Tesis sobre el tema "Factorisation en matrice non négative"
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Limem, Abdelhakim. "Méthodes informées de factorisation matricielle non négative : Application à l'identification de sources de particules industrielles". Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0432/document.
Texto completoNMF methods aim to factorize a non negative observation matrix X as the product X = G.F between two non-negative matrices G and F. Although these approaches have been studied with great interest in the scientific community, they often suffer from a lack of robustness to data and to initial conditions, and provide multiple solutions. To this end and in order to reduce the space of admissible solutions, the work proposed in this thesis aims to inform NMF, thus placing our work in between regression and classic blind factorization. In addition, some cost functions called parametric αβ-divergences are used, so that the resulting NMF methods are robust to outliers in the data. Three types of constraints are introduced on the matrix F, i. e., (i) the "exact" or "bounded" knowledge on some components, and (ii) the sum to 1 of each line of F. Update rules are proposed so that all these constraints are taken into account by mixing multiplicative methods with projection. Moreover, we propose to constrain the structure of the matrix G by the use of a physical model, in order to discern sources which are influent at the receiver. The considered application - consisting of source identification of particulate matter in the air around an insdustrial area on the French northern coast - showed the interest of the proposed methods. Through a series of experiments on both synthetic and real data, we show the contribution of different informations to make the factorization results more consistent in terms of physical interpretation and less dependent of the initialization
Dia, Nafissa. "Suivi non-invasif du rythme cardiaque foetal : exploitation de la factorisation non-négative des matrices sur signaux électrocardiographiques et phonocardiographiques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS034.
Texto completoWith more than 200,000 births per day in the world, fetal well-being monitoring during birth is a major clinical challenge. This monitoring is done by analyzing the fetal heart rate (FHR) and its variability, and this has to be robust while minimizing the number of non-invasive sensors to lay on the mother's abdomen.In this context, electrocardiogram (ECG) and phonocardiogram (PCG) signals are of interest since they both bring cardiac information, both redundant and complementary. This multimodality as well as some features of ECG and PCG signals, as quasi-periodicity, have been exploited. Several propositions were put in competition, based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), a matrix decomposition algorithm adapted to physiological signals.The final solution proposed for the FHR estimation is based on a source-filter modeling of real fetal ECG or PCG signals, previously extracted, allowing an estimation of the fundamental frequency by NMF.The approach was carried out on a clinical database of ECG and PCG signals on pregnant women and FHR results were validated by comparison with the cardiotocography clinical reference technique
Chreiky, Robert. "Informed Non-Negative Matrix Factorization for Source Apportionment". Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0464/document.
Texto completoSource apportionment for air pollution may be formulated as a NMF problem by decomposing the data matrix X into a matrix product of two factors G and F, respectively the contribution matrix and the profile matrix. Usually, chemical data are corrupted with a significant proportion of abnormal data. Despite the interest for the community for NMF methods, they suffer from a lack of robustness to a few abnormal data and to initial conditions and they generally provide multiple minima. To this end, this thesis is oriented on one hand towards robust NMF methods and on the other hand on informed NMF by using some specific prior knowledge. Two types of knowlodge are introduced on the profile matrix F. The first assumption is the exact knowledge on some of flexible components of matrix F and the second hypothesis is the sum-to-1 constraint on each row of the matrix F. A parametrization able to deal with both information is developed and update rules are proposed in the space of constraints at each iteration. These formulations have been appliede to two kind of robust cost functions, namely, the weighted Huber cost function and the weighted αβ divergence. The target application-namely, identify the sources of particulate matter in the air in the coastal area of northern France - shows relevance of the proposed methods. In the numerous experiments conducted on both synthetic and real data, the effect and the relevance of the different information is highlighted to make the factorization results more reliable
Ravel, Sylvain. "Démixage d’images hyperspectrales en présence d’objets de petite taille". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDM0006/document.
Texto completoThis thesis is devoted to the unmixing issue in hyperspectral images, especiallyin presence of small sized objects. Hyperspectral images contains an importantamount of both spectral and spatial information. Each pixel of the image canbe assimilated to the reflection spectra of the imaged scene. Due to sensors’ lowspatial resolution, the observed spectra are a mixture of the reflection spectraof the different materials present in the pixel. The unmixing issue consists inestimating those materials’ spectra, called endmembers, and their correspondingabundances in each pixel. Numerous unmixing methods have been proposed butthey fail when an endmembers is rare (that is to say an endmember present inonly a few of the pixels). We call rare pixels, pixels containing those endmembers.The presence of those rare endmembers can be seen as anomalies that we want todetect and unmix. In a first time, we present two detection methods to retrievethis anomalies. The first one use a thresholding criterion on the reconstructionerror from estimated dominant endmembers. The second one, is based on wavelettransform. Then we propose an unmixing method adapted when some endmembersare known a priori. This method is then used with the presented detectionmethod to propose an algorithm to unmix the rare pixels’ endmembers. Finally,we study the application of bootstrap resampling method to artificially upsamplerare pixels and propose unmixing methods in presence of small sized targets
Brisebarre, Godefroy. "Détection de changements en imagerie hyperspectrale : une approche directionnelle". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDM0010.
Texto completoHyperspectral imagery is an emerging imagery technology which has known a growing interest since the 2000’s. This technology allows an impressive growth of the data registered from a specific scene compared to classical RGB imagery. Indeed, although the spatial resolution is significantly lower, the spectral resolution is very small and the covered spectral area is very wide. We focus on change detection between two images of a given scene for defense oriented purposes.In the following, we start by introducing hyperspectral imagery and the specificity of its exploitation for defence purposes. We then present a change detection and analysis method based on the search for specifical directions in the space generated by the image couple, followed by a merging of the nearby directions. We then exploit this information focusing on theunmixing capabilities of multitemporal hyperspectral data. Finally, we will present a range of further works that could be done in relation with our work and conclude about it
Hubert, Xavier. "Etude de faisabilité de l'estimation non-invasive de la fonction d'entrée artérielle B+ pour l'imagerie TEP chez l'homme". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00536849.
Texto completoRigaud, François. "Modèles de signaux musicaux informés par la physiques des instruments : Application à l'analyse automatique de musique pour piano par factorisation en matrices non-négatives". Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0073/document.
Texto completoThis thesis introduces new models of music signals informed by the physics of the instruments. While instrumental acoustics and audio signal processing target the modeling of musical tones from different perspectives (modeling of the production mechanism of the sound vs modeling of the generic "morphological'' features of the sound), this thesis aims at mixing both approaches by constraining generic signal models with acoustics-based information. Thus, it is here intended to design instrument-specific models for applications both to acoustics (learning of parameters related to the design and the tuning) and signal processing (transcription). In particular, we focus on piano music analysis for which the tones have the well-known property of inharmonicity. The inclusion of such a property in signal models however makes the optimization harder, and may even damage the performance in tasks such as music transcription when compared to a simpler harmonic model. A major goal of this thesis is thus to have a better understanding about the issues arising from the explicit inclusion of the inharmonicity in signal models, and to investigate whether it is really valuable when targeting tasks such as polyphonic music transcription
Dereure, Erwan. "Quantitative analysis of bioluminescent signals in preclinical imaging". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS090.
