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1
Badinger, Harald y Kemal Türkcan. "Currency unions, export margins, and product differentiation: an empirical assessment for European Monetary Union". Wiley, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12094.
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This paper reconsiders the trade effects of the euro, providing a decomposition into its effects on the extensive margin and intensive margin. Furthermore, it relates the more disaggregated estimates for 93 two-digit HS product groups to the elasticity of substitution, thereby testing a key hypothesis of recent trade theory. The estimates for the period 1996-2011 suggest a trade effect of the euro of some 28 percent, which has mainly materialized through the intensive margin. For several product groups, we find a negative net effect of the euro on the extensive margin, supporting anecdotal evidence that firms have consolidated their product varieties in response to the elimination of exchange rate variability. Finally, the disaggregated estimates are in line with recent trade theory, suggesting that a large elasticity of substitution dampens the effect of a trade cost reduction on the extensive margin and amplifies its effect on the intensive margin.
2
de, Bromhead Alan, Alan Fernihough, Markus Lampe y Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke. "When Britain Turned Inward: The Impact of Interwar British Protection". American Economic Association, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6823/1/aer.pdf.
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International trade collapsed, and also became much less multilateral, during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows, have argued that trade policies had relatively little to do with either phenomenon. Using a new dataset incorporating highly disaggregated information on the United Kingdom's imports and trade policies, we find that while conventional wisdom is correct regarding the impact of trade policy on the total value of British imports, discriminatory trade policies can explain the majority of Britain's shift toward Imperial imports in the 1930s.
3
Badinger, Harald y Fritz Breuss. "What has determined the rapid post-war growth of intra-EU trade?" Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2003. http://epub.wu.ac.at/492/1/document.pdf.
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Based on the gravity model by Baier and Bergstrand (2001), we use a static and dynamic panel data approach to estimate the relative contributions of income growth, income convergence, and the reductions in tariffs and trade costs to the growth of intra-EU trade over the period 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that income growth was the major force, accounting for approximately two third of total growth. Trade liberalization still had a sizeable effect, accounting de facto for the rest of growth, while income convergence played only a minor role. Reductions in trade costs had no significant effect on the growth of intra- EU trade. The results turn out as robust against several robustness checks and the use of alternative estimators.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
4
Badinger, Harald y Cuaresma Jesus Crespo. "Aggregravity: Estimating Gravity Models from Aggregate Data". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4295/1/wp183.pdf.
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This paper considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analysis. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using intra-EU trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
5
Badinger, Harald y Cuaresma Jesus Crespo. "Aggregravity: estimating gravity models from aggregate data". Taylor & Francis, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.1002903.
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This paper considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analysis. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using intra-EU trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data. (authors' abstract)
6
Schneider, Martin y Manfred M. Fischer. "Multiregional Computational General Equilibrium, and Spatial Interaction Trade Modelling: An Empirical Example". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4142/1/WSG_DP_6899.pdf.
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This paper analyses the effects of enhanced trade between Austria and its four neighbouring Central
and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Slovenia) on sectoral
production and regional welfare in Austria. The analysis is based on two distinct modelling traditions
at the centre of regional science. The first model (a Fischer-Johansson Model of bilateral trade flows)
is used to predict the volume and commodity composition of future trade flows based on a long term
income scenario. The predicted long-term increases of the trade flows are huge. Exports rise by 190 %
and imports by 160 % (compared to 1995). The effects of these trade flows on sectoral production and
regional welfare in Austria are simulated by means of a multiregional computable general equilibrium
model for the Austrian economy. The model contains the 9 Federal Provinces (NUTS-II). The likely
implications of the projected trade flows are measured in terms of real income, which can be expected
to rise by 1.2 %. The welfare gains will not necesarily be shared equally by all Federal Provinces. The
results indicate a clear East-West pattern with the eastern regions of Austria gaining most. (authors' abstract)Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience
7
Fichet, de Clairfontaine Aurélien y Christoph Hammer. "Trade Costs and Income in European Regions: Evidence from a regional bilateral trade dataset". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4887/1/HAMMER_FICHET_2016_(002).pdf.
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Using a New Economic Geography (NEG) model, this study estimates the relationship
between regional per capita income and the market accessibility of regions. This
accessibility cannot be observed directly, so it has to be constructed. We follow a
two-step-procedure as suggested by Redding and Venables (2004) and use results of a
gravity-type model to infer \real market potential". To this end, we make use of a novel
dataset of bi-regional trade
ows between (and within) 254 European NUTS-2 regions
(for 26 European countries excluding Bulgaria and Romania) for the year 2010. In a
second step we test the hypothesis that access to domestic as well as to large foreign
markets increases factor incomes. We find evidence that supports this hypothesis on a
regional level. This also holds when we control for other potential income determinants.
In order for the estimates to be unbiased, we additionally take the spatial structure of
the data into account. Our findings indicate that, although the specification derived
from theory should be able to capture some spatial spillovers, additionally controlling
for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals is necessary to fit the European data. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
8
Hirsch, Cornelius y Harald Oberhofer. "Bilateral Trade Agreements and Trade Distortions in Agricultural Markets". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5428/1/wp240.pdf.
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Agricultural support levels are at a crossroad with reduced distortions in OECD countries and increasing support for agricultural producers in emerging economies over the last decades. This paper studies the determinants of distortions in the agricultural markets by putting a specific focus on the role of trade policy. Applying various different dynamic panel data estimators and explicitly accounting for potential endogeneity of trade policy agreements, we find that an increase in the number of bilateral free trade agreements exhibits significant short- and long-run distortion reducing effects. By contrast, WTO's Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture has not been able to systematically contribute to a reduction in agriculture trade distortions. From a policy point of view our findings thus point to a lack of effectiveness of multilateral trade negotiations.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
9
Badinger, Harald y Fritz Breuss. "Trade and productivity. An industry perspective". Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/116/1/document.pdf.
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We use a sample of 14 OECD countries and 15 manufacturing industries to test for the effect of trade on productivity. Endogeneity concerns are accounted for using the geographical component of trade as instrument as suggested by Frankel and Romer (1999). Our results are in line with previous studies: Trade increases productivity. What is puzzling, however, is the size of the effect: An increase in the export ratio by one percentage point increases productivity in manufacturing by 0.6 percent on average. This is less than half of the effect obtained in previous studies. We discuss likely explanations for this discrepancy.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
10
Breuss, Fritz. "A Prototype Model of EU's 2007 Enlargement". Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/918/1/document.pdf.
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EU's 2007 enlargement by Bulgaria and Romania is evaluated by applying a simple macroeconomic integration model able to encompass as many of the theoretically predicted integration effects possible. The direct integration effects of Bulgaria and Romania spill-over to EU15, including Austria and the 10 new member states of the 2004 EU enlargement. The pattern of the integration effects is qualitatively similar to those of EU's 2004 enlargement by 10 new member states. Bulgaria and Romania gain much more from EU accession than the incumbents in the proportion of 20:1. In the medium-run up to 2020, Bulgaria and Romania can expect a sizable overall integration gain, amounting to additional ½ percentage point real GDP growth per annum. Within the incumbent EU member states Austria will gain somewhat more (+0.05%) than the average of EU15 (+0.02%) and the 10 new EU member states (+0.01%), which joined the EU in 2004. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
11
Badinger, Harald y Fritz Breuss. "Do small countries of a trade bloc gain more of its enlargement? An empirical test of the Casella effect for the case of the European Community". Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1732/1/document.pdf.
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Casella (1996) derives theoretically the result that the gains from enlarging a trade bloc fall disproportionately on its small member states. Testing this hypothesis for the Member States of the European Community and its enlargements since 1973, we find mixed results, indicating that such a small country bonus may well exists, but that it is partly neutralized or dominated by economic forces that tend to favour large countries.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
12
Badinger, Harald, Fritz Breuss y Bernhard Mahlberg. "Welfare implications of the EU's common organization of the market in bananas for EU Member States". Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2001. http://epub.wu.ac.at/682/1/document.pdf.
