia.

Responding to modern urban challenges will require a fundamental re-envisioning of urban engineering, management and leadership. Some technologists now argue that the 'smart city' could provide a transformative panacea for urban development. They argue that ubiquitous urban sensing, big data and analytics will help us to better understand the real time functioning of our cities, as well as inform longer term planning and policy decisions. They claim that smart grids will enable efficiency within our energy infrastructure and that intelligent transport systems will encourage multi-modal low carbon urban mobility. They say anywhere access to information through smartphones and mobile infrastructure will transform the way people use the city and will support the development of new products and services. However, the technological solutions are only one part of the answer and are interwoven within a complex investment environment. While technology companies are bombarding cities with opportunities to invest in state of the art technology, city councils are left wondering how and why they should invest. They are left to explore the economic return, the business models, the value that it brings to citizens and the role that they should play within an ecosystem of delivery partners and stake holders. They are left to decipher funding models, measurement and reporting regimes and the implications for their organisational structure, operational requirements and responsibilities. On top of this, they must understand how these investments align to existing local and national political priorities and strategies. This gap between technological solutions and investment models is perhaps not surprising. Leveraging state of the art technology to serve political, economic, social and environmental challenges is not straightforward in practice. But the urgency of the challenge requires city authorities to actively increase the pace of innovation. Drawing on the experience of cities in Britain and overseas, this thesis explores the challenges faced by city councils trying to implement smart city solutions. It devises a 'governance map' to illustrate the governance context within which investment decisions are made, and develops a practical framework to support city councils in addressing smart city challenges.

The IoT refers to the idea of internetworking physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and any other item embedded with the appropriate electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity to allows them to interchange data and to provide highly effective new services. In this thesis we focus on the communications issues of the IoT in relation to mobility and we provide different solutions to alleviate the impact of these potential problems and to guarantee the information delivery in mobile scenarios. Our reference context is a Smart City where various mobile devices collaboratively participate, periodically sending information from their sensors. We assume that these services are located in platforms based in cloud infrastructures where the information is protected through the use of virtualisation ensuring their security and privacy. This thesis is structured into seven chapters. We first detail our objectives and identify the current problems we intend to address. Next, we provide a thorough review of the state of the art of all the areas involved in our work, highlighting how we improved the existing solutions with our research. The overall approach of the solutions we propose in this thesis use prototypes that encompasses and integrates different technologies and standards in a small infrastructure, using real devices in real scenarios with two of the most commonly used networks around the world: WiFi and 802.15.4 to efficiently solve the problems we originally identified. We focussed on protocols based on a producer/consumer paradigm, namely AMQP and particularly MQTT. We observed the behaviour of these protocols using in lab experiments and in external environments, using a mesh wireless network as the backbone network. Various issues raised by mobility were taken into consideration, and thus, we repeated the tests with different messages sizes and different inter-message periodicity, in order to model different possible applications. We also present a model for dimensioning the number of sources for mobile nodes and calculating the number of buffers required in the mobile node as a function of the number of sources and the size of the messages. We included a mechanism for avoiding data loss based on intermediate buffering adapted to the MQTT protocol that, in conjunction with the use of an alternative to the Network Manager in certain contexts, improves the connection establishment for wireless mobile clients. We also performed a detailed study of the jitter behaviour of a mobile node when transmitting messages with this proposal while moving through a real outdoor scenario. To emulate simple IoT networks we used the Cooja simulator to study and determine the effects on the probability of delivering messages when both publishers and subscribers were added to different scenarios. Finally we present an approach that combines the MQTT protocol with DTN which we specifically designed for constrained environments and guarantees that important information will never be lost. The advantage of our proposed solutions is that they make an IoT system more resilient to changes in the point of attachment of the mobile devices in an IoT network without requiring IoT application & service developers to explicitly consider this issue. Moreover, our solutions do not require additional support from the network through protocols such as MobileIP or LISP. We close the thesis by providing some conclusions, and identifying future lines of work which we unable to address here.
Internet de las cosas (IoT) se refiere a la idea de interconectar sensores, actuadores, dispositivos físicos, vehículos, edificios y cualquier elemento dotado de la electrónica, así como del software y de la conectividad de red que los hace capaces de intercambiar datos para proporcionar servicios altamente efectivos. En esta tesis nos centramos en temas relacionados con la comunicación de sistemas IoT, específicamente en situaciones de movilidad y en los problemas que esto conlleva. Con este fin ofrecemos diferentes soluciones que alivian su impacto y garantizan la entrega de información en estas situaciones. El contexto de referencia es una ciudad inteligente donde varios dispositivos móviles participan de forma colaborativa enviando periódicamente información desde sus sensores hacia servicios ubicados en plataformas en la nube (cloud computing) donde mediante el uso de virtualización, la información está protegida garantizando su seguridad y privacidad. Las soluciones propuestas en esta tesis se enfocan en probar sobre una pequeña infraestructura un prototipo que abarca e integra diferentes tecnologías y estándares para resolver eficientemente los problemas previamente identificados. Hemos enfocado nuestro esfuerzo en el uso de dispositivos sobre escenarios reales con dos de las redes más extendidas en todo el mundo: WiFi y enlaces 802.15.4. Nos enfocamos en protocolos que ofrecen el paradigma productor/consumidor como el protocolo avanzado de colas de mensajes (AMQP) y particularmente el protocolo de transporte de mensajes telemétricos (MQTT), observamos su comportamiento a través de experimentos en laboratorio y en pruebas al aire libre, repitiendo las pruebas con diferentes tamaños de mensajes y diferente periodicidad entre mensajes. Para modelar las diferentes posibles aplicaciones de la propuesta, se tomaron en consideración varias cuestiones planteadas por la movilidad, resultando en un modelo para dimensionar eficientemente el número de fuentes para un nodo móvil y para calcular el tamaño requerido del buffer, en función del número de fuentes y del tamaño de los mensajes. Proponemos un mecanismo adaptado al protocolo MQTT que evita la pérdida de datos en clientes móviles, basado en un buffer intermedio entre la producción y publicación de mensajes que, en conjunto con el uso de una alternativa al gestor de conexiones inalámbricas "Network Manager", en ciertos contextos mejora el establecimiento de las conexiones. Para la evaluación de esta propuesta se presenta un estudio detallado de un nodo móvil que se mueve en un escenario real al aire libre, donde estudiamos el comportamiento del jitter y la transmisión de mensajes. Además, hemos utilizado emuladores de redes IoT para estudiar y determinar los efectos sobre la probabilidad de entrega de mensajes, cuando se agregan tanto publicadores como suscriptores a diferentes escenarios. Finalmente, se presenta una solución totalmente orientada a entornos con dispositivos de recursos limitados que combina los protocolos MQTT con redes tolerantes a retardos (DTN) para garantizar la entrega de información. La ventaja de las soluciones que proponemos reside en el hecho de que los sistemas IoT se vuelven resilientes a la movilidad y a los cambios de punto de acceso, permitiendo así que los desarrolladores creen fácilmente aplicaciones y servicios IoT evitando considerar estos problema. Otra ventaja de nuestras soluciones es que no necesitan soporte adicional de la red como sucede con protocolos como MobileIP o el protocolo que separa el identificador del localizador (LISP). Se destaca cómo hemos mejorado las soluciones existentes hasta el momento de la escritura de esta disertación, y se identifican futuras líneas de actuación que no han sido contempladas.
Internet de les coses (IoT) es refereix a la idea d'interconnectar sensors, actuadors, dispositius físics, vehicles, edificis i qualsevol element dotat de l'electrònica, així com del programari i de la connectivitat de xarxa que els fa capaces d'intercanviar dades per proporcionar serveis altament efectius. En aquesta tesi ens centrem en temes relacionats amb la comunicació de sistemes IoT, específicament en situacions de mobilitat i en els problemes que això comporta. A aquest efecte oferim diferents solucions que alleugeren el seu impacte i garanteixen el lliurament d'informació en aquestes situacions. El context de referència és una ciutat intel·ligent on diversos dispositius mòbils participen de forma col·laborativa enviant periòdicament informació des dels seus sensors cap a serveis situats en plataformes en el núvol (cloud computing) on mitjançant l'ús de virtualització, la informació està protegida garantint la seva seguretat i privadesa. Les solucions proposades en aquesta tesi s'enfoquen a provar sobre una xicoteta infraestructura un prototip que abasta i integra diferents tecnologies i estàndards per a resoldre eficientment els problemes prèviament identificats. Hem enfocat el nostre esforç en l'ús de dispositius sobre escenaris reals amb dos de les xarxes més esteses a tot el món: WiFi i enllaços 802.15.4. Ens enfoquem en protocols que ofereixen el paradigma productor/consumidor com el protocol avançat de cues de missatges (AMQP) i particularment el protocol de transport de missatges telemètrics (MQTT), observem el seu comportament a través d'experiments en laboratori i en proves a l'aire lliure, repetint les proves amb diferents grandàries de missatges i diferent periodicitat entre missatges. Per a modelar les diferents possibles aplicacions de la proposta, es van prendre en consideració diverses qüestions plantejades per la mobilitat, resultant en un model per a dimensionar eficientment el nombre de fonts per a un node mòbil i per a calcular la grandària requerida del buffer, en funció del nombre de fonts i de la grandària dels missatges. Proposem un mecanisme adaptat al protocol MQTT que evita la pèrdua de dades per a clients mòbils, basat en un buffer intermedi entre la producció i publicació de missatges que en conjunt amb l'ús d'una alternativa al gestor de connexions sense fils "Network Manager'', en certs contextos millora l'establiment de les connexions. Per a l'avaluació d'aquesta proposta es presenta un estudi detallat d'un node mòbil que es mou en un escenari real a l'aire lliure, on estudiem el comportament del jitter i la transmissió de missatges. A més, hem utilitzat emuladors de xarxes IoT per a estudiar i determinar els efectes sobre la probabilitat de lliurament de missatges, quan s'agreguen tant publicadors com subscriptors a diferents escenaris. Finalment, es presenta una solució totalment orientada a entorns amb dispositius de recursos limitats que combina els protocols MQTT amb xarxes tolerants a retards (DTN) per a garantir el lliurament d'informació. L'avantatge de les solucions que proposem resideix en el fet que els sistemes IoT es tornen resilients a la mobilitat i als canvis de punt d'accés, permetent així que els desenvolupadors creuen fàcilment aplicacions i serveis IoT evitant considerar aquests problema. Un altre avantatge de les nostres solucions és que no necessiten suport addicional de la xarxa com succeeix amb protocols com MobileIP o el protocol que separa l'identificador del localitzador (LISP). Es destaca com hem millorat les solucions existents fins al moment de l'escriptura d'aquesta dissertació, i s'identifican futures línies d'actuació que no han sigut contemplades.
Luzuriaga Quichimbo, JE. (2017). Managing Mobility for Distributed Smart Cities Services [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84744
TESIS

