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Zhao, Weixiang y Yankun Xu. "Public Expenditure and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2022): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095755.
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Whilst effective public expenditure policies are essential for transforming the traditional factor-driven economy into a green and innovation-driven economy, the impacts of public expenditure’s size and composition on green economic development have not been comprehensively investigated. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018, we first measure green total factor productivity (GTFP), the proxy variable for green development, and briefly analyze its spatial-temporal trends. Then, using the dynamic panel models, dynamic panel mediation models, and dynamic panel threshold models, we evaluate how public expenditure affects GTFP. The main findings are fourfold: (1) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the expenditure size and GTFP. (2) The expansion of social expenditures and science and technology (S&T) and environmental protection expenditures play an important role in stimulating green growth, while economic expenditures and administrative expenditures have adverse effects. (3) Public expenditure mainly promotes green development through four channels: human capital accumulation, technological innovation, environmental quality improvement, and labor productivity increase. (4) The expenditure composition influences the turning point of the inverted U-shaped relationship. Based on these findings, we propose some targeted policy suggestions to promote green development.
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USTAOĞLU, Murat y Selim DEMEZ. "Economic Impact of Health Expenditures: Panel Data Analysis for Selected Economies". Journal of Economic Research Foundation 1, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.62844/jerf.4.
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It is estimated that healthcare services will increasingly strain public healthcare expenditures in the near future. Public health expenditures yield more effective outputs than household expenditures do. Due to its direct impact on human capital, public health displays a positive correlation with labor productivity, personal expenditures, and GDP indicators. In welfare economics theory, the examination of economic and social welfare focuses on the analysis of the distribution of economic resources among social actors. During the 2003-2016 timeframe in Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland, and South Korea, this research examined several health care expenditures. These included the proportion of the population spending more than 10 pct of their household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenses, current health expenditure per capita, domestic general government health expenditure per capita, and domestic private health expenditure per capita. To conduct the panel data analysis, the "domestic private health expenditure per capita" data was utilized. Based on the research findings, an increase in domestic government health expenditures in certain countries results in an escalation of household health expenditures, while an increase in private sector health spending leads to a reduction in household health expenditures.
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Cui, Qi y Jikun Huang. "Food expenditure responses to income/expenditure shocks in rural China". China Agricultural Economic Review 9, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2017): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-01-2016-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures and determines whether the impacts of large shocks differ among households, especially low-income households. Design/methodology/approach The study’s data are drawn from a household survey conducted in rural China. Multivariate analysis examines the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on food expenditures. Findings The impacts of large positive income shocks on food expenditure are moderate. However, households reduce their per capita food expenditures within a range of about 25-30 percent after suffering large negative shocks. The greatest impact is found for shocks where expenditures more than double, followed by the impact of shocks where income declines by more than half. Moreover, food expenditures among low-income households are much more sensitive to large negative income and expenditure shocks. The paper concludes with policy implications. Originality/value This is the first Chinese study to empirically examine the impacts of different income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures. The results have important implications for smoothing households’ food consumption after they suffer from shocks.
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DENG, QUHENG y JINJUN XUE. "MULTIVARIATE TOBIT SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN URBAN CHINA". Singapore Economic Review 59, n.º 01 (marzo de 2014): 1450005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500052.
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Using the 2007 education survey data in urban China, this paper measures the inequality of education expenditures, an indicator of education inequality, and analyzes the effect of household income on the components of education expenditures. Since the components of education expenditure are censored and inter-related, this paper runs a multivariate Tobit system regression of five categories of education expenditures. Our results imply that household income per capita positively affects expenditure on boarding, private tutoring and costs for selecting schools but does not affect expenditure on textbooks. In return, the inequality of education expenditures contribute to income inequality in urban China.
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Fadillah, Nur. "ANALISIS BIAYA OPERASIONAL TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA KANTOR KEMENTRIAN AGRARIA/BADAN PERTANAHAN NASIONAL KABUPATEN PINRANG". DECISION : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 3, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2022): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/decision.v3i1.1502.