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The objective of this paper is to analyze the welfare effects of the European Banana Market Policy. Until 1993, EU countries had a wide variety of separate national policies, ranging from free trade (e.g. Germany) to heavily regulated markets (e.g. Spain, France). On 1 July 1993, the EU's common organization of the market in bananas came into force and established a combined quota-tariff regime with preferential access for ACP and EU suppliers. We estimate the resulting changes in the welfare of consumers, traders and the national governments for all member states of the European Union to identify the winners and losers of this change in the external trade policy. Over the period 1993 to 1998, the cumulated aggregate welfare loss of the consumers amounted to ECU 1408 mill, whereas the international banana traders gained ECU 558 mill. on the EU market. The welfare effect on the national budgets of the EU member states was also positive (ECU 783 mill.) due to higher tariff income. The resulting total deadweight loss of the European Union amounted to ECU 68 mill. As regards the distribution of the welfare effects, the former free trade countries lost welfare, whereas the formerly severely regulated countries gained. In absolute terms the biggest loser of the regime shift is Germany, the biggest winner is France. (authors' abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
13
Smet, Koen. "Stuck in the middle? The structure of trade between South Africa and its major trading partners". Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/876/1/document.pdf.
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This paper analyses the South African trade data from1992 until 2006 by means of a Grubel-Lloyd index, a measurement of marginal intra-industry trade and a revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indicator. During this period a lot happened that influenced the South African trade policy, e.g. the political transition in 1994, the formation of the World Trade Organisation in 1995, the rise of China as trading power, etc. The purpose is not only to analyse the current structure of South African trade, but also to examine its structural change over time. As a result this paper shows that South Africa is principally a supplier of natural resources to both industrialised and emerging economies. With respect to its African neighbours South Africa has a more advantageous trading position. More general this paper shows that an indicator reaches significant different values, if different trading partners or industries are analysed.(author´s abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
14
Goldschmidt, Gunther Karl. "Cloning, Sequencing and Partial Characterization of the Accessory Gene Region of Plasmid pTC-F14 isolated from the Biomining Bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus f". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1588.
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Thesis (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Plasmid pTC-F14 is a 14.2kb promiscuous, broad-host range IncQ-like mobilizable plasmid isolated from Acidithiobacillus caldus f. At. caldus is a member of a consortium of bacteria (along with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirilum ferrooxidans) that is used industrially for decomposing metal sulphide ores and concentrates at temperatures of 40ºC or below which is now a well-established industrial process to recover metals from certain copper, uranium and gold-bearing minerals or mineral concentrates. These biomining microbes are usually obligately acidophilic, autotrophic, usually aerobic iron- or sulphur-oxidizing chemolithotrophic bacteria. Their remarkable physiology allows them to inhabit an ecological niche that is largely inorganic and differs from those environments populated by the more commonly studied non-acidophilic heterotrophic bacteria. At. caldus, is a moderately thermophilic (45 to 50ºC), highly acidophilic (pH1.5 to 2.5) sulphur-oxidizing bacterium, and its role as one of the major players in the industrial decomposition of metal sulphide ores has become evident in recent years. At. caldus f from which pTC-F14 was isolated was found to be one of two dominant organisms in a bacterial consortium undergoing pilot-scale testing for the commercial extraction of nickel from ores.
15
Breuss, Fritz. "Austria, Finland and Sweden after 10 years in the EU. Expected and achieved integration effects". Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1762/1/document.pdf.
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Austria, Finland and Sweden - all small highly developed industrial and rich countries - entered the EU in 1995. Their macroeconomic performance since then was quite different. Real GDP in Finland und Sweden increased faster than in EU average, while those of Austria fell back. Austria lost its second rank in GDP per capita (at PPS) and is now the fourth richest EU country; Sweden fell back from the seventh to the eight rank, while Finland improved its position from rank 11 to nine. In a referendum in September 2003 Sweden refused to take over the Euro, whereas the other two countries are members of the Euro area. Ex post model simulations indicate that Finland appears to have profited most from EU membership (0.7 percentage point greater annual GDP growth since 1995), followed by Austria (+0.4 percent) and Sweden (+0.3 percent).Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
16
Van, Zyl Leonardo Joaquim. "Analysis of the mobilization region of the broad host-range IncQ-like plasmid, pTC-F14, and its ability to interact with a related plasmid, pTF-FC2". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70109.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The 14.2 kb plasmid pTC-FI4 was isolated from the moderately thermophilic (45°- 50°C), highly acidophilic (pH 1.5 to 2.5), chemolithotrophic bacterium Acidithiobacil/us caldus and has a replicon that is closely related to the promiscuous, broad host-range, IncQ-family of plasmids. The region containing the mobilization genes was sequenced and encoded five Mob proteins and an origin of transfer, which are related to the DNA processing (Tral) region of IncPI plasmids, rather than to the three Mob protein systems of the IncQ-l-group plasmids (e.g. plasmids RSFIOIO or R1162). Plasmid pTC-F14 is the third example of an IncQ family plasmid that has five mob genes, with the others being pTF-FC2 and pRAS3.1. The minimal region that was essential for mobilization included the mobA, mobB and the mobC genes as well as the oriT. The mobD and mobE genes were non-essential, but together enhanced the mobilization frequency by approximately 300-fold. The repB gene increased the mobilization frequency but was not essential for mobilization. Mobilization of pTC-F14 between Escherichia coli strains by a chromosomally integrated RP4 plasmid was more than 3500-fold less efficient than the mobilization ofpTF-FC2. When both plasmids were co-resident in the same E. coli host, pTC-FI4 was mobilized at almost the same frequency as pTF-FC2. This enhanced pTC-FI4 mobilization frequency was due to the presence of a combination of the pTF-FC2 mobD and mobE gene products, the functions of which are still unknown. pTF-FC2 could mobilize the oriT of pTC-FI4 whereas pTC-F14 could only mobilize the pTFFC2 oriT if provided with some of the mobilization genes from the pTC-FC2 mobilization region. Unexpectedly either the mobEDC genes or the mobAB genes would allow the mobilization of the pTF-FC2 oriT by pTC-F14 even though there was no common gene between the two subsets. No evidence for any negative effect on the transfer of one plasmid by the related, potentially competitive plasmid was obtained.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die 14.2 kb plasmied, pTC-F14, is uit die matig termofiliese (45°C tot 50°C), hoogs asidofiliese (pH 1.5 tot 2.5), chemolitooutotrofiese bakterium Acidithiobaci/lus caldus geisoleer en beskik oor 'n replikon wat verwant is aan die vanaf die IncQ-familie van plasmiede. Hierdie plasmiede is alom bekend vir hulle promiskuïteit tydens konjugasie asook hul vermoë om in 'n groot aantal verskillende gasheer organismes te kan repliseer. DNA volgorde analise van die mobiliserings area het 'n oordrags oorsprong asook vyf oop leesrame onthul wat nader verwant is aan die DNA prosseserings gene van die Tral area op die IncP 1 plasmiede, as die van die mobiliserings stelsel van die IncQ-l-groep plasmiede. Plasmied pTC-Fl4 is die derde voorbeeld, saam met pTF-FC2 en pRAS3.1, van 'n IncQ-tipe plasmied met 'n vyfgeen mobiliserings sisteem. Die kleinste area op die plasmied nodig vir mobilisering van pTC-Fl4 is bepaal, en het die mobA, mobB en mobC gene sowel as die oordrags oorsprong ingesluit. Saam, was die mobD en mobE gene verantwoordelik vir 'n 300- voud toename in die mobilisasie frekwensie van pTC-Fl4 alhowel die gene nie absoluut nodig was vir mobilisering van die plasmied nie. Die repB geen het ook bygedra tot die frekwensie waarteen die volledige plasmied gemobiliseer was, maar hierdie geen was ook nie nodig vir mobilisering van die pTC-F14 plasmied nie. Die frekwensie waarteen pTC-Fl4 tussen Escherichia coli rasse beweeg het tydens konjugasie, terwyl gebruik gemaak is van 'n chromosomaal geintegreerde RP4 plasmied, was ongeveer 3500-voud laer as die van pTF-FC2. Indien beide pTC-Fl4 en pTF-FC2 in dieselfde E. coli gasheer aangetref word, word beide plasmiede teen ongeveer dieselfde frekwensie gemobiliseer. Die verhoogde frekensie vir pTC-Fl4 was as gevolg van die teenwoordigheid van beide die mobD en mobE gene van die pTF-FC2 plasmied, waarvan die funksies nog onbekend is. Plasmied pTF-FC2 kon die oordrags oorsprong van pTC-Fl4 mobiliseer waarteenoor plasmied pTC-FI4 die oordrags oorsprong vanafpTF-FC2 slegs kon mobiliseer indien een van twee dele van die pTF-FC2 mobiliserings gene voorsien word (al was daar geen oorvleuling tussen die twee nie). Alhoewel die plasmiede moontlik kon kompeteer op die vlak van plasmied oordrag is geen negatiewe kompetesie waargeneem tussen dié twee verwante plasmiede nie.