Abstract (English) Cities nowadays face complex challenges to meet objectives regarding socio-economic development and quality of life. The concept of "smart city" is a response to these challenges. Although common practices are being developed all over the world, different priorities are defined and different architectures are followed. In this master thesis I focuses on the applied architecture of Riverside's case study, through a progression model that underline the main steps that moves the city from a situation of crisis, to be appointed "Intelligent Community" of the 2012 by Intelligent Community Forum. I discuss the problem of integration among the physical, institutional and digital dimension of smart cities and the "bridges" that connect these three spatialities. Riverside's progression model takes as a reference a comprehensive framework made unifying the keys component of the three most quoted framework in this field: a technology-oriented vision (strongly promoted by IBM [Dirks et al. 2009]), an approach-oriented one [Schaffers et al. 2011] that is sponsored by many initiatives within the European Commission, and a purely service-oriented one [Giffinger et al. 2007][Toppeta, 2010].

We propose a novel service framework to effectively provision drone-based delivery services, called Drone-as-a-Service (DaaS), in a skyway network. This service framework provides a high-level service-oriented architecture and an abstraction to model the drone service from both functional and non-functional perspectives. We focus on spatio-temporal aspects as key parameters to query the drone services under a range of requirements, including drone capabilities, flight duration, and payloads. We propose to reformulate the problem of drone delivery service composition as a problem of finding an optimal set of drone delivery services from a designated take-off station (e.g., a warehouse rooftop) to a landing station (e.g., a recipient’s landing pad) by selecting and composing drone services that provide the best quality of delivery service in terms of payload, time, and cost under a range of intrinsic and extrinsic environmental (i.e., context-aware) factors, such as battery life and uncertain wind conditions, respectively. In this regard, we propose a constraint-aware composition approach that incorporates the intrinsic and extrinsic constraints on drone delivery services. Moreover, failures may occur due to extrinsic factors (e.g., weather conditions) and fluctuating QoS parameters. Therefore, we propose a novel resilient composition that considers the runtime failures of drone services and recomposes the services, taking into consideration the failure’s effect. Congestion is a natural phenomenon in a resource-constrained dynamic network. Congestion at recharging stations may impact the amount of time taken to deliver a package. We propose a game-theoretic model to mitigate this problem. Uncertainty is another aspect that presents fundamental challenges in terms of qualitative factors, such as the availability of recharging pads at stations. To counter this, we propose a robust composition approach using dynamic features, such as uncertainty surrounding the availability of recharging stations. Furthermore, we optimise the delivery of packages in skyway networks using heuristic-based top-k and context-aware composition approaches. In addition to the single package delivery, recent developments in drone technology show that drones are capable of carrying multiple packages. In this case, we propose a novel service-oriented architecture for drone-based multi-package delivery in a skyway network. We design graph-based heuristics to reduce the search space for optimal selection and composition of multi-package drone delivery services. Finally, we propose a just-in-time service composition model for delivering multiple packages using a single drone in one trip under a dynamic environment. This research builds an efficient drone service selection and composition infrastructure and sets the scene for a new air delivery market using drones in a skyway network.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent paradigm that envisions a near future, in which the objects of everyday life will communicate with one another and with the users, becoming an integral part of the Internet. The application of the IoT paradigm to an urban context is of particular interest, as it responds to the need to adopt ICT solutions in the city management, thus realizing the Smart City concept. Creating IoT and Smart City platforms poses many issues and challenges. Building suitable solutions that guarantee an interoperability of platform nodes and easy access, requires appropriate tools and approaches that allow to timely understand the effectiveness of solutions. This thesis investigates the above mentioned issues through two methodological approaches: mathematical modelling and experimenta- tion. On one hand, a mathematical model for multi-hop networks based on semi- Markov chains is presented, allowing to properly capture the behaviour of each node in the network while accounting for the dependencies among all links. On the other hand, a methodology for spatial downscaling of testbeds is proposed, implemented, and then exploited for experimental performance evaluation of proprietary but also standardised protocol solutions, considering smart lighting and smart building scenarios. The proposed downscaling procedure allows to create an indoor well-accessible testbed, such that experimentation conditions and performance on this testbed closely match the typical operating conditions and performance where the final solutions are expected to be deployed.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent paradigm that envisions a near future, in which the objects of everyday life will communicate with one another and with the users, becoming an integral part of the Internet. The application of the IoT paradigm to an urban context is of particular interest, as it responds to the need to adopt ICT solutions in the city management, thus realizing the Smart City concept. Creating IoT and Smart City platforms poses many issues and challenges. Building suitable solutions that guarantee an interoperability of platform nodes and easy access, requires appropriate tools and approaches that allow to timely understand the effectiveness of solutions. This thesis investigates the above mentioned issues through two methodological approaches: mathematical modelling and experimenta- tion. On one hand, a mathematical model for multi-hop networks based on semi- Markov chains is presented, allowing to properly capture the behaviour of each node in the network while accounting for the dependencies among all links. On the other hand, a methodology for spatial downscaling of testbeds is proposed, implemented, and then exploited for experimental performance evaluation of proprietary but also standardised protocol solutions, considering smart lighting and smart building scenarios. The proposed downscaling procedure allows to create an indoor well-accessible testbed, such that experimentation conditions and performance on this testbed closely match the typical operating conditions and performance where the final solutions are expected to be deployed.

Il concetto di Smart City ha iniziato a svilupparsi negli ultimi anni, acquisendo un'importanza sempre maggiore anche in seguito ai cambiamenti sociali e tecnologici dell'ultimo periodo. La tesi si concentra sull'analisi della situazione italiana per quanto riguarda questo tema, cercando di capire quali sfide dovranno affrontare le città italiane per fronteggiare i cambiamenti in atto; si è quindi cercato di rispondere a questa domanda sviluppando tre delle principali aree tematiche che contribuiscono a definire il concetto di Smart City: Smart Mobility, Smart Waste Management e Smart Water Management; ne vengono quindi analizzate le maggiori criticità e i vantaggi, sia economici che ambientali, che si potrebbero ottenere attraverso una gestione più efficiente di questi settori.

