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Wenas, Adrina Syulie, Ponirin Ponirin y Wiri Wirastuti. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG DIPERTIMBANGKAN MAHASISWA FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS TADULAKO MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM SEBAGAI SARANA JUAL BELI ONLINE". Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Universitas Tadulako (JIMUT) 1, n.º 2 (31 de mayo de 2015): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/jimut.v1i2.18.
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The study determines some factors considered by the students of the Economic Faculties University Tadulako using social media Instagram as a means of buying & selling online. The sampling technique is accidental side, with 105 samples taken. Based on the analysis factors using 21 indicators, the study finds 3 factors that are considered by students in using social media Instagram as a means of buying and selling online. These factors are: 1) Online Marketing consists of F3 (Ease in business), F12 (Facilitate the search for products), F14 (There are lots of goods imported or local), F15 (to hunt many gifts), F17 (can develop the business). 2) lifestyle, includes: F2 (following the trend of lifestyle), F6 (Instagram is already a lot of users), F10 (the event to seek friendship), F11 (as the entertainment media), F21 (the advice of friends); and 3) Sales Promotion factors such as: F1 (Promotion convincing), F16 (As an advertising medium offers products or services), F19 (price offered various kinds), F20 (For media information). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang harus diperhatikan mahasiswa fakultas ekonomi Universitas Tadulako menggunakan media sosial Instagram sebagai alat untuk membeli & menjual secara online. Teknik yang digunakan untuk menentukan sampel adalah metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan sampel Sampling Sampling yang disela. Jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 105 orang. Berdasarkan analisis faktor-faktor yang telah dilakukan melalui tahap pengujian dengan menggunakan 21 indikator ditemukan bahwa hanya 3 faktor yang dianggap mahasiswa, dengan menggunakan media sosial Instagram sebagai alat untuk jual-beli secara online merupakan faktor Pemasaran Online: F3 (Kemudahan dalam berbisnis), F12 (Memfasilitasi pencarian produk), F14 (Ada banyak barang impor atau lokal), F15 (untuk memburu banyak hadiah), F17 (bisa mengembangkan bisnis), maka faktor faktor kedua gaya hidup: F2 (mengikuti tren gaya hidup), F6 (Instagram sudah banyak pengguna), F10 (acara untuk mencari pertemanan), F11 (sebagai media hiburan), F21 (saran dari teman). Selanjutnya, faktor ketiga, yaitu faktor Promosi Penjualan: F1 (Promotion meyakinkan), F16 (Sebagai media periklanan menawarkan produk atau jasa), F19 (harga yang ditawarkan bermacam macam), F20 (Untuk informasi media).
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OLIVEIRA, VALTER RODRIGUES, VICENTE WAGNER DIAS CASALI, COSME DAMIÃO CRUZ, PAULO ROBERTO GOMES PEREIRA y CARLOS ALBERTO SCAPIM. "CAPACIDADE DE COMBINAÇÃO ENTRE LINHAGENS DE PIMENTÃO DIFERINDO NA TOLERÂNCIA AO BAIXO TEOR DE FÓSFORO NO SOLO". Bragantia 57, n.º 2 (1998): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87051998000200002.
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Seis linhagens de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) diferindo na tolerância ao baixo teor de fósforo (P) no solo, os híbridos F1 e seus recíprocos, obtidos de um cruzamento dialélico completo, foram avaliados em casa de vegetação, para estimar as capacidades combinatórias em relação à acumulação de matéria seca total, matéria seca da parte aérea, matéria seca das raízes, razão raiz:parte aérea, área foliar, altura da planta, conteúdo de P total na planta e coeficiente de translocação de P. Ambas as capacidades, geral (CGC) e específica de combinação (CEC), foram estatisticamente significativas, com o componente quadrático associado à CEC superior ao relativo à CGC em todas as características avaliadas, evidenciando predominância de efeitos gênicos não aditivos nos cruzamentos. Linhagens tolerantes à baixa disponibilidade de P exibiram elevadas estimativas positivas da CGC, foram as mais divergentes e seus híbridos revelaram médias elevadas para a maioria das características avaliadas, enquanto comportamento inverso foi apresentado pelas linhagens intolerantes. Levando-se em consideração o desempenho das linhagens, as heteroses e o efeito da CEC, destacaram-se as combinações P-141-190-F16 x P-142-403-F11, P-142-215-F15 x P-142-270-F12, P-141-152-F14 x P-142-215-F15, P-141-152-F14 x P-142-403-F11 e P-141-150-F10 x P-141-152-F14. Não houve ocorrência de diferenças entre cruzamentos recíprocos, em relação às características avaliadas
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Omphemetse S. Sibanda, Sr. "The Advent of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement as a Tool for Development". Foreign Trade Review 56, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2021): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732521995171.
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Modelled on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), signed at the Extraordinary Summit of the African Union, which convened in Kigali, Rwanda, on 21 March 2018, is designed to facilitate a single continental trade regulation and integration framework for trade disciplines and intentioned to boost intra-Africa trade. AfCFTA came on the backdrop of not less than eight regional economic communities (RECs), which are loosely regulated. The study finds that AfCFTA can become a beacon of development in the African continent, provided an array of issues including addressing the multiplicity of RECs, putting in place a Development-focused migration and labour policy or developing a side labour agreement similar to that of NAFTA to address other issues like harmonisation of treatment and conditions of workforce and pursuing industrialisation that will help manage the negative spillovers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). JEL Codes: C23, F10, F13, F14, F15, F17, F19, K33, K41
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Nurdiana, Dadi y Rahmi Fatima. "PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS FUNGISIDA TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN JAMUR Fusarium Oxysporum". Jagros : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Sains (Journal of Agrotechnology Science) 1, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52434/jagros.v1i1.304.
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Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh dari berbagai jenis fungisida alami terhadap resiko fusarium penyakit layu (Fusarium oxysporum) in vitro. Percobaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Garut September-Oktober 2015. Perlakuan sebanyak 16 yang diulang sebanyak dua kali yang disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Semua data yang diamati dianalisis dengan uji scott knott. Perlakuannya yaitu: F0 = (Tanpa fungisida), F1 = Chitosan 1%, F2 = Chitosan 2%, F3 = Ekstrak Bayam duri 5%, F4 = Ekstrak Bayam duri 10%, F5 = Ekstrak Bawang putih 5%, F6 = Ekstrak Bawang putih 10%, F7 = Ekstrak Jawer kotok 5%, F8 = Ekstrak Jawer kotok 10%, F9 = Ekstrak kangkung 5%, F10 = Ekstrak kangkung 10%, F11 = Ekstrak Sirih 5%, F12 = Ekstrak Sirih 10%, F13 = Ekstrak serai wangi 5%, F14 = Ekstrak wangi 10%, F15 = fungisida sintetis 3g/liter. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bawang putih dengan konsentrasi 10% (F6) memberi efek terbaik pada penghambatanpertumbuhan hifaF. oxysporumyang ditunjukkan nilai terendah dalam panjang hifa dan diameter penghambatan.
Kata kunci: Fungisida alami, Penyakit layu Fusarium, In vitro
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Guimarães, Carlos Tito, Delza de Moura Soares, Zilton de Araújo Andrade y Cecília Pereira de Souza. "Resistência de Biomphalaria glabrata à infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni: variações no período pré-patente e na compatibilidade". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 30, n.º 4 (agosto de 1997): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821997000400001.