Texto completoBioluminescence imaging (BLI) is an optical imaging technology in which a living organism or cell emits light through a biological substrate/enzyme reaction without any light excitation.This technology, used in preclinical oncology in order to quantify the tumor status in a non-invasive way, is still quite recent and for now biologists lack automated processing tools to improve the quantification of images. In addition, some experimental protocols require to extract the photon flux of multiple tumors on the same side of the animal. This can be difficult and can introduce errors and biases as BLI suffers from a lack of robustness because of a variability in vascularization, or hypoxic and necrotic zones within the tumors. In this work, we propose the use of Non-Negative Matrix Factorization to separate the photon flux of different tumors within the same bioluminescence image by leveraging the different pixel-wise temporal patterns. Such spatio-temporal unmixing yields several important challenges that we have tackled. In a first contribution, we use prior knowledge on the appearance of the tumors and show the importance of penalizing the norm of the wavelet coefficients corresponding to the sources estimated during the optimization process to obtain a high spatial consistency of unmixed tumors. In a second contribution we deal with strong heterogeneities within tumors corrupting the separation by presenting a dedicated pipeline for pre-aligning the photon flux of the different pixels. We show that the resulting method is capable of accurately extracting the photon flux of different tumors present within a single bioluminescence image. These algorithms were tested and validated on two real BLI datasets and on one synthetic dataset generated with a bioluminescence image simulator we designed and developed. In a third contribution, we propose a pharmacokinetics model to calibrate the tumor photon flux based on the bioluminescence signal emitted by a muscle. This allows us to extract meaningful physiological parameters from the image like substrate exchange rates. We show that these parameters represent significant features of the tumor state and can be used to improve the quantification of bioluminescence images
Rigaud, François. "Modèles de signaux musicaux informés par la physiques des instruments : Application à l'analyse automatique de musique pour piano par factorisation en matrices non-négatives". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0073.
Texto completoThis thesis introduces new models of music signals informed by the physics of the instruments. While instrumental acoustics and audio signal processing target the modeling of musical tones from different perspectives (modeling of the production mechanism of the sound vs modeling of the generic "morphological'' features of the sound), this thesis aims at mixing both approaches by constraining generic signal models with acoustics-based information. Thus, it is here intended to design instrument-specific models for applications both to acoustics (learning of parameters related to the design and the tuning) and signal processing (transcription). In particular, we focus on piano music analysis for which the tones have the well-known property of inharmonicity. The inclusion of such a property in signal models however makes the optimization harder, and may even damage the performance in tasks such as music transcription when compared to a simpler harmonic model. A major goal of this thesis is thus to have a better understanding about the issues arising from the explicit inclusion of the inharmonicity in signal models, and to investigate whether it is really valuable when targeting tasks such as polyphonic music transcription
Meganem, Inès. "Méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources pour l'imagerie hyperspectrale : application à la télédétection urbaine et à l'astrophysique". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1790/.
Texto completoIn this work, we developed Blind Source Separation methods (BSS) for hyperspectral images, concerning two applications : urban remote sensing and astrophysics. The first part of this work concerned spectral unmixing for urban images, with the aim of finding, by an unsupervised method, the materials present in the scene, by extracting their spectra and their proportions. Most existing methods rely on a linear model, which is not valid in urban environments because of 3D structures. Therefore, the first step was to derive a mixing model adapted to urban environments, starting from physical equations based on radiative transfer theory. The derived linear-quadratic model, and possible hypotheses on the mixing coefficients, are justified by results obtained with simulated realistic images. We then proposed, for the unmixing, BSS methods based on NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization). These methods are based on gradient computation taking into account the quadratic terms. The first method uses a gradient descent algorithm with a constant step, from which we then derived a Newton version. The last proposed method is a multiplicative NMF algorithm. These methods give better performance than a linear method from the literature. Concerning astrophysics, we developed BSS methods for dense field images of the MUSE instrument. Due to the PSF (Point Spread Function) effect, information contained in the pixels can result from contributions of many stars. Hence, there is a need for BSS, to extract from these signals that are mixtures, the star spectra which are our "sources". The mixing model is linear but spectrally non-invariant. We proposed a BSS method based on positivity. This approach uses the parametric model of MUSE FSF (Field Spread Function). The implemented method is iterative and alternates spectra estimation using least squares (with positivity constraint) and FSF parameter estimation by a projected gradient descent algorithm. The proposed method yields good performance with simulated MUSE images
Meganem, Inès. "Méthodes de Séparation Aveugle de Sources pour l'imagerie hyperspectrale. Application à la télédétection urbaine et à l'astrophysique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845899.
Texto completoBertin, Nancy. "Les factorisations en matrices non-négatives : approches contraintes et probabilistes, application à la transcription automatique de musique polyphonique". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472896.
Texto completoMoussaoui, Saïd. "Séparation de sources non-négatives : Application au traitement des signaux de spectroscopie". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012096.
Texto completoLa séparation de sources est un problème fondamental en traitement du signal dont une hypothèse forte est celle de l'indépendance statistique des signaux sources. Compte tenu du recouvrement entre les spectres purs, leur corrélation mutuelle devient parfois importante. Dans une telle situation, l'application d'une méthode fondée sur l'hypothèse d'orthogonalité s'avère infructueuse. Par ailleurs, une analyse des solutions admissibles sous la contrainte de non-négativité montre que cette contrainte toute seule ne permet d'obtenir une solution unique que dans certains cas particuliers. Ces deux constats motivent le développement de deux méthodes qui considèrent conjointement l'hypothèse d'indépendance et l'information de non-négativité. La première méthode est issue de l'approche de séparation par maximum de vraisemblance et la deuxième se fonde sur une inférence bayésienne. Une évaluation numérique des performances des méthodes développées à l'aide de données synthétiques et le traitement de signaux expérimentaux permettent, d'une part, de mettre en évidence les avantages de ces méthodes par rapport aux approches usuelles et, d'autre part, de déceler leurs limitations. Des applications au traitement de signaux réels issus de trois types de spectroscopies (Infrarouge, Raman et Ultraviolet-Visible) illustrent l'apport de la séparation de sources non-négatives à l'analyse physico-chimique.
Montcuquet, Anne-Sophie. "Imagerie spectrale pour l'étude de structures profondes par tomographie optique diffusive de fluorescence". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557141.
Texto completoLiu, Zhenjiao. "Incomplete multi-view data clustering with hidden data mining and fusion techniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAS011.