Nowadays words like Smart City, Internet of Things, Environmental Awareness surround us with the growing interest of Computer Science and Engineering communities. Services supporting these paradigms are definitely based on large amounts of sensed data, which, once obtained and gathered, need to be analyzed in order to build maps, infer patterns, extract useful information. Everything is done in order to achieve a better quality of life. Traditional sensing techniques, like Wired or Wireless Sensor Network, need an intensive usage of distributed sensors to acquire real-world conditions. We propose SenSquare, a Crowdsensing approach based on smartphones and a central coordination server for time-and-space homogeneous data collecting. SenSquare relies on technologies such as CoAP lightweight protocol, Geofencing and the Military Grid Reference System.

Rapid urbanisation has resulted in shrinking cities around the world, and Japan is no exception. This thesis endeavours to understand the causes and consequences of, and prospects for, shrinking cities in Japan through a case study: the city of Sado. Sado faces the shrinking city phenomenon following deindustrialisation, deagriculturalisation and Japan‘s structure of high concentration. Within Sado, suburbanisation and peripherization is observed, draining the younger generation from the central areas they were traditionally found. For the revitalisation of Sado, this thesis proposes combined strategies of smart growth within the context of a shrinking city—potentially called ‗smart shrinkage‘—and a city branding campaign.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-137).
Today, there appears to be a visible trend in the use of the "smart" prefix. For example, cities are branding themselves as, or striving to become "smart" cities. Planners and policy-makers espouse "smart growth". Infrastructure planning involves "smart grids" for energy, "smart networks" for information and communications technologies (ICTs) and "smart mobility" in transportation. The "smart" term has also been stretched, where being "smart" is trounced by being "smarter". Being "smart", or "smarter", is perhaps seen as the next frontier for city planning, policy-making and management. A common underlying theme in "smart" cities is the application of technology to city planning and management, that leads to greater optimization of time and resources. However, definitions of "smart" cities remain elusive, and an inadequate understanding may lead cities to possible image or technological traps, heavy investments in ICTs and infrastructure without maximizing their potential, or to focus on "smart" technologies for short-term solutions without adequately considering the long term. As cities grapple with rapid urbanization and goals for sustainable development, resource management and climate change mitigation, learning about being "smart" will be timely and invaluable for planners. This study examines six "smart" cities - Boston, San Francisco, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Singapore and Rio de Janeiro - assessing city officials' perceptions and concepts of "smart cities" and their "smart" initiatives. Their efforts and approaches are analyzed against four theories of "smart" cities; (a) "smart machines" and organization, (b) engaging communities, organizations and businesses, (c) learning and adaptation, and (d) investing for the future. From the research, learning points and best practices are extracted, to serve as an applicable guide for cities as they embark on their "smart" initiatives.
by Tuan-Yee Ching.
M.C.P.

Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The greatest challenge for our time is to ensure the preservation of our environment and the well being of our people. With this in mind and the fact that almost half of the world’s population is living in urban areas, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that cities develop in a sustainable manner. Cities are regarded as one of the most magnificent creations of human achievements, but when looking at urban areas around the world it can also be regarded as one of the most problematic achievements. The growth of cities is a natural process and an unstoppable progression of events. Modern cities have a major impact on the environment and to ensure successful reduction of this impact, certain problem areas will have to be identified and addressed without delay in order to be in a position to make any significant change in the long run. Interventions of some sort are needed to make living in cities as well as on the planet as a whole more sustainable. The big question is however, how this can be achieved? One of the possible new interventions is the Smart Growth Concept, which is a form of growth management. Although Smart Growth has been around from the early 70’s, it is still a new concept that has not been explored to its full potential. The concept is well known in America but in most countries around the world, including South Africa, it is still a vague concept, which needs more introductions, convincing and ultimately, implementation. Although this article will focus on the Smart Growth concept as a possible solution to creating sustainable cities, the critics do not all agree with this point of view. Enough evidence is however provided to prove that Smart Growth can make a difference in our daily lives. The main aim of this article is to provide the reader with enough information on the subject of Smart Growth, and address the criticism against the concept of Smart Growth, to be able to see the positive influence that the Smart Growth concept can have on our cities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grootste uitdaging van ons tyd is om te verseker dat die ons omgewing beskerm word en die welstand van ons mense bevorder word. Met dit in gedagte en die feit dat ongeveer die helfte van die aarde se bevolking in stedelike areas woonagtig is, is dit van uiterste belang dat stede op ‘n volhoubare manier ontwikkel word. Stede kan as een van die grootste skeppings van die mensdom beskou word, maar as daar gekyk word na stedelike areas rondom die wêreld kan dit ook as een van die problematiese skeppings beskou word. Die groei van stede is natuurlike proses en is onstuitbare sameloop van gebeurlikhede. Moderne stede het groot inpak op die omgewing en om te verseker dat die impak suksesvol beperk word, is daar sekere probleemareas wat geïdentifiseer moet word en wat sonder enige verder vertraging aangespreek moet word, ten einde in ‘n posisie te wees om enige beduidende verandering op die lang duur te maak. Ingryping op een of ander manier is nodig om stede meer bewoonbaar te maak, asook die planeet as ‘n geheel meer volhoubaar te maak. Die groot vraag is egter, hoe om dit te doen? Een van hierdie moontlike ingrypings is die Innoverende Groei (‘Smart Growth’) Konsep, wat ‘n vorm van groeibestuur is. Alhoewel die Innoverende Groei Konsep al sedert die sewentiger jare bestaan, is dit steeds ‘n nuwe konsep wat nog nie tot sy volle potensiaal ontwikkel is nie. Die konsep van Innoverende Groei is bekend in Amerika maar is in die meeste lande rondom die wêreld, insluitend Suid-Afrika, nog steeds ‘n vae konsep wat nog verder bekendstelling en oortuiging vereis en uiteindelik geïmplementeer moet word. Alhoewel hierdie artikel die fokus plaas op die Konsep van Innoverende Groei as moontlike oplossing in die skepping van volhoubare stede, is daar kritici wat nie saamstem met hierdie sienswyse nie. Genoeg bewyse word egter voorgehou om te bewys dat die Konsep van Innoverende Groei ‘n verskil kan maak in ons daaglikse lewe. Die hoof doel van hierdie artikel is om die leser van genoeg inligting te voorsien rondom die Konsep van Innoverende Groei , en om die kritiek teen die konsep aan te spreek, ten einde die leser te oortuig dat die konsep positiewe invloed op die groei van ons stede kan hê.

mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
As agências que administram o tráfego rodoviário têm de tomar decisões importantes, a fim de definir quais as secções de estrada que têm o maior risco de impactes relacionados com o tráfego. Neste contexto, reconhece-se que a implementação do Sistema Avançado de Gestão de Tráfego (SAGT) pode melhorar não apenas a eficiência da rede, mas também minimizar outras externalidades de tráfego. Neste contexto, novas soluções de software e hardware, capazes de fornecer informações melhoradas a partir da dinâmica do tráfego, podem desempenhar um papel essencial no conhecimento que temos e a forma como o SAGT é executado. Em particular, a disponibilidade de dados georreferenciados está a aumentar rápidamente, seja em dispositivos móveis, como em redes sociais e monitoramento de redes de sensores. Um dos desafios é combinar e melhorar o potencial de cada fonte de informação, e depois juntar várias fontes num modelo agregado. Nesta dissertação é descrita a arquitetura e implementação de diferentes dispositivos para recolha de dados, um protótipo para monitorização com integração de parâmetros do motor em tempo-real e uma aplicação móvel, o desenvolvimento de toda a infra-estrutura necessária e ainda uma aplicação web que combine estes dados e forneça ferramentas de análise e visualização. Nesta dissertação é possível que os utilizadores possam utilizar estas ferramentas para adotarem escolhas mais sustentáveis e uso de estradas menos congestionadas, contribuindo para a diminuição do congestionamento do tráfego, poupando tempo, aumentando o fluxo de tráfego, e contribuindo positivamente para o impacte ambiental.
Agencies managing road traffic need to make informed decisions, in order to define which road sections have the highest risk of traffic-related impacts. In this context, it is recognized that the implementation of Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) may improve not only network efficiency but also minimize other traffic externalities. In this context, novel software and hardware solutions, capable of providing improved information from the traffic dynamics, can play an essential role in the knowledge we have, and the way ATMS is executed. In particular, the availability of geo-referenced data is increasing quickly, either from nomadic devices as well as from social media, and monitoring sensors networks. One of the challenges is to combine and to improve the potential of each source of information, and then combine multiple sources together in an aggregate model. This dissertation describes the architecture and implementation of an accurate, high-frequency vehicle tracker, with the integration of real-time engine statistics, and enhanced with an autonomous inertial model as well as a mobile application for data collection from the embedded sensors and positioning, the development of all necessary infrastructure and a web application that combine these data and provide analysis and visualization tools. In this dissertation it is possible for users to use these tools to adopt more sustainable choices and use of less congested roads, contributing to the reduction of traffic congestion, saving time, improving traffic throughput, and contributing positively to the environmental impact.