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There are three types of costs, including personnel expenditures, goods expenditures, and capital expenditures after all are known. In 2017 the total employee expenditure decreased to Rp.3,624,448,248. This year is known to be lower than in other years, then increased in 2018 The total employee expenditure increased to Rp.7,693,123,816, Then in 2019 the total employee expenditure decreased again to Rp.6,970,178,455 and in 2020 the total personnel expenditures decreased again to Rp.6,676,347,465 although the amount of the decrease was not too significant. This study aims to determine the total operational costs each year, how much the budget and realization at the land office. From the totaled amount for a year, which was Rp. 89.75 in 2018 Rp. 95.52 in 2019 Rp. 93.53 and in 2020 it is Rp. 94.08. The data collection technique used is Observation and Documentation (data). Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that the financial performance of the land office was not significant because it could not manage personnel expenditures, goods expenditures, and capital expenditures.
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Mahaputra, M. Rizky y M. Ridho Mahaputra. "The Influence of Capital Expenditures on Maintenance Expenditures in Regency or City Governments in West Sumatra Province". Journal of Accounting and Finance Management 4, n.º 4 (29 de octubre de 2023): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v4i4.276.
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The research objective to be achieved is to provide empirical evidence that: Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in the same year . Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in different years. The difference in capital expenditure has a significant effect on the difference in maintenance expenditure in the same year. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The data collection method is a documentation study method where the data collection time is in the form of a time series (time series/historical). This research uses a simple linear regression analysis method. The research results show that Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in the same year, namely 2015, this is proven by a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Capital Expenditures have a significant effect on Maintenance Expenditures in different years. The difference in capital expenditures does not have a significant effect on the difference in maintenance expenditures in the same year, namely 2015, this is due to the significance value of 0.250 > 0.05.
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Schneider, Matthew T., Angela Y. Chang, Sawyer W. Crosby, Stephen Gloyd, Anton C. Harle, Stephen Lim, Rafael Lozano et al. "Trends and outcomes in primary health care expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017". BMJ Global Health 6, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): e005798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005798.
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IntroductionAs the world responds to COVID-19 and aims for the Sustainable Development Goals, the potential for primary healthcare (PHC) is substantial, although the trends and effectiveness of PHC expenditure are unknown. We estimate PHC expenditure for each low-income and middle-income country between 2000 and 2017 and test which health outputs and outcomes were associated with PHC expenditure.MethodsWe used three data sources to estimate PHC expenditures: recently published health expenditure estimates for each low-income and middle-income country, which were constructed using 1662 country-reported National Health Accounts; proprietary data from IQVIA to estimate expenditure of prescribed pharmaceuticals for PHC; and household surveys and costing estimates to estimate inpatient vaginal delivery expenditures. We employed regression analyses to measure the association between PHC expenditures and 15 health outcomes and intermediate health outputs.ResultsPHC expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries increased between 2000 and 2017, from $41 per capita (95% uncertainty interval $33–$49) to $90 ($73–$105). Expenditures for low-income countries plateaued since 2014 at $17 per capita ($15–$19). As national income increased, the proportion of health expenditures on PHC generally decrease; however, the fraction of PHC expenditures spent via ambulatory care providers grew. Increases in the fraction of health expenditures on PHC was associated with lower maternal mortality rate (p value≤0.001), improved coverage of antenatal care visits (p value≤0.001), measles vaccination (p value≤0.001) and an increase in the Health Access and Quality index (p value≤0.05). PHC expenditure was not systematically associated with all-age mortality, communicable and non-communicable disease (NCD) burden.ConclusionPHC expenditures were associated with maternal and child health but were not associated with reduction in health burden for other key causes of disability, such as NCDs. To combat changing disease burdens, policy-makers and health professionals need to adapt primary healthcare to ensure continued impact on emerging health challenges.
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Ren, Weicun, Yizhen Zhao, Huiliang Zhong, Xiaoli Fu y Jian Wu. "Exploring the Optimal Allocation Decision-Making of Expenditure Budget in Hospitals Under Multi-Objective Constraints: Evidence from Urban Public Hospitals, China". SAGE Open 11, n.º 4 (octubre de 2021): 215824402110581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058191.
