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Choudhary, M. I., A. M. AI-Omran, and A. A. Shalaby. "Physical Properties of Sandy Soil Affected by Soil Conditioner Under Wetting and Drying cycles." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 3, no. 2 (1998): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol3iss2pp69-74.
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Information on the effectiveness of soil conditioners over a prolonged period is scarce. A laboratory experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a polyacrylamide (Broadleaf P4) soil conditioner on the physical properties of sandy soil subjected to wetting and drying cycles. Four concentrations of Broadleaf P4 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% on dry weight basis were uniformly mixed with a calcareous sandy soil. Addition of Broadleaf P4 to sandy soil increased the water holding capacity, decreased the bulk density, and increased the porosity and void ratio at 0 and 16 wetting and drying cycles. The coefficient of linear extensibility increased considerably with increasing concentrations of the polymer. The addition of polymer at 0 and 16 cycles increased considerably the retention and availability of water in sandy soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing concentrations of Broadleaf P4 whereas unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at 0 and 16 cycles showed an increase with increasing soil moisture contents. After I6 wetting and drying cycles, the capacity of the soil to hold water was lost on average by 15.8% when compared to the 0 wetting and drying cycle. The effectiveness of the soil conditioner on bulk density, coefficient of linear extensibility, available water and saturated hydraulic conductivity was reduced on average by 14.1, 24.5, 21.l and 53.7% respectively. The significant changes in soil properties between 0 and 16 cycles suggested that the effectiveness of the conditioner decreased with the application of wetting and drying cycles. However, its effect was still considerable when compared to untreated soil under laboratory conditions.
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Sorensen, Lis, and Frederick Roger Harker. "Rheological Basis of Splitting in Carrot Storage Roots." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 2 (2000): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.2.212.
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Tissue properties may strongly influence the occurrence of harvest splitting in carrot (Daucus carota L.) storage roots, a disorder generally assumed to be triggered by a high water status in the storage root. Strain within the root, as well as extensibility of root tissue by using a materials testing instrument was measured. Strain was estimated after incubation of transverse root slices in water. Measurements of the gap that developed as a result of a radial cut into the center of the slice were then used to estimate strain within the root. Extensibility of strips of carrot tissue was measured through two cycles of extension and relaxation, which allowed both elastic and plastic extensibility to be determined. Strain assessment demonstrated that carrot cells have considerable potential to increase in volume when placed in water. In some roots, phloem parenchyma adjacent to the cambium expanded to a greater extent than tissues at the periphery of the root, indicating that rigidity of cells varied across the carrot radius. Tissue extensibility was predominantly elastic, indicating the cells are unlikely to dissipate some of the strain that occurs during periods of rapid water uptake through plastic deformation. However, these measurements of extensibility were related to the properties of cells along the entire 20-mm length of the tissue strip that was used. Because we demonstrated that mechanical properties can vary within a small distance, it is concluded that future studies into the mechanical properties of carrot storage root tissue will rely on empirical strain measurements.
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Bell, David R., Megan P. Myrick, J. Troy Blackburn, Sandra J. Shultz, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, and Darin A. Padua. "The Effect of Menstrual-Cycle Phase on Hamstring Extensibility and Muscle Stiffness." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 18, no. 4 (2009): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.18.4.553.
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Context:Preventing noncontact ACL injuries has been a major focus of athletic trainers and researchers. One factor that may influence female noncontact ACL injury is the fluctuating concentrations of hormones in the body.Objective:To determine whether muscle properties change across the menstrual cycle.Design:Repeated measures. Testing was performed within 3 d after the onset of menses and ovulation. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to determine changes in variables across the menstrual cycle, and Pearson correlations were used to determine relationships between variables.Participants:8 women with normal menstrual cycles.Main Outcome Measures:Active hamstring stiffness and hamstring extensibility.Results:Hamstring extensibility (P = .003) increased at the ovulation testing session but hamstring muscle stiffness (P = .66) did not.Conclusions:The results indicate that hamstring muscle stiffness did not change across the menstrual cycle and hamstring extensibility increased at ovulation, when estrogen concentration increases.
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Ma, Xing Bin, Xiao Yan Liu, Lai Liang Zhang, and Qiang Lv. "Cycle Properties of s-Vertex Connected Graphs." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4703.
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The cycle properties of-vertex connected graph are studied as follows pancyclicity and fully cycle extensibility. Two conclusions are drawn by way of argument: Let be a-vertex connected graph, if ,then is fully cycle extendable. Here the upper bound of is best possible. Let be a-vertex connected graph, if ,then is a pancyclic graph or .
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Wadsworth, Larry C., Hannah Suh, and Charles Allen. "Cotton-Surfaced Nonwovens for Short-Wear-Cycle Apparel." International Nonwovens Journal os-9, no. 2 (2000): 1558925000OS—90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925000os-900214.
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Cotton-surfaced nonwovens have been developed with cotton on one side or both sides of a core structure in which the cotton content varies from 41–75% of the fabric weight. The thermally bonded two or three layered laminates are soft but strong and have a hand similar to cotton knits or hydroentangled fabrics. The fabrics have also demonstrated excellent wetting, wicking rates, water adsorption and water retention properties. Although these novel fabrics have notable flexibility and extensibility as produced, a post-treatment process provides the fabrics with instantaneous elastic recoveries ranging from 83–93% from an extension of 50%. The fabrics exhibit minimal linting characteristics and would be suitable as medical isolation gowns, head covers and shoe covers, bed sheets, pillow cases and for consumer applications such as disposable underwear, towels, wipers and personal hygiene products.