Rapid urbanization burdens city infrastructure and creates the need for local governments to maximize the usage of resources to serve its citizens. Smart city projects aim to alleviate the urbanization problem by deploying a vast amount of Internet-of-things (IoT) devices to monitor and manage environmental conditions and infrastructure. However, smart city projects can be extremely expensive to deploy and manage partly due to the cost of providing Internet connectivity via 5G or WiFi to IoT devices. This thesis proposes the use of delay tolerant networks (DTNs) as a backbone for smart city communication; enabling developing communities to become smart cities at a fraction of the cost. A model is introduced to aid policy makers in designing and evaluating the expected performance of such networks and results are presented based on a public transit network data-set from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Louisville, Kentucky. We also demonstrate that the performance of our network can be optimized using algorithms associated on set-cover and Influence maximization problems. Several optimization algorithms are then developed to facilitate the effective placement of gateways within the network model and these algorithms are shown to outperform traditional centrality-based algorithms in terms of cost-efficiency and network performance. Finally, other innovative ways of improving network performance in a low-cost smart city is discussed.

Con Internet delle Cose (Internet of Things, abbreviato in IoT) s'intende collegare oggetti comuni, di solito privi di connessione, a Internet, dando vita a una rete immensa di oggetti interconnessi che scambiano tra loro dati di ogni genere. IoT presenta una possibilità quasi infinita di campi di applicazione: strumenti, case e città "intelligenti", risparmio energetico, efficienza logistica industriale, sicurezza. Negli ultimi anni il concetto di IoT ha acquistato sempre più notorietà e importanza, tanto che oggi governi, imprese e istituti di ricerca di tutto il mondo si interessano allo sviluppo di IoT e alle possibilità che offre. La Cina è uno dei paesi che si è impegnato di più, sia a livello governativo che delle imprese, nella promozione e sviluppo di IoT, e oggi rappresenta un mercato fondamentale per queste nuove tecnologie. La presente tesi si propone di analizzare il mercato Internet of Things e la sua applicazione al campo delle Smart Cities nell'ambito della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Il primo capitolo è dedicato ad IoT, cos'é e a cosa serve, e quali tecnologie lo compongono. Il secondo capitolo si occupa invece di IoT in Cina, e illustra i grandi sforzi compiuti da Governo e Imprese cinesi nel suo sviluppo. Il terzo capitolo riguarda un'importante applicazione di IoT in Cina, ovvero il campo delle Smart Cities, e si focalizza sul concetto di Smart City e su esempi concreti di utilizzo di IoT nei progetti di Smart City in Cina.

According to the United Nations, today, 55% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 68% by 2050. Given the rapid urbanization, governments, public and private organizations have to cope with the changes by anticipating the needs of the population. Thanks to the advances in technology, they have the opportunity to analyze problems in depth, search for and apply innovative ideas. From the technology perspective, a city can be defined as "smart" if we have great use of Information and Communication Technology, ICT, to manage critical infrastructure components and services. At the origin of the Smart Cities, there is the need to drive economic growth in a sustainable manner and improve the quality of life, allowing local development from different points of view such as health, finance or economics. This is possible through the use of new technologies and the digital revolution has a direct impact and consequences in all fields. The use of mobile applications can make a good opportunity to create a dialogue with local authorities about the environment or security. It can improve trust amongst citizens through better interaction with Public Administrations and at the same time, for local governments, it can enhance the decision-making process. On the other hand, many cities around the world are moving through a number of initiatives to implement the so-called "city dashboards", as an opportunity for a new quality of urban life in terms of knowing and governing cities. Focusing on new technologies of the last few years, the blockchain has experienced a breathtaking evolution leading to hundreds of applications within smart cities. As the name suggests, a blockchain is composed of blocks, a growing list of records, chained in chronological order and managed by a peer to peer network. Therefore, a record within the blockchain can not be modified retroactively because of its structure. Due to the recent success of the Ethereum blockchain and other platforms that allow the execution of smart contracts, blockchain represents a promising alternative to the classic databases managed by central authorities and is likely to have a wide range of applications also in industry. Currently, there are hundreds of blockchain uses within smart cities. The blockchain is gaining attention at all levels, especially political and institutional; this technology can support the digital revolution that is already underway, especially in a smart city. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the use of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Smart City, and more specifically the use of the blockchain, as one of the new promising technology breakthroughs. In particular, this work wants to investigate how technology can be applied, to some fields, for making a city smarter. The following aspects are tackled: •For the e-governance area, we investigate the use of the city dashboards in response to users’ needs, residents’ well-being and city sustainability, but also the use of a particular mobile application to create a dialogue between citizens and public administrations. •In the e-health field, we analyze the use of the blockchain applied to a specific case of a teledermatology system. We discuss the benefits by using a blockchain system compared to traditional solutions. •Focusing on the economic area, we examine the supply chain management problem with the use of blockchain. We propose both the application of a public and a private blockchain applied to an agri-food supply chain.This technology can have a positive impact on the economic domain promoting tourist attraction.

The aim of the thesis Development of Smart Cities in the region of Latin America applied on the case of Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro stands on their comparison provided according to application of six axes smart city concept. Both cities provide their individual approach in their formulation and implementation of smart city initiative. According to this comparison this paper will prove that even though that there is not yet a uniform smart city definition there are indicators according to which it is possible to form a general a framework to identify smart cities. This framework will be important to prove several things about smart cities. They will be necessary for the future growth of humanity as cities become more and more important. This will happen by allowing for better functioning of cities and better use of existing resources. These cities will start to operate for their citizens in ways that lessen the impact of the environment while allowing cities to grow across multiple sectors while improving quality of life among a city s residents. This implementation of ITC technologies will prove a rising tide that will lift the city s poor by empowering their economic lives by improving quality of life and giving better access to resources. The comparison of the two cities will also prove that Rio de Janeiro through its many smart initiatives is further along in its path to becoming a smart city than Mexico City. The difference between the two will also prove just how important smart cities are to the region s future. Mexico City s projects have not been as holistic as those taken in Brazil s largest city. Rio de Janeiro s implementation of projects like COR have transformed the city allowing it to become one of the smartest cities in the region and the world. The COR has implemented ITC technologies and initiatives that have transformed every sector of the six-axes approach model.