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Hospitals in many countries face the need for balancing different categories of expenditures to achieve multiple goals within a limited budget. This study established a two-stage fuzzy linear programming (FLP) estimation model to explore the optimal allocation decision-making of expenditure budget under the multi-objective constraints. Taking all urban public hospitals in Henan province of China as a sample, the optimal allocation decision-making of total expenditure budget was tested with the human resources expenditures (HE) as the dependent variable. And the outcome was compared with the actual expenditure data of these hospitals between 2010 and 2016. The study found that when the HE achieves the maximum and minimum feasible scale, the expenditure scales of the budget allocation categories including pharmaceutical expenditures, medical supplies expenditures, and other expenditures were all within a reasonable range. Among them, the observed promoting space for HE was 3.78 billion yuan. The results show that the FLP method can help urban public hospitals to make better total expenditure budget allocation decisions, which can maintain their reasonable expenditure structure under the hospitals’ development goals and the government’s regulatory requirements.
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Evi Purba, Naomi, Raina Linda Sari y Ahmad Albar Tanjung. "Analysis of the Influence of Regional Original Income (PAD), Regional Expenditures on Economics Growth of District/City in North Sumatera Province". International Journal of Research and Review 9, n.º 3 (26 de marzo de 2022): 450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220350.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of regional original income (PAD), employee expenditures, goods and services expenditures, and capital expenditures districts/cities in North Sumatera Province. This study uses secondary data from 2000 to 2019 in 19 districts/cities in North Sumatera Utara Province. The data analysis model uses the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) Panel’s model. Based on the result of the stationary test (root test) shows that the variables of regional original income (PAD), employee expenditure, goods and services expenditures, and capital expenditures stationary at level 1 (first different) and based on the result of the maximum lag test, the regional original income (PAD), employee expenditure, goods and services expenditures and capital expenditures variable are maximum at lag 2. The result of the ARDL panel research show that the Regional Original Income (PAD) variable has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short term. Employee expenditure variable has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the short term. Shopping for goods and serivices has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and has a negative an insignificant effect on economic growth in the short term. And the capital expenditure variable has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term, and has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short term. Keywords: Economics Growth, Original Regional Income (PAD), Employee Expenditure, Goods and Services Expenditures, and Capital Expenditure.
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Chevan, Julia, Daniel L. Riddle y Shelby D. Reed. "Out-of-Pocket Spending for Ambulatory Physical Therapy Services From 2008 to 2012: National Panel Survey". Physical Therapy 95, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 1680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150018.
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Background Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures are incurred as insurers and employers shift some of the burden of health care costs onto consumers. As cost-sharing increases, OOP expenditures could be a barrier to physical therapy care. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify factors associated with any OOP physical therapy spending and (2) to identify factors associated with higher spending among individuals incurring OOP costs. Design The study was a retrospective analysis using the 4 most recently available panels of data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) encompassing 2008–2012. Methods A data file containing episodes of physical therapy care for 2,189 people was created. Logistic regression was used to identify factors related to having an OOP expenditure. A multivariable generalized linear model was used to identify factors related to mean OOP expenditures. Results On average, an episode of care encompassed 9.9 visits, with mean total expenditures of $1,708 (median: $792). Fifty-four percent of episodes of care had an OOP expenditure. For individuals with OOP expenditures, the mean OOP expenditure for an episode of care was $351 (median: $144). Being female or non-Hispanic and having a higher income were associated with higher odds of incurring an OOP expenditure, whereas being in worse general health, >65 years of age, or nonwhite and having public funding were associated with lower odds of incurring an OOP expenditure. Amounts of OOP spending were higher in urban areas and in all census geographic regions relative to the Northeast region. Limitations Estimates are based on household-reported survey data, limited to ambulatory care, and do not include institutionalized individuals. Conclusions At 54%, the proportion of individuals with OOP expenditures for physical therapy is lower than for general medical care. Several predictors were found of having OOP expenditures and of the magnitude of those expenditures.
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Ngalawa, Harold. "Southern African customs union revenue, public expenditures and HIV/AIDS in BLNS countries". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, n.º 2 (6 de marzo de 2014): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i2.567.