Texto completoIncomplete multi-view data clustering is a research direction that attracts attention in the fields of data mining and machine learning. In practical applications, we often face situations where only part of the modal data can be obtained or there are missing values. Data fusion is an important method for incomplete multi-view information mining. Solving incomplete multi-view information mining in a targeted manner, achieving flexible collaboration between visible views and shared hidden views, and improving the robustness have become quite challenging. This thesis focuses on three aspects: hidden data mining, collaborative fusion, and enhancing the robustness of clustering. The main contributions are as follows:1. Hidden data mining for incomplete multi-view data: existing algorithms cannot make full use of the observation of information within and between views, resulting in the loss of a large amount of valuable information, and so we propose a new incomplete multi-view clustering model IMC-NLT (Incomplete Multi-view Clustering Based on NMF and Low-Rank Tensor Fusion) based on non-negative matrix factorization and low-rank tensor fusion. IMC-NLT first uses a low-rank tensor to retain view features with a unified dimension. Using a consistency measure, IMC-NLT captures a consistent representation across multiple views. Finally, IMC-NLT incorporates multiple learning into a unified model such that hidden information can be extracted effectively from incomplete views. We conducted comprehensive experiments on five real-world datasets to validate the performance of IMC-NLT. The overall experimental results demonstrate that the proposed IMC-NLT performs better than several baseline methods, yielding stable and promising results.2. Collaborative fusion for incomplete multi-view data: our approach to address this issue is Incomplete Multi-view Co-Clustering by Sparse Low-Rank Representation (CCIM-SLR). The algorithm is based on sparse low-rank representation and subspace representation, in which jointly missing data is filled using data within a modality and related data from other modalities. To improve the stability of clustering results for multi-view data with different missing degrees, CCIM-SLR uses the Γ-norm model, which is an adjustable low-rank representation method. CCIM-SLR can alternate between learning the shared hidden view, visible view, and cluster partitions within a co-learning framework. An iterative algorithm with guaranteed convergence is used to optimize the proposed objective function. Compared with other baseline models, CCIM-SLR achieved the best performance in the comprehensive experiments on the five benchmark datasets, particularly on those with varying degrees of incompleteness.3. Enhancing the clustering robustness for incomplete multi-view data: we offer a fusion of graph convolution and information bottlenecks (Incomplete Multi-view Representation Learning Through Anchor Graph-based GCN and Information Bottleneck - IMRL-AGI). First, we introduce the information bottleneck theory to filter out the noise data with irrelevant details and retain only the most relevant feature items. Next, we integrate the graph structure information based on anchor points into the local graph information of the state fused into the shared information representation and the information representation learning process of the local specific view, a process that can balance the robustness of the learned features and improve the robustness. Finally, the model integrates multiple representations with the help of information bottlenecks, reducing the impact of redundant information in the data. Extensive experiments are conducted on several real-world datasets, and the results demonstrate the superiority of IMRL-AGI. Specifically, IMRL-AGI shows significant improvements in clustering and classification accuracy, even in the presence of high view missing rates (e.g. 10.23% and 24.1% respectively on the ORL dataset)
Filstroff, Louis. "Contributions to probabilistic non-negative matrix factorization - Maximum marginal likelihood estimation and Markovian temporal models". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0143.
Texto completoNon-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has become a popular dimensionality reductiontechnique, and has found applications in many different fields, such as audio signal processing,hyperspectral imaging, or recommender systems. In its simplest form, NMF aims at finding anapproximation of a non-negative data matrix (i.e., with non-negative entries) as the product of twonon-negative matrices, called the factors. One of these two matrices can be interpreted as adictionary of characteristic patterns of the data, and the other one as activation coefficients ofthese patterns. This low-rank approximation is traditionally retrieved by optimizing a measure of fitbetween the data matrix and its approximation. As it turns out, for many choices of measures of fit,the problem can be shown to be equivalent to the joint maximum likelihood estimation of thefactors under a certain statistical model describing the data. This leads us to an alternativeparadigm for NMF, where the learning task revolves around probabilistic models whoseobservation density is parametrized by the product of non-negative factors. This general framework, coined probabilistic NMF, encompasses many well-known latent variable models ofthe literature, such as models for count data. In this thesis, we consider specific probabilistic NMFmodels in which a prior distribution is assumed on the activation coefficients, but the dictionary remains a deterministic variable. The objective is then to maximize the marginal likelihood in thesesemi-Bayesian NMF models, i.e., the integrated joint likelihood over the activation coefficients.This amounts to learning the dictionary only; the activation coefficients may be inferred in asecond step if necessary. We proceed to study in greater depth the properties of this estimation process. In particular, two scenarios are considered. In the first one, we assume the independence of the activation coefficients sample-wise. Previous experimental work showed that dictionarieslearned with this approach exhibited a tendency to automatically regularize the number of components, a favorable property which was left unexplained. In the second one, we lift thisstandard assumption, and consider instead Markov structures to add statistical correlation to themodel, in order to better analyze temporal data
Hajlaoui, Ayoub. "Emotion recognition and brain activity synchronization across individuals". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS623.
Texto completoAffective computing needs a better understanding of human emotion elicitation. Most contributions use modalities such as speech or facila expressions, that are limited by their alterability. Physiological signals such as EEG (electro-encephalography) are an interesting alaternative. EEG can reveal macroscopically invisible emotional states, and have already proved to be efficient in emotion classification. This thesis falls within this context. EEG signals are analysed in the time-frequency domain. Such signals are recorded from participants while they watch video excerpts which provoke different emotions. Variants of the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method are used. This method can decompose an EEG spectrogram into a product of two matrices : a dictionary of frequential atoms and an activation matrix. The focus is made on a variant named Group NMF. In this thesis, we also study Inter-Subject Correlation (ISC), which measures the correlation of EEG signals of two subjects exposed to the same stimuli. The idea is to link the ISC level to the nature of the elicited emotion. Understanding the link between ISC and the elicited emotion then allows to design Group NMF methods that are adapated to EEG-based emotion recognition
Roig, Rodelas Roger. "Chemical characterization, sources and origins of secondary inorganic aerosols measured at a suburban site in Northern France". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R017/document.
Texto completoTropospheric fine particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) may impact health, climate and ecosystems. Secondary inorganic (SIA) and organic aerosols (OA) contribute largely to PM2.5. To understand their formation and origin, a 1-year campaign (August 2015 to July 2016) of inorganic precursor gases and PM2.5 water-soluble ions was performed at an hourly resolution at a suburban site in northern France using a MARGA 1S, complemented by mass concentrations of PM2.5, Black Carbon, nitrogen oxides and trace elements. The highest levels of ammonium nitrate (AN) and sulfate were observed at night in spring and during daytime in summer, respectively. A source apportionment study performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) determined 8 source factors, 3 having a regional origin (sulfate-rich, nitrate-rich, marine) contributing to PM2.5 mass for 73-78%; and 5 a local one (road traffic, biomass combustion, metal industry background, local industry and dust) (22-27%). In addition, a HR-ToF-AMS (aerosol mass spectrometer) and a SMPS (particle sizer) were deployed during an intensive winter campaign, to gain further insight on OA composition and new particle formation, respectively. The application of PMF to the AMS OA mass spectra allowed identifying 5 source factors: hydrocarbon-like (15%), cooking-like (11%), oxidized biomass burning (25%), less- and more-oxidized oxygenated factors (16% and 33%, respectively). Combining the SMPS size distribution with the chemical speciation of the aerosols and precursor gases allowed the identification of nocturnal new particle formation (NPF) events associated to the formation of SIA, in particular AN
Kodewitz, Andreas. "Methods for large volume image analysis : applied to early detection of Alzheimer's disease by analysis of FDG-PET scans". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EVRY0005/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis we want to explore novel image analysis methods for the early detection of metabolic changes in the human brain caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD). We will present two methodological contributions and present their application to a real life data set. We present a machine learning based method to create a map of local distribution of classification relevant information in an image set. The presented method can be applied using different image characteristics which makes it possible to adapt the method to many kinds of images. The maps generated by this method are very localized and fully consistent with prior findings based on Voxel wise statistics. Further we preset an algorithm to draw a sample of patches according to a distribution presented by means of a map. Implementing a patch based classification procedure using the presented algorithm for data reduction we were able to significantly reduce the amount of patches that has to be analyzed in order to obtain good classification results. We present a novel non-negative tensor factorization (NTF) algorithm for the decomposition of large higher order tensors. This algorithm considerably reduces memory consumption and avoids memory overhead. This allows the fast decomposition even of tensors with very unbalanced dimensions. We apply this algorithm as feature extraction method in a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme, designed to recognize early-stage ad and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scans only. We achieve state of the art classification rates
Michelet, Stéphane. "Modélisation non-supervisée de signaux sociaux". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066052/document.