17
Aspalter, Lisa. "Estimating Industry-level Armington Elasticities For EMU Countries". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4838/1/wp217.pdf.
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In an open economy economic agents distribute their spending between domestic and various import goods and they may reconsider their choice whenever relative international prices change. Armington elasticities quantify these reallocations in demand for goods produced in different countries. Recent analytical frameworks allow to further differentiate between a macro elasticity of substitution between domestic and import goods and a micro elasticity between different import sources. Despite the relevance of Armington elasticities for evaluating trade policy there has been no systematic study on whether micro and macro elasticities significantly differ for highly integrated economies within a free trade area and whether there is a common pattern. Using highly disaggregated data, this paper estimates Armington elasticities for a panel of 15 EMU Member States. Empirical results indicate a significant difference between micro and macro elasticities for up to one half of the consistent product groups considered, implying preferences across EMU countries are not perfectly aligned with non-discriminatory tariffs. I conclude that both the absolute and relative macro elasticities are informative and that heterogeneous preference patterns link to current trade imbalances. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
18
Pansegrouw, Jacques Le Roux. "Experiential ground". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32816.
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In humanity’s current condition, the
advantages of organic material sources are
supplanted by the qualities of synthetics
that allow for rapid growth and altered
capabilities, whilst man becomes further
removed from his natural existence as a
being that once possessed the aptitude to
understand and work with these materials.
Prior to our industrial, mechanised and
materialist consumer culture, the direct
interaction with the natural world provided
humanity with more comprehensive and
experiential ground for growth and learning.
As we are connected to the world through
our senses, space becomes the primary
enabler of such a platform.
Relying on the haptic qualities of materials
and the body’s ability to experience and
embody its immediate surroundings,
architecture’s role in the integration between
man, nature, and industry is explored.
As a natural industry with a significant
public interface, architecture acts as a
mediator between man’s “constructed
nature” and his “first nature” – referring to
man’s estrangement from his environment.
This dissertation investigates the adaptation
of industrial buildings to accommodate
public interaction whilst responding to the
environmental impact that the production of
building materials has on the environment.
Alternatives to commonly used materials
such as glass, steel and carbon fibres were
researched, and so hemp, flax and bamboo
became the primary elements used in the
making of the architecture.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
19
Lejárraga, Iza y Harald Oberhofer. "Performance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Services Trade: Evidence from French Firms". Springer Nature, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9647-z.
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This paper empirically investigates the key firm- and industry-specific restrictions to the
performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in services trade. For this
purpose, we use firm-level data from firms in France operating in different services sectors
over the time period 1998 to 2007 and formulate two-part models consisting of (i) (dy
namic) export equations and (ii) (dynamic) export share equations. Our results confirm
the view that a relatively low share of SMEs engage in services trade. In line with the
new-new trade theory, our results also corroborate that more productive SMEs have a
higher export probability. The key finding of this paper is that the export decisions of
SMEs in services sectors are estimated to be extremely persistent, implying that trade pol
icy efforts, including the allocation of scarce trade promotion budgets, should be directed
at addressing the barriers faced in establishing the first export operation. Finally, our
sub-sectoral estimates reveal considerable heterogeneity across different types of services.
20
Pereira, Daniele Araujo. "Clonagem e expressão do gene paa e resposta imune humoral de matrizes suínas vacinadas com proteínas recombinantes (F4, F5, F6, F18, F41 e Paa) de Escherichia coli patogênicas". Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2014. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000191201.
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) enterotoxigênica (ETEC) é considerada importante causa de diarreia em suínos neonatos e desmamados. A adesão da bactéria à célula do hospedeiro é considerada um fenômeno específico entre as adesinas fimbriais e não fimbriais com seus respectivos receptores nos enterócitos. Os distúrbios entéricos estão relacionados com as fímbrias F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F41 e F18. Além da ETEC, outra categoria de E. coli pode causar diarreia nos suínos, denominada de PEPEC (porcine pathogenic E. coli), a qual produz a adesina Paa (Porcine attaching adherence) capaz de provocar uma lesão típica denominada A/E (attaching and effacing). A imunização das matrizes com adesinas é importante para estimular a produção de anticorpos e a consequente transferência através do colostro aos leitões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir uma vacina inovadora e completa para E. coli e comparar a resposta imune das matrizes imunizadas com as proteínas recombinantes (ETEC e EPEC) com uma vacina comercial de ETEC. O trabalho foi realizado em uma granja comercial, onde foram utilizadas nove matrizes suínas prenhes divididas em três grupos. O grupo um (G1) foi vacinado com as proteínas recombinantes (n=3), o grupo dois (G2) foi vacinado com vacina comercial (n=3) e o grupo três (G3) foi inoculado com salina tamponada estéril (PBS) (n=3). As proteínas recombinantes foram obtidas após a indução das amostras de E. coli BL21 (DE3) com adição de lactose. O grau de pureza foi analisado em gel SDS-PAGE corado com Comassie. A dose da vacina de proteínas recombinantes continha 100µg de cada antígeno recombinante e adjuvante Hidróxido de Alumínio 2mg/ml com conservante Timerosal a 0,02%. As matrizes prenhes foram imunizadas quatro e duas semanas antes do parto. Amostras de sangue das matrizes foram coletadas para avaliação dos níveis de anticorpos através do teste de ELISA indireto, no dia da primeira dose (dia 0), na segunda imunização (dia 14) e no dia do parto (dia 28). Quatro leitões de cada matriz foram selecionados para analisar o soro. A vacina comercial continha quatro fímbrias (K88, K99, F41, 987) e a vacina de proteína recombinante cinco fímbrias (rF18, rK88, rK99, rF41, r987) e rPaa. Os resultados foram submetidos ao Teste de Kruskal-Wallis para verificar diferença entre os grupos analisados que se identificado foi aplicado o Teste de Dunn a 6% de significância. Os animais inoculados com a vacina recombinante apresentaram reatividade maior que os animais inoculados com a vacina comercial e animais do grupo controle (PBS). A vacina de proteína recombinante obteve uma resposta vacinal significativa nas matrizes com as fímbrias (K99, F18, K88 e 987) e nos leitões com as fímbrias (K99, F18, 987, F41, K88). A vacina de proteína recombinante estimulou a resposta imune humoral específica nas matrizes, mas não foi possível afirmar se houve proteção dos leitões. Os resultados mostram a importância da vacinação das matrizes para aumentar os níveis de anticorpos anti-fimbrias e assim prevenir a diarreia.Escherichia coli (E. coli) enterotoxigenic (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhea in newborn and weaned pigs. The adhesion of bacteria to the host cell is considered a specific phenomenon among fimbrial adhesins and no fimbrial with their respective receptors on enterocytes. Enteric disorders are related with the fimbriae F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F41 and F18. In addition to the E. coli ETEC another category can cause diarrhea in pigs, called PEPEC (porcine pathogenic E. coli), which produces the adhesin Paa (Porcine attaching adherence) can cause a typical lesion termed A/E (attaching and effacing). Immunization of sows with adhesins is important to stimulate the production of antibodies and the subsequent transfer through colostrum in piglets. The aim of this study was produce an innovative and complete vaccine for E. coli and compare the immune response in sows immunized with recombinant proteins (ETEC and EPEC) with a commercial vaccine (ETEC). The study was conducted on a commercial farm, where nine pregnant sows divided into three groups were used. Group one (G1) were vaccinated with the recombinant protein (n = 3), the group two (G2) was vaccinated with the commercial vaccine (n = 3), Group three (G3) was inoculated with sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n = 3). The recombinant proteins were obtained after induction of the E. coli strains BL21 (DE3) containing added lactose. The purity was analyzed in SDS-PAGE gel stained with Coomassie. The dose of the vaccine of recombinant proteins contained 100?g of each recombinant antigen and adjuvant Aluminium Hydroxide 2mg/ml with 0.02% Thimerosal preservative. The pregnant sows were immunized four and two weeks before delivery. Blood samples from the mothers were collected for assessment of antibody levels by indirect ELISA, in the the first dose (day 0), the second immunization (day 14) and at parturition (day 28). Four piglets from each sow were selected to analyze the serum. The commercial vaccine contained four fimbriae (K88, K99, F41, 987) and recombinant protein with vaccine five fimbriae (rF18, rK88, rK99, rF41, r987) and rPaa. The results were submitted to the Kruskal - Wallis test to verify differences between groups analyzed that identified test was applied Dunn to 6 % significance level. The animals inoculated with the recombinant vaccine showed higher reactivity than animals inoculated with commercial vaccine and the control group (PBS). The vaccine of recombinant protein vaccine achieved a significant response in sows with fimbriae (K99, F18, K88, 987) and in piglets with fimbriae (K99, F41, 987, F18, K88). The recombinant protein vaccine stimulated specific humoral immune response in sows, but we are unable to say whether there was protection of piglets. The results show the importance of vaccinating in sows to increase the levels of anti-fimbriae antibodies and prevent diarrhea.