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Biomphalaria glabrata de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, criada no laboratório, apresenta 90% de taxa de infecção com 20 miracídios da cepa LE, autóctone. O período pré-patente normal varia de 5 a 7 semanas enquanto 5 a 10% dos moluscos expostos não eliminam cercárias. Os descendentes de exemplares negativos foram novamente submetidos à infecção individual com 20 miracídios. A média de infecção da F14 a F20 foi de 43,6%. Cortes histológicos de moluscos da F12, F14 e F15 mostraram reações teciduais nos exemplares eliminando menos de 10 cercárias. Um período pré-patente prolongado, 17 a 32 semanas, foi observado em 35 (17,9%) dos 195 exemplares infectados. Os índices de cercárias da F12, F13 e F15 baixaram de extremamente compatíveis (classe VI) para muito compatíveis e compatíveis (classes V e III) mostrando a compatibilidade menor dos moluscos selecionados.
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Sharma, Rakesh Kumar y Anil Kumar Middha. "Investigations on noval method for the formulation of solid dispersions part- I Formulation, characterization and selection". International Journal of Drug Delivery 9, n.º 3 (31 de octubre de 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750215.2173.
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<p>The solid dispersions of indomethacin with hydrophilic polymers were prepared by lyophilization. The polymers used in the investigation were HPMC, PVP K30, CBR and PLF 127. The solubility and dissolution of indomethacin from prepared lyophilized solid dispersions were investigated in 0.1 N HCl, purified water and USP-NF dissolution media. Out of fifteen lyophilized formulations from F1 to F15, five formulations F2, F5, F8, F12 and F14 showed highest solubility in purified water. Formulation F2, F8 failed to comply with the USP-NF dissolution test for indomethacin capsules. Formulation F14 showed maximum dissolution in the respective dissolution media within 60 min. Sustained drug release was observed for 6 h with formulations F2 and F8 in USP-NF media. The formulations F2, F5, F8, F12 and F14 were characterized by modulated DSC and FT-IR spectroscopy. Some Formulations on stability testing were found physico-chemically stable at accelerated temperature conditions.</p>
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Grankov, А. G. y А. А. Milshin. "INFLUENCE OF REGULARITY OF SATELLITE MICROWAVE RADIOMETER MEASUREMENTS ON THE ACCURACY OF BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE REPRODUCTION IN AREAS OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONES". Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, n.º 4 (2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2021-4-78-85.
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An accuracy of reproduction of daily variations in the ocean–atmosphere system brightness temperature in the areas of development and movement of tropical hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is analyzed. The analysis is based on the data of single and group satellite microwave radiometer measurements. The results are obtained using archival measurement data of SSM/I radiometers from the F11, F13, F14, and F15 DMSP satellites during the period of existence of tropical hurricanes Bret and Wilma. An example is given to demonstrate the use of daily brightness temperatures obtained from DMSP satellites for monitoring the development and propagation of hurricane Wilma.
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Lee, Hyun-Wook, Wan-Young Kim, Hyun-Kuk Song, Chul-Woo Yang, Ki-Hwan Han, H. Moo Kwon y Jin Kim. "Sequential expression of NKCC2, TonEBP, aldose reductase, and urea transporter-A in developing mouse kidney". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 292, n.º 1 (enero de 2007): F269—F277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2006.
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This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that, during renal development, the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) activates the tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) transcription factor by creating medullary hypertonicity. TonEBP, in turn, drives the expression of aldose reductase (AR) and urea transporter-A (UT-A). Kidneys from 13- to19-day-old fetuses ( F13– F19), 1- to 21-day-old pups ( P1– P21), and adult mice were examined by immunohistochemistry. NKCC2 was first detected on F14 in differentiating macula densa and thick ascending limb (TAL). TonEBP was first detected on F15 in the medullary collecting duct (MCD) and surrounding endothelial cells. AR was detected in the MCD cells of the renal medulla from F15. UT-A first appeared in the descending thin limb (DTL) on F16 and in the MCD on F18. After birth, NKCC2-positive TALs disappeared gradually from the tip of the renal papilla, becoming completely undetectable in the inner medulla on P21. TonEBP shifted from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in both vascular endothelial cells and MCD cells on P1, and its abundance increased gradually afterward. Immunoreactivity for AR and UT-A in the renal medulla increased markedly after birth. Treatment of neonatal animals with furosemide dramatically reduced expression of TonEBP, AR, and UT-A1. Furosemide also prevented the disappearance of NKCC2-expressing TALs in the papilla. The sequential expression of NKCC2, TonEBP, and its targets AR and UT-A and the reduced expression TonEBP and its targets in response to furosemide treatment support the hypothesis that local hypertonicity produced by the activity of NKCC2 activates TonEBP during development.
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Abe, Chiyoji, Silvie Schmitz, Irmgard Moser, Graham Boulnois, Nicola J. High, Ida Ørskov, Fritz Ørskov, Barbara Jann y Klaus Jann. "Monoclonal antibodies with fimbrial F1C, F12, F13, and F14 specificities obtained with fimbriae from E. coli 04:K12:H−". Microbial Pathogenesis 2, n.º 1 (enero de 1987): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(87)90116-1.
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Kawasaki, Kenichi, Badri G. Narayanan, Houssein Guimbard y Arata Kuno. "Analysis of the Role of Tariff Concessions in East Asia". Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 13, n.º 2 (25 de marzo de 2019): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801018812524.
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While many studies focus on the impact of trade agreements, the literature has not focused on the extent of their implementation, in terms of the aspects agreed upon therein. In this article, we identify the past achievements of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) in the East Asian region in terms of tariff removals and suggest room for further economic benefits from trade liberalisation in the region. Second, we incorporate the HS6-level tariff concession dataset, which distinguishes between tariff removals agreed in these EPAs in East Asia but not yet implemented, from existing overall tariffs in 2011, in the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database, which only incorporates enforced tariff reductions through the base-year applied tariffs. To analyse future trade integration, we include commitments that are not yet implemented. This allows us to analyse partial versus full enforcement of tariff concession commitments. Our results suggest that taking those commitments into account matters economically in East Asia. JEL Classification: D58, F13, F14, F15, F17
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Lashkaripour, Ahmad. "Within-Industry Specialization and Global Market Power". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 12, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2020): 75–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20170336.
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Export price levels exhibit tremendous cross-national and spatial variation, even within narrowly defined industries. Standard theories attribute this variation to within-industry quality specialization. This paper argues that a significant portion of the export price variation is driven by rich and remote economies specializing in high-market power segments of industries. I also argue that this particular pattern of specialization (i) accounts for 30 percent of the overall gains from trade, and (ii) explains more than 37 percent of the observed cross-national income inequality. (JEL D43, F12, F13, F14, L15, L22, O19)
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Baharuddin, Mohd Nurfaisal, Nur Fadhilah Bahardin, Mohd Azian Zaidi y Mohd Reeza Yusof. "Strategic Level Implementation: Development Criteria for IBS Formwork System Readiness Framework (IBS FOSREF) for Malaysian Construction Industry". MATEC Web of Conferences 266 (2019): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926605009.