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Salih, Salih M., and Abdalwhhab I. Al abaied. "Effect of Super Absorbent Polymer and Ceratophyllum Powder Application on Some Soil Physical Properties." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1222, no. 1 (2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1222/1/012030.
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Abstract A two factorial laboratory experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design with three replications, to investigate the effect of super absorbent polymer (SAP) and ceratophyllum powder application on some physical characteristics of loamy sand soil. The first factor included three levels of super absorbent polymer, namely 0,0.2, and 0.4 %. While the second factor consists of three levels of ceratophyllum powder i.e., 0,2, and 4 %. The treated soil (treated with super absorbent polymer and ceratophyllum powder) was exposed to 14 cycles of wetting and drying. Effect of experiments factors on coefficient of linear extensibility, soil bulk density and total porosity were measured. The obtained results show that the super absorbent polymer and ceratophyllum powder application led to increase the dry soil bulk density, total porosity, and the coefficient of linear extensibility values for all application levels. Regarding the soil aggregate stability, a significant increase was observed under effect of super absorbent polymer and ceratophyllum powder application. Where the highest value of soil aggregate stability was recorded at 0.4% level of SAP reached 54.2%. Likewise, the highest value of soil aggregate stability under effect of ceratophyllum powder application reached 30.7% at 4% level of application, compare to the control treatment that gave 11.1 % with increasing rate reached 76.5%. In same direction, all moisture content had increased under effect of study factors. However, the super absorbent polymer was superior to ceratophyllum powder application.
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Clément, F., L. Bokobza, and L. Monnerie. "On the Mullins Effect in Silica-Filled Polydimethylsiloxane Networks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 5 (2001): 847–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547657.
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Abstract Silica-filled polydimethylsiloxane networks are submitted to successive stretching cycles, in order to get the stabilized stretching curve, at variable temperature. This study explains the peculiar temperature dependence of the first stretching curve of filled rubbers, and highlights the molecular origin of the stress-softening phenomenon, known as Mullins effect. Thanks to the comparison between the strain dependence of stress and the molecular orientation, this effect is attributed to the detachment from the filler surface or slippage on the filler surface, of chains having reached their limit of extensibility. Moreover, by taking advantage of Atomic Force Microscopy observations on stretched samples, the Mullins effect is shown to take place mainly in regions of high local concentration of silica. The experimental results are also compared to Bueche's model for the Mullins effect.
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Sun, Xiao Yu, and Zhen Qing Wang. "The Non-Linear Analysis of Cable." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1632.
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The paper reports an investigation on a continuous model for dynamics of cables, taking bending stiffness and sag extensibility into account. The new approach involves the use of derived sensitivity coefficients associated with various cable parameters of interest, and use these coefficients to achieve optimal cable performance. The fatigue damage is calculated in the time domain through an adequate cycles counting method. A discussion of the influence of the Irvine parameter on the total fatigue damage is then performed. A Monte Carlo parametric analysis on a case-study,representative of a suspended cable typical of overhead power-line applications, especially in cyclic exposure, exceeds the present chromate-based systems.introduces a discussion on the convergence of the modal expansions and highlights the respective importance of the different classes of non-linear terms included in the model.
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Cookson, P. G., and A. G. De Boos. "Effects of Synthappret BAP-Based Treatments on the Cuff-Edge Felting and Mechanical Properties of a Lightweight Woven Wool Fabric." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 10 (1992): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206201007.
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Cuff-edge felting of a pure wool shirting fabric treated with Synthappret BAP, either alone or in combination with a polyurethane or polyacrylate, has been examined. Using appropriate levels of polymer, cuff-edge felting was prevented after the recommended test of five 5A washing cycles in a Wascator. The inherent stiffness of the polymer-treated fabric was reduced by washing, decatizing or, especially, dry-cleaning; reductions in bending rigidity were accompanied by increases in extensibility. Scanning electron micrograph studies showed that mechanical action along a cuff edge during washing caused fiber damage and failure of the polymer. Mechanical action also occurred during dry-cleaning, and this lead to more severe cuff-edge felting as a result of subsequent washing. The level of weave crimp has a major bearing on cuff-edge felting.
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Zhang, Kaicheng, Guobing Ying, Lu Liu, et al. "Three-Dimensional Porous Ti3C2Tx-NiO Composite Electrodes with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitors." Materials 12, no. 1 (2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010188.
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Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx-NiO composites with three-dimensional (3D) porous networks were successfully fabricated via vacuum freeze-drying. The microstructure, absorption, and electrochemical properties of the developed composites were investigated. Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles could be evenly distributed on the three-dimensional network of three-dimensional Ti3C2Tx using solution processing. When employed as electrochemical capacitor electrodes in 1 M environmentally friendly sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, solution, the three-dimensional porous Ti3C2Tx-NiO composite electrodes exhibited considerable volume specific capacitance as compared to three-dimensional porous Ti3C2Tx. The three-dimensional porous Ti3C2Tx-NiO composite delivered a remarkable cycling performance with a capacitance retention of up to 114% over 2500 cycles. The growth trend of the capacitance with NiO content shows that nickel oxide plays a crucial role in the composite electrodes. These results present a roadmap for the development of convenient and economical supercapacitors in consideration with the possibilities of morphological control and the extensibility of the process.