21
Smit, Reynard. "The Gavel and the Ghost". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32811.
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This thesis explores an alternative method of making Architecture based on ideas presented by Bruno Latour in “Give me a gun and I will make all buildings move” and concepts discussed by Peter Eisenman within “Diagram: An Original Scene of Writing.”
The static nature of representation within Euclidian Space requires a re-evaluation of the generative qualities inherent within diagrams. Managed through an identified mechanism, the thesis investigates the excavation of potential within Pretoria Central’s lost spaces by generating programme, response and resolution from elements inherent in the diachronic context.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
22
Grafeneder-Weissteiner, Theresa y Klaus Prettner. "Agglomeration and population aging in a two region model of exogenous growth". Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1670/1/document.pdf.
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This article investigates the effects of introducing demography into the New Economic Geography. We generalize the constructed capital approach, which relies on infinite individual planning horizons, by introducing mortality. The resulting overlapping generation framework with heterogeneous individuals allows us to study the effects of aging on agglomeration processes by analytically identifying the level of trade costs that triggers catastrophic agglomeration. Interestingly, this threshold value is rather sensitive to changes in mortality. In particular, the introduction of a positive mortality rate makes the symmetric equilibrium more stable and therefore counteracts agglomeration tendencies. In sharp contrast to other New Economic Geography approaches, this implies that deeper integration is not necessarily associated with higher interregional inequality.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
23
Ferreira, Marianna Boia. "Avaliação do papel da proteína TCTP em melanoma murino (B16-F1 e B16-F10)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/49141.
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Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Andrea Senff RibeiroCoorientador : Prof. Dr. Silvio Sanches Veiga
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Defesa: Curitiba, 27/02/2017
Inclui referências : f. 73-83
Resumo: O tumor do tipo melanoma da pele apresenta baixa incidência contudo, sua letalidade é extremamente elevada. As linhagens B16 constituem um modelo de melanoma murino muito útil na oncologia experimental. A linhagem B16F10 apresenta alta capacidade de invasão e metastização enquanto que a linhagem B16-F1 apresenta menor motilidade in vitro e, portanto, baixo potencial metastático. A TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein) é expressa em diversos organismos e tecidos, o que aponta um papel biológico fundamental. Diferentes estudos já estabeleceram seu envolvimento na regulação do ciclo e proliferação celular, bem como na malignidade e como fator protetor contra estresse e apoptose. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o papel da TCTP em melanoma murino (B16F1 e B16F10). O perfil proteico bidimensional apresentado pelas linhagens foi diferente: a linhagem B16-F10 apresentou 201 spots e a linhagem B16-F1 126 spots. Essa diferença pode estar relacionada à complexidade celular da B16-F10, mais maligna e metastática. Em ambos os extratos foi identificada uma proteína com mobilidade eletroforética de 20 kDa e pI de 4,8 (valores esperados para TCTP). Além disso, a TCTP foi imunodetectada por western blotting. A linhagem B16- F1 apresentou um menor sinal de detecção quando comparada à B16-F10., Essa diferença poderia estar associada a uma maior expressão de TCTP em células tumorais mais metastáticas e invasivas e, consequentemente, a B16F10 apresentaria níveis superiores de TCTP. Esta hipótese foi confirmada por PCR em tempo real: B16-F10 apresentou níveis de RNAm para TCTP superiores aos encontrados para B16-F1. Esses dados corroboram com os resultados do western blotting e com dados da literatura que relacionam a TCTP à linhagens malignas, devido ao seu papel anti-apoptótico e seu antagonismo com a p53. A fim de avaliar o papel biológico da TCTP no melanoma, esta foi silenciada na linhagem B16-F10, utilizando a técnica de RNAi. O silenciamento diminuiu os níveis de TCTP em 50 a 70% quando utilizado 50 nM e 60 a 80% quando utilizado 100 nM do duplex após 24, 48 e 72 horas de transfecção. As linhagens transfectadas com RNAi para TCTP apresentaram menor proliferação, menor migração e maior adesão celular às moléculas da matriz extracelular quando comparadas às linhagens transfectadas com o controle negativo. Porém, não houve qualquer alteração significativa da viabilidade celular. O aumento da proliferação celular e do potencial migratório são dois eventos muito importantes para a tumorigênese, e estão intimamente relacionados à malignidade. Portanto, o silenciamento foi capaz de regredir o fenótipo de malignidade da linhagem B16-F10, deixando esse mais próximo da B16-F1. Dessa forma, nosso estudo caracterizou os perfis celulares das duas linhagens e demonstrou uma diferença no número de proteínas e parceiros moleculares entre ambas linhagens. Além disso, nossos dados sugerem que o silenciamento da TCTP tornou a linhagem B16-F10 menos metastática e maligna, com um fenótipo mais próximo ao de uma célula normal. Mais estudos são necessários com o intuito de identificar possíveis parceiros e melhor entender o papel dessa proteína multifuncional no melanoma murino. Palavras-chave: TCTP, melanoma, B16-10, B16-F1, câncer
Abstract: Skin melanoma tumor displays low incidence, however, its lethality is extremely high. B16 cell lines typify a murine melanoma model very useful on the experimental oncology field. B16-F10 cell line exhibits high invasion and metastization capacities while B16-F1 cell line depicts lower in vitro motility and, therefore, low metastasis potential. TCTP (translationally controlled tumor protein) is expressed in several organisms and tissues, which suggests a fundamental biological role. Different studies have already settled its participation in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation, as well as in malignancy and as a protective factor against stress and apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to assess the TCTP role in in murine melanoma (B16-F1 and B16- F10). Two-dimensional electrophoresis profiles of proteins from the two cell lines were different: B16-F10 cells presented 201 electrophoresis spots while B16-F1 originated 126 spots. This difference may be related to the B16-F10 cell complexity, since this cell line is more malignant and metastatic. In both cell extracts was identified a protein with electrophoretic mobility about 20 kDa and deduced pI of 4.8 (expected parameters for TCTP). Furthermore, TCTP was immunodetected by western blotting analysis. B16-F1 cells produced low detection signals when compared to the B16-F10 cells. This difference may be associated to the higher TCTP expression in more metastatic and invasive tumoral cells and, consequently, B16-F10 would present higher TCTP levels. This hypothesis was confirmed by Real-Time PCR, since B16-F10 revealed RNAm levels for TCTP higher than the B16-F1. These data corroborate with western blotting results and the specific literature, which connect TCTP and malignant cell lines due to the anti-apoptotic function and its p53 antagonism. In order to evaluate the biological role of TCTP in melanoma, it was performed the TCTP silencing in B16-F10 cell line by using RNA interference (RNAi) method. The gene silencing reduced TCTP levels in 50% to 70% when used 50 nM and 60% to 80% when used 100 nm of the duplex after 24, 48 and 72 hours of transfection. The transfected cell lines with RNAi for TCTP presented lower proliferation, lower migration and higher cell adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules when compared to the cell lines transfected with negative control. However, there was no significant change in cell viability. Increasing cell proliferation and migration potential are two events very important for the tumorigenesis process and they are closely related to the malignancy. Therefore, gene silencing was able to recede the malignant phenotype of B16- F10 cell line, resulting in a similar aspect to the B16-F1 cells. Thus, this study characterized the profile of two cell lines and it demonstrated differences in protein number and molecular partners between these two cell lines. Moreover, the generated data suggest that TCTP gene silencing became B16-F10 cells less metastatic and malignant, resembling the normal cell phenotype. Further studies are necessary in order to identify possible partners and to better understand the TCTP role in the murine melanoma. Key-words: TCTP, melanoma, B16-10, B16-F1, cancer.