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This study investigates how revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) common revenue pool affects efforts to contain HIV/AIDS in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS countries). Using a dataset for the BLNS countries covering the period 1990-2007 in annual frequency and a health production function, the study estimates a dynamic panel using the Arellano-Bond (1991) difference Generalised Method of Moments. The study results show that an increase in either SACU revenue or aggregate government expenditure increases HIV prevalence rates. Disaggregating the government expenditures into health and non-health outlays reveals that the health expenditure component decreases HIV prevalence rates. To be precise, the study finds that HIV prevalence rates decline when public health expenditures as a percentage of GDP and public health expenditures as a percentage of total government expenditures increase. It is argued, therefore, that the type of public expenditure is of consequence: public health expenditures decrease, while public non-health expenditures increase the HIV prevalence rates, with the ultimate direction of HIV prevalence rates determined by the dominant of the two effects.
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Blaszczynski, Alex, Robert Ladouceur, Annie Goulet y Cathy Savard. "Differences in monthly versus daily evaluations of money spent on gambling and calculation strategies". Journal of Gambling Issues, n.º 21 (1 de junio de 2008): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2008.21.9.
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This study investigated whether reported amounts of money spent on gambling - when calculated retrospectively on a monthly basis - differ from the amounts recorded on a daily basis. Participants were required to retrospectively report monthly gambling expenditure and also complete a "daily gambling expenditure chart" for 4 weeks. Fifty participants responded to a media call for volunteers and completed the data collection. Results indicate that retrospective estimates of a previous month's expenditures tend to be lower than daily self-reported expenditures. Further, results show that an often-used, conventional self-report gambling question tends to over-estimate expenditures in comparison with calculations using a net expenditure strategy. The findings indicate important biases when reporting gambling losses, thus casting doubt on the validity of estimated gambling expenditures. The implications of these results suggest possible inconsistencies in gambling literature based on players' estimates of previous gambling expenditures.
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Sousa, Kleber Morais de y Paulo Aguiar do Monte. "Public expenditure composition and fiscal decentralization in Brazilian local governments: an analysis through unconditional quantile regression with longitudinal data". Revista de Administração Pública 55, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2021): 1333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200864.
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Abstract This paper investigates the effect of increasing fiscal decentralization on the composition of public expenditures of Brazilian local governments. The research is innovative, demonstrating that the heterogeneity of expenditure scale influences the correlation between fiscal decentralization and public expenditure of local governments. The sample consisted of unbalanced panel data of 5,565 municipalities for 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The analysis used unconditional quantile regression with panel data. The main findings were: (i) fiscal decentralization affects public expenditure in Brazilian local governments. However, this effect depends on local expenditure scale and fiscal decentralization strategy. For example, the median coefficient was negative in personnel expenditures, and the effect was positive for the third quartile of local governments, when fiscal decentralization was measured by the tax revenue over total revenue. On the other hand, the effects were also positive for median and third quartile regarding intergovernmental transfers per capita like proxy of fiscal decentralization; (ii) the measures (proxies) of fiscal decentralization are correlated with the composition of public expenditure; (iii) in median terms, fiscal decentralization has greater effects on investment expenditures than on current and personnel expenditures; and (iv) in median terms, the tax revenue participation promotes an increase in administrative and planning expenditures instead of expenditures in social functions. Fiscal decentralization measured by intergovernmental transfer per capita has more positive effects on social functions than on legislative and administrative functions.
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Sitepu, Yuni Lestari Br, Munawarah Munawarah y Novita Lamria Simatupang. "Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Sumatera Utara Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19". JCA (Jurnal Cendekia Akuntansi) 3, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32503/akuntansi.v3i1.2516.
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This study aims to examine the financial performance of the North Sumatra Province government during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data is quantitative descriptive and the data is taken from the LRA 2020 and LRA 2021 North Sumatra Province which have been audited. The results obtained by the Province of North Sumatra remain independent even in the midst of a pandemic. Judging from the effectiveness ratio, the realization of North Sumatra Province Original Regional Revenue (PAD) in 2020 is 101.8% and in 2021 it is 101.95% of the PAD budget set. The operating expenditure compatibility ratio, namely a decrease in the expenditure ratio from 2020 to 2021. The Capital Expenditure Harmony Ratio experienced a decrease in Capital Expenditures in 2021 due to a reduction in capital expenditures consisting of equipment and machinery capital expenditures, building and building capital expenditures, road capital expenditures, Irrigation and Network and Other Fixed Assets Capital Expenditure. The income growth ratio in 2020 is -1.24% which shows that the income in North Sumatra Province is decreasing, and that income is increasing by 8.65% in 2021.