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Wang, Wen, Jie Cao, Jiawen Yu, et al. "Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Stretchable Conducting Polymer Electrodes." Polymers 15, no. 8 (2023): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15081856.
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Supercapacitors are widely used in various fields due to their high power density, fast charging and discharging speeds, and long service life. However, with the increasing demand for flexible electronics, integrated supercapacitors in devices are also facing more challenges, such as extensibility, bending stability, and operability. Despite many reports on stretchable supercapacitors, challenges still exist in their preparation process, which involves multiple steps. Therefore, we prepared stretchable conducting polymer electrodes by depositing thiophene and 3-methylthiophene on patterned 304 stainless steel (SS 304) through electropolymerization. The cycling stability of the prepared stretchable electrodes could be further improved by protecting them with poly(vinyl alcohol)/sulfuric acid (PVA/H2SO4) gel electrolyte. Specifically, the mechanical stability of the polythiophene (PTh) electrode was improved by 2.5%, and the stability of the poly(3-methylthiophene (P3MeT) electrode was improved by 7.0%. As a result, the assembled flexible supercapacitors maintained 93% of their stability even after 10,000 cycles of strain at 100%, which indicates potential applications in flexible electronics.
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Keeley, F. W., C. M. Bellingham, and K. A. Woodhouse. "Elastin as a self–organizing biomaterial: use of recombinantly expressed human elastin polypeptides as a model for investigations of structure and self–assembly of elastin." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1418 (2002): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.1027.
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Elastin is the major extracellular matrix protein of large arteries such as the aorta, imparting characteristics of extensibility and elastic recoil. Once laid down in tissues, polymeric elastin is not subject to turnover, but is able to sustain its mechanical resilience through thousands of millions of cycles of extension and recoil. Elastin consists of ca . 36 domains with alternating hydrophobic and cross–linking characteristics. It has been suggested that these hydrophobic domains, predominantly containing glycine, proline, leucine and valine, often occurring in tandemly repeated sequences, are responsible for the ability of elastin to align monomeric chains for covalent cross–linking. We have shown that small, recombinantly expressed polypeptides based on sequences of human elastin contain sufficient information to self–organize into fibrillar structures and promote the formation of lysine–derived cross–links. These cross–linked polypeptides can also be fabricated into membrane structures that have solubility and mechanical properties reminiscent of native insoluble elastin. Understanding the basis of the self–organizational ability of elastin–based polypeptides may provide important clues for the general design of self–assembling biomaterials.
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Graube, Markus, Johannes Pfeffer, Jens Ziegler, and Leon Urbas. "Linked Data as Integrating Technology for Industrial Data." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 3, no. 3 (2012): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdst.2012070104.
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In a globalised world the process industry faces challenges regarding data management. Rising demands for agility and rapid shortening of innovation cycles have lead to project-based collaborations. Highly specialised small and medium enterprises are forming “virtual companies” for their mutual benefit. However, today’s industrial data structures are very heterogeneous, complicating collaborative work and hindering the flow of data between stakeholders from different domains. Existing solutions are too rigid and potentially cumbersome. A broad gap still exists between the need of virtual companies to share data from mixed sources in a controlled way and the technologies available. The authors’ approach uses semantic web technologies to represent industrial data in a generic way. Major advantages in comparison to traditional approaches arise from the inherent merging abilities and the extensibility of Linked Data. Distributed information spaces from different domains can be condensed into an interlinked cloud. Existing data can be integrated either on-the-fly using appropriate adapters or by complete migration. Furthermore, operations from graph theory can be performed on the Linked Data networks to generate aggregated views. This article discusses a set of proven web technologies for cloud-driven industrial data sharing in virtual companies and presents first results.
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Yoshida, M., O. Yamamoto, and T. Okuyama. "Strain Changes on the Inner Bark Surface of an Inclined Coniferous Sapling Producing Compression Wood." Holzforschung 54, no. 6 (2000): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.112.
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Summary The tangential strain on the inner bark of Cryptomeria japonica saplings grown in a growth chamber was continuously measured using strain gauges. Compression wood formation was induced by artificial inclination. The diurnal changes in tangential strain during light/dark cycles in the growth chamber differed from those observed in the field. The total strain increased daily, increasing incrementally during dark periods and decreasing in the light, as observed in the field. In the growth chamber, however, steep increases and rapid decreases in strain were found immediately following lights-off and lights-on. In the inclined saplings, the strain increased more on the lower side of the stem than on the upper side; and the increment of the strain in the dark and the decrement in the light were larger on the lower side than on the upper side. The change in tangential strain on the inner bark surface arises from changes in the volume of differentiating cells, corresponding to turgor pressure changes and cell-wall extensibility changes. Therefore, the differentiating tracheids into compression wood appear to expand at night and shrink in the daytime more than the differentiating tracheids into normal wood.
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Rathinamoorthy, R., K. Gayathri Shree, R. Vaijayanthi, M. Brindha, and A. Narmatha. "Effect of rinse cycle softener treatment on the low-stress mechanical properties of cotton-woven fabric." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 3 (2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-10-2019-0053.