24
Antonakakis, Nikolaos. "The Great Synchronization of International Trade Collapse". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3596/1/wp142.pdf.
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In this study we provide novel results on the extent of international trade synchronization during periods of trade collapses
and US recessions. Based on monthly data for the G7 economies over the period 1961-2011, our results suggest rather idiosyncratic patterns
of international trade synchronization during trade collapses and US recessions. During the great recession of 2007-2009, however,
international trade experienced the most sudden, severe and globally synchronized collapse. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
25
Rezai, Armon. "Demand and Distribution in Integrated Economies". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4814/1/EcolEcon_WorkingPaper_2016_10.pdf.
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Aggregate demand is influenced by the functional income distribution of an economy and that of its trading partners. This relationship between income distribution and output is analyzed in a short-run two-country Neo-Kaleckian model. The effects of devaluation and redistribution are discussed in detail. Trade and redistribution within one country interact and output increases or decreases with changes in either depending on the specific distributional and exchange rate movements. The Marshall-Lerner condition is shown to be equivalent to the assumption of expansionary devaluation. If devaluation increases output, national redistribution policy toward wage earners is also more likely to be expansionary. (author's abstract)Series: Ecological Economic Papers
26
Rezai, Armon. "Demand and distribution in integrated economies". Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beu060.
Texto completoResumen
Aggregate demand is influenced by the functional income distribution of an economy and that of its trading partners. This relationship between income distribution and output is analyzed in a short-run two-country Neo-Kaleckian model. The effects of devaluation and redistribution are discussed in detail. Trade and redistribution within one country interact and output increases or decreases with changes in either depending on the specific distributional and exchange rate movements. The Marshall-Lerner condition is shown to be equivalent to the assumption of expansionary devaluation. If devaluation increases output, national redistribution policy toward wage earners is also more likely to be expansionary. (author's abstract)
27
Antonakakis, Nikolaos y Johann Scharler. "The synchronization of GDP growth in the G7 during US recessions". Taylor & Francis, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3468/1/BC_dcc_final_AEL.pdf.
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Using the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model due to Engle (2002), we estimate time varying correlations of quarterly real GDP growth among the G7 countries. In general, we find that rather heterogeneous patterns of international synchronization exist during US recessions. During the 2007-2009 recession, however, international co-movement increased substantially. (authors' abstract)
28
Badinger, Harald y Fritz Breuss. "Trade Effects of the Euro. Small Countries, Large Gains!" Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/322/1/document.pdf.
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Several studies suggest that the introduction of the Euro has triggered sizeable increases in intra-Euro area trade. In this paper we test whether these gains are distributed asymmetrically among Euro area countries with respect to country size. This hypothesis is motivated by Casella (1996), who postulates that small countries of a trade bloc gain more from its enlargement. We argue that the implications of this model do also apply to the introduction of a common currency and test for a small country bonus using aggregate trade data and disaggregated trade data at the SITC1, SITC2, and SITC3 level. The results suggest that there is indeed strong evidence for a small country bonus with respect to the gains from trade after the introduction of the Euro. On average, the Euro triggered a reallocation of intra-Euro area exports to small countries by some 6 percent.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
29
Prades, Elvira y Katrin Rabitsch. "Capital liberalization and the US external imbalance". Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.12.002.
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Differences in financial systems are often named as a prime candidate for the current state of global imbalances. This paper focuses on cross-country heterogeneity in access to international financial markets that derives from the presence of capital controls and argues that the process of capital liberalization over the past decades can explain a substantial fraction of US net external liabilities. We present a simple two-country model with an internationally traded bond, in which capital controls are reflected in the presence of borrowing and lending constraints on that bond. In a US versus the rest of the world (RoW) scenario, we perform experiments that are largely consistent with countrie' liberalization experiences. A reduction in the RoW's controls on capital outflows and/or a tightening in the RoW's borrowing constraint enables the US economy to better insure against consumption risk relative to the rest of the world, and therefore decreases its
motives for precautionary asset holdings relative to the rest of the world. As a result of
these asymmetric shifts in countries' barriers to capital mobility, the US runs a long run
external deficit.
30
Antonakakis, Nikolaos. "Business Cycle Synchronization During US Recessions Since the Beginning of the 1870s". Elsevier, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3602/1/BC_1870%2D2011_EconLet_PrePrint.pdf.
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This paper examines the synchronization of business cycles across the G7 countries during US recessions since the 1870s. Using a dynamic measure of correlations, results depend on the globalization period under consideration. During the 2007-2009 recession, business cycles co-movements increased to unprecedented levels. (author's abstract)
31
Antonakakis, Nikolaos y Harald Badinger. "Economic growth, volatility, and cross-country spillovers: new evidence for the G7 countries". Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.08.035.
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This study examines the linkages between output growth and output volatility in the G7 countries over the period 1958M2-2013M8. Using the VAR-based spillover index approach by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) we find that: i) output growth and volatility are highly intertwined; ii) spillovers have reached unprecedented levels during the global financial crisis; and iii) the US has been the largest transmitter of growth and volatility shocks. Generalized impulse response analyses suggest moderate growth spillovers and sizable volatility spillovers across countries. Cross-variable effects indicate that volatility shocks lead to lower growth, while growth shocks reduce output volatility.
32
Breuss, Fritz. "Balassa-Samuelson effects in the CEEC. Are they obstacles for joining the EMU?" Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2003. http://epub.wu.ac.at/198/1/document.pdf.
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A phantom is haunting the EU enlargement process. Some fear that the Balassa-Samuelson (B-S) effect might be a major obstacle for the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) to become members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). A review of the relevant literature reveals that most estimations of the B-S effect in the EU acceding countries are flawed by one kind or the other. Either they do not estimate correctly the B-S propositions, or if they measure it they use a variety of measures for the variables needed. Additionally, the B-S effect is only a special case of a broader approach towards equilibrium real exchange rates. Lastly the B-S effect is studied in a CGE multi-country world in order to detect possible spillover effects. After describing the "official" road map towards the EMU, it is concluded that the uncertainties in measuring the B-S are much too high in order to see in it (alone) a major hindrance for the CEEC to become early members of the EMU. Moreover, real exchange rate appreciations that reflect productivity gains in the tradable sector are an equilibrium phenomenon and do not require a policy response. They are a natural phenomena in catching-up countries like the CEEC. Furthermore, the official doctrine for entering the EMU by the EU/ECB only interdicts depreciations but not appreciations for potential EMU members. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
33
Antonakakis, Nikolaos y Gabriele Tondl. "Does Integration and Economic Policy Coordination Promote Business Cycle Synchronization in the EU?" Springer, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-014-9254-2.