This thesis examines use of ICT in helping to reduce energy use in cities, thereby contributing to sustainable development and achievement of cities’ climate targets. It explores how targets can be developed in a consistent and transparent way, how to identify the main ICT ‘hotspots’ as regards reducing citizens’ energy use and how they can be included in city planning. Implementation of mobility management principles and climate targets was tested in two existing solutions, a traveller information system and a flexible work hub solution. Four key methodological considerations when setting climate targets for cities were identified. These concerned decisions on: target setting object, temporal scope, units and target range. A tool was developed for identifying promising ICT hotspots. The tool can also be used to monitor implementation of ICT solutions and the associated technological and socio-technical difficulties. In a case study in Greater Stockholm, the ICT hotspots identified were intelligent building heating systems, intelligent transport system and potential transformation of the physical environment (buildings and roads) enabled by ICT solutions. Two aspects of planning identified as crucial for successful implementation of energy saving ICT solutions were studied in detail: i) Timing of ICT-related decisions in the planning process; and ii) the actor networks needed to implement the ICT solutions and their management. There are few decision points in the current planning process, so the municipality as property owner and its decision-making process are of crucial importance. Two collaborative approaches to govern, network governance and coordination through meta-governance as a way of indirect steering, are proposed. An investigation of nine traveller information systems and a case study in Stockholm of flexible work hub solutions revealed that mobility management approaches to reduce transport demand and encourage environmentally friendly transport modes are poorly reflected in the implementation. To support mobility management approaches, traveller information systems should primarily offer, or be integrated with, other solutions that support the choices “no travel” and “shorter journey”. Flexible work hubs should be located in local nodes closer to people’s homes. The main conclusions from this work were that ICT solutions can be modified to support achievement of cities’ climate targets and that climate targets must be defined using transparent methodology that clarifies the target content, ensuring that the most promising energy saving ICT solutions are implemented.
Denna avhandling undersöker hur informations- och kommunikationsteknologi (IKT) kan användas till att bidra till minskning av energianvändning i städer och därmed bidra till att nå städers klimatmål. Den undersöker hur städers klimatmål kan utvecklas på ett konsekvent och transparent sätt, hur de mest lovande IKT-lösningarna kan identifieras när det gäller att minska invånarnas energianvändning och hur de kan ingå i stadsplanering. Genomförande av principer för mobility management samt samhälleliga mål testas i två befintliga lösningar, - ett resenärsinformationssystem och en flexibel arbetsplatslösning. Fyra centrala metodologiska överväganden för att bestämma städers klimatmål identifieras. Dessa gäller: föremålet för målformuleringen, den tidsmässiga omfattningen, mätenheten och målets räckvidd. Ett verktyg togs fram för att identifiera de IKT- lösningarna som är mest lovande vad gäller att minska stadsbornas energianvändning. Verktyget kan också användas för att observera de identifierade IKT-lösningarnas utnyttjandegrad samt de tekniska och sociotekniska svårigheter som är förenade med införande. I en fallstudie i Storstockholmsområdet identifierades de IKT-lösningar som var mest lovande: intelligenta värmesystem för byggnader, intelligenta transportsystem samt den potentiella förändringen av den fysiska miljön (byggnader och vägar) som görs möjliggörs av IKT-lösningar. Två aspekter av planering som identifierats som avgörande för ett framgångsrikt införande av energibesparande IKT-lösningar har studerats i detalj: i) Tidpunkten för IKT-relaterade beslut i planeringsprocessen; och ii) de aktörsnätverk som behövs för att införa och förvalta IKT-lösningarna. Det finns få beslutspunkter i den aktuella planeringen vilket gör att beslutsprocessen och kommunens roll som fastighetsägare är av avgörande betydelse. Två strategier för samarbete föreslås, styrning genom samordning i nätverk och samordning via metastyrning (indirekt styrning). En undersökning av nio reseplanerare och en fallstudie i Stockholm av flexibla arbetsplatslösningar visade att mobility management metoder för att minska efterfrågan på transporter och uppmuntra miljövänliga transportsätt inte återspeglas tillräckligt i genomförandet. För att stödja mobility management-principer bör resenärsinformations-system främst erbjuda, eller integreras med andra lösningar som stödjer valen "ingen resa" och "kortare resa". Hubbar för flexibla arbetsplatser bör placeras i lokala noder närmare bostäder. De viktigaste slutsatserna i denna avhandling är att IKT-lösningar kan modifieras för att stödja städers klimatmål och att klimatmål måste definieras med hjälp av transparenta metoder för att säkerställa att de mest lovande IKT-lösningar för energiminskning införs.

QC 20141002

Yes
This article aims to assess critically different definitions and indicators of smart cities. Drawing on exemplary case studies, the author proposes a typology of four categories of smart cities: type A are the world leaders who pioneer ideas not predicated on smart city projects; type B are aspirational cities punching above their weight; type C are surprise transformers that use the smart city concept to propel real transformation; and type D are cases where smart city projects do not directly address the main urban problems. The discussion highlights the need to prevent ‘smart-wash’ by avoiding superficial technological solutions that chase symptoms but not causes of some of the complex urban challenges that they are intending to address. In conclusion, the author considers the public policy implications of applying these typologies to cities in general with particular reference to the Global South
British Academy: [grant number IPM 15008]
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 30 Jul 2021.

Em um cenário atual em que o mundo apresenta ritmos de crescimento populacionais acelerados e consequentes acréscimos de habitantes vivendo em zonas urbanas, deve-se considerar que as cidades apresentam desafios e questões como alto índice de congestionamentos de trânsito, poluição do ar, consumo de recursos naturais, insegurança, etc. Surge-se, neste contexto, o desenvolvimento das chamadas Smart Cities, que são cidades que apresentam iniciativas inteligentes para solucionar ou melhorar a qualidade de vida do cidadão, baseadas em dimensões que envolvem o meio ambiente, governança, economia, mobilidade, pessoas, infraestrutura e tecnologia. A iniciativa escolhida foi a cidade de Amsterdã, mais precisamente a organização ASC (Amsterdam Smart City), que hoje representa, globalmente, um dos principais exemplos de iniciativas de Smart Cities do mundo. O presente estudo busca responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como é estruturada a governança da ASC (Amsterdam Smart City) e como podem ser descritas as experiências vividas em uma smart city? Para responder à questão relacionado à governança, foi utilizado o modelo de redução lógica de governança proposto por Lynn (2000). E como base das unidades de sentido da análise fenomenológica, foi utilizado o Framework Integrativo de Iniciativas de Smart Cities na Amsterdam Smart City proposto por Chourabi et al., (2012). Visando um melhor entendimento buscou-se utilizar uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como método o estudo de caso. A coleta de dados obteve-se através de entrevistas semiestruturadas para duas pessoas com amplo conhecimento da organização. E, para a análise fenomenológica, uma entrevista semiestruturada teve como base, porém foi utilizada uma narrativa descritiva do próprio autor a partir de suas próprias experiências vividas na cidade. Os resultados demonstrados no presente estudo refletem a importância de um olhar mais abrangente para o desenvolvimento de cidades inteligentes que não só a tecnologia a ser aplicada. Uma governança inteligente é tão importante quanto a tecnologia, pois molda e viabiliza os projetos, cria parcerias essenciais, estrutura e operacionaliza as iniciativas e realiza um papel importante na gestão municipal de mudança de paradigmas e cultura direcionada para a inovação.
In the current scenario, in which the world faces accelerated population growth rates and consequent increases in the number of inhabitants living in urban areas, it must be considered that cities present challenges and issues such as high traffic congestion levels, air pollution, high resource consumption, insecurity, etc. In this context, the development of the so-called Smart Cities, which are cities that present intelligent initiatives to solve or improve citizens\' quality of life, are based on dimensions that involve the environment, governance, economy, mobility, community, infrastructure and technology. The initiative chosen was the city of Amsterdam, more precisely the organization ASC (Amsterdam Smart City), which today represents, globally, one of the main examples of Smart Cities initiatives in the world. The present study aims to answer the following research question: How is the governance of the Amsterdam Smart City structured and how can be described the smart city life experiences? Regarding the governance matter, the logic reduction model of governance proposed by Lynn (2000) was used. And as a basis for the units of meaning of the phenomenological analysis, the Integrative Framework of Smart Cities Initiatives in the Amsterdam Smart City proposed by Chourabi et al. (2012) was taken as ground basis. Targeting a better understanding, a qualitative approach was applied in a case study methodology. The data collection was obtained through semi-structured interviews with two people containing deep knowledge of the organization. And, for the phenomenological analysis, a semi-structured interview was used as basic step, however a descriptive narrative of the author himself was also used based on his own experiences lived in the city. The outcomes shown in the present study reflect the importance of a broader look for the development of smart cities that are not just technology based. Intelligent governance is as important as technology, as it shapes and enables projects, creates essential partnerships, structures and operationalizes initiatives, and plays an important role in municipal management of paradigm shift and innovation-driven culture.

La tesi ha come oggetto lo studio del rapporto tra tecnologia e società all’interno del fenomeno delle smart cities. In particolare, facendo riferimento all’approccio dei Science and Technology Studies, il lavoro di ricerca si propone di indagare i processi di traduzione socio-tecnica dell’idea di “smart city” riferendosi empiricamente al campo italiano ed al caso della città di Torino. A livello concettuale e metodologico, si sottolinea la necessità di far dialogare ed integrare lo studio dettagliato dei processi socio-tecnici con il più ampio contesto storico entro cui questi si trovano inseriti. A livello storico, invece, la tesi traccia una traiettoria che, partendo dalla città reticolare moderna della metà dell’800 e risalendo fino ai movimenti delle intelligent cities e della smart growth degli anni ’90, arriva fino al rilancio globale della smart city nel biennio 2008-2009. Infine, a livello attuale, il lavoro pone in evidenza il rapporto ambivalente tra le narrazioni e le forme di traduzione socio-tecnica veicolate dagli attori imprenditoriali ed istituzionali internazionali e le narrazioni e le forme di traduzione sviluppate dalle città. Attraverso l’analisi del caso di Torino Smart City la tesi mostra le potenzialità insite nell’idea di “smart city” ed i rischi connessi alla riproduzione di forme di tecno-determinismo e tecno-utopismo.
The object of the thesis is the study of the relationship between technology and society within the phenomenon of smart cities. In particular, referring to the Science and Technology Studies approach, the research aims at investigating the processes of socio-technical translation of the “smart city” idea by empirically addressing the Italian field and the case study of the city of Turin. At conceptual and methodological level, we show the necessity of a dialogue and an integration between the thick description of socio-technical processes and the wider context within which these are embedded. At historical level, the thesis traces a trajectory that, starting from the modern networked city of mid ‘800 and continuing up to intelligent cities and smart growth movements of the 90s, reaches the global raising of the smart city in 2008-2009. Finally, at present, the work underlines the ambivalent relationship between narrations and forms of socio-technical translation pushed by entrepreneurial and international institutional actors and narrations and forms of translation developed by cities. By analyzing the case of Torino Smart City the thesis shows both the inherent potentialities of the “smart city” idea and the risks connected with the reproduction of forms of techno-determinism and techno-utopianism.