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Park, Hyerang y Hyunchul Kim. "Changes in the private tutoring expenditure timeseries for each province". Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, n.º 20 (31 de octubre de 2022): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.20.721.
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Objectives The purpose of this study is to extract the income change effect eliminated private tutoring expenditures timeseries for each school level and province and examine the education policies, which are likely to have influenced the inflection of the time series. Methods This study derives the timeseries of Fisher price index for private tutoring expenditures by school level and province. The data of 2007-2019 Private expenditures survey of Statistics Korea were used for the analysis. Results The results of this study showed that the income change effect eliminated private tutoring expenditures timeseries had different movement with nominal private education expenditure timeseries. Income change effect eliminated private tutoring expenditures increased only 0.29% between 2007 and 2019. The expenditure for the elementary school was most decreased in Jeonnam and Ulsan, that for the middle school was most decreased in Daejeon and Gyeongnam, and that for the high school was the most increased in Chungnam and Gwangju. The total expenditure was the most increased in Jeju and Jeonbuk, and the most decreased in Ulsan and Gangwon. Conclusions In spite of the large increase in nominal private tutoring expenditures, income change effect eliminate private tutoring expenditures stayed relatively stable in every school level and province. The advantages of the analysis of income change effect eliminate private tutoring expenditures and the analysis by province were discussed.
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Purba, Eka Sridawati, Elsa Lorreinne Pradipta, Ruth Trifosa Taruli Manullang y Benny Rojeston Marnaek Nainggolan. "Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Pendapatan Asli Daerah Terhadap Alokasi Belanja Modal Dengan Dana Alokasi Umum Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi Pada Kabupaten/ Kota Di Provinsi Di Sumatera Utara". Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 4, n.º 1 (18 de octubre de 2020): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/costing.v4i1.1623.
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The allocation of expenditure in the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) in the form of capital expenditure aims to increase the fixed assets and the development of the region so as to create equitable development in each region, but the allocation of capital expenditure is not used productively by local governments, it can be seen from the imbalance of development between regions. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Economic Growth (PE), Regional Original Income (PAD) on the allocation of Capital Expenditure (BM) and General Allocation Funds (DAU) as moderating variables in Regencies / Cities in North Sumatra Province. The type of data used in this study is secondary data with multiple linear regression tests. The results of this study partially Economic Growth does not affect the allocation of Capital Expenditures, but Regional Original Revenue partially influences the allocation of Capital Expenditures. Simultaneously Economic Growth, Local Own Revenue and General Allocation Funds have positive and significant effect on capital expenditure. The General Allocation Fund moderates the effect of Economic Growth on the allocation of Capital Expenditures and the General Allocation Fund does not moderate the influence of the Local Revenue to the allocation of Capital Expenditures.
Keywords: Economic Growth, Local Own Revenue, Capital Expenditures, General Allocation Funds
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Halásková, Martina y Renata Halásková. "Assessment of Financial Capabilities of Local Governments in EU Countries for the Development of Local Public Services". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 14, n.º 3 (31 de julio de 2016): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/14.3.379-397(2016).
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Local financing in advanced countries enables local governments to assess real local priorities as well as limitations. The present paper deals with financial capabilities of local governments for the development of public services, local government expenditure and fiscal expenditure decentralization in the EU28. By use of cluster analysis, local public expenditures are assessed by selected COFOG functions, as % of total local government expenditures in years 2010-2013. The results proved the largest differences in the set of countries in local government expenditures on social protection and the smallest differences in local expenditures on recreation and cultures, housing and community amenities.
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Wilkinson, Margaret. "Tax Expenditure and Public Expenditure in the UK". Journal of Social Policy 15, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400023096.