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Previous studies have discounted important factors and indirect channels that might contribute to business cycle synchronization (BSC) in the EU. We estimate the effects of market integration and economic policy coordination on bilateral business cycle correlations over the period 1995-2012 using a simultaneous equations model that takes into accounts both the endogenous relationships and unveils direct and indirect effects. The results suggest that (i) trade and FDI have a pronounced positive effect on BCS, particularly between incumbent and new EU members. (ii) Rising specialization does not decouple business cycles. (iii) The decline of income disparities in EU27 contributes to BCS, as converging countries develop stronger trade and FDI linkages. (iv) There is strong evidence that poor fiscal discipline of EU members is a major impediment of business cycle synchronization. (v) The same argument holds true for exchange rate fluctuations that hinder BCS, particularly in EU15. Since BCS is a fundamental prerequisite and objective in an effective monetary union, the EU has to promote market integration and strengthen the common setting of economic policies.
34
Rodrigues, Ana Rita Figueiredo. "Concorrência comercial entre os países da UE". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19628.
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Desde muito cedo que o tema da concorrência comercial tem suscitado interesse na literatura económica, sendo alvo de vários estudos pela relevância económica que possui. No entanto, não obstante toda a literatura já desenvolvida, uma vez que não existe um consenso relativamente à utilização de um determinado indicador (ótimo) em prejuízo de outro, no que concerne à análise da concorrência entre países existe ainda margem para outras análises.
Como tal, o presente trabalho pretende analisar o nível de concorrência que se verifica entre dois países e em que setores esse nível é mais enfatizado. Para tal, através do Índice de Krugman Modificado e da dimensão intersetorial do Índice de Similitude Estrutural, desenvolvido por Crespo e Simões (2012), foram analisados os dados referentes aos 28 países que constituem a União Europeia e aos seis principais exportadores mundiais. A análise teve por base os anos de 1995, 2005 e 2017, de forma a ser visível a evolução ocorrida ao longo deste período temporal.
Os resultados obtidos demonstraram aquilo que era inicialmente expectável, ou seja, houve uma alteração nos valores da similitude, entre os países analisados, para diferentes níveis de desagregação setorial. Assim, verificou-se que países com maior peso nas importações da UE, têm mais tendência a possuir uma maior similitude entre eles.From a very early age, the subject of commercial competition has attracted interest in the economic literature and has been the subject of several studies for its economic relevance. However, notwithstanding all the literature already developed, as there is no consensus on the use of one (optimal) indicator to the detriment of another, with regard to the analysis of competition between countries there is still room for further analysis. As such, this paper aims to analyze the level of competition that exists between two countries and in which sectors this level is more emphasized. To this end, through the Modified Krugman Index and the intersectoral dimension of the Structural Similarity Index, developed by Crespo and Simões (2012), data were analyzed for the 28 countries that make up the European Union and the six major world exporters. The analysis was based on the years 1995, 2005 and 2017, in order to be visible the evolution that occurred during this time period. The results obtained demonstrated what was initially expected. There was a change in the similarity values, among the analyzed countries, for different levels of sectoral disaggregation. Thus, it was found that countries with greater weight in EU imports are more likely to have greater similarity between them.
35
Tomé, Romina. "Efecto de la crisis 2001-2002 argentina en el bienestar: un análisis basado en variedades importadas". Tesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/32062.
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La reducción en el número de variedades importadas como consecuencia de la crisis que atravesó Argentina entre 2001-2002, limitó el abanico de posibilidades disponibles, y con él la posibilidad de encontrar la variedad ideal. El trabajo cuantifica las pérdidas de bienestar en el corto y mediano plazo que surgen de la reducción en el número de variedades importadas. Se estima que las pérdidas a corto plazo varían significativamente entre productos, y la recuperación a mediano plazo depende de la habilidad de sustituir hacia nuevas variedades. Además se analizan los factores que favorecieron que ciertas variedades dejen de ser importadas: precio, participación, país de origen y posibilidad de sustitución.
36
Xiao, Po-Yun y 蕭珀雲. "Purification and characterization of manganese peroxidase and laccase produced by a white-rot fungi MB-F14". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93100466661212513164.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋生物研究所
96
Dye containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates were used to screen 6 white-rot fungi for their decolourising ability.Fungus that produced the highest activities of laccase and MnP were choosen for later experiments. In this study different agriculture wastes including rice straw, bark of tapa cloth tree, and core of tapa cloth tree were used to induce laccase and MnP from MB-F14 at 30 ℃.The highest laccase and MnP activity were induced when employing bark of tapa cloth tree at the substrate and incubated MB-F14 in semi-solid state condition. Therefore, high production of laccase and MnP by semi-solid state cultures of MB-F14. The culture medium contained 10 g/L glucose, 41 μM MnSO4．H2O、32 μM CuSO4．5H2O、9 μM FeSO4．7H2O、0.52 mM ZnSO4．7H2O, 0.75% (w/v) Tween 80 and 5 g bark of tapa cloth tree as the support. The manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase from MB-F14 were purified to homogeneity by an anion-exchange chromatography followed by a gel filtration. Molecular mass of laccase and MnP were about 56 kDa and 40kDa, respectively when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The isoelectric point of laccase and MnP were 4.23 and 4.10, respectively. The optimum temperature for laccase and MnP activity were 45 and 50 ℃, respectively. The optimum pH of laccase and MnP were from 3.0 to 5.0 depending on the substrates. Both laccase and MnP have the hightest affinity for 2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenathiozone-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The Km, Vmax and Vmax/Km values of laccase were 0.4 mM、7882 U/mL、and 19.705 U/mM, respectively. The Km, Vmax and Vmax/Km values of MnP were 1.0 mM、2204 U/mL、and 2.204 U/mM, respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified laccase and MnP were determined to be AVGPVTDIHIVN and VAXPDGVNTASN, respectively. Maximum decolorization of 88 % and 98 % for Orange G and malachite green (50 ppm), respectively were achieved when partially purifed enzymes were used to test its decolorization rates.
37
Van, Graan Elita. "[ HARVEST ] The insect : an experimental biotic platform for species interaction, research and production". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32771.
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The study contemplates the idea that, as modern
man lives and thrives on Earth, we cannot look
with anticipation into the future alone, but we
have to integrate our every action with the past.
Maintaining a delicate balance between past and
future is the major struggle and responsibility for
mankind. This is also the case for architecture, for
it is one of the elemental ties to our past and to
our future, because the buildings are the result of
history. It is these connections between past and
future, building and user, building and site, user
and the natural site, which shape the spaces we
dwell in.
The intention of the study is to create
architecture which promotes harmony within
these connections between human habitation
(future) and the natural world (past), through
design approaches so sympathetic and well
integrated with its site that buildings,
furnishings, and the natural surroundings
become part of a unified, interrelated
composition.
The selected project is a production facility with a
fly factory and integrated urban insectary,
endangered insect containment research facility,
harvesting a natural ecosystem on the old
Rosema & Klaver Waterkloof Quarry site in
Monument Park, South Africa.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
38
Horzook, Omar. "Capital exchange". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32782.
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This project is based on the realisation that there are gross misconceptions surrounding significant sites in Pretoria, stemming from the lack of cultural integration amongst differing communities.
The proposed design of the Capital Exchange aims to initiate social redress amongst a divided people, through the design of an urban-friendly and contemporary Platform and Place for Cross-Cultural Exchange, developed along the idea of the recently inaugurated Reconciliation Road.
The visualisation of the place as a Cross-Cultural Mediator draws on the day-to-day activities of the city dwellers, to generate an ensemble of actions that foster social cohesion.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
39
Vally, Rishaad Ismail. "Ento.morph - A food culture intervention in Marabastad". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32805.
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This dissertation will investigate the role that architecture can play in the influencing of an existing food culture through the introduction of insect consumption (entomophagy).
This alternative food source will be used to illustrate a more sustainable agricultural
practice.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
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Steyn, Allan Hendri Edward. "Territory". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32764.