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The Industrialized Building System (IBS) was introduced by the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) are classified to precast concrete framing, panel and box systems, steel formwork systems, steel framing systems, prefabricated systems and block work system which is mainly components based systems and products (CIDB, 2007). According to Nawi (2011), the benefit of IBS formwork system implementation will lead to environmental friendly which reduce the harmful impact on the environment by better use of available resources and reuse of molds will affect less of waste materials. Since there is no theory about readiness factors of IBS formwork system in Malaysia, the stakeholders will not realize the significance of IBS formwork system. Most of the challenges factor in implementation of IBS formwork system is the attitude of Malaysian construction stakeholders which are un-readiness in facing of globalization era since it was already stated by IBS Roadmap (2003-2010). Hence, the goals of this research are to analyses the critical factors of driving or hindering the used of IBS formwork system in the Malaysian construction industry. A survey among 157 respondents which are construction personnel was employed for the study. The survey result shows that fifteen (15) identified factors for IBS formwork implementation are further ranked according to the average mean score perceived by construction personnel as follow: (F6: Government Initiative), (F12: Roles of Agencies), (F13: Procurement), (F7: Training), (F14: Incentives), (F15: Manufacturer Availability), (F11: Familiarity of IBS System), (F4: Qualified Technical Team), (F8: Cost … Financial), (F3: IBS Score Index), (F1: Project Trend), (F10: Compliance of Policy), (F5: IBS Scoring Manual), (F9: Promotion) and (F2: Contractor Involvement). Other than that, the development of IBS Formwork System Readiness Framework (IBS FOSREF) incorporated with Strategic Level Implementation Mc Kinsey 7s for Malaysian Construction Industry which are the main outcome for this research could facilitate the Malaysian construction stakeholders to ensure IBS formwork system implementation will be success.
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Spearot, Alan. "Unpacking the Long-Run Effects of Tariff Shocks: New Structural Implications from Firm Heterogeneity Models". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2016): 128–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140015.
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I derive a novel solution for the general equilibrium effects of tariffs that is robust to heterogeneity across industries and countries, and is a function of only aggregate trade data and country-by-industry Pareto shape parameters. Using the model to evaluate tariff shocks, I show that while most countries lose by removing observed tariffs unilaterally, India, Japan, Korea, and the United States gain by doing so, which suggests inefficient tariff discrimination. In evaluating multilateral shocks, observed tariff cuts over 1994 –2000 benefit 69 percent of countries, with these benefits skewed toward developing nations. In contrast, removing all post-2000 tariffs benefit the developed. (JEL F12, F13, F14)
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Handley, Kyle y Nuno Limão. "Trade and Investment under Policy Uncertainty: Theory and Firm Evidence". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2015): 189–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140068.
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In a dynamic model with sunk export costs, a firm's export investment is lower under trade policy uncertainty, and credible preferential trade agreements (PTAs) increase trade even if current tariffs are low. Exploring Portugal's accession to the European Community as a policy uncertainty shock we find that the trade reform accounted for a large fraction of Portuguese exporting firms' entry and sales; the accession removed uncertainty about future EC trade policies; and this uncertainty channel accounted for a large fraction of the predicted growth. Our approach can be applied to other PTAs and sources of policy uncertainty. (JEL D22, F12, F14, F15, G31, L11)
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Yi, Kei-Mu. "Can Multistage Production Explain the Home Bias in Trade?" American Economic Review 100, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2010): 364–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.1.364.
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A large empirical literature finds that there is too little international trade and too much intranational trade to be rationalized by observed international trade costs, such as tariffs and transport costs. This paper investigates whether a model in which the nature of production can change in response to trade costs—a framework with multistage production—can better explain the home bias in trade. The calibrated model can explain about two-fifths of the Canada border effect, about two-and-one-half times that of a model with one production stage. The model also explains a significant fraction of Canada-US “back-and-forth,” or vertical specialization, trade. (JEL F11, F13, F14)
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Waugh, Michael E. "International Trade and Income Differences". American Economic Review 100, n.º 5 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 2093–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.5.2093.
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I develop a novel view of the trade frictions between rich and poor countries by arguing that to reconcile bilateral trade volumes and price data within a standard gravity model, the trade frictions between rich and poor countries must be systematically asymmetric, with poor countries facing higher costs to export relative to rich countries. I provide a method to model these asymmetries and demonstrate the merits of my approach relative to alternatives in the trade literature. I then argue that these trade frictions are quantitatively important to understanding the large differences in standards of living and total factor productivity across countries. (JEL F11, F13, F14, O19)
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Dixon, Peter B., Maureen Rimmer y Nhi Tran. "Creating a Disaggregated CGE Model for Trade Policy Analysis: GTAP-MVH". Foreign Trade Review 55, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2020): 42–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519886785.
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Thousands of economists spread across almost every country use the GTAP model to analyse trade policies including trade wars and trade agreements. GTAP has an impressive regional coverage (140 countries), but the standard commodity coverage (57 commodities/industries) can cause frustration when tariffs on narrowly defined products are being negotiated. This article sets out a method for disaggregating commodities/industries in computable general equilibrium models such as GTAP and applies it to GTAP’s motor vehicle sector. The method makes use of readily available highly disaggregated trade data supplemented by detailed input–output data where available and data from a variety of other sources such as commercial market reports. JEL Codes: C68, F13, F14, F17
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Utar, Hale. "When the Floodgates Open: “Northern” Firms' Response to Removal of Trade Quotas on Chinese Goods". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2014): 226–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.4.226.
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Using the dismantling of the Multi-fibre Arrangement quotas on Chinese textile products in conjunction with China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), within firms adjustments to intensified low-wage competition is analyzed. Employing Danish employer-employee matched data covering from 1995 to 2007, the analysis shows a significant change in the workforce composition of firms in response to heightened competition. Competition is found to negatively affect employment, value-added, and intangible assets of the Danish firms, and firms refocus away from products, where China's competitive advantage becomes higher. The results show an important role of the distributional impact of low-wage competition within firms in restructuring the industry. (JEL F13, F14, F16, L25, L67, P33)
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Gupta, Pralok. "India’s Economic Integration in Services with ASEAN: From Bilateral FTAs to RCEP". Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2019): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684619885778.
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Given the growing importance of services in Indian economy as well as in international trade, India has offensive interests in services and these are becoming an important part of India’s effort to economically integrate with global economies including Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This article analyses India’s economic integration with the ASEAN region in services trade and discusses how India’s services trade interests are taken into consideration by ASEAN members in their free trade agreements with India. It also discusses services-related aspects in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, a proposed free trade agreement among ASEAN and its six FTA partners including India, from which India has decided to opt-out recently. JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15
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Akram, Adnan y Zafar Mahmood. "Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade between Pakistan and Selected SAARC Countries". Pakistan Development Review 51, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2012): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i1pp.47-59.