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ABSTRACT‘Tax expenditures’ are public revenue losses which result from special allowances and reliefs given to various categories of taxpayer for reasons of economic and social policy. In 1983/4 tax expenditures in the personal income tax system cost nearly £11 billion which was equal to 35 per cent of revenue from personal income tax or 9 per cent of total public expenditure. This paper assesses their significance in the context of public expenditure and tax policy. It identifies those allowances and reliefs in the personal income tax system which may be regarded as tax expenditures, evaluates them and compares their cost with direct expenditures in similar areas. Many tax expenditures are inequitable and inefficient; and they are difficult for governments to control. If they were reduced some public expenditures could be protected from cuts, or the general burden of income tax could be reduced.
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Balkı, Ali y Serkan Göksu. "The relationship between public expenditures and economic growth in the scope of economic classification: The case of Turkiye". Panoeconomicus, n.º 00 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan220925006b.
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The relationship between public expenditures and economic growth is a constantly debated topic among researchers. There are five main models used to test Wagner's Law. This study aims to test Wagner's Law for Turkiye's public expenditure and expenditure types within the scope of economic classification by using all models in the literature. We tested the validity of Wagner's Law in the Turkiye case using the ARDL method applied for the years 1950-2020. Study findings prove that Wagner's Law is valid in Turkiye using the Mann and Peacock models for public expenditure. In addition, the findings support Wagner's Law only in transfer expenditures among sub-components. These findings point out that public expenditure, which increases more than gross domestic product, is dominated by transfer expenditures. The fact that social transfers account for approximately 75% of transfer expenditures in the last decade demonstrates that Turkiye prioritizes the social state function.
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Raskin, D. I. y A. A. Solnyshkin. "Expenditures on Pensions and Benefits in State Budget of Russian Empire in 19th to Early 20th Century". Nauchnyi dialog 12, n.º 7 (7 de octubre de 2023): 450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-450-466.
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The article deals with the issue of the place of expenditures for the payment of pensions and benefits in the structure of public expenditures of the Russian Empire. It is shown that the amount of expenditures on pensions in absolute terms constantly increased (from 1741 to 1913 by more than 13 times). Since the amount of pensions paid, determined by the Pension statute of 1827, remained unchanged until 1917, this growth was determined by a constant increase in the number of pension recipients. This increase was due to an increase in the number of civil servants. At the same time, the share of expenditures on pensions and benefits in the expenditure part of the budget of the Russian Empire (“ordinary expenses”) fluctuated, reaching a maximum (5.1%) in 1871 and a minimum (2.3%) in 1903-1904. These fluctuations were determined by changes in the amount of the expenditure part of the empire’s budget, which increased noticeably by the beginning of the 20th century. On the whole, expenditures on pension provision accounted for a significant part of budget expenditures, exceeding such significant expenditure items as, for example, the expenditures of the Ministry of Public Education or the Ministry of State Property (Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture), although they were inferior to the expenditures of the Military Department. The insufficiency of the size of pensions, due to their invariability, was combined with the burdensomeness of pension expenditures for the state, but a radical reform of the pension system did not take place.
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Haddad, Yara K., Gabrielle F. Miller, Ramakrishna Kakara, Curtis Florence, Gwen Bergen, Elizabeth Rose Burns y Adam Atherly. "Healthcare spending for non-fatal falls among older adults, USA". Injury Prevention 30, n.º 4 (19 de julio de 2024): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip-2023-045023.
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BackgroundThe older adult (65+) population in the USA is increasing and with it the number of medically treated falls. In 2015, healthcare spending attributable to older adult falls was approximately US$50 billion. We aim to update the estimated medical expenditures attributable to older adult non-fatal falls.MethodsGeneralised linear models using 2017, 2019 and 2021 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey and cost supplement files were used to estimate the association of falls with healthcare expenditures while adjusting for demographic characteristics and health conditions in the model. To portion out the share of total healthcare spending attributable to falls versus not, we adjusted for demographic characteristics and health conditions, including self-reported health status and certain comorbidities associated with increased risk of falling or higher healthcare expenditure. We calculated a fall-attributable fraction of expenditure as total expenditures minus total expenditures with no falls divided by total expenditures. We applied the fall-attributable fraction of expenditure from the regression model to the 2020 total expenditures from the National Health Expenditure Data to calculate total healthcare spending attributable to older adult falls.ResultsIn 2020, healthcare expenditure for non-fatal falls was US$80.0 billion, with the majority paid by Medicare.ConclusionHealthcare spending for non-fatal older adult falls was substantially higher than previously reported estimates. This highlights the growing economic burden attributable to older adult falls and these findings can be used to inform policies on fall prevention efforts in the USA.