La tesi ha come oggetto lo studio del rapporto tra tecnologia e società all’interno del fenomeno delle smart cities. In particolare, facendo riferimento all’approccio dei Science and Technology Studies, il lavoro di ricerca si propone di indagare i processi di traduzione socio-tecnica dell’idea di “smart city” riferendosi empiricamente al campo italiano ed al caso della città di Torino. A livello concettuale e metodologico, si sottolinea la necessità di far dialogare ed integrare lo studio dettagliato dei processi socio-tecnici con il più ampio contesto storico entro cui questi si trovano inseriti. A livello storico, invece, la tesi traccia una traiettoria che, partendo dalla città reticolare moderna della metà dell’800 e risalendo fino ai movimenti delle intelligent cities e della smart growth degli anni ’90, arriva fino al rilancio globale della smart city nel biennio 2008-2009. Infine, a livello attuale, il lavoro pone in evidenza il rapporto ambivalente tra le narrazioni e le forme di traduzione socio-tecnica veicolate dagli attori imprenditoriali ed istituzionali internazionali e le narrazioni e le forme di traduzione sviluppate dalle città. Attraverso l’analisi del caso di Torino Smart City la tesi mostra le potenzialità insite nell’idea di “smart city” ed i rischi connessi alla riproduzione di forme di tecno-determinismo e tecno-utopismo.
The object of the thesis is the study of the relationship between technology and society within the phenomenon of smart cities. In particular, referring to the Science and Technology Studies approach, the research aims at investigating the processes of socio-technical translation of the “smart city” idea by empirically addressing the Italian field and the case study of the city of Turin. At conceptual and methodological level, we show the necessity of a dialogue and an integration between the thick description of socio-technical processes and the wider context within which these are embedded. At historical level, the thesis traces a trajectory that, starting from the modern networked city of mid ‘800 and continuing up to intelligent cities and smart growth movements of the 90s, reaches the global raising of the smart city in 2008-2009. Finally, at present, the work underlines the ambivalent relationship between narrations and forms of socio-technical translation pushed by entrepreneurial and international institutional actors and narrations and forms of translation developed by cities. By analyzing the case of Torino Smart City the thesis shows both the inherent potentialities of the “smart city” idea and the risks connected with the reproduction of forms of techno-determinism and techno-utopianism.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information Systems
Half of the world’s population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world’s population are expected to further move into urban areas. This urban growth leads to various environmental, social and economic challenges in cities, hampering the Quality of Life (QoL). Although recent trends in technologies equip us with various tools and techniques that can help in improving quality of life, air pollution remains the ‘biggest environmental health risk’ for decades, impacting individuals’ quality of life and well-being according to World Health Organisation (WHO). Many efforts have been made to measure air quality, but the sparse arrangement of monitoring stations and the lack of data currently make it challenging to develop systems that can capture within-city air pollution variations. To solve this, flexible methods that allow air quality monitoring using easily accessible data sources at the city level are desirable. The present thesis seeks to widen the current knowledge concerning detailed air quality monitoring by developing approaches that can help in tackling existing gaps in the literature. The thesis presents five contributions which address the issues mentioned above. The first contribution is the choice of a statistical method which can help in utilising existing open data and overcoming challenges imposed by the bigness of data for detailed air pollution monitoring. The second contribution concerns the development of optimisation method which helps in identifying optimal locations for robust air pollution modelling in cities. The third contribution of the thesis is also an optimisation method which helps in initiating systematic volunteered geographic information (VGI) campaigns for detailed air pollution monitoring by addressing sparsity and scarcity challenges of air pollution data in cities. The fourth contribution is a study proposing the involvement of housing companies as a stakeholder in the participatory framework for air pollution data collection, which helps in overcoming certain gaps existing in VGI-based approaches. Finally, the fifth contribution is an open-hardware system that aids in collecting vehicular traffic data using WiFi signal strength. The developed hardware can help in overcoming traffic data scarcity in cities, which limits detailed air pollution monitoring. All the contributions are illustrated through case studies in Muenster and Stuttgart. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the applicability of the developed approaches for enabling air pollution monitoring at the city-scale under the broader framework of the open smart city and for urban health research.

Global urbanisation trends and pressing issues around sustainability pose great challenges for cities. The smart city concept has been developed as a strategy for working with cities as they become systematically more complex through interconnected frameworks, and increasingly rely on the use of Information and Communication Technology to meet the needs of their citizens. This thesis explores the concept of smart cities as a potential urban construct that can address the social and ecological sustainability challenges which society faces. Smart cities are defined as cities where investments in human and social capital, and traditional and modern communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance. Through structured interviews with smart city practitioners and sustainability experts, the strengths and limitations of the smart city concept are identified and organised through the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). Then, a Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) approach is applied as a method to maximise the benefits of the concept, and to mitigate any identified limitations. This thesis recommends a planning guide, informed by an SSD approach, to help smart cities move strategically towards their smart city vision and also move society towards sustainability.
Den praktiska tillämpningen av detta projekt riktar sig till stadsplanerare som idag använder sig av the smart city concept men också till stadsplanerare som vill börja arbeta aktivt med att göra sina städer mer hållbara genom att minska resursanvändningen och optimera stadsaktiviteter. Det blir alltmer uppenbart att stora förändringar måste ske i världen idag för att förbättra utsikterna för vår framtid och framtiden för kommande generationer. Ett effektivt sätt att angripa en stor bidragande orsak till både miljöproblem och sociala problem är att rikta fokus mot utvecklingen av städer och försöka bedriva utvecklingen på ett mer långsiktigt hållbart sätt.Detta projekt analyserar the smart city concept, förstärker dess hållbara påverkan genom rekommendationer och tillhandahåller stadsplanerare med en strategisk beslutsprocess för hållbara smarta städer som guidar planerare igenom processen och stödjer dem i deras beslut i syfte att optimera den hållbara utvecklingen av städer.

Sonya Frey: +45 53 35 80 51

WebRTC est une technologie récente de communication qui permet d’établir des échanges multimédia conversationnels directement entre navigateurs. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à des locuteurs dans un Smart Space (SS) défini comme un environnement centré-utilisateur instrumenté par unensemble de capteurs et d’actionneurs connectés. Nous analysons les capacités nécessaires pour permettre à un participant d’une session WebRTC d’impliquer dans cette même session, les flux induits par les objets connectés appartenant au SS d’un utilisateur quelconque de la session. Cette approche recèle un gisement de nombreux nouveaux usages. Nous limitons notre analyse à ceux concernant l’exercice distant d’une expertise et d’un savoir-faire. Techniquement, il s’agit d’articuler de façon contrôlée WebRTC et IoT/WoT. Nous procédons à une extension de WebRTC par WoT pour fournir à tout utilisateur d’une session WebRTC, un accès aux objets connectés du SS de tout autre participant à la session, en mettant l’accent sur la sécurisation de cet accès ainsi que sur sa conformité aux exigences de respect de la vie privée (RGPD) de l’utilisateur concerné. Le positionnement de notre approche dans le contexte des services de communication opérant dans les villes connectées, impose la prise en compte de SSs multiples et variés induisant chacun ses propres politiques de routage et de sécurité. Pour répondre à nos objectifs, il devient nécessaire au cours d’une session WebRTC, d’identifier, sélectionner, déployer et appliquer les règles de routage et de sécurité de façon à garantir un accès rapide et sécurisé aux différents SSs concernés et distribués sur tout le réseau. Nous développons une architecture originale répondant à ces besoins et intégrant un contrôleur SDN du fait de l’étroite imbrication entre les problématiques de routage et de sécurité. Un prototype illustrant notre approche a été mis en oeuvre et testé afin d’évaluer la performance et la sécurité du système. Nous illustrons finalement notre approche dans le domaine de la santé en démontrant son apport pour gérer une infrastructure de grande taille telle qu’un hôpital
The richness and the versatility of WebRTC, a new peer-to-peer, real-time and browser based communication technology, allowed the imagination of new and innovative services. In this thesis, we analyzed the capabilities required to allow a participant in a WebRTC session to access the smart Things belonging to his own environment as well as those of any other participant in the same session. The access to such environment, which we call “SmartSpace (SS)”, can be either passive, for example by monitoring the contextual information provided by the sensors, or active by requesting the execution of commands by the actuators, or a mixture of both. This approach deserves attention because it allows solving in an original way various issues such as allowing experts to remotely exercise and provide their expertise and/or knowing how. From a technical point of view the issue is not trivial because it requires a smooth and mastered articulation between two different technologies: WebRTC and the Internet of Things (IoT) /Web of Things (WoT). Hence, the first part of the problem studied in this thesis, consists in analyzing the possibilities of extending WebRTC capabilities with theWoT. So as to provide a secure and privacy-respectful access to the various smart objects located in the immediate environment of a participant to any otherend-user involved in the same ongoing WebRTC session. This approach is then illustrated in the ehealth domain and tested in a real smart home (a typical example of a smart space). Moreover,positioning our approach in the context of communication services operating in smart cities requires the ability to support a multiplicity of SSs,each with its own network and security policy. Hence,in order to allow a participant to access one of his own SSs or one of another participant (through a delegation of access process), it becomes necessary to dynamically identify, select, deploy, and enforce the SS’s specific routing and security rules, so as to have an effective, fast and secure access. Therefore, the second part of the problem studied in this Ph.D.consists in defining an efficient management of the routing and security issues regarding the possibility of having multiple SSs distributed over the entire network