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This paper analyses country-specific and industry-specific determinants of intra-industry trade (IIT) between Pakistan and other SAARC countries using panel data techniques. This paper also disentangles total IIT into horizontal and vertical IIT. The Vertical IIT is further divided into high-quality and low quality IIT. This paper finds that country-specific variables are more important in explaining the IIT relative to industry-specific variables. The decomposition of IIT shows that in the SAARC region Pakistan’s IIT is mostly comprised of the vertical IIT. The share of horizontal IIT is comparatively less. The paper offers specific policy recommendations for the promotion of IIT in the SAARC region. JEL classification: F12, F14, F15 Keywords: IIT, Horizontal IIT, Vertical IIT
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Jana, Sakti, Qifa Zhang y Mohammad A. Saghai-Maroof. "Influence of environments on the development of multivariate structures in a barley composite cross at three locations". Genome 32, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1989): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-408.
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Starting in the F4 generation, successive generations of a barley composite cross (CCXXI) were propagated in three North American locations. Data were collected for seven isozyme loci and 12 morphological characters from three generations (F5, F11, or F12 and F18 or F19) at each location and were analyzed for evolutionary changes of multilocus associations. Rates of change of multilocus gametic frequencies for isozyme loci varied according to location. The changes occurred faster at the temperate northern locations (Saskatoon and Beaverlodge) than at the Mediterranean-type southern (Davis) location, which resulted in a large divergence in genetic composition of the population over a relatively short period. The repatterning of the genomic structure occurred at a faster rate in later generations (between F11 or F12 to F18 or F19) than in earlier generations (between F5 and F11 or F12). Canonical correlation analyses between the two sets of characters (morphological and isozymic) indicated that different structures of covariation evolved in different locations. Our results clearly demonstrate the environmental influence on the evolution of correlated multilocus complexes in experimental barley populations.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, population dynamics, multilocus genotype, canonical correlation analysis, environmental influence, genetic divergence.
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Sibanda, Omphemetse S. "Procedural Requirements of the South African Anti-Dumping Law and Practice Prior to Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duties: Are They Really WTO-inconsistent?" Foreign Trade Review 55, n.º 2 (21 de enero de 2020): 216–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519894150.
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Dumping, which is a form of price discrimination or differential pricing of different units of the same good sold at different prices in different markets, remains a continuing problem for many countries. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) members resort to the imposition of anti-dumping duties or levies to offset the effects of the dumped products on the domestic industry. This article provides a critical analysis of procedural issues in the South African anti-dumping law and practice to determine if it is compatible with the WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA). It particularly focusses on procedural issues prior to the imposition of anti-dumping measures by the South African International Trade Administration Commission. Some authors argue that the South African anti-dumping law and practice is incompatible with its WTO obligations in areas such as the calculation of the constructed export price, the determination of material injury and a causal relationship, the imposition of provisional and definitive anti-dumping duties and the procedure for review. The conclusion provided in this article is that the South African law and application of anti-dumping measure is largely WTO-compliant, particularly on the issues of initiation, investigation and prosecution of anti-dumping complaints. JEL Codes: F10, F13, F14, F19, K33, K41
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Gentile, L. C., W. J. Burke y F. J. Rich. "A global climatology for equatorial plasma bubbles in the topside ionosphere". Annales Geophysicae 24, n.º 1 (7 de marzo de 2006): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-163-2006.
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Abstract. We have developed a global climatology of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) occurrence based on evening sector plasma density measurements from polar-orbiting Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft during 1989-2004. EPBs are irregular plasma density depletions in the post-sunset ionosphere that degrade communication and navigation signals. More than 14400 EPBs were identified in ~134000 DMSP orbits. DMSP observations basically agree with Tsunoda's (1985) hypothesis that EPB rates peak when the terminator is aligned with the Earth's magnetic field, but there are also unpredicted offsets in many longitude sectors. We present an updated climatology for the full database from 1989-2004 along with new plots for specific phases of the solar cycle: maximum 1989-1992 and 1999-2002, minimum 1994-1997, and transition years 1993, 1998, and 2003. As expected, there are significant differences between the climatologies for solar maximum and minimum and between the two solar maximum phases as well. We also compare DMSP F12, F14, F15, and F16 observations at slightly different local times during 2000-2004 to examine local time effects on EPB rates. The global climatologies developed using the DMSP EPB database provide an environmental context for the long-range prediction tools under development for the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) mission.
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Gardner, Murray N. y Douglas E. Rawlings. "Evolution of compatible replicons of the related IncQ-like plasmids, pTC-F14 and pTF-FC2". Microbiology 150, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2004): 1797–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26951-0.
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Two closely related but compatible plasmids of the IncQ-2α and IncQ-2β groups, pTF-FC2 and pTC-F14, were discovered in two acidiphilic chemolithotrophic bacteria. Cross-complementation and cross-regulation experiments by the replication proteins were carried out to discover what changes were necessary when the plasmids evolved to produce two incompatibility groups. The requirement of a pTC-F14 oriV for a RepC DNA-binding protein was plasmid specific, whereas the requirement for the RepA helicase and RepB primase was less specific and could be complemented by the IncQ-2α plasmid pTC-FC2, and the IncQ-1β plasmid pIE1108. None of the IncQ-1α plasmid replication proteins could complement the pTC-F14 oriV, and pTC-F14 and RSF1010 were incompatible. This incompatibility was associated with the RepC replication protein and was not due to iteron incompatibility. Replication of pTC-F14 took place from a 5·7 kb transcript that originated upstream of the mobB gene located within the region required for mobilization. A pTC-F14 mobB–lacZ fusion was regulated by the pTC-F14 repB gene product and was plasmid specific, as it was not regulated by the RepB proteins of pTF-FC2 or the IncQ-1α and IncQ-1β plasmids. Plasmid pTC-F14 appears to have evolved independently functioning iterons and a plasmid-specific RepC-binding protein; it also has a major replication transcript that is independently regulated from that of pTF-FC2. However, the RepA and RepB proteins have the ability to function with either replicon.
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Guan, Ji-Ping, Yan-Tong Yin, Li-Feng Zhang, Jing-Nan Wang y Ming-Yang Zhang. "Comparison Analysis of Total Precipitable Water of Satellite-Borne Microwave Radiometer Retrievals and Island Radiosondes". Atmosphere 10, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070390.
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Total precipitable water (TPW) of satellite-borne microwave radiometer retrievals is compared with the data that were collected from 49 island radiosonde stations for the period 2007–2015. Great consistency was found between TPW measurements made by radiosonde and eight satellite-borne microwave radiometers, including SSMI-F13, SSMI-F14, SSMIS-F16, SSMIS-F17, AMSR-E, AMSR-2, GMI, and WindSat. Mean values of the TPW differences for eight satellites ranged from −0.51 to 0.38mm, both root mean square errors and standard deviations were around 3mm, and all of the correlation coefficients between satellite TPW retrievals and radiosonde TPW for each satellite can reach 0.99. Subsequently, an analysis of the comparison results was conducted, which revealed three problems in the satellite TPW retrieval and two problems in radiosonde data. For TPW retrievals of satellite, when the values are above 60 mm, the precision of TPW retrieval significantly decreases with a distinct dry bias, which can reach 4 mm; additionally, abias related to wind speed and the uncertainty with the TPW retrieval in the presence of rain, which is stronger than 1mm/h, was found. The TPW measurements of radiosonde made by the type of IM-MK3 from India were quite unreliable, and almost all of the radiosonde data during the daytime were plagued by a dry bias.