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Elkusheh, Haneen y Lama Aburokbeh. "The Government Expenditure and Crowding-Out Effect on Private Sector". Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies 25, n.º 1 (junio de 2022): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35875/1105-025-001-008.
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This study aims at measuring the impact of government expenditure (current and capital) on credit granted to the private sector in Jordan during the period (2002-2021). This study is based on theoretical, descriptive and econometrics analysis using Vector Error Correction Method (VECM) methodology. The study aims at studying the impact of independent variables (capital expenditures, military expenditures, expenditure on public debt interest, and compensation of employees) on the dependent variable of credit granted to the private sector. The VECM methodology was used. The study found a long-term inverse relationship between (capital expenditures, and expenditure on public debt interest) towards credit granted to the private sector. It also showed a long-term positive relationship between (compensation of employees, and military expenditures) towards the credit granted to the private sector.
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Khaitov, G. A. "Certain issues of expenditure obligations in the Russian federation: legal aspects". Siberian Law Herald 2022.2 (2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2022.2.39.
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The definition of the concept of “budget expenditures” fixed in the Russian legislation does not allow to accurately establish its essence and important features. A deeper understanding of the budget expenditures has both theoretical and practical importance. The article treats “expenditure obligation” as one of the essential elements of the activities of government bodies related to budget expenditures, which characterizes the basis of budget expenditures. The emphasis in the study is made on the consideration of laws and other regulatory legal acts as the basis of expenditure obligations, because Budget Code of the Russian Federation does not make possible to determine what clauses a law or other regulatory legal act should provide in order to create a new expenditure obligation. The article presents the examples of such a difficulty raised by insufficient legal regulation. In particular, there are issues in adoption of laws or other regulatory acts which provide for the budget expenditures taking proper account of the delimitation of powers between the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities. Issues of budget expenditures aimed to fund the powers transferred from another authority are also illustrated. Based on the results of the study, the article proposes a discussion on the requirements the laws and other regulatory legal acts providing for budget expenditures should meet. The author also suggests to discuss the necessity to legalize the de facto provisions for budget expenditures in regulatory legal acts of a higher level.
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Abbas, Dirvi Surya, Savira Yenita Sari, Mohamad Zulman Hakim, Hesty Erviani Zulaecha y Dewi Rachmania. "Sisa Lebih Pembiayaan Anggaran Sebagai Pemoderasi Antara Dana Perimbangan, Dana Bagi Hasil, dan Pajak Daerah Terhadap Belanja Modal". Jurnal Akuntansi 13, n.º 2 (3 de noviembre de 2021): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jam.v13i2.4058.
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Abstract
This research aims to determine the effect of compensation funds, revenue-sharing funds and local taxes on capital expenditures in districts or cities in the province of Banten. Observation time in this research is for six years, namely 2015 to 2020. The object of observation in this study is all districts or cities in Banten Province. The sampling technique used is intentional (purposive) sampling. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Realization Report of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget. The method of analysis used panel data regression analysis. The results of the research explain that the Balancing Fund has a negative and insignificant effect on capital expenditure, the Profit Sharing Fund has a negative and significant effect on capital expenditure, Regional Taxes have a positive and insignificant effect on capital expenditure, while the remaining excess budget financing has a negative and significant impact on Expenditures. Capital, Remaining Budget Financing is able to moderate and able to strengthen or weaken the relationship between Balancing Funds to Capital Expenditures, Remaining Budget Financing is able to moderate and able to strengthen the relationship between Profit Sharing Funds to Capital Expenditures, and Remaining Funding Budgets are unable to moderate and are unable to strengthen or weaken the relationship between Regional Taxes and Capital Expenditures.