Texto completoIn a social interaction, we adapt our behavior to our interlocutors. Studying and understanding the underlying mecanisms of this adaptation is the center of Social Signal Processing. The goal of this thesis is to propose methods of study and models for the analysis of social signals in the context of interaction, by exploiting both social processing and pattern recognition techniques. First, an unsupervised method allowing the measurement of imitation between two partners in terms of delay and degree is proposed, only using gestual data. Spatio-temporal interest point are first detected in order to select the most important regions of videos. Then they are described by histograms in order to construct bag-of-words models in which spatial information is reintroduced. Imitation degree and delay between partners are estimated in a continuous way thanks to cross-correlation between the two bag-of-words models. The second part of this thesis focus on the automatic extraction of features permitting to characterizing group interactions. After regrouping all features commonly used in literature, we proposed the utilization of non-negative factorization. More than only extracting the most pertinent features, it also allowed to automatically regroup, and in an unsupervised manner, meetings in three classes corresponding to three types of leadership defined by psychologists. Finally, the last part focus on unsupervised extraction of features permitting to characterize groups. The relevance of these features, compared to ad-hoc features from state of the art, is then validated in a role recognition task
Gloaguen, Jean-Rémy. "Estimation du niveau sonore de sources d'intérêt au sein de mixtures sonores urbaines : application au trafic routier". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0023/document.
Texto completoAcoustic sensor networks are being set up in several major cities in order to obtain a more detailed description of the urban sound environment. One challenge is to estimate useful indicators such as the road traffic noise level on the basis of sound recordings. This task is by no means trivial because of the multitude of sound sources that composed this environment. For this, Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is considered and applied on two corpuses of simulated urban sound mixtures. The interest of simulating such mixtures is the possibility of knowing all the characteristics of each sound class including the exact road traffic noise level. The first corpus consists of 750 30-second scenes mixing a road traffic component with a calibrated sound level and a more generic sound class. The various results have notably made it possible to propose a new approach, called ‘Thresholded Initialized NMF', which is proving to be the most effective. The second corpus created makes it possible to simulate sound mixtures more representatives of recordings made in cities whose realism has been validated by a perceptual test. With an average noise level estimation error of less than 1.3 dB, the Thresholded Initialized NMF stays the most suitable method for the different urban noise environments. These results open the way to the use of this method for other sound sources, such as birds' whistling and voices, which can eventually lead to the creation of multi-source noise maps
Toumi, Ichrak. "Decomposition methods of NMR signal of complex mixtures : models ans applications". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4351/document.
Texto completoThe objective of the work was to test BSS methods for the separation of the complex NMR spectra of mixtures into the simpler ones of the pure compounds. In a first part, known methods namely JADE and NNSC were applied in conjunction for DOSY , performing applications for CPMG were demonstrated. In a second part, we focused on developing an effective algorithm "beta- SNMF ". This was demonstrated to outperform NNSC for beta less or equal to 2. Since in the literature, the choice of beta has been adapted to the statistical assumptions on the additive noise, a statistical study of NMR DOSY noise was done to get a more complete picture about our studied NMR data
Tonnelier, Emeric. "Apprentissage de représentations pour les traces de mobilité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS389.
Texto completoUrban transport is a crucial issue for territories management. In large cities, many inhabitants have to rely on urban public transport to move around, go to work, visit friends. Historically, urban transportation analysis is based on surveys. Questions are ask to a panel of users, leading to the introduction of various bias and no dynamic informations. Since the late 1990s, we see the emergence of new types of data (GPS, smart cards log, etc.) that describe the mobility and of individuals in the city. Available in large quantities, sampled precisely, but containing few semantics and a lot of noise, they allow a monitoring of the individuals's mobility in the medium term. During this thesis, we propose to work on the modeling of users and the network on the one hand, and the detection of anomalies on the other hand. We will do so using data collected automatically in a context of urban transport networks and using machine learning methods. Moreover, we will focus on the design of methods suited to deal with the particularities of mobility data. We will see that the user-oriented modeling of a transport network allows to obtain fine and robust profiles that can be aggregated efficiently in order to obtain a more precise and more descriptive valuation of the network than a network-oriented modeling. Then, we will explain that the use of these profiles makes it possible to handle complex tasks such as anomaly detection or partitioning of network stations. Finally we will show that the contextualization of the models (spatial context, temporal, shared behaviors) improves the quantitative and qualitative performances
Vo, Xuan Thanh. "Apprentissage avec la parcimonie et sur des données incertaines par la programmation DC et DCA". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0193/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we focus on developing optimization approaches for solving some classes of optimization problems in sparsity and robust optimization for data uncertainty. Our methods are based on DC (Difference of Convex functions) programming and DCA (DC Algorithms) which are well-known as powerful tools in optimization. This thesis is composed of two parts: the first part concerns with sparsity while the second part deals with uncertainty. In the first part, a unified DC approximation approach to optimization problem involving the zero-norm in objective is thoroughly studied on both theoretical and computational aspects. We consider a common DC approximation of zero-norm that includes all standard sparse inducing penalty functions, and develop general DCA schemes that cover all standard algorithms in the field. Next, the thesis turns to the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) problem. We investigate the structure of the considered problem and provide appropriate DCA based algorithms. To enhance the performance of NMF, the sparse NMF formulations are proposed. Continuing this topic, we study the dictionary learning problem where sparse representation plays a crucial role. In the second part, we exploit robust optimization technique to deal with data uncertainty for two important problems in machine learning: feature selection in linear Support Vector Machines and clustering. In this context, individual data point is uncertain but varies in a bounded uncertainty set. Different models (box/spherical/ellipsoidal) related to uncertain data are studied. DCA based algorithms are developed to solve the robust problems
Nicodeme, Claire. "Evaluation de l'adhérence au contact roue-rail par analyse d'images spectrales". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM024/document.
Texto completoThe advantage of the train since its creation is in its low resistance to the motion, due to the contact iron-iron of the wheel on the rail leading to low adherence. However this low adherence is also a major drawback : being dependent on the environmental conditions, it is easily deteriorated when the rail is polluted (vegetation, grease, water, etc). Nowadays, strategies to face a deteriorated adherence impact the performance of the system and lead to a loss of transport capacity. The objective of the project is to use a new spectral imaging technology to identify on the rails areas with reduced adherence and their cause in order to quickly alert and adapt the train's behaviour. The study’s strategy took into account the three following points : -The detection system, installed on board of commercial trains, must be independent of the train. - The detection and identification process should not interact with pollution in order to keep the measurements unbiased. To do so, we chose a Non Destructive Control method. - Spectral imaging technology makes it possible to work with both spatial information (distance’s measurement, target detection) and spectral information (material detection and recognition by analysis of spectral signatures). In the assigned time, we focused on the validation of the concept by studies and analyses in laboratory, workable in the office at SNCF Ingénierie & Projets. The key steps were the creation of the concept's evaluation bench and the choice of a Vision system, the creation of a library containing reference spectral signatures and the development of supervised and unsupervised pixels classification. A patent describing the method and process has been filed and published
Durrieu, Jean-Louis. "Transcription et séparation automatique de la mélodie principale dans les signaux de musique polyphoniques". Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00006123.