Texto completoResumen
Marabastad has a history characterized by strife and turmoil on one end and jubilation and decadence
on the other. To preserve sanity within these hardships, residents often turn towards music as a socioeconomic
emollient to relieve the burdens of everyday life. As a result music (specifically jazz) has embedded
itself into the historical narrative of Marabastad and its people.
Today, the area is no longer comprised of a homogenous demographic; it is home to a diverse populace of
a multi-national origin. What once was a precinct characterized by its strong association with the “timiti”
and “Marabi” cultures, it is now composed of a plethora of varying cultures, and as a result - musical
genres.
This study seeks to identify the historical importance of music within Marabastad, through identifying
varying “territories” of the environment which are utilized as a means of promoting music within the
region.
Once these have been identified, the application of these territories and their associated principles
within a built form is intended to provide a social platform for music to be enjoyed, while allowing for the
cross-pollination of the varying musical genres which exist within the precinct.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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Janz, Heinz Karl Reinhold. "Menlyn Transit Hub". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32793.
Texto completoResumen
This dissertation explores the potential to reorganize currently fragmented urban islands into
a quality, unified civic space by means of a much needed mass transit inter-modal facility within the
Menlyn precinct. It is proposed that the mass transport node be positioned above the Lois Avenue road level, in between existing retail nodes. The transport interchange shall therefore provide an elegant solution whereby Lois Avenue may be crossed, thereby allowing access to the retail nodes located on either side, as the existing sidewalks are not adequately designed for the multitude of
commuters utilizing this area. In theory, this dissertation explores the possibility of Menlyn Park Shopping centre and Menlyn Piazza being an infrastructure component of urbanism with the ability, as in architecture, to form a human experience within the urban environment. This dissertation can furthermore contribute to the activity needed to make a transport interchange successful. The recently completed Gautrain and Johannesburg Bus Rapid Transport projects were investigated whereby it was identified that public transport is currently focused on getting commuters from one destination to the next as quickly as possible, while neglecting to attend to the manner in which the commuter arrives and experiences the transport node. The Transport Interchange shall also attempt to reduce the existing traffic congestion in the area which is predicted to deteriorate within the next 10 to 15 years. In conclusion, the aim of the transport interchange is to become a catalyst for increasing commuter density, while allowing improved access to, and providing more retail opportunities for, the Menlyn node as a whole.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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Paterson, Avril Roderick. "Le Morne world heritage site - interpretation centre". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32812.
Texto completoResumen
Through the passing of time we gain perspective of the past and thus we gain knowledge. Through the interpretation of this knowledge we can inform and evaluate our visions of and goals for the future. ‘Our knowledge of time lies in the very heart of our humanity. We learn from the past, we pass on that wisdom to the future, that has been the bedrock of our civilisation’ (OXLEY, P., & KAKU, M.,2007).
This knowledge, also known as our cultural heritage, can take numerous forms such as literature, art, architecture, traditional dances, festivals, folk tales, cuisine, etc.
Our cultural heritage is to be preserved for posterity and ‘should be protected and made publicly available, subject to requirements of security and privacy, and where this is culturally appropriate’ (Burra Charter,1999:Article 32).
The phenomenon of slavery forms part of the cultural heritage of the world, Mauritius and specifically the Le Morne peninsula. Following the area’s inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a need arose for an Interpretation Centre to provide more information on the culturally significant area’s history.
For the design of this facility, this thesis study proposes an experiment in interaction of space and emotion, where the container interacts with the user and induces sensations associated with the artefacts, taking the form of multi-media exhibitions, therefore using a variety of tools to induce a holistic, subjective and objective learning experience.
Through this proposal the cultural heritage is to be interpreted and displayed to inform contemporary concepts and visions of the future amongst locals and tourists alike.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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Nicholson, Margaux. "Rebranding the silver market - The alteration of Huis Davidtsz from institution to place of living". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32785.
Texto completoResumen
Places designed for the elderly tend be stigmatising, which is predicated in
its medical engineering background. The institutional nature of these places
accelerates decline as it negatively impacts on the health of its residents,
physically and psychologically disabling them.
Spaces that support the wellbeing of residents can be identified by the
presence of three characteristics: a sense of control over ones environment,
a sense of access to social support and access to positive distraction.
Huis Davidtsz is a frail care facility, located just west of Pretoria’s central
business district, which has housed elderly people since 1968. The interior
environment of Huis Davidtsz is dull and disabling and for this reason is
selected as site for design intervention. In order to re-design Huis
Davidtsz into a psychologically supportive environment the aforementioned
characteristics of supportive space are translated into architectural design.
Four elements of architectural space: floor, wall, ceiling and window, are
manipulated to create an intimacy gradient.
This gradient humanises the institution by establishing a range of spaces and
a sense of territoriality. The unforgiving threshold between intimate and
public space is moderated by subtle spatial indications of levels of intimacy.
This provides Huis Davidtsz with the seven levels of intimacy associated
with domestic spaces, enabling individuality and choice. The result is a
comfortable and secure place for living.Dissertation MInt(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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Fleming, Bronwyn Wendy. "The imagination station : a centre to inspire & promote creativity in Newtown, Johannesburg, South Africa". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32772.
Texto completoResumen
As with the majority of Johannesburg areas, the Newtown Electric Power Station Heritage Precinct does not fully realise its potential for spatial relations facilitating creative means of living. Creativity is a powerful tool to engage present and future possibilities. A Centre to stimulate creativity will benefit the direct area users, as well as contribute to the prominence of the historical and cultural richness of Newtown.
The vacant site adjacent to the Sci-Bono Discovery Centre provides an apt location for the Creativity Centre as the intervening programme will activate, strengthen and define the presently underutilised street corner edges. The proposed architectural spaces aim to direct the site’s current movement routes created by pedestrian commuters, in order for creativity to become more ingrained in daily life.
The proposed architectural elements aim to facilitate creative activities - both curatorial and organically inspired through community appropriation of specifically designed open, or adaptable, spaces. The Centre aims to become a creative community gathering hub: becoming integral to the existing creative individuals currently pursuing artistic practices in Newtown.
Gesamtkunstwerk theoretically guides the project: in terms of the architectural intervention being comprised of singular elements all contributing to a greater whole. Gesamtkunstwerk also programmatically unites the entire Electric Power Station city block, through promoting the unification of art forms with life, as a holistic, creative entity.
The Centre acts as a crucial beacon highlighting the importance of creativity in the contemporary South African situation where it is undervalued and underutilised. It also articulates that as a directorial element of societal authorisations and processes, architectural design should articulate the value of creativity through facilitating and inspiring creative modes of living.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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Moura, Ana Luísa Lindolfo de. "A concorrência no comércio europeu". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15923.
Texto completoResumen
A globalização, como resultado da redução dos custos de transporte e dos meios de
comunicação conduz ao aprofundamento do processo internacional de integração económica.
Assim, cresce a importância do estudo da concorrência comercial. A literatura existente deixa
margens sobre que fatores mais impactam a concorrência entre os países, e como a
caracterização das diversas estruturas depende do uso de determinado índice em detrimento de
outro, há espaço para concretizar novas análises. As perguntas principais a que este trabalho dá
resposta são: qual o grau de concorrência existente entre dois países, quais os setores em que o
grau de concorrência é mais acentuado, que estruturas se assemelham mais à estrutura do Reino
Unido e que oportunidades se antevê que surjam para esses países.
No presente trabalho recorre-se ao índice multidimensional de similitude estrutural apresentado
por Crespo e Simões (2012) para analisar as estruturas dos 28 países da União Europeia e sete
dos seus principais parceiros. A base de dados é elaborada com suporte nos valores de
importações do mercado UE como um todo provenientes dos 35 países em estudo referente ao
ano de 2015.