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Purpose The application of rinse cycle softener after the household laundry process has become more common in recent times. This study aims to understand the effect of repeated rinse cycle softener treatment on the mechanical and frictional properties of the cotton fabric. Design/methodology/approach Cotton-woven fabric is treated with commercial rinse cycle softener repeatedly for 15 times. After treatment, the fabric was evaluated for the changes in mechanical properties using the Kawabata evaluation system. Findings The results of this study revealed that the softener treatment reduces the tensile properties (41.25%) and increases the overall extensibility of the fabric up to 20.89%. The shear (34.57%) and bending rigidity of the treated fabric are reduced considerably than the untreated fabric (58.02%). The increment in the fabric softness and fluffiness was confirmed with the increment in the compression and the difference between the initial and final thickness at maximum pressure. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is noted only in the case of bending and surface friction properties (dynamic friction). Originality/value The usage of rinse cycle softeners in the household laundry has a significant influence on the comfort characteristics of the cotton-woven fabric. Repeated usage of rinse cycle softener increased the fabric softness and fluffiness of the fabric and also reduced the tensile properties significantly.
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Huérfano, Ximena, José-María Estavillo, Miren K. Duñabeitia, María-Begoña González-Moro, Carmen González-Murua, and Teresa Fuertes-Mendizábal. "Response of Wheat Storage Proteins and Breadmaking Quality to Dimethylpyrazole-Based Nitrification Inhibitors under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Splitting Strategies." Plants 10, no. 4 (2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040703.
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Improving fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency is essential to increase crop productivity and avoid environmental damage. This study was conducted during four crop cycles of winter wheat under humid Mediterranean conditions (Araba, northern Spain). The effects of N-fertilization splitting and the application of the nitrification inhibitors (NIs) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) succinic acid isomeric mixture (DMPSA) as strategies to improve grain quality were examined. The hypothesis of this study was to test if the partial ammonium nutrition and the reduction of fertilizer losses presumably induced by the application of NIs can modify the grain gliadin and glutenin protein contents and the breadmaking quality (dough rheological properties). Among both NIs assayed, only DMPP showed a slight effect of decreasing the omega gliadin fraction, following splitting either two or three times, although this effect was dependent on the year and was not reflected in terms of dough extensibility. The slight decreases observed in grain quality in terms of dough strength and glutenin content induced by DMPP suggest that DMPSA is more promising in terms of maintaining grain quality. Nonetheless, these poor effects exerted by NI application on grain quality parameters did not lead to changes in the quality parameters defining the flour aptitudes for breadmaking.
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Kristensen, Peter S., Just Jensen, Jeppe R. Andersen, Carlos Guzmán, Jihad Orabi, and Ahmed Jahoor. "Genomic Prediction and Genome-Wide Association Studies of Flour Yield and Alveograph Quality Traits Using Advanced Winter Wheat Breeding Material." Genes 10, no. 9 (2019): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10090669.
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Use of genetic markers and genomic prediction might improve genetic gain for quality traits in wheat breeding programs. Here, flour yield and Alveograph quality traits were inspected in 635 F6 winter wheat breeding lines from two breeding cycles. Genome-wide association studies revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 5D significantly associated with flour yield, Alveograph P (dough tenacity), and Alveograph W (dough strength). Additionally, SNPs on chromosome 1D were associated with Alveograph P and W, SNPs on chromosome 1B were associated with Alveograph P, and SNPs on chromosome 4A were associated with Alveograph L (dough extensibility). Predictive abilities based on genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) models ranged from 0.50 for flour yield to 0.79 for Alveograph W based on a leave-one-out cross-validation strategy. Predictive abilities were negatively affected by smaller training set sizes, lower genetic relationship between lines in training and validation sets, and by genotype–environment (G×E) interactions. Bayesian Power Lasso models and genomic feature models resulted in similar or slightly improved predictions compared to GBLUP models. SNPs with the largest effects can be used for screening large numbers of lines in early generations in breeding programs to select lines that potentially have good quality traits. In later generations, genomic predictions might be used for a more accurate selection of high quality wheat lines.
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Romano, Rosetta, Blooma John, Dale MacKrell, Sumaira Qureshi, Wayne Applebee, and Peter Copeman. "Indigenizing the IT Curriculum by Design." Communications of the Association for Information Systems 53, no. 1 (2023): 364–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1cais.05315.
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In the context of an institution-wide initiative of the University of Canberra (UC), Australia, to mandate the Indigenization of the curriculum in all its courses, this descriptive case study reports on a pilot project to redesign the syllabus of an Information Technology (IT) unit that is a mandatory capstone for all students undertaking IT degrees. The capstone previously included no Indigenous-related content or pedagogical approaches. Indigenizing of the unit was achieved by embedding and interconnecting Tyson Yunkaporta’s (2009) 8 Ways of Indigenous Learning with the unit's content, teaching methods, and assessments, along with the Indigenous collaborative learning method Yarning Circles, in a design that could be expressed and unified in the teaching delivery to inform continuous adjustment and improvement of the unit’s curriculum, and also potentially inform the Indigenization of other UC IT units over time. A Design Science Research (DSR) methodology was put into action to evaluate the previous curriculum (as expressed in the offering of the unit), to design its Indigenized replacement, to implement it with student cohorts over two semesters, to collect data on the experience, and to reflect on the successes and challenges that arise. This methodology can also be applied reflexively in future iterative cycles of continuous adjustment and improvement of the unit’s curriculum by its conveners and colleagues to inform Indigenized designs for other units that currently have no Indigenous-related content. The extensibility of DSR is proffered as a methodological contribution to the project.