Texto completoWe propose to address the problem of melody extraction along with the monaural lead instrument and accompaniment separation problem. The first task is related to Music Information Retrieval (MIR), since it aims at indexing the audio music signals with their melody. The separation problem is related to Blind Audio Source Separation (BASS), as it aims at breaking an audio mixture into several source tracks. Leading instrument source separation and main melody extraction are addressed within a unified framework. The lead instrument is modelled thanks to a source/filter production model. Its signal is generated by two hidden states, the filter state and the source state. The proposed signal spectral model therefore explicitly uses pitches both to separate the lead instrument from the others and to transcribe the pitch sequence played by that instrument, the "main melody". This model gives rise to two alternative models, a Gaussian Scaled Mixture Model (GSMM) and the Instantaneous Mixture Model (IMM). The accompaniment is modelled with a more general spectral model. Five systems are proposed. Three systems detect the fundamental frequency sequence of the lead instrument, i. E. They estimate the main melody. A system returns a musical melody transcription and the last system separates the lead instrument from the accompaniment. The results in melody transcription and source separation are at the state of the art, as shown by our participations to international evaluation campaigns (MIREX'08, MIREX'09 and SiSEC'08). The proposed extension of previous source separation works using "MIR" knowledge is therefore a very successful combination
Durrieu, Jean-Louis. "Transcription et séparation automatique de la mélodie principale dans les signaux de musique polyphoniques". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006123.
Texto completoToumi, Ichrak. "Decomposition methods of NMR signal of complex mixtures : models ans applications". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4351.
Texto completoThe objective of the work was to test BSS methods for the separation of the complex NMR spectra of mixtures into the simpler ones of the pure compounds. In a first part, known methods namely JADE and NNSC were applied in conjunction for DOSY , performing applications for CPMG were demonstrated. In a second part, we focused on developing an effective algorithm "beta- SNMF ". This was demonstrated to outperform NNSC for beta less or equal to 2. Since in the literature, the choice of beta has been adapted to the statistical assumptions on the additive noise, a statistical study of NMR DOSY noise was done to get a more complete picture about our studied NMR data
Karoui, Moussa Sofiane. "Méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources et application à la télédétection spatiale". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790655.
Texto completoJarboui, Lina. "Méthodes avancées de séparation de sources applicables aux mélanges linéaires-quadratiques". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30295/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we were interested to propose new Blind Source Separation (BSS) methods adapted to the nonlinear mixing models. BSS consists in estimating the unknown source signals from their observed mixtures when there is little information available on the mixing model. The methodological contribution of this thesis consists in considering the non-linear interactions that can occur between sources by using the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. To this end, we developed three new BSS methods. The first method aims at solving the hyperspectral unmixing problem by using a linear-quadratic model. It is based on the Sparse Component Analysis (SCA) method and requires the existence of pure pixels in the observed scene. For the same purpose, we propose a second hyperspectral unmixing method adapted to the linear-quadratic model. It corresponds to a Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method based on the Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimate allowing to take into account the available prior information about the unknown parameters for a better estimation of them. Finally, we propose a third BSS method based on the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) method by using the Second Order Statistics (SOS) to process a particular case of the linear-quadratic mixture that corresponds to the bilinear one
Vo, Xuan Thanh. "Apprentissage avec la parcimonie et sur des données incertaines par la programmation DC et DCA". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0193.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we focus on developing optimization approaches for solving some classes of optimization problems in sparsity and robust optimization for data uncertainty. Our methods are based on DC (Difference of Convex functions) programming and DCA (DC Algorithms) which are well-known as powerful tools in optimization. This thesis is composed of two parts: the first part concerns with sparsity while the second part deals with uncertainty. In the first part, a unified DC approximation approach to optimization problem involving the zero-norm in objective is thoroughly studied on both theoretical and computational aspects. We consider a common DC approximation of zero-norm that includes all standard sparse inducing penalty functions, and develop general DCA schemes that cover all standard algorithms in the field. Next, the thesis turns to the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) problem. We investigate the structure of the considered problem and provide appropriate DCA based algorithms. To enhance the performance of NMF, the sparse NMF formulations are proposed. Continuing this topic, we study the dictionary learning problem where sparse representation plays a crucial role. In the second part, we exploit robust optimization technique to deal with data uncertainty for two important problems in machine learning: feature selection in linear Support Vector Machines and clustering. In this context, individual data point is uncertain but varies in a bounded uncertainty set. Different models (box/spherical/ellipsoidal) related to uncertain data are studied. DCA based algorithms are developed to solve the robust problems
Feng, Fangchen. "Séparation aveugle de source : de l'instantané au convolutif". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS232/document.
Texto completoBlind source separation (BSS) consists of estimating the source signals only from the observed mixtures. The problem can be divided into two categories according to the mixing model: instantaneous mixtures, where delay and reverberation (multi-path effect) are not taken into account, and convolutive mixtures which are more general but more complicated. Moreover, the additive noise at the sensor level and the underdetermined setting, where there are fewer sensors than the sources, make the problem even more difficult.In this thesis, we first studied the link between two existing methods for instantaneous mixtures: independent component analysis (ICA) and sparse component analysis (SCA). We then proposed a new formulation that works in both determined and underdetermined cases, with and without noise. Numerical evaluations show the advantage of the proposed approaches.Secondly, the proposed formulation is generalized for convolutive mixtures with speech signals. By integrating a new approximation model, the proposed algorithms work better than existing methods, especially in noisy and/or high reverberation scenarios.Then, we take into account the technique of morphological decomposition and the use of structured sparsity which leads to algorithms that can better exploit the structures of audio signals. Such approaches are tested for underdetermined convolutive mixtures in a non-blind scenario.At last, being benefited from the NMF model, we combined the low-rank and sparsity assumption and proposed new approaches for under-determined convolutive mixtures. The experiments illustrate the good performance of the proposed algorithms for music signals, especially in strong reverberation scenarios
Filippi, Marc. "Séparation de sources en imagerie nucléaire". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT025/document.
Texto completoIn nuclear imaging (scintigraphy, SPECT, PET), diagnostics are often made with time activity curves (TAC) of organs and tissues. These TACs represent the dynamic evolution of tracer distribution inside patient's body. Extraction of TACs can be complicated by overlapping in the 2D image sequences, hence source separation methods must be used in order to extract TAC properly. However, the underlying separation problem is underdetermined. We propose to overcome this difficulty by adding some spatial and temporal prior knowledge about sources on the separation process. The main knowledge used in this work is region of interest (ROI) of organs and tissues. Unlike state of the art methods, ROI are integrated in a robust way in our method, in order to face user-dependancy in their selection. The proposed method is generic and minimize an objective function composed with a data fidelity criterion, penalizations and relaxations expressing prior knowledge. Results on synthetic datasets show the efficiency of the proposed method compare to state of the art methods. Two clinical applications on the kidney and on the heart are also adressed
Buchoud, Edouard. "Détection, localisation et quantification de déplacements par capteurs à fibre optique". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU021/document.
Texto completoFor structural health monitoring, optical fiber sensors are mostly used thanks their capacity to provide distributed measurements. Based on the principle of Brillouin scattering, optical fiber sensors measure Brillouin frequency profile, sensitive to strain and temperature into the optical fiber, with a meter spatial resolution over several kilometers. The first problem is to obtain a centimeter spatial resolution with the same sensing length. To solve it, source separation, deconvolution and resolution of inverse problem methodologies are used. Then, the athermal strain into the structure is searched. Several algorithms based on adaptative filter are tested to correct the thermal effect on strain measurements. Finally, several methods are developed to quantify structure displacements from the athermal strain measurements. They have been tested on simulated and controlled-conditions data
Magron, Paul. "Reconstruction de phase par modèles de signaux : application à la séparation de sources audio". Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0078/document.