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Jansen Van Rensburg, Susara J., Riaan Rossouw y Wilma Viviers. "Liberalizing Bangladesh’s Services Trade: Is Joining Trade in Services Agreement the Way to Go?" South Asia Economic Journal 21, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2020): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561420903198.
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Although currently limited, services trade holds great potential for Bangladesh, as services already make a major contribution to GDP and employment. Services represent an important alternative (in the longer term) or complement (in the shorter term) to ready-made garments (RMGs), which have long dominated Bangladesh’s export mix. The country is poised to see declining RMG export revenues when the country graduates out of least developed country (LDC) status and loses its trade preferences in global markets. To build domestic capacity with a view to developing its services export sector, Bangladesh needs to open its market to services imports. But what approach would be best? Can a plurilateral trade agreement (PTA) like the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA), whose members have sought to stimulate their services sectors through more liberalized trade, ever be an option? We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the effects of TiSA membership on Bangladesh’s economy. The results show that, overall, Bangladesh would derive marginal benefit from TiSA, but employment and exports would suffer. The worst-affected sectors would be agriculture and textiles and clothing, the country’s largest employers. To lessen the impact of increased foreign competition, a regional trade approach is recommended, supported by a sound national services strategy which would include a roadmap for tackling the country’s myriad supply-side shortcomings. JEL: F13, F14, F15, F16
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Gardner, Murray N., Shelly M. Deane y Douglas E. Rawlings. "Isolation of a New Broad-Host-Range IncQ-Like Plasmid, pTC-F14, from the Acidophilic Bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus and Analysis of the Plasmid Replicon". Journal of Bacteriology 183, n.º 11 (1 de junio de 2001): 3303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.11.3303-3309.2001.
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ABSTRACT A moderately thermophilic (45 to 50°C), highly acidophilic (pH 1.5 to 2.5), chemolithotrophic Acidithiobacillus caldusstrain, f, was isolated from a biooxidation process used to treat nickel ore. Trans-alternating field electrophoresis analysis of total DNA from the A. caldus cells revealed two plasmids of approximately 14 and 45 kb. The 14-kb plasmid, designated pTC-F14, was cloned and shown by replacement of the cloning vector with a kanamycin resistance gene to be capable of autonomous replication inEscherichia coli. Autonomous replication was also demonstrated in Pseudomonas putida andAgrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404, which suggested that pTC-F14 is a broad-host-range plasmid. Sequence analysis of the pTC-F14 replicon region revealed five open reading frames and a replicon organization like that of the broad-host-range IncQ plasmids. Three of the open reading frames encoded replication proteins which were most closely related to those of IncQ-like plasmid pTF-FC2 (amino acid sequence identities: RepA, 81%; RepB, 78%; RepC, 74%). However, the two plasmids were fully compatible and pTC-F14 represents a new IncQ-like plasmid replicon. Surprisingly, asymmetrical incompatibility was found with the less closely related IncQ plasmid R300B derivative pKE462 and the IncQ-like plasmid derivative pIE1108. Analysis of the pTC-F14 oriV region revealed five direct repeats consisting of three perfectly conserved 22-bp iterons flanked by iterons of 23 and 21 bp. Plasmid pTC-F14 had a copy number of 12 to 16 copies per chromosome in both E. coli, and A. caldus. The rep gene products of pTC-F14 and pTF-FC2 were unable to functionally complement each other'soriV regions, but replication occurred when the genes for each plasmid's own RepA, RepB, and RepC proteins were provided intrans. Two smaller open reading frames were found between the repB and repA genes of pTC-F14, which encode proteins with high amino acid sequence identity (PasA, 81%; PasB, 72%) to the plasmid addiction system of pTF-FC2. This is the second time a plasmid stability system of this type has been found on an IncQ-like plasmid.
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Torok, Adam y Zsuzsa Deli-Gray. "Stratégiai piacra lépési korlátok Magyarországon". Competitio 9, n.º 1 (14 de junio de 2010): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2010/1/5.
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E tanulmányban két korábbi kutatásunkra alapozva vizsgáljuk a külföldi vállalatok magyarországi piacra lépésének, illetve a magyar vállalatok importjának stratégiai korlátait, és összevetjük a jelenlegitanulságokat a korábbi két felmérés eredményeivelt. Ez az összehasonlítás némi betekintést nyújthat a magyar belső piacnak az egységes európai piachoz történő illeszkedési folyamatába az EegységesEeurópai Ppiachoz. A cikk gyakorlati útmutatást kíván adni a magyar piaci szereplőknek a magyar piacon alkalmazott stratégiai piacra lépési korlátok köréről és vállalkozói megítéléséről. This study is a continuation of a former project of the same research team. The focus of the research is market entry in Hungary for foreign firms, along with strategic entry barriers for both domestic and foreign importers to Hungary. A comparison of our findings from 2003 and 2008 gives some insights into the integration of the Hungarian domestic market into the Single European Market. Practical advice is offered to Hungarian market players on the scope of strategic entry barriers in Hungary as well as the ways entrepreneurs assess them.
JEL: F13, F14, F15
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Balkay, Diána y László Erdey. "Mély vagy sekély integráció? A Mercosur és a NAFTA esete". Competitio 11, n.º 1 (18 de junio de 2012): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2012/1/5.
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Az 1960-as évek integrálódási folyamatának megindulása, majd intenzívebbé válása óta a nemzetközi kereskedelmi áramlások jelentős része zajlik ágazaton belül. A sima alkalmazkodás hipotézise (SAH) alapján az azonos iparágak közötti vagy – mélyebb dezaggregációs szinten vizsgálva – a termékek közötti kereskedelem alacsonyabb alkalmazkodási költségekkel jár a tényezőpiacokon. A kereskedelmi integrációkkal együtt járó liberalizációs törekvések miatt intenzívebbé váló kereskedelem tendenciaszerűen az ágazaton belüli kereskedelem növekedését eredményezte, így a fentiek alapján a regionális integrációklétrejötte együtt járt a tényezőpiaci alkalmazkodási költségek csökkenésével. A kereskedelem megváltozása fakadhat egyrészt mennyiségi, másrészt minőségi változásokból. A két tényező elkülönített vizsgálata hozzájárul a kereskedelempolitikai gyakorlat jobb megértéséhez, valamint információt szolgáltat adöntéshozók számára. Jelen tanulmány két különböző tényezőellátottságú, s az integráltság különböző fokán lévő (mély, illetve sekély) regionális integrációs tömörülést vizsgál, a Mercosurt és a NAFTA-t. Az ENSZ Comtrade adatbázisának SITC Rev.1 AG3 iparági szintű és HS92 AG6 termékszintű, bilaterális kereskedelmi adatainak felhasználásával elemzi az ágazaton belüli kereskedelem alakulását.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: F13, F14, F15
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Ghazalian, Pascal L. "Processed Food Trade of Greece with EU and Non-EU Countries". International Journal of Food and Beverage Manufacturing and Business Models 1, n.º 2 (julio de 2016): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfbmbm.2016070102.