Os resultados obtidos corresponderam ao expectável, associando um maior nível de
concorrência exercida entre dois países cujo peso em termos de comércio internacional é
superior. Adicionalmente, as três dimensões que compõem o índice multidimensional de
similitude estrutural e que refletem o peso dos setores, a similitude intersetorial e a similitude
intrassetorial revelam-se positivamente correlacionadas. Evidencia-se a importância da
Alemanha como fornecedor da União Europeia e assinala-se como principal concorrente do
Reino Unido, e seu principal potencial substituto.Globalization, as a result of the reduction of transport costs and the media, leads to a deepening of the international process of economic integration. Thus, the importance of the study of commercial competition grows. The existing literature leaves gaps when determining which factors have the biggest impact on competition between countries, and since the characterization of the various structures depends on the use of one index over another, there is room for further analysis. The main questions answered in this paper are: what is the degree of competition between two countries, which sectors are the most competitive, which structures are most similar to the United Kingdom structure and which upcoming opportunities can be highlighted for those countries. In the present work, we use the multidimensional index of structural similarity presented by Crespo and Simões (2012) to analyze the structures of the 28 European Union countries and seven of their main partners. The database is supported by import values from the EU market as a whole coming from the 35 countries under study during 2015. The results obtained corresponded to the expected, associating a higher level of competition between two of the countries whose weight in terms of international trade is higher. In addition, the three dimensions that make up the multidimensional index of structural similarity reflecting the weight of the sectors, the inter-sectorial similarity and the intra-sectorial similarity are shown to be positively correlated. The importance of Germany as a supplier to the European Union is highlighted, and it stands out as the main competitor of the United Kingdom, and its main potential substitute.
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Viljoen, Yolandi. "Inner City Police Retreat". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32779.
Texto completoResumen
Man’s relationship with architecture is not intellectual, but associated
with our emotive subconscious. The quality of space, as defined by
architecture, is personified and evaluated through the experience it
orchestrates. The investigation aims to uncover the process of choreographing emotive
experiences through design. These pertain to the writings of renowned
Swiss architect, Peter Zumthor, who manages to design evocative
spaces, architecture that embodies definite atmospheres. Zumthor
explains in his manifesto Thinking Architecture, that atmosphere is
measured through man’s emotional sensibility, rendering experience
and emotion as tools for designing spatial quality. Architecture is not abstract, but concrete matter, an assemblage of quantifiable substance, and thus, the architectural palette exists within emotion. Beyond its physicality, architectural elements embody
sensory potential in its application, arrangements and composition. The architect orchestrates the infinite architectural palette to provoke the senses, which defines experience. Finnish architect, Juhani Pallasmaa, better known for his writings on architecture and the senses, writes extensively on the non-cognitive realm of architecture as experienced, not only through the traditional senses measured by sight, sound, smell, touch and taste, but includes the human body in its dimensionality as it
relates to its surroundings, ergonomically and spatially. The architectural premise lead to an investigation into the lost landscape of Pretoria’s Central Business district, where spatial and material degradation have abandoned various sites in hostility. The forsaken lot on the corner of Pretorius and Sophie de Bruyn Streets, currently offers its users, the South African National Police Service (SAPS), nothing more than a parking space. The vastness of emotion in which the architectural palette exists, focused the exploration on a specific emotion as derived from the users of the identified, abandoned lot. As a result of a media-generated perception, members of the SAPS have been alienated by society. Alienation, translated into architectural terms, means ‘to be outside’. The architecture is informed by the contrasting experiential conditions of alienation and belonging, outside
and inside, danger and safety, chaos and cosmos. The architecture becomes the transitional medium. The Inner City Police Retreat fills the empirical void in a series of orchestrated experiences, in an attempt to inspire and transform the day to day existence of its users.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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Cronje, Marie Lenette. "A brewery in Marabastad - The liquid network". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32769.
Texto completoResumen
How can architecture positively impact on the development of integrated economic, social and ecological systems in an urban precinct? This dissertation is about the role that architecture can play as a systemic tool in the form of a brewery to facilitate regeneration in the urban context of Marabastad. Through the theories of regenerative design, systems theory and the non-modern thesis, an architecture of participation between various existing networks on site is established, that empowers resident traders while creating new opportunities for production, retail and social interaction. These activities are rooted in their context and participate in natural cycles and systems.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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Nomico, Tom. "Urban culinary workshop : re-emphasizing food in the urban environment". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32774.
Texto completoResumen
The practices that have allowed farming to be separated from the city, with the resultant food security concerns, are being globally challenged.
Simultaneously, low levels of employable skills in South Africa are magnifying unemployment levels in the country.
Concurrently Pretoria has embraced urban programmes to unify urban areas which were previously effectively fragmented by apartheid’s Group Areas Act.
This dissertation finds its genesis in this context of multiple concerns where the concurrent issues provide architecture with a unique challenge to interpret and to respond to the revised relationships:
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between farming and the city,
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between citizens and their cities, and
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between unemployment and economic development.
This dissertation undertakes the multi-function of addressing these conditions not only in terms of technical intervention, but more importantly by the examination of the changing urban context and by re-embracing food production within the city.
The situation created by the crossroads in which the world, the nation and the city of Tshwane find themselves provides an unprecedented opportunity for an architectural expression which is influenced by a fresh re-assessment of local, national and global concerns.
This dissertation therefore addresses the proposal not merely as a building but as an active change-generating catalyst.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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De, Swardt Marisa. "Regenerating Berea Park: Design in pursuit of rekindling appropriation". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32783.
Texto completoResumen
This dissertation aims to address actual needs/issues identified within Pretoria.
The Berea Park precinct has become a proverbial rotten apple. The negative connotations linked to this site are tainting the image of the area. It is also having a negative effect on the safety and social grain of the neighbourhood.
The neglect and vandalism that Berea Park has suffered can in part be contributed to a lack of ownership accountability. To address this, an appropriate, relatable architectural intervention is required. The theory of “Belonging” is explored as an approach to inspire the appropriation of Berea Park. The theory is based on the premise that architecture is informed by the activities that occur within the spaces. This is partially because the activities associated with a space contribute to the identity we attach to this specific space.
Identity becomes particularly important when working with a site with such a rich heritage, a site that has featured extensively in the development of Pretoria’s sport and recreational scene. Both the tangible and intangible heritage of the site should play an imperative role in informing the new design.
The intention is to regenerate Berea Park by means of small scale interventions. This is done by inserting activity and ritual driven architecture into the existing fabric of Berea Park. The tangible and intangible heritage of Berea Park act as guiding grids that inform the arrangement of these interventions. Design is further informed by the fact that sport is still actively being practised at this damaged, dilapidated site. This clearly reflects the need for publicly accessible sports facilities within Pretoria.
Sensitive interaction between the new and the existing architecture is required. To achieve this a contrast between old and new is created to ensure that both are celebrated and clearly distinguishable. The current structural grid and planning are offset by a strict set of zones that run horizontally across the site. These zones become lightweight steel boxes that either fit into the existing, stereotomic building envelope or extend out towards the sport fields.
Ideally the architectural intervention will strengthen the relationship between architecture and users.Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014
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Scheffer, Bianca. "Zwartkoppies farm complex : exploiting a redundant cultural landscape for social, ecological and economical development". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32808.
Texto completoResumen
The cultural landscape has long been the indigenous language of man and the original inhabitancy of all living things. Humans evolved amongst animals, under the sky, upon the earth and near water resources.
We have touched, saw, heard, smelled, tasted, lived in, and shaped the landscape before the spaces had words to describe what it did. Inhabited landscapes were the first human texts, read before the invention of other signs and symbols. This legacy of ‘native identity’ and cultural process makes a connection in each one, physically and mentally.
Landscape thus provides the social milieu of our lives and even though we consist of multi-layered knowledge of the ethnographic landscape which is dependent on personal background, traditions, education and character, we should be collectively and individually aware of changes in our cultural landscape and or heritage (Swaffield 2005: 17).
The following dissertation attempts to present an approach that might inform landscape design strategies or principles as a basis to the
reclamation and/or conservation of redundant cultural heritage places. Along with theory, this paper will also investigate precedential studies to gain knowledge on how to efficiently redevelop a cultural landscape.
Key Words: Cultural landscape, heritage, landscape design, reclamation, conservationDissertation ML(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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