Texto completoA variety of audio signal processing techniques act on a Time-Frequency (TF) representation of the data. When the result of those algorithms is a magnitude spectrum, it is necessary to reconstruct the corresponding phase field in order to resynthesize time-domain signals. For instance, in the source separation framework the spectrograms of the individual sources are estimated from the mixture ; the widely used Wiener filtering technique then provides satisfactory results, but its performance decreases when the sources overlap in the TF domain. This thesis addresses the problem of phase reconstruction in the TF domain for audio source separation. From a preliminary study we highlight the need for novel phase recovery methods. We therefore introduce new phase reconstruction techniques that are based on music signal modeling : our approach consists inexploiting phase information that originates from signal models such as mixtures of sinusoids. Taking those constraints into account enables us to preserve desirable properties such as temporal continuity or transient precision. We integrate these into several mixture models where the mixture phase is exploited ; the magnitudes of the sources are either assumed to be known, or jointly estimated in a complex nonnegative matrix factorization framework. Finally we design a phase-dependent probabilistic mixture model that accounts for model-based phase priors. Those methods are tested on a variety of realistic music signals. They compare favorably or outperform traditional source separation techniques in terms of signal reconstruction quality and computational cost. In particular, we observe a decrease in interferences between the estimated sources and a reduction of artifacts in the low-frequency components, which confirms the benefit of signal model-based phase reconstruction methods
Stamile, Claudio. "Unsupervised Models for White Matter Fiber-Bundles Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1147/document.
Texto completoDiffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) is a meaningful technique for white matter (WM) fiber-tracking and microstructural characterization of axonal/neuronal integrity and connectivity. By measuring water molecules motion in the three directions of space, numerous parametric maps can be reconstructed. Among these, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and axial (λa) and radial (λr) diffusivities have extensively been used to investigate brain diseases. Overall, these findings demonstrated that WM and grey matter (GM) tissues are subjected to numerous microstructural alterations in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it remains unclear whether these tissue alterations result from global processes, such as inflammatory cascades and/or neurodegenerative mechanisms, or local inflammatory and/or demyelinating lesions. Furthermore, these pathological events may occur along afferent or efferent WM fiber pathways, leading to antero- or retrograde degeneration. Thus, for a better understanding of MS pathological processes like its spatial and temporal progression, an accurate and sensitive characterization of WM fibers along their pathways is needed. By merging the spatial information of fiber tracking with the diffusion metrics derived obtained from longitudinal acquisitions, WM fiber-bundles could be modeled and analyzed along their profile. Such signal analysis of WM fibers can be performed by several methods providing either semi- or fully unsupervised solutions. In the first part of this work, we will give an overview of the studies already present in literature and we will focus our analysis on studies showing the interest of dMRI for WM characterization in MS. In the second part, we will introduce two new string-based methods, one semi-supervised and one unsupervised, to extract specific WM fiber-bundles. We will show how these algorithms allow to improve extraction of specific fiber-bundles compared to the approaches already present in literature. Moreover, in the second chapter, we will show an extension of the proposed method by coupling the string-based formalism with the spatial information of the fiber-tracks. In the third, and last part, we will describe, in order of complexity, three different fully automated algorithms to perform analysis of longitudinal changes visible along WM fiber-bundles in MS patients. These methods are based on Gaussian mixture model, nonnegative matrix and tensor factorisation respectively. Moreover, in order to validate our methods, we introduce a new model to simulate real longitudinal changes based on a generalised Gaussian probability density function. For those algorithms high levels of performances were obtained for the detection of small longitudinal changes along the WM fiber-bundles in MS patients. In conclusion, we propose, in this work, a new set of unsupervised algorithms to perform a sensitivity analysis of WM fiber bundle that would be useful for the characterisation of pathological alterations occurring in MS patients
Roig, Rodelas Roger. "Chemical characterization, sources and origins of secondary inorganic aerosols measured at a suburban site in Northern France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR017.
Texto completoTropospheric fine particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) may impact health, climate and ecosystems. Secondary inorganic (SIA) and organic aerosols (OA) contribute largely to PM2.5. To understand their formation and origin, a 1-year campaign (August 2015 to July 2016) of inorganic precursor gases and PM2.5 water-soluble ions was performed at an hourly resolution at a suburban site in northern France using a MARGA 1S, complemented by mass concentrations of PM2.5, Black Carbon, nitrogen oxides and trace elements. The highest levels of ammonium nitrate (AN) and sulfate were observed at night in spring and during daytime in summer, respectively. A source apportionment study performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) determined 8 source factors, 3 having a regional origin (sulfate-rich, nitrate-rich, marine) contributing to PM2.5 mass for 73-78%; and 5 a local one (road traffic, biomass combustion, metal industry background, local industry and dust) (22-27%). In addition, a HR-ToF-AMS (aerosol mass spectrometer) and a SMPS (particle sizer) were deployed during an intensive winter campaign, to gain further insight on OA composition and new particle formation, respectively. The application of PMF to the AMS OA mass spectra allowed identifying 5 source factors: hydrocarbon-like (15%), cooking-like (11%), oxidized biomass burning (25%), less- and more-oxidized oxygenated factors (16% and 33%, respectively). Combining the SMPS size distribution with the chemical speciation of the aerosols and precursor gases allowed the identification of nocturnal new particle formation (NPF) events associated to the formation of SIA, in particular AN
Magron, Paul. "Reconstruction de phase par modèles de signaux : application à la séparation de sources audio". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0078.
Texto completoA variety of audio signal processing techniques act on a Time-Frequency (TF) representation of the data. When the result of those algorithms is a magnitude spectrum, it is necessary to reconstruct the corresponding phase field in order to resynthesize time-domain signals. For instance, in the source separation framework the spectrograms of the individual sources are estimated from the mixture ; the widely used Wiener filtering technique then provides satisfactory results, but its performance decreases when the sources overlap in the TF domain. This thesis addresses the problem of phase reconstruction in the TF domain for audio source separation. From a preliminary study we highlight the need for novel phase recovery methods. We therefore introduce new phase reconstruction techniques that are based on music signal modeling : our approach consists inexploiting phase information that originates from signal models such as mixtures of sinusoids. Taking those constraints into account enables us to preserve desirable properties such as temporal continuity or transient precision. We integrate these into several mixture models where the mixture phase is exploited ; the magnitudes of the sources are either assumed to be known, or jointly estimated in a complex nonnegative matrix factorization framework. Finally we design a phase-dependent probabilistic mixture model that accounts for model-based phase priors. Those methods are tested on a variety of realistic music signals. They compare favorably or outperform traditional source separation techniques in terms of signal reconstruction quality and computational cost. In particular, we observe a decrease in interferences between the estimated sources and a reduction of artifacts in the low-frequency components, which confirms the benefit of signal model-based phase reconstruction methods
Rousset, Florian. "Single-pixel imaging : Development and applications of adaptive methods". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI096/document.