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This paper examines the implications of the European Union (EU) regional trade preferences for processed food trade between Greece and its EU partners, and between Greece and non-EU countries. The empirical analysis relies on the gravity model, and uses different estimation techniques. The results show that the EU regional trade preferences led to substantial increases in processed food trade between Greece and its EU partners, emphasizing trade creation effects. The magnitudes of these increases are higher than the intra-EU average, and are more pronounced for Greece's imports than for Greece's exports. The results also indicate that the EU regional trade preferences brought about decreases in processed food trade between Greece and non-EU countries, implying trade diversion effects. The Greek food processing industry could benefit from competitiveness-promoting strategies (e.g., upgrading innovation activities, marketing and distribution channels, and production efficiency) to expand exports to the EU market and to counter import competition in the domestic market. JEL Classification: F13, F14, F15.
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Singh, Pratima. "“Freeing” Trade in South Asia". Foreign Trade Review 47, n.º 2 (julio de 2012): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515120204.
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This paper discusses economic integration in the South Asian region using an India-centric approach. It suggests that the gains for India withdrawing its tariff on imports from Pakistan and Bangladesh hugely outweigh the losses for the country. It uses a bilateral trade approach, analyzing the India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh trade relationships. The India-Pakistan relationship shows Pakistan's exports to India contribute much less to India's total imports than to Pakistan's GDP. The benefits of India unilaterally withdrawing tariffs, thus, are substantial. The India-Bangladesh trade relationship, despite having many complementary characteristics, is not very well established. Both the countries will gain immensely if India opens up its borders to their exports. These gains will outweigh the minor losses for India which will be compensated for by its increased goodwill. Economic integration is important to maintain stability in this region and the two bilateral relationships described above are crucial in ensuring this. (JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15)
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Ismail, Saba y Shahid Ahmed. "Economic Effects of Tariff Liberalization of Prospective India-GCC FTA: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis". Foreign Trade Review 54, n.º 3 (agosto de 2019): 224–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519854934.
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The trade relations between India and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have been intensified during the last two decades. The GCC has emerged as one of the largest trading partner of India. This article attempts to investigate the result of tariff liberalization on welfare, output, employment and the potential trade flows between India and the GCC region using the GTAP-model. The study reveals that tariff liberalization has positive effects on India and GCC countries, with no or nominal negative effect on the rest of the world. Overall results show that India’s trade relation with GCC countries is increasing continuously, but still there is a lot of untapped potential to bring the welfare gains for both trading partners. Finally, the study concludes that the proposed economic integration in terms of FTA between India and GCC will be mutually beneficial and welfare enhancing, and a case of a win–win situation. JEL Codes: F1, F13, F14, F17
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Gaurav, Kumar y Nalin Bharti. "Some Common Lessons from Uncommon FTAs". South Asia Economic Journal 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 2019): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418824479.
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The present study endeavours to observe the trade creation and trade diversion effects of three free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia, namely, India–Japan CEPA (IJCEPA), India–Sri Lanka FTA (ISFTA), and India–Bhutan FTA (IBFTA). The article aims to evaluate three uncommon FTAs that include developing–developed, developing–developing and developing–least developed countries. The objective is to evaluate the effects of these FTAs on exports and draw lessons for both the contracting parties and for other economies to commence FTAs that promote trade liberalization. This paper also aims to debunk the myth that FTAs between developing-least developed countries is not beneficial for the developing or least developed counterpart. The study applies augmented gravity model to capture the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The results confirm that ISFTA and IBFTA have trade creation effect, while in case of IJCEPA, there is trade diversion. These bilateral agreements can open the ways for multilateral trade liberalization in the long-run. JEL : F10, F13, F14
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Al-Akkam, Entidhar Jasim y Laila Abdulhussein Alwan. "Formulation and In vitro Evaluation of Piroxicam Conventional and Hollow Suppositories". International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, n.º 02 (25 de junio de 2020): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.2.3.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to develop higher and rapid release of piroxicam from suppositories of different types (conventional and hollow) using different bases. Methods: Thirteen formulas (F1–F13) were prepared (five were conventional, and the rest were hollow type suppositories) by using different bases, such as, witepsol H35, polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with different ratio and glycerinated gelatin. The prepared suppositories were evaluated for physical properties, such as, hardness, melting time, softening time, and for dissolution profile. Results: All of the prepared suppositories had acceptable physical properties. The maximum percent release of piroxicam was 98, 97, 95, and 91% within 50 minutes were obtained from hollow type suppositories containing piroxicam in a solution form and utilizing witepsol H35 base (F10), glycerinated gelatin base (F13), PEGs 400:4000 (70:30) (F12), and PEGs 200:6000 (70:30) (F11), respectively. Also, they exhibited rapid release of piroxicam, however, F10 and F12 released 65 and 50% of piroxicam within 5 minutes, while, F11 released 57% within 10 minutes. Conclusion: Hollow type suppositories containing piroxicam in a solution form can be considered as the most suitable formulas (F10–F13). So, hollow-type suppository is useful as a promising approach for enhancing the release of piroxicam to be administered rectally. Also, the study revealed that in addition to the type of suppositories, the type of the base, the grade, and the ratio of PEGs bases are other important factors affecting the physical properties of suppositories and the dissolution profile of piroxicam.
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Al-Akkam, Entidhar J. y Laila Abdulhussein Alwan. "Formulation and In vitro Evaluation of Piroxicam Conventional and Hollow Suppositories". International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, n.º 03 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.3.31.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a higher and rapid release of piroxicam from suppositories of different types (conventional and hallow) using different bases. Methods: Thirteen formulas (F1–F13) were prepared (five were conventional and the rest were hollow-type suppositories (HTS)] by using different bases, such as, witepsol H35, polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with a different ratio, and glycerinated gelatin. The prepared suppositories were evaluated for physical properties, such as, hardness, melting time, softening time, and dissolution profile. Results: All of the prepared suppositories had acceptable physical properties. The maximum percent release of piroxicam was 98, 97, 95, and 91% within 50 minutes were obtained from hollow-type suppositories containing piroxicam in a solution form and utilizing witepsol H35 base (F10), glycerinated gelatin base (F13), PEGs 400:4000 (70:30) (F12), and PEGs 200:6000 (70:30) (F11), respectively. Also, they exhibited rapid release of piroxicam however, F10 and F12 released 65 and 50% of piroxicam within 5 minutes, while, F11 released 57% within 10 minutes. Conclusion: Hollow type suppositories containing piroxicam in a solution form can be considered as the most suitable formulas (F10–F13). So, a hollow-type suppository is useful as a promising approach for enhancing the release of piroxicam to be administered rectally. Also, the study revealed that in addition to the type of suppositories, the type of the base, the grade, and the ratio of PEGs bases are other important factors affecting the physical properties of suppositories and the dissolution profile of piroxicam.
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Breinlich, Holger, Anson Soderbery y Greg C. Wright. "From Selling Goods to Selling Services: Firm Responses to Trade Liberalization". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 10, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2018): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150116.
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In this paper, we focus on a new channel of adaptation to trade liberalization, namely the shift toward increased provision of services in lieu of goods production. We exploit variation in European Union trade policy to show that lower manufacturing tariffs lead firms to shift into services provision and out of goods production. We also find that a successful transition is associated with higher firm-level R&D stocks. (JEL D22, F13, F14, L16, L60, L80)
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van Zyl, Leonardo J., Shelly M. Deane y Douglas E. Rawlings. "Analysis of the Mobilization Region of the Broad-Host-Range IncQ-Like Plasmid pTC-F14 and Its Ability To Interact with a Related Plasmid, pTF-FC2". Journal of Bacteriology 185, n.º 20 (15 de octubre de 2003): 6104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.20.6104-6111.2003.