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
Ainda que nem sempre seja bem aplicado, o conceito de smart city é cada vez mais utilizado, sendo mesmo defendido por muitos de que as cidades inteligentes serão essenciais para ultrapassar os desafios impostos pelo aumento populacional e pela globalização. Para tal, as cidades têm vindo a recorrer aos diversos avanços das TIC para promover uma gestão urbana inteligente, ao mesmo tempo que procuram tornarem-se mais eficientes em 6 dimensões: governo, comunidade, economia, ambiente, mobilidade e qualidade de vida, todas elas interligadas entre si e fundamentais para o sucesso de uma smart city. De forma a perceber como se pode avaliar uma cidade inteligente, foram estudados 5 métodos de avaliação de uma smart city, com o objetivo de determinar quais os KPIs mais relevantes, em cada uma das dimensões mencionadas. Esta determinação é crucial para a definição de uma estratégia acertada, na medida em que permite conhecer em que áreas uma cidade deve intervir de forma mais acentuada para se tornar mais inteligente, bem como monitorizar a evolução das medidas aplicadas. Apesar das diferentes tipologias de cidades, o sucesso das cidades inteligentes irá residir nos seus habitantes, pois a base da inteligência urbana são as pessoas, como tal a melhor forma de medir o sucesso de uma smart city prende-se no valor acrescentado para os habitantes das cidades e de que forma isso se traduz na sua qualidade vida.
Although not always well applied, the concept of smart city is increasingly being used and it is even argued by many that smart cities will be essential to overcome the challenges imposed by population growth and globalization. For such, cities have been making use of the various advances in ICT to promote intelligent urban management, while at the same time seeking to become more efficient in 6 dimensions: government, community, economy, environment, mobility and quality of life, all of which are interconnected and fundamental to the success of a smart city. In order to understand how a smart city can be evaluated, 5 methods of evaluation were studied, in order to determine the most relevant KPIs in each of the mentioned dimensions. This determination is crucial for the definition of a successful strategy, to the extent that it allows to know in which areas a city should intervene in a more impactful way to become smarter, as well as to monitor the evolution of the applied measures. Despite the different typologies of cities, the success of smart cities will be based in its inhabitants, because the basis of urban intelligence are people, as such the best way to measure the success of a smart city is the added value for the inhabitants of cities and how this translates into their quality of life.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Realising the value of the growing quantity of webenabled devices and data is a significant global challenge, and is essential in overcoming the mounting global environmental and economic issues. This is especially true in urban environments, where the potential to leverage technology for operational performance improvements is highest, due to the high density of many interlinked systems. This thesis hypothesises that moving beyond the stateoftheart of Internet of Things technologies, to a Semantic Web of Things approach, can improve the outcomes of technology interventions for stakeholders, by improving applicationlayer interoperability. The premise is that by providing a rich and shared understanding of the cyberphysical context of devices, services, and data, applications are able to interoperate better. This in turn leads to a more integrated consideration of the problem space by business services, and so a more holistic optimisation can be achieved, across previously siloed systems. The methodology adopted was an iterative experimentation process alongside experts, culminating in the development of a Semantic Web of Things platform for smart cities. This consists of an integrated suite of APIs for accessing semanticallyenriched builtenvironment data from various perspectives. This includes an IoT resource discovery endpoint which extracts semantic metadata from a triple store and transforms it to be compliant with the recent Hypercat standard. The API also exposes a full SPARQL endpoint for rich querying of the data, as well as BIM, CityGML, and timeseries endpoints for accessing specific views of the data. To further promote resource discovery and interoperability, the platform includes a 3D GUI for visually exploring the city, building, and sensor data, and is built on a comprehensive smart city ontology which extends the recent BSI smart city ontology and aligns this with several relevant de facto standards. III To support the final design science stage and provide a rigorous exploration of the hypothesis, participatory action research methods were iteratively undertaken across 6 research projects, involving engagement with circa 40 organisations. This work considered the subdomains of smart cities, and initially focused on the energy domain. Software and ontologies were developed and analysed alongside experts, before an extended learning iteration in the water domain was undertaken, producing a smart water semantic model and platform. The work demonstrates that a Semantic Web of Things approach does improve applicationlayer interoperability. Some of the results observed through this project include i) reducing energy consumption in public buildings by circa 30% through a smart retrofit BEMS, ii) enabling water utilities to better manage regulatory compliance and network management, and iii) maximising the profitability of domestic renewable energy generation through smart holonic microgrids. Semantic technologies are well suited to addressing the ‘variety’ of big data in IoT systems, and support a system of systems approach to smart city management. Whilst existing research in this area focuses on annotating sensors with ICT descriptors, this work shows that integrating this with rich domain context is beneficial in promoting interoperability and discoverability. Future work involves investigating the use of the artefacts developed in other smart city domains, and furthering the consensusbuilding process towards standardisation.

Citizen-centered safety enhancement is an integral component of public safety and a top priority for decision makers in a smart city development. However, public safety agencies are constantly faced with the challenge of deterring crime. While most smart city initiatives have placed emphasis on the use of modern technology for fighting crime, this may not be sufficient to achieve a sustainable safe and smart city in a resource constrained environment, such as in Africa. In particular, crime series which is a set of crimes considered to have been committed by the same offender is currently less explored in developing nations and has great potential in helping to fight against crime and promoting safety in smart cities. This research focuses on detecting the situation of crime through data mining approaches that can be used to promote citizens' safety, and assist security agencies in knowledge-driven decision support, such as crime series identification. While much research has been conducted on crime hotspots, not enough has been done in the area of identifying crime series. This thesis presents a novel crime clustering model, CriClust, for crime series pattern (CSP) detection and mapping to derive useful knowledge from a crime dataset, drawing on sound scientific and mathematical principles, as well as assumptions from theories of environmental criminology. The analysis is augmented using a dual-threshold model, and pattern prevalence information is encoded in similarity graphs. Clusters are identified by finding highly-connected subgraphs using adaptive graph size and Monte-Carlo heuristics in the Karger-Stein mincut algorithm. We introduce two new interest measures: (i) Proportion Difference Evaluation (PDE), which reveals the propagation effect of a series and dominant series; and (ii) Pattern Space Enumeration (PSE), which reveals underlying strong correlations and defining features for a series. Our findings on experimental quasi-real data set, generated based on expert knowledge recommendation, reveal that identifying CSP and statistically interpretable patterns could contribute significantly to strengthening public safety service delivery in a smart city development. Evaluation was conducted to investigate: (i) the reliability of the model in identifying all inherent series in a crime dataset; (ii) the scalability of the model with varying crime records volume; and (iii) unique features of the model compared to competing baseline algorithms and related research. It was found that Monte Carlo technique and adaptive graph size mechanism for crime similarity clustering yield substantial improvement. The study also found that proportion estimation (PDE) and PSE of series clusters can provide valuable insight into crime deterrence strategies. Furthermore, visual enhancement of clusters using graphical approaches to organising information and presenting a unified viable view promotes a prompt identification of important areas demanding attention. Our model particularly attempts to preserve desirable and robust statistical properties. This research presents considerable empirical evidence that the proposed crime cluster (CriClust) model is promising and can assist in deriving useful crime pattern knowledge, contributing knowledge services for public safety authorities and intelligence gathering organisations in developing nations, thereby promoting a sustainable "safe and smart" city.