Texto completoSingle-pixel imaging is a recent paradigm that allows the acquisition of images at a reasonably low cost by exploiting hardware compression of the data. The architecture of a single-pixel camera consists of only two elements, a spatial light modulator and a single point detector. The key idea is to measure, at the detector, the projection (i.e., inner product) of the scene under view -the image- with some patterns. The post-processing of a measurements sequence obtained with different patterns permits to restore the desired image. Single-pixel imaging has several advantages, which are of interest for different applications, especially in the biomedical field. In particular, a time-resolved single-pixel imaging system benefits to fluorescence lifetime sensing. Such a setup can be coupled to a spectrometer to supplement lifetime with spectral information. However, the main limitation of single-pixel imaging is the speed of the acquisition and/or image restoration that is, as of today, not compatible with real-time applications. This thesis investigates fast acquisition/restoration schemes for single-pixel camera targeting biomedical applications. First, a new acquisition strategy based on wavelet compression algorithms is reported. It is shown that it can significantly accelerate image recovery compared to conventional schemes belonging to the compressive sensing framework. Second, a novel technique is proposed to alleviate an experimental positivity constraint of the modulation patterns. With respect to the classical approaches, the proposed non-negative matrix factorization based technique permits to divide by two the number of patterns sent to the spatial light modulator, hence dividing the overall acquisition time by two. Finally, the applicability of these techniques is demonstrated for multispectral and/or time-resolved imaging, which are common modalities in biomedical imaging
Montcuquet, Anne-Sophie. "Imagerie spectrale pour l’étude de structures profondes par tomographie optique diffusive de fluorescence". Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0097.
Texto completoFluorescence optical imaging locates biological targets such as tumors tagged with fluorescent markers. For medical diagnostic applications where thickness of media reaches a few centimeters, unwanted autofluorescence of tissues prevents the detection of fluorescence signal of interest : its removal is a sine qua non condition to an accurate tumor localization. The aims of this thesis was to spectrally study natural fluorescence of tissues and to develop a blind source separation method to remove autofluorescence contribution from measurements. Nonnegative Matrix Factorization method was chosen, original algorithms were proposed, and tested on real data. We proved our method is highly efficient to improve the detection of markers and the localization of tumors in Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography reconstructions
Nus, Ludivine. "Méthodes rapides de traitement d’images hyperspectrales. Application à la caractérisation en temps réel du matériau bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0163/document.
Texto completoThis PhD dissertation addresses the problem of on-line unmixing of hyperspectral images acquired by a pushbroom imaging system, for real-time characterization of wood. The first part of this work proposes an on-line mixing model based on non-negative matrix factorization. Based on this model, three algorithms for on-line sequential unmixing, using multiplicative update rules, the Nesterov optimal gradient and the ADMM optimization (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers), respectively, are developed. These algorithms are specially designed to perform the unmixing in real time, at the pushbroom imager acquisition rate. In order to regularize the estimation problem (generally ill-posed), two types of constraints on the endmembers are used: a minimum dispersion constraint and a minimum volume constraint. A method for the unsupervised estimation of the regularization parameter is also proposed, by reformulating the on-line hyperspectral unmixing problem as a bi-objective optimization. In the second part of this manuscript, we propose an approach for handling the variation in the number of sources, i.e. the rank of the decomposition, during the processing. Thus, the previously developed on-line algorithms are modified, by introducing a hyperspectral library learning stage as well as sparse constraints allowing to select only the active sources. Finally, the third part of this work consists in the application of these approaches to the detection and the classification of the singularities of wood
Benhalouche, Fatima Zohra. "Méthodes de démélange et de fusion des images multispectrales et hyperspectrales de télédétection spatiale". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30083/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we focused on two main problems of the spatial remote sensing of urban environments which are: "spectral unmixing" and "fusion". In the first part of the thesis, we are interested in the spectral unmixing of hyperspectral images of urban scenes. The developed methods are designed to unsupervisely extract the spectra of materials contained in an imaged scene. Most often, spectral unmixing methods (methods known as blind source separation) are based on the linear mixing model. However, when facing non-flat landscape, as in the case of urban areas, the linear mixing model is not valid any more, and must be replaced by a nonlinear mixing model. This nonlinear model can be reduced to a linear-quadratic/bilinear mixing model. The proposed spectral unmixing methods are based on matrix factorization with non-negativity constraint, and are designed for urban scenes. The proposed methods generally give better performance than the tested literature methods. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the implementation of methods that allow the fusion of multispectral and hyperspectral images, in order to improve the spatial resolution of the hyperspectral image. This fusion consists in combining the high spatial resolution of multispectral images and high spectral resolution of hyperspectral images. The implemented methods are designed for urban remote sensing data. These methods are based on linear-quadratic spectral unmixing techniques and use the non-negative matrix factorization. The obtained results show that the developed methods give good performance for hyperspectral and multispectral data fusion. They also show that these methods significantly outperform the tested literature approaches
Nus, Ludivine. "Méthodes rapides de traitement d’images hyperspectrales. Application à la caractérisation en temps réel du matériau bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0163.
Texto completoThis PhD dissertation addresses the problem of on-line unmixing of hyperspectral images acquired by a pushbroom imaging system, for real-time characterization of wood. The first part of this work proposes an on-line mixing model based on non-negative matrix factorization. Based on this model, three algorithms for on-line sequential unmixing, using multiplicative update rules, the Nesterov optimal gradient and the ADMM optimization (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers), respectively, are developed. These algorithms are specially designed to perform the unmixing in real time, at the pushbroom imager acquisition rate. In order to regularize the estimation problem (generally ill-posed), two types of constraints on the endmembers are used: a minimum dispersion constraint and a minimum volume constraint. A method for the unsupervised estimation of the regularization parameter is also proposed, by reformulating the on-line hyperspectral unmixing problem as a bi-objective optimization. In the second part of this manuscript, we propose an approach for handling the variation in the number of sources, i.e. the rank of the decomposition, during the processing. Thus, the previously developed on-line algorithms are modified, by introducing a hyperspectral library learning stage as well as sparse constraints allowing to select only the active sources. Finally, the third part of this work consists in the application of these approaches to the detection and the classification of the singularities of wood
Leglaive, Simon. "Modèles de mélange pour la séparation multicanale de sources sonores en milieu réverbérant". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENST0068.
Texto completoThis thesis addresses the problem of under-determined audio source separation for multichannel reverberant mixtures. We adopt a probabilistic approach where the source signals are represented as latent random variables in a time-frequency domain. The specific structure of musical signals in this domain is exploited by means of non-negative matrix factorization models. In the literature, the mixing filters are generally treated as deterministic parameters, only estimated from the observed data. However, as these filters correspond to room responses, they exhibit a very particular structure that can be used to guide their estimation. In a first part, the time-domain convolutive mixing process is approximated in the short-time Fourier transform domain, under the assumption that the impulse response of the mixing filters is short. We develop autoregressive moving average models that aim to transcribe the temporal dynamics of the filters into frequency-domain correlations. These models are then used in a source separation framework, for performing maximum a posteriori estimation of the mixing filters by means of an expectation-maximization algorithm. In a second part, we propose to infer the time-frequency source coefficients from the time-domain mixture observations, using a variational approach. The convolutive mixing process is here exactly represented. In addition to being suitable for the separation of highly reverberant mixtures, this approach allows us to develop simple priors for the mixing filters in order to guide their estimation. We propose a model based on the Student’s t distribution that exploits the exponential decay of reverberation in the time domain
Pham, Viet Nga. "Programmation DC et DCA pour l'optimisation non convexe/optimisation globale en variables mixtes entières : Codes et Applications". Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833570.