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ABSTRACT Plasmid pTC-F14 is a 14.2-kb plasmid isolated from Acidithiobacillus caldus that has a replicon that is closely related to the promiscuous, broad-host-range IncQ family of plasmids. The region containing the mobilization genes was sequenced and encoded five Mob proteins that were related to those of the DNA processing (Dtr or Tra1) region of IncP plasmids rather than to the three-Mob-protein system of the IncQ group 1 plasmids (e.g., plasmid RSF1010 or R1162). Plasmid pTC-F14 is the second example of an IncQ family plasmid that has five mob genes, the other being pTF-FC2. The minimal region that was essential for mobilization included the mobA, mobB, and mobC genes, as well as the oriT gene. The mobD and mobE genes were nonessential, but together, they enhanced the mobilization frequency by approximately 300-fold. Mobilization of pTC-F14 between Escherichia coli strains by a chromosomally integrated RP4 plasmid was more than 3,500-fold less efficient than the mobilization of pTF-FC2. When both plasmids were coresident in the same E. coli host, pTC-F14 was mobilized at almost the same frequency as pTF-FC2. This enhanced pTC-F14 mobilization frequency was due to the presence of a combination of the pTF-FC2 mobD and mobE gene products, the functions of which are still unknown. Mob protein interaction at the oriT regions was unidirectionally plasmid specific in that a plasmid with the oriT region of pTC-F14 could be mobilized by pTF-FC2 but not vice versa. No evidence for any negative effect on the transfer of one plasmid by the related, potentially competitive plasmid was obtained.
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Deane, Shelly M. y Douglas E. Rawlings. "Plasmid Evolution and Interaction between the Plasmid Addiction Stability Systems of Two Related Broad-Host-Range IncQ-Like Plasmids". Journal of Bacteriology 186, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2004): 2123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.7.2123-2133.2004.
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ABSTRACT Plasmid pTC-F14 contains a plasmid stability system called pas (plasmid addiction system), which consists of two proteins, a PasA antitoxin and a PasB toxin. This system is closely related to the pas of plasmid pTF-FC2 (81 and 72% amino acid identity for PasA and PasB, respectively) except that the pas of pTF-FC2 contains a third protein, PasC. As both pTC-F14 and pTF-FC2 are highly promiscuous broad-host-range plasmids isolated from bacteria that share a similar ecological niche, the plasmids are likely to encounter each other. We investigated the relative efficiencies of the two stability systems and whether they had evolved apart sufficiently for each pas to stabilize a plasmid in the presence of the other. The three-component pTF-FC2 pas was more efficient at stabilization of a heterologous tester plasmid than the two component pas of pTC-F14 in Escherichia coli host cells (±92% and ±60% after 100 generations, respectively). The PasA antidote of each pas was unable to neutralize the PasB toxin of the other plasmid. The pas proteins of each plasmid autoregulated their own expression as well as that of the pas of the other plasmid. The pas of pTF-FC2 was more effective at repressing the pas operon of pTC-F14 than the pas of pTC-F14 was able to repress itself or the pas of pTF-FC2. This increased efficiency was not due to the PasC of pTF-FC2. The effect of this stronger repression was that pTF-FC2 displaced pTC-F14 when the two plasmids were coresident in the same E. coli host cell. Plasmid curing resulted in the arrest of cell growth but did not cause cell death, and plasmid stability was not influenced by the E. coli mazEF genes.
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Gunandini, Dwi Jayanti y P. B. Wicaksana. "Peningkatan dan aktivitas enzim asetilkolinesterase pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang diseleksi dengan malation". Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 2, n.º 2 (23 de febrero de 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.2.2.24.
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The Elevated and Activity of Acetilcholinesterase Enzyme on Aedes aegypti Selected by Malathion. The aim of this research was to study the effect of selection by malathion on the activity level Acetilcholinesterase enzyme on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Selection of Aedes aegypti larval by mean of malathion have been conducted for 20 generations. During the selection process time has been increased of concentration applied and exposure. For generation 0-5 (F0-F5), a concentration of 25 µl/l (24 ppm) was used to expose the larvae to malathion for five minutes. In generation 6-10 (F6-F10) the concentration has increased to 50 µl/l (48 ppm); in F11-F15 the concentration used was 100 µl/l (96 ppm) whereas in F16-F20 200µl/l (192 ppm) was used. Mosquito generations that would be regarded as representative and reference groups were F0, F5, F10, F15 and F20. The LC50 of F0, F5, F10, F15 and F20 was 0,025; 0,032; 0,042; 0,062 and 0,071 ppm respectively. Increases LT50 values was also observed in Aedes aegypti selected by malathion. The LT50 of F0, F5, F10, F15 and F20 generations was 7,9; 11,3; 18; 30,6 and 33,1 minutes respectively. The low levels of malathion resistance could be conferred by the elevated of α-esterase. The values of the α-esterase in F0, F5, F10, F15 and F20 were 0,155; 0,174; 0,203; 0,209 and 0,215 µmol/min/mg protein respectively. The acetilcholinesterase activities were also raised in F0, F5, F10, F15 and F20, the value of acetilcholinesterase activities were 20,35; 20,26; 23,14; 23,18 and 24,9%.
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de Bromhead, Alan, Alan Fernihough, Markus Lampe y Kevin Hjortshøj O’Rourke. "When Britain Turned Inward: The Impact of Interwar British Protection". American Economic Review 109, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2019): 325–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20172020.
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International trade collapsed, and also became much less multilateral, during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows, have argued that trade policies had relatively little to do with either phenomenon. Using a new dataset incorporating highly disaggregated information on the United Kingdom’s imports and trade policies, we find that while conventional wisdom is correct regarding the impact of trade policy on the total value of British imports, discriminatory trade policies can explain the majority of Britain’s shift toward Imperial imports in the 1930s. (JEL F13, F14, F54, N74)
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Baldwin, Richard y James Harrigan. "Zeros, Quality, and Space: Trade Theory and Trade Evidence". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2011): 60–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.2.60.
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Bilateral, product-level data exhibit a number of strong patterns that can be used to evaluate international trade theories, notably the spatial incidence of “export zeros” (correlated with distance and importer size), and of export unit values (positively related to distance). We show that leading theoretical trade models fail to explain at least some of these facts, and propose a variant of the Melitz model that can account for all the facts. In our model, high quality firms are the most competitive, with heterogeneous quality increasing with firms' heterogeneous cost. (JEL F11, F14, F40)
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Anderson, James E. y Yoto V. Yotov. "The Changing Incidence of Geography". American Economic Review 100, n.º 5 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 2157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.5.2157.
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The incidence of bilateral trade costs is calculated here using neglected properties of the structural gravity model, disaggregated by commodity and region, and re-aggregated into forms useful for economic geography. For Canada's provinces, 1992–2003, sellers' incidence is on average some five times higher than buyers' incidence. Sellers' incidence falls over time due to specialization, despite constant gravity coefficients. This previously unrecognized globalizing force drives big reductions in “constructed home bias,” the disproportionate predicted share of local trade; and large but varying gains in real GDP. (JEL F11, F14, R12)
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Armenter, Roc y Miklós Koren. "A Balls-and-Bins Model of Trade: Reply". American Economic Review 106, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2016): 852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151233.