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Hsiao, Darn-Horng, Yao-Wen Liang, and Chia-Sheng Hsieh. "A Simplified Model to Predict the Repeated Shear Strain during the Cyclic Triaxial Test by Using an Elastic Coefficient-Damping Ratio System." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (2024): 4178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104178.
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Some researchers in past years have tried to develop a simplified method for analyzing soil liquefaction. However, the correctness of the pore water pressure in the model will affect the results. In addition, the formulas derived are not easy, and the exact parameters of the model are difficult to obtain. This study used a mass-spring-damping system to simulate the repeated strain of liquefaction cyclic triaxial tests. Because the model is simple and the parameters are easy to understand and obtain, it also shows the extensibility of this model. During the parameter study, damping coefficient c and spring coefficient k parameters decreased with the increasing cyclic number. Preliminary results of the research show that this model can further simulate the repeated strain obtained by cyclic triaxial tests without considering the variation of effective stress during cyclic loading. Four samples were used to verify the model’s correctness, and their boring sites were found in Yunlin areas, Taiwan. Simulation results show that the spring-damping system is feasible for simulated cyclic triaxial tests because the simulated results correlate to the testing results in trend. Generally, the first cycle number simulation will be less accurate because the pore water pressure of the specimen changes rapidly when the performance has just started. In contrast, the increase in subsequent cycles may be biased due to cyclic stress variation and soil plasticity during simulation. In the future, pure sand specimens created in the laboratory will be suggested for simulation.
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Strassmann, Kuno M., and Fortunat Joos. "The Bern Simple Climate Model (BernSCM) v1.0: an extensible and fully documented open-source re-implementation of the Bern reduced-form model for global carbon cycle–climate simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 5 (2018): 1887–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1887-2018.
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Abstract. The Bern Simple Climate Model (BernSCM) is a free open-source re-implementation of a reduced-form carbon cycle–climate model which has been used widely in previous scientific work and IPCC assessments. BernSCM represents the carbon cycle and climate system with a small set of equations for the heat and carbon budget, the parametrization of major nonlinearities, and the substitution of complex component systems with impulse response functions (IRFs). The IRF approach allows cost-efficient yet accurate substitution of detailed parent models of climate system components with near-linear behavior. Illustrative simulations of scenarios from previous multimodel studies show that BernSCM is broadly representative of the range of the climate–carbon cycle response simulated by more complex and detailed models. Model code (in Fortran) was written from scratch with transparency and extensibility in mind, and is provided open source. BernSCM makes scientifically sound carbon cycle–climate modeling available for many applications. Supporting up to decadal time steps with high accuracy, it is suitable for studies with high computational load and for coupling with integrated assessment models (IAMs), for example. Further applications include climate risk assessment in a business, public, or educational context and the estimation of CO2 and climate benefits of emission mitigation options.
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Wang, Yanlei, Hongyu Yi, Yong Cui, Shijiang Li, Shengxiong Zhou, and Chuanqi Yan. "Research on the Preparation Process of SBS-Modified Asphalt Using Early Shearing Instead of High-Speed Shearing of Modifier." Applied Sciences 13, no. 18 (2023): 10335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131810335.
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To investigate the effect of pre-shredding as a replacement for high-speed shearing in the preparation process of SBS-modified asphalt, the particle size and mixing time of pre-shredded SBS modifier were studied. Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the morphological changes and dispersion state of the SBS modifier during the mixing process, and process parameters were determined through rheological performance tests. FTIR tests were conducted on the original asphalt and PAV-aged modified asphalt to assess the impact of the pre-shredding process on the chemical composition and aging resistance of the modified asphalt. The specific conclusions were as follows. During the preparation process of the SBS modifier using low-speed mixing, the morphological changes of the SBS modifier can be summarized as follows: It cycles through edge networking, mesh fiberization, and filamentous granulation, and eventually presents a granular atomization form after multiple cycles. It is recommended that the mixing time be maintained between 30 and 60 min, which results in the microstructure of the modified asphalt consisting of filamentous and point-like combinations. This asphalt exhibited excellent performance in high-temperature rut resistance, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature crack resistance. When the mixing time was too long, the SBS modifier formed small granules in an atomized state, which weakened the strength of the mesh structure and led to a decrease in overall performance. It is recommended that the SBS be shredded into particles sized between 18 and 30 mesh or 30 and 100 mesh. SBS-modified asphalt with SBS particles sized between 18 and 30 mesh exhibited greater hardness in the mesh structure, resulting in better high-temperature rut resistance. SBS-modified asphalt with SBS particles sized between 30 and 100 mesh had better extensibility in the mesh structure, leading to superior performance in medium-temperature fatigue resistance and low-temperature crack resistance. Compared to the conventional process, the pre-shredding process for preparing SBS-modified asphalt improved aging resistance by 10% to 13%. Additionally, SBS-modified asphalt prepared using the pre-shredding process saved 1 to 3 h of processing time compared to the traditional preparation method, reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, the asphalt produced through the new process exhibited better performance, reducing road wear and saving maintenance costs.
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Lenschow, D. H., D. Gurarie, and E. G. Patton. "Modeling the diurnal cycle of conserved and reactive species in the convective boundary layer." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 10 (2015): 9323–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-9323-2015.