This thesis is focused on the study and design of techniques able to optimize resources in distributed mobile platforms. It is related to a smart city environment, in order to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services. The subject is the computation offloading, intended as the delegation of certain computing tasks to an external platform, such as a cloud or a cluster of devices. Offloading the computation tasks can effectively expand the usability of mobile devices beyond their physical limits and may be necessary due to limitations of a system handling a particular task on its own. The computation offloading within an ecosystem as a urban community, where a large amount of users are connected towards even multiple devices, is a challenging subject. In a very close future, smart cities will be peculiar sources of intensive computing tasks, since they are conceived as systems where e-governance will be not only transparent and fast, but also oriented to energy and water conservation, efficient waste disposal, city automation, seamless facilities to travel and affordable access to health management systems. Also traffic will need to be monitored intelligently, emergencies foreseen and resolved quickly, homes and citizens provided with a wide series of control and security devices. All these ambitious aspirations will require the deployment of infrastructures and systems where devices will generate massive data and should be orchestrated in a collective way. In this context, the computation offloading is an operation dealing with the optimization of urban services, in order to reduce costs and consumption of resources and to improve the connection between citizens and government. This dissertation is organized in three main parts, dealing with the optimization of the resources in a smart city from different points of view.

This thesis is focused on the study and design of techniques able to optimize resources in distributed mobile platforms. It is related to a smart city environment, in order to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services. The subject is the computation offloading, intended as the delegation of certain computing tasks to an external platform, such as a cloud or a cluster of devices. Offloading the computation tasks can effectively expand the usability of mobile devices beyond their physical limits and may be necessary due to limitations of a system handling a particular task on its own. The computation offloading within an ecosystem as a urban community, where a large amount of users are connected towards even multiple devices, is a challenging subject. In a very close future, smart cities will be peculiar sources of intensive computing tasks, since they are conceived as systems where e-governance will be not only transparent and fast, but also oriented to energy and water conservation, efficient waste disposal, city automation, seamless facilities to travel and affordable access to health management systems. Also traffic will need to be monitored intelligently, emergencies foreseen and resolved quickly, homes and citizens provided with a wide series of control and security devices. All these ambitious aspirations will require the deployment of infrastructures and systems where devices will generate massive data and should be orchestrated in a collective way. In this context, the computation offloading is an operation dealing with the optimization of urban services, in order to reduce costs and consumption of resources and to improve the connection between citizens and government. This dissertation is organized in three main parts, dealing with the optimization of the resources in a smart city from different points of view.

Cities are receiving more and more residents while the natural resources are getting scarce and scarce. As a possible answer, diverse streams of thoughts have emerged declaring that cities need to become intelligent, wired or human. We decided to consider the last stage of this reflection that defines the paradigm of Smart Cities to highlight the use of the information and telecommunication technologies for a better efficiency of the urban services and in response to the residents' needs. In a Smart City, public officials monitor the services of the city and enable a better quality of life. Social insurance schemes and tax-financed municipal services are monetarily constrained and are unable to respond effectively to growing societal needs. As a consequence, the urban development has moved from a public managerial to an entrepreneurial focus where the emerging technologies e.g. Big Data, Social Media and Internet of Things (IoT) are the drivers of this transformation. My research consists on exploring, describing and analysing different forms of innovation and entrepreneurship in the city. Accordingly, we decided to orientate our epistemological works on studying the cases of two Smart Cities internationally recognized (i.e. Barcelona and Nice). To achieve this objective, we have split this research in four studies according to four chapters. The first chapter studies and shortlists amongst all the emerging technologies those which play a principal role in the building of the Smart City. It analyses also the gap that the universities have to cross to prepare the students to develop new models of urban services. The second chapter presents a case of business development in the domain of public parking. It focuses on the conditions of establishment of a digital business ecosystem based on an IoT platform and analyses the value created and captured by this model. The third chapter presents the case of a citizen initiative in the domain of the education called 'the school road'. It has the objective to list, classify and analyse the barriers that limit this project. It finalizes proposing different solutions to mitigate the impediments and stress the possible social contribution of the small and local shops for this initiative. In the final chapter, following these recommendations, we investigate how the stores spread in the urban grid could play this social role. Focusing on the first phase of the entrepreneurship process, i.e., the opportunity identification, we suggest a heuristic able to recommend and numerically prioritize the vacant locations as per their opportunity of business value creation. The originality of this heuristic resides on the capacity to cover social and business perspectives together. The first and third study are inductive and qualitative researches whereas the second and fourth are deductive and quantitative ones. The qualitative researches are based on interviews to Smart City experts and a survey sent to parents. The quantitative ones are supported by scientific theories about business model generation. The value calculation of the digital business ecosystem is verified by paired T-Test and polynomial linear regression analysis. Data from parking sensors are collected and analysed with a Big Data analytics solution. The heuristic leverages the theory of complex networks applied to the urban grid. We recommend the entrepreneurs to consider our results before starting any new services based on an IoT supply chain platform or deciding on the location of their future shop. We advise also public managers to leverage our findings to revise their urban policy if their goal is to revitalize the local industrial and services urban base.
Las ciudades reciben cada vez más población a pesar de que los recursos naturales se hacen cada vez más escasos. Como posible respuesta, diversas corrientes de pensamiento han declarado que las ciudades necesitan ser inteligentes, cableadas o humanas. Decidimos considerar la última etapa de esta reflexión que define el paradigma de Smart Cities para resaltar el uso de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación en la mejora de la eficiencia de los servicios urbanos y como respuesta a las necesidades de los residentes. En una Smart City, los responsables públicos monitorizan los servicios de la ciudad y ascienden así la calidad de vida. Los modelos de prestación social y de servicios municipales basados en la recaudación de impuestos están monetariamente limitados e incapaces de responder efectivamente a las necesidades crecientes de la sociedad. Como consecuencia, el desarrollo urbano se ha movido desde un foco gerencial hacia el empresarial donde las tecnologías emergentes p. ej. Big Data, Social Media e Internet of Things (IoT) son los motores de esta transformación. Mi investigación trata de explorar, describir e analizar diferentes formas de innovación y de emprendimiento en la ciudad. Decidimos también orientar nuestros trabajos epistemológicos a estudiar los casos de dos Smart Cities internacionalmente reconocidas (Barcelona y Niza). Para conseguir este objetivo, hemos separado la investigación en cuatro estudios según cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo estudia y selecciona entre todas las tecnologías emergentes las que juegan un rol principal en la construcción de la Smart City. Analiza también la brecha que las universidades tienen que atravesar para preparar a los estudiantes a desarrollar nuevos modelos de servicios urbanos. El segundo capítulo presenta un caso de desarrollo de negocio en el área del aparcamiento público. Se centra en las condiciones de fundación de un ecosistema de negocio digital basado en una plataforma IoT y analiza el valor creado y capturado por este modelo. El tercer capítulo presenta el caso de una iniciativa ciudadana en el dominio de la educación llamado "el camino escolar". Tiene como objetivo listar, clasificar y analizar las barreras que limitan este proyecto. Acaba proponiendo diferentes soluciones para mitigar los impedimentos y destaca la posible contribución social del comercio local de la ciudad a esa iniciativa. En el último capítulo, siguiendo estas recomendaciones, investigamos como las tiendas repartidas por la red urbana podrían jugar este papel social. Enfocándonos en la primera fase del proceso de emprendimiento, o sea, la identificación de la oportunidad, sugerimos una heurística capaz de recomendar y priorizar numéricamente los locales vacíos según su oportunidad de creación de valor económico. La originalidad de esta heurística consiste en la capacidad de cubrir perspectivas de negocio y sociales a la vez. El primer y tercer estudio son inductivos y cualitativos mientras que el segundo y cuarto son deductivos y cuantitativos. Los cualitativos se basan en entrevistas exploratorias a expertos en Smart City y en una encuesta enviada a padres de familia. Los cuantitativos se apoyan en teorías científicas sobre modelos de negocio. El cálculo del valor del ecosistema digital está verificado con unas pruebas emparejadas y unas regresiones lineares polínomiales. Los datos de los sensores de aparcamiento son recogidos y analizados con una solución Big Data analítica. La heurística aprovecha la teoría de las redes complejas aplicadas a la rejilla urbana. Recomendamos a los emprendedores que consideren nuestros resultados antes de empezar cualquier servicio basado en una plataforma IoT de aprovisionamiento o de decidir sobre la localización de su próxima tienda. Aconsejamos también a los responsables públicos aprovechar nuestros hallazgos para revisar su política urbana si su objetivo es revitalizar el tejido industrial y de las empresas de servicios