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Blum, Claro, and Horstmann (2016) make two statements about the balls-and-bins model of Armenter and Koren (2014). First, that using firm-level shipment data changes some of our results. Second, that the balls-and-bins model is not an appropriate statistical method. We respond to the first statement and argue that the second statement is unfounded and unrelated to the first. Indeed, the work of Blum, Claro, and Horstmann (2016) is a perfect example of how to use balls-and-bins in a rich dataset to spot interesting data patterns. (JEL F11, F14)
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Jović, Jelena, Sunčica Kocić-Tanackov y Ljiljana Mojović. "Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with autochthonous fungi from Serbia". Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 25, n.º 2 (2021): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea25-31108.
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This research examined the potential use of isolated Serbian autochthonous fungi in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Among 12 isolated fungi, the isolates identified as Trametes hirsuta F13 and Stereum gausapatum F28 stood out as ligninolytic enzyme producers and were selected for potential use in the pretreatment of a waste lignocellulosic biomass. An isolate identified as Myrmaecium fulvopruinatum F14 showed high hydrolytic activity, but negligible ligninolytic activity, and it was selected as a potential producer of important industrial hydrolytic enzymes. Further, the breakdown of lignocellulosic waste, beechwood sawdust, by T. hirsuta F13 and S. gausapatum F28 was examined. Both isolates efficiently degraded biomass, but T. hirsuta F13 exhibited greater selectivity (selectivity coefficient of 1.7) than S. gausapatum F28 (1.1). The isolate F13 was considered a better candidate for the pretreatment, and it was selected for further analysis which involved the use of molasses stillage as a supplement to improve the pretreatment.
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Pena, Maria Albanira Araújo, Hiroshi Noda, Francisco Manoares Machado y Maria Silvesnízia da Silva Paiva. "Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de tomateiro sob cultivo em solos de terra firme e várzea da amazônia infestados por Ralstonia solanacearum". Bragantia 69, n.º 1 (2010): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87052010000100005.
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A resistência genética à bactéria Ralstonia solanacearum, o patógeno da doença "murcha bacteriana", é uma condição necessária para o cultivo do tomateiro nos solos naturalmente infestados pelo patógeno nos ambientes de terra firme e várzea da região amazônica. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a adaptabilidade e estabilidade quanto à resistência genética ao patógeno e à produtividade de progênies de gerações avançadas (F13 e F14) do cruzamento HT -16, que deu origem à variedade resistente Yoshimatsu, quando cultivadas em solos de terra firme e várzea infestados por R. solanacearum. Foram realizados ensaios em quatro ambientes, dois em terra firme e dois na várzea, em solos naturalmente infestados pelo patógeno e com oito genótipos de tomateiro: Santa Cruz Kada, utilizada como padrão de suscetibilidade ao patógeno; Caraíba, como padrão de resistência; C-38; Yoshimatsu 4-11 e mais quatro progênies F13 e F14 do cruzamento HT-16. Os caracteres utilizados para avaliação da resistência e produtividade foram: Taxa de Infecção (QR), para doenças monocíclicas, segundo PLANK (1963); Índice de Sanidade (IS), segundo NODA (1981); Produção Total de Frutos (PTF) e Número Total de Frutos (NTF). As estimativas dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica, obtidas pelo método proposto por EBERHART e RUSSEL (1966), expressos em níveis de resistência genética à bactéria R. solanacearum e rendimento em frutos, revelaram que as progênies avançadas são adaptadas ao cultivo em ambientes de terra firme e várzea infestadas pelo patógeno e evidenciaram superioriodade quando comparadas com a cultivar Yoshimatsu 4-11, obtida na geração F7.
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Flaaen, Aaron, Ali Hortaçsu y Felix Tintelnot. "The Production Relocation and Price Effects of US Trade Policy: The Case of Washing Machines". American Economic Review 110, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2020): 2103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190611.
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We estimate the price effect of US import restrictions on washers. The 2012 and 2016 antidumping duties against South Korea and China were accompanied by downward or minor price movements along with production relocation to other export platform countries. With the 2018 tariffs, on nearly all source countries, the price of washers increased nearly 12 percent. Interestingly, the price of dryers—not subject to tariffs—increased by an equivalent amount. Factoring in dryer prices and price increases by domestic brands, the 2018 tariffs on washers imply a tariff elasticity of consumer prices of above one. (JEL F13, F14, F23, L68, 019, P33)
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Michaels, Guy y Xiaojia Zhi. "Freedom Fries". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2010): 256–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.3.256.
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Do firms always choose the cheapest suitable inputs, or can group attitudes affect their choices? To investigate this question, we examine the deterioration of relations between the United States and France from 2002–2003, when France's favorability rating in the US fell by 48 percentage points. We estimate that the worsening attitudes reduced bilateral trade by about 9 percent and that trade in inputs probably declined similarly, by about 8 percent. We use these estimates to calculate the average decrease in firms' willingness to pay for French (or US) commodities when attitudes worsened. (JEL D24, F13, F14, L14, L21)
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Saggi, Kamal, Andrey Stoyanov y Halis Murat Yildiz. "Do Free Trade Agreements Affect Tariffs of Nonmember Countries? A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2018): 128–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150360.
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We investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on tariffs of nonmember countries. In our multi-country model, the formation of an FTA leads members to reduce their exports to the rest of the world. Such external trade diversion weakens the ability of nonmembers to manipulate their terms of trade vis-à-vis FTA members, a mechanism that induces them to lower their tariffs on FTA members. We empirically confirm this insight using industry-level trade data for 192 importing and 253 exporting countries, along with information on all FTAs formed in the world during 1989–2011. (JEL F13, F14)
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Bussière, Matthieu, Giovanni Callegari, Fabio Ghironi, Giulia Sestieri y Norihiko Yamano. "Estimating Trade Elasticities: Demand Composition and the Trade Collapse of 2008–2009". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 5, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2013): 118–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.5.3.118.
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This paper introduces a new empirical model of international trade flows based on an import intensity-adjusted measure of aggregate demand. We compute the import intensity of demand components by using the OECD Input-Output tables. We argue that the composition of demand plays a key role in trade dynamics because of the relatively larger movements in the most import-intensive categories of expenditure (especially investment, but also exports). We provide evidence in favor of these mechanisms for a panel of 18 OECD countries, paying particular attention to the 2008–2009 Great Trade Collapse. (JEL E23, F14, F17, F44, G01)
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Davis, Lucas W. y Matthew E. Kahn. "International Trade in Used Vehicles: The Environmental Consequences of NAFTA". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2010): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.2.4.58.
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Since trade restrictions were eliminated in 2005, Mexico has imported over 2.5 million used vehicles from the United States. Using a unique, vehicle-level dataset, we find that traded vehicles are dirtier than the stock of vehicles in the United States and cleaner than the stock in Mexico, so when a vehicle is traded from the United States to Mexico average vehicle emissions per mile tend to decrease in both countries. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that trade has increased total lifetime emissions, primarily because of low vehicle retirement rates in Mexico. (JEL F13, F14, L62, O13, O19, Q53, Q56)