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Abstract. We have developed a one-dimensional second-order closure numerical model to study the vertical turbulent transport of trace reactive species in the convective (daytime) planetary boundary layer (CBL), which we call the Second-Order Model for Conserved and Reactive Unsteady Scalars (SOMCRUS). The temporal variation of the CBL depth is calculated using a simple mixed-layer model with a constant entrainment coefficient and zero-order discontinuity at the CBL top. We then calculate time-varying continuous profiles of mean concentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes, variances, and covariances of both conserved and chemically-reactive scalars in a diurnally-varying CBL. The set of reactive species is the O3–NO–NO2 triad. The results for both conserved and reactive species are compared with large-eddy simulations (LES) for the same free-convection case using the same boundary and initial conditions. For the conserved species, we compare three cases with different combinations of surface fluxes, and CBL and free-troposphere concentrations. We find good agreement of SOMCRUS with LES for the mean concentrations and fluxes of both conserved and reactive species except near the CBL top, where SOMCRUS predicts a somewhat shallower depth, and has sharp transitions in both the mean and turbulence variables, in contrast to more smeared out variations in the LES due to horizontal averaging. Furthermore, SOMCRUS generally underestimates the variances and species-species covariances. SOMCRUS predicts temperature-species covariances similar to LES near the surface, but much smaller magnitude peak values near the CBL top, and a change in sign of the covariances very near the CBL top, while the LES predicts a change in sign of the covariances in the lower half of the CBL. SOMCRUS is also able to estimate the intensity of segregation (the ratio of the species-species covariance to the product of their means), which can alter the rates of second-order chemical reactions; however, for the case considered here, this effect is small. The simplicity and extensibility of SOMCRUS means that it can be utilized for a broad range of turbulence mixing scenarios and sets of chemical reactions in the planetary boundary layer; it therefore holds great promise as a tool to incorporate these processes within air quality and climate models.
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Lenschow, Donald H., David Gurarie, and Edward G. Patton. "Modeling the diurnal cycle of conserved and reactive species in the convective boundary layer using SOMCRUS." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 3 (2016): 979–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-979-2016.
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Abstract. We have developed a one-dimensional second-order closure numerical model to study the vertical turbulent transport of trace reactive species in the convective (daytime) planetary boundary layer (CBL), which we call the Second-Order Model for Conserved and Reactive Unsteady Scalars (SOMCRUS). The temporal variation of the CBL depth is calculated using a simple mixed-layer model with a constant entrainment coefficient and zero-order discontinuity at the CBL top. We then calculate time-varying continuous profiles of mean concentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes, variances, and covariances of both conserved and chemically reactive scalars in a diurnally varying CBL. The set of reactive species is the O3–NO–NO2 triad. The results for both conserved and reactive species are compared with large-eddy simulations (LES) for the same free-convection case using the same boundary and initial conditions. For the conserved species, we compare three cases with different combinations of surface fluxes, and CBL and free-troposphere concentrations. We find good agreement of SOMCRUS with LES for the mean concentrations and fluxes of both conserved and reactive species except near the CBL top, where SOMCRUS predicts a somewhat shallower depth, and has sharp transitions in both the mean and turbulence variables, in contrast to more smeared-out variations in the LES due to horizontal averaging. Furthermore, SOMCRUS generally underestimates the variances and species–species covariances. SOMCRUS predicts temperature–species covariances similar to LES near the surface, but much smaller magnitude peak values near the CBL top, and a change in sign of the covariances very near the CBL top, while the LES predicts a change in sign of the covariances in the lower half of the CBL. SOMCRUS is also able to estimate the intensity of segregation (the ratio of the species–species covariance to the product of their means), which can alter the rates of second-order chemical reactions; however, for the case considered here, this effect is small. The simplicity and extensibility of SOMCRUS means that it can be utilized for a broad range of turbulence-mixing scenarios and sets of chemical reactions in the planetary boundary layer; it therefore holds great promise as a tool to incorporate these processes within air quality and climate models.
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Ali, Syed Afraz. "Designing Secure and Robust E-Commerce Plaform for Public Cloud." Asian Bulletin of Big Data Management 3, no. 1 (2023): 164–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.62019/abbdm.v3i1.56.
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 The migration of e-commerce platforms to the public cloud has become a pivotal strategy for businesses seeking enhanced scalability, performance, and cost-efficiency. This paper explores the multifaceted design considerations critical to deploying robust e-commerce systems within the public cloud infrastructure. It delves into scalability, ensuring that platforms can handle varying loads with elasticity and grace. Security is examined as a paramount concern, addressing the need for stringent data protection, compliance with industry standards, and the implementation of best practices such as encryption and identity access management. Performance optimization is discussed, with a focus on leveraging content delivery networks and optimizing database operations to ensure swift customer experiences. The paper also covers reliability and availability, emphasizing the necessity of multi-regional deployment and sophisticated disaster recovery plans to guarantee uninterrupted service. Cost management is analyzed, highlighting the importance of understanding cloud pricing models and employing cost-effective resource utilization strategies. Data management is scrutinized, considering secure storage, privacy, and efficient data handling. User experience is identified as a critical component, with personalization and session management being key to customer satisfaction. The role of DevOps and automation in achieving efficient deployment cycles through continuous integration and delivery is outlined. The benefits of a microservices architecture are presented, along with the challenges of managing such distributed systems. Multi-tenancy and isolation are discussed in the context of security and resource optimization. Integration and APIs are explored for their role in facilitating extensibility and seamless third-party service incorporation. Compliance and legal considerations are addressed, underscoring the importance of data sovereignty and regular audits. Lastly, the paper touches on the incorporation of emerging technologies such as AI, ML, and IoT to stay at the forefront of innovation, and concludes with a discussion on environmental considerations for sustainable cloud practices. This comprehensive analysis provides a roadmap for businesses to navigate the complexities of cloud-based e-commerce, ensuring robust, secure, and efficient online retail operations.