Texto completoBoulais, Axel. "Méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources et application à l'imagerie hyperspectrale en astrophysique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30318/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the development of new blind separation methods for linear instantaneous mixtures applicable to astrophysical hyperspectral data sets. We propose three approaches to perform data separation. A first contribution is based on hybridization of two existing blind source separation (BSS) methods: the SpaceCORR method, requiring a sparsity assumption, and a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method. We show that using SpaceCORR results to initialize the NMF improves the performance of the methods used alone. We then proposed a first original method to relax the sparsity constraint of SpaceCORR. The method called MASS (Maximum Angle Source Separation) is a geometric method based on the extraction of single-source pixels to achieve the separation of data. We also studied the hybridization of MASS with the NMF. Finally, we proposed an approach to relax the sparsity constraint of SpaceCORR. The original method called SIBIS (Subspace-Intersection Blind Identification and Separation) is a geometric method based on the identification of intersections of subspaces generated by regions of the hyperspectral image. Under a sparsity assumption, these intersections allow one to achieve the separation of the data. The approaches proposed in this manuscript have been validated by experimentations on simulated data and then applied to real data. The results obtained on our data are very encouraging and are compared with those obtained by methods from the literature
Chen, Yuxin. "Apprentissage interactif de mots et d'objets pour un robot humanoïde". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLY003/document.
Texto completoFuture applications of robotics, especially personal service robots, will require continuous adaptability to the environment, and particularly the ability to recognize new objects and learn new words through interaction with humans. Though having made tremendous progress by using machine learning, current computational models for object detection and representation still rely heavily on good training data and ideal learning supervision. In contrast, two year old children have an impressive ability to learn to recognize new objects and at the same time to learn the object names during interaction with adults and without precise supervision. Therefore, following the developmental robotics approach, we develop in the thesis learning approaches for objects, associating their names and corresponding features, inspired by the infants' capabilities, in particular, the ambiguous interaction with humans, inspired by the interaction that occurs between children and parents.The general idea is to use cross-situational learning (finding the common points between different presentations of an object or a feature) and to implement multi-modal concept discovery based on two latent topic discovery approaches : Non Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and Latent Dirichlet Association (LDA). Based on vision descriptors and sound/voice inputs, the proposed approaches will find the underlying regularities in the raw dataflow to produce sets of words and their associated visual meanings (eg. the name of an object and its shape, or a color adjective and its correspondence in images). We developed a complete approach based on these algorithms and compared their behavior in front of two sources of uncertainties: referential ambiguities, in situations where multiple words are given that describe multiple objects features; and linguistic ambiguities, in situations where keywords we intend to learn are merged in complete sentences. This thesis highlights the algorithmic solutions required to be able to perform efficient learning of these word-referent associations from data acquired in a simplified but realistic acquisition setup that made it possible to perform extensive simulations and preliminary experiments in real human-robot interactions. We also gave solutions for the automatic estimation of the number of topics for both NMF and LDA.We finally proposed two active learning strategies, Maximum Reconstruction Error Based Selection (MRES) and Confidence Based Exploration (CBE), to improve the quality and speed of incremental learning by letting the algorithms choose the next learning samples. We compared the behaviors produced by these algorithms and show their common points and differences with those of humans in similar learning situations
Jaureguiberry, Xabier. "Fusion pour la séparation de sources audio". Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENST0030/document.
Texto completoUnderdetermined blind source separation is a complex mathematical problem that can be satisfyingly resolved for some practical applications, providing that the right separation method has been selected and carefully tuned. In order to automate this selection process, we propose in this thesis to resort to the principle of fusion which has been widely used in the related field of classification yet is still marginally exploited in source separation. Fusion consists in combining several methods to solve a given problem instead of selecting a unique one. To do so, we introduce a general fusion framework in which a source estimate is expressed as a linear combination of estimates of this same source given by different separation algorithms, each source estimate being weighted by a fusion coefficient. For a given task, fusion coefficients can then be learned on a representative training dataset by minimizing a cost function related to the separation objective. To go further, we also propose two ways to adapt the fusion coefficients to the mixture to be separated. The first one expresses the fusion of several non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) models in a Bayesian fashion similar to Bayesian model averaging. The second one aims at learning time-varying fusion coefficients thanks to deep neural networks. All proposed methods have been evaluated on two distinct corpora. The first one is dedicated to speech enhancement while the other deals with singing voice extraction. Experimental results show that fusion always outperform simple selection in all considered cases, best results being obtained by adaptive time-varying fusion with neural networks
Benachir, Djaouad. "Méthodes de séparation aveugle de sources pour le démélange d'images de télédétection". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2809/.
Texto completoWithin this thesis, we propose new blind source separation (BSS) methods intended for instantaneous linear mixtures, aimed at remote sensing applications. The first contribution is based on the combination of two broad classes of BSS methods : Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). We show how the physical constraints of our problem can be used to eliminate some of the indeterminacies related to ICA and provide a first approximation of endmembers spectra and associated sources. These approximations are then used to initialize an NMF algorithm with the goal of improving them. The results we reached are satisfactory as compared with the classical methods used in our undertaken tests. The second proposed method is based on sparsity as well as on geometrical properties. We begin by highlighting some properties facilitating the presentation of the hypotheses considered 153 in the method. We then provide the broad lines of this approach which is based on the determination of the two-source zones that are contained in a remote sensing image, with the help of a correlation criterion. From the intersections of the lines generated by these two-source zones, we detail how to obtain the columns of the mixing matrix and the sought sources. The obtained results are quite attractive as compared with those reached by several methods from literature
Chen, Yuxin. "Apprentissage interactif de mots et d'objets pour un robot humanoïde". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLY003.
Texto completoFuture applications of robotics, especially personal service robots, will require continuous adaptability to the environment, and particularly the ability to recognize new objects and learn new words through interaction with humans. Though having made tremendous progress by using machine learning, current computational models for object detection and representation still rely heavily on good training data and ideal learning supervision. In contrast, two year old children have an impressive ability to learn to recognize new objects and at the same time to learn the object names during interaction with adults and without precise supervision. Therefore, following the developmental robotics approach, we develop in the thesis learning approaches for objects, associating their names and corresponding features, inspired by the infants' capabilities, in particular, the ambiguous interaction with humans, inspired by the interaction that occurs between children and parents.The general idea is to use cross-situational learning (finding the common points between different presentations of an object or a feature) and to implement multi-modal concept discovery based on two latent topic discovery approaches : Non Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and Latent Dirichlet Association (LDA). Based on vision descriptors and sound/voice inputs, the proposed approaches will find the underlying regularities in the raw dataflow to produce sets of words and their associated visual meanings (eg. the name of an object and its shape, or a color adjective and its correspondence in images). We developed a complete approach based on these algorithms and compared their behavior in front of two sources of uncertainties: referential ambiguities, in situations where multiple words are given that describe multiple objects features; and linguistic ambiguities, in situations where keywords we intend to learn are merged in complete sentences. This thesis highlights the algorithmic solutions required to be able to perform efficient learning of these word-referent associations from data acquired in a simplified but realistic acquisition setup that made it possible to perform extensive simulations and preliminary experiments in real human-robot interactions. We also gave solutions for the automatic estimation of the number of topics for both NMF and LDA.We finally proposed two active learning strategies, Maximum Reconstruction Error Based Selection (MRES) and Confidence Based Exploration (CBE), to improve the quality and speed of incremental learning by letting the algorithms choose the next learning samples. We compared the behaviors produced by these algorithms and show their common points and differences with those of humans in similar learning situations