 
 
 
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Islam, G. M. Nazmul, Stewart Collie, Maree Gould, and M. Azam Ali. "Two-dimensional carbon material incorporated and PDMS-coated conductive textile yarns for strain sensing." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, June 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00784-5.
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AbstractIn recent years, innovative technology based upon conductive textile yarns has undergone rapid growth. Nanocomposite-based wearable strain sensors hold great promise for a variety of applications, but specifically for human body motion detection. However, improving the sensitivity of these strain sensors while maintaining their durability remains a challenge in this arena. In the present investigation, polydopamine-treated and two-dimensional nanostructured material, e.g., reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated conductive cotton and polyester yarns, was encapsulated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to develop robustly wash durable and mechanically stable conductive textile yarns. Flexibility and extensibility of all textile yarns of every stage were analyzed using texture analysis. The chemical interactions essential for measuring coating performance among all components were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. The rGO-coated cotton and polyester yarns exhibited an extensibility of 11.77 and 73.59%, respectively. PDMS-coated conductive cotton and polyester yarns also showed an electrical resistance of 12.22 and 20.33 kΩ, respectively, after 10 washing cycles. The PDMS coating layer acted as a physical barrier against impairment of conductivity during washing. Finally, the mechanically stable and flexible conductive textile yarns were integrated into a knitted cotton glove and armband to create a highly stretchable and flexible textile-based strain sensor for measuring finger and elbow movement. Truly wearable garments able to record proprioceptive maps are critical for further developing this field of application.
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Gnyamsi Nkuigwa, Gaetan Gildas, Hermann Djeugoue Nzeuga, J. S. Armand Eyebe Fouda, Samrat L. Sabat, and Wolfram Koepf. "An extendable key space integer image-cipher using 4-bit piece-wise linear cat map." Multimedia Tools and Applications, September 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13779-y.
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AbstractThis paper presents a multiplierless image-cipher, with extendable 2048-bit key-space, based on a 4-dimensional (4D) quantized piece-wise linear cat map (PWLCM). The quantized PWLCM exhibits limit-cycles of 4-bit encoded integers with periods greater than 107. The synthesis of the PWLCM in a finite state space allows to eliminate the undesirable finite precision effect due to the hardware realization. The proposed image-cipher combines chaos, modular arithmetic, and lattice-based cryptography to encrypt a color image by performing pixel permutation and diffusion in a single operation. Further, an image-dependent confusion operation based on an 8-bit 2D-PWLCM is performed on the whole image to enhance security. In order to increase the key-space without key duplication, 16 × 16 sub-images are modified using sub-keys of different lattice length vectors generated from the external key. Both simulations and security analyses confirm that the proposed algorithm can resist common cipher attacks, in addition to its advantages such as simplicity, ease of implementation on low-end processors and extensibility of key-space that allows it to easily adapt even for future post-quantum computing attacks.
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Bhol, Prangya, Pallavi B. Jagdale, Arvind H. Jadhav, Manav Saxena, and Akshaya K. Samal. "All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors Based on Cobalt Magnesium Telluride Microtubes Decorated with Tellurium Nanotubes." ChemSusChem, December 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202301009.
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Magnesium (Mg) has received very little exploration on its importance in the realm of battery‐type energy storage technologies. They are abundantly present in sea water, and if successfully extracted and utilized in energy storage systems, it could lead to the long‐term advancement of human civilization. Here, we fabricated an all‐solid‐state supercapacitor (ASSSC) using tellurium nanotubes decorated cobalt magnesium telluride microtubes (Te NTs@CoMgTe MTs) clad on nickel foam (NF). Owing to the unique mixed phase hierarchical structure, Te NTs@CoMgTe MTs showcases some advancement in energy storage performance. When tested in a three‐electrode system, bimetallic Te NTs@CoMgTe MTs outperforms its monometallic counterparts owing to the strong synergistic interaction effect triggered from conductive three components and delivers long life span performance up to 15,000 cycles. The fabricated Te NT@CoMgTe MT//AC solid‐state device exhibits a maximum areal capacity of 59.2 µAh cm‐2 (56.3 mAh g‐1) at a current density of 6 mA cm‐2 with a maximum energy density of 42.2 Wh Kg‐1 (46.5 µWh cm‐2) at a power density of 6857.1 W Kg‐1 (7574.6 µW cm‐2). The performance of the device is rigid even at different bending angles (0 to 180°) which validates the extensibility of the process for future applications.
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Schauser, Nicole S., Christianna N. Lininger, Eli S. Leland, and Tal Z. Sholklapper. "An open access tool for exploring machine learning model choice for battery life cycle prediction." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (November 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1058999.
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Early and accurate battery lifetime predictions could accelerate battery R&amp;D and product development timelines by providing insights into performance after only a few days or weeks of testing rather than waiting months to reach degradation thresholds. However, most machine learning (ML) models are developed using a single dataset, leaving unanswered questions about the broader applicability and potential impact of such models for other battery chemistries or cycling conditions. In this work, we take advantage of the open-access cycling performance data within the recently released Voltaiq Community to determine the extensibility of a highly cited feature-based linear ML model used for battery lifetime prediction. We find that the model is unable to extrapolate to different datasets, with severe model overfitting resulting in unphysical lifetime predictions of much of the unseen data. We further identify that the features engineered for this model are likely specific to the degradation mode for the original lithium iron phosphate (LFP) fast-charge dataset and are unable to capture the lifetime behavior of other cathode chemistries and cycling protocols. We provide an open access widget-based Jupyter Notebook script that can be used to explore model training and lifetime prediction on data within the Voltaiq Community platform. This work motivates the importance of using larger and more diverse datasets to identify ML model boundaries and limitations, and suggests training on larger and diverse datasets is required to develop data features that can predict a broader set of failure modes.
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Lehnigk, Ronald, Martin Bruschewski, Tobias Huste, Dirk Lucas, Markus Rehm, and Fabian Schlegel. "Sustainable development of simulation setups and addons for OpenFOAM for nuclear reactor safety research." Kerntechnik, February 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2022-0107.
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Abstract Open-source environments such as the Computational Fluid Dynamics software OpenFOAM are very appealing for research groups since they allow for an efficient prototyping of new models or concepts. However, for downstream developments to be sustainable, i.e. reproducible and reusable in the long term, a significant amount of maintenance work must be accounted for. To allow for growth and extensibility, the maintenance work should be underpinned by a high degree of automation for repetitive tasks such as build tests, code deployment and validation runs, in order to keep the focus on scientific work. Here, an information technology environment referred to as OpenFOAM_RCS is presented that aids the centralized maintenance of simulation code and setup files for OpenFOAM developments concerned with reactor coolant system safety research. It fosters collaborative developments and review processes. State-of-the-art tools for managing software developments are adapted to meet the requirements of OpenFOAM. A flexible approach for upgrading the underlying installation is proposed, based on snapshots of the OpenFOAM development line rather than yearly version releases, to make new functionality available when needed by associated research projects. The process of upgrading within so-called sprint cycles is accompanied by several checks to ensure compatibility of downstream code and simulation setups. Furthermore, the foundation for building a validation data base from contributed simulation setups is laid, creating a basis for continuous quality assurance.
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Mustafa, Iqra, Alan McGibney, and Susan Rea. "Smart contract life-cycle management: an engineering framework for the generation of robust and verifiable smart contracts." Frontiers in Blockchain 6 (January 8, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2023.1276233.
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The concept of smart contracts (SCs) is becoming more prevalent, and their application is gaining traction across many diverse scenarios. However, producing poorly constructed contracts carries significant risks, including the potential for substantial financial loss, a lack of trust in the technology, and the risk of exposure to cyber-attacks. Several tools exist to assist in developing SCs, but their limited functionality increases development complexity. Expert knowledge is required to ensure contract reliability, resilience, and scalability. To overcome these risks and challenges, tools and services based on modeling and formal techniques are required that offer a robust methodology for SC verification and life-cycle management. This study proposes an engineering framework for the generation of a robust and verifiable smart contract (GRV-SC) framework that covers the entire SC life-cycle from design to deployment stages. It adopts SC modeling and automated formal verification methodologies to detect security vulnerabilities and improve resilience, extensibility, and code optimization to mitigate risks associated with SC development. Initially, the framework includes the implementation of a formal approach, using colored Petri nets (CPNs), to model cross-platform Digital Asset Modeling Language (DAML) SCs. It also incorporates a specialized type safety dynamic verifier, which is designed to detect and address new vulnerabilities that can arise in DAML contracts, such as access control and insecure direct object reference (Idor) vulnerabilities. The proposed GRV-SC framework provides a holistic approach to SC life-cycle management and aims to enhance the security, reliability, and adoption of SCs.
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Balestrini, Jenna L., and Kristen L. Billiar. "Magnitude and Duration of Stretch Modulate Fibroblast Remodeling." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 131, no. 5 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3049527.
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Mechanical cues modulate fibroblast tractional forces and remodeling of extracellular matrix in healthy tissue, healing wounds, and engineered matrices. The goal of the present study is to establish dose-response relationships between stretch parameters (magnitude and duration per day) and matrix remodeling metrics (compaction, strength, extensibility, collagen content, contraction, and cellularity). Cyclic equibiaxial stretch of 2–16% was applied to fibroblast-populated fibrin gels for either 6 h or 24 h/day for 8 days. Trends in matrix remodeling metrics as a function of stretch magnitude and duration were analyzed using regression analysis. The compaction and ultimate tensile strength of the tissues increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing stretch magnitude, yet remained unaffected by the duration in which they were cycled (6 h/day versus 24 h/day). Collagen density increased exponentially as a function of both the magnitude and duration of stretch, with samples stretched for the reduced duration per day having the highest levels of collagen accumulation. Cell number and failure tension were also dependent on both the magnitude and duration of stretch, although stretch-induced increases in these metrics were only present in the samples loaded for 6 h/day. Our results indicate that both the magnitude and the duration per day of stretch are critical parameters in modulating fibroblast remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and that these two factors regulate different aspects of this remodeling. These findings move us one step closer to fully characterizing culture conditions for tissue equivalents, developing improved wound healing treatments and understanding tissue responses to changes in mechanical environments during growth, repair, and disease states.