Keywords: Capital Expenditures, Balancing Funds, Profit Sharing Funds, Regional Taxes, and Remaining Budget Financing
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Schick, Allen. "Controlling Nonconventional Expenditure: Tax Expenditures and Loans". Public Budgeting Finance 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 1986): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5850.00704.
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del Granado, F. Javier Arze, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez y Robert M. McNab. "Decentralized Governance, Expenditure Composition, and Preferences for Public Goods". Public Finance Review 46, n.º 3 (22 de marzo de 2016): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116639127.
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The literature on decentralization has long asserted that decentralized governance increases public sector allocative efficiency. We offer an indirect test of this hypothesis by examining how decentralized governance affects revealed preferences for public goods. Specifically, we examine the relationship between expenditure decentralization and the functional composition of public expenditures. We hypothesize that higher levels of expenditure decentralization induce agents to demand increased production of publicly provided private goods. We test this hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data set of forty-two developed and developing countries over twenty-two years. Using system Generalized Methods of Moments and Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimators, we find that expenditure decentralization positively, significantly, and robustly influences the share of education expenditures in consolidated government budgets. We also find evidence to suggest that expenditure decentralization positively influences the share of health expenditures in consolidated government budgets. Decentralized governance appears to alter the composition of public expenditures toward publicly provided private goods.
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Axon, David Rhys y Jonathan Chien. "Assessing healthcare expenditures of older United States adults with pain and poor versus good mental health status: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2022): e049727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049727.
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ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine if differences exist in healthcare expenditures of older United States (US) adults with pain based on self-reported mental health status, which is important to know given the prevalence of pain and poor mental health in the USA.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.SettingUS Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) interviews.ParticipantsUS adults aged ≥50 years, with self-reported pain in the past 4 weeks and positive healthcare expenditure in the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The independent variable was poor versus good mental health status.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDescriptive statistics compared demographic characteristics (using chi-square tests) and mean healthcare expenditures (using t-tests) between groups. Adjusted linear regression models with logarithmically-transformed expenditures compared differences in: total; inpatient; outpatient; emergency room; office-based; prescription medications and other expenditures. Analyses accounted for the complex MEPS design and were weighted to produce nationally-representative results. The a priori alpha level was 0.05.ResultsThe weighted population included 57 134 711 older US adults with self-reported pain (14.4% poor mental health, 85.6% good mental health). Compared with individuals with good mental health, individuals with poor mental health had higher unadjusted total expenditures (US$20 231 vs US$13 379, p<0.0001), higher prescription medication expenditures (US$5924 vs US$3610, p<0.0001) and higher other expenditures (US$4833 vs US$2285, p<0.0001). In adjusted multivariable linear regression models, there were no differences in expenditures between those with poor mental health and those with good mental health status.ConclusionsThere were no statistically significant differences in adjusted annual (2018) positive healthcare expenditures among older US adults with pain and poor versus good mental health status.
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Sergeev, L. I. y D. L. Sergeev. "Iodometric generalization of sections (subsections) and digitalization of cost fi nancing of the main managers of budget funds". Moscow University Economics Bulletin, n.º 3 (6 de mayo de 2022): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202233.
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Generalization of the structure of financing of the main managers of federal budget funds in the context of sections and subsections of expenditures of the budget classification in order to identify the features and problems of further structuring costs in the context of the development of digitalization of budget processes. The current system of structuring sections and subsections of the budget classification of expenditures is considered, the quantitative composition of the codes of sections, subsections and expenditures of the GRBS of the federal budget for 2020 is analyzed. The ratio of the number of codes of sections and subsections of the budget classification of federal budget expenditures for the GRBS for 2020 and the regularity of their relationship is investigated. A low correlation between the number of codes of sections (subsections) and the volume of budget expenditures at the federal level for financing the GRBS was quantitatively revealed. A new concept is proposed — the consumption capacity of the code. The average expenditure intensity of one code of the budget expenditure section for the GRBS is estimated, and the structure of the ratio of budget expenditures and the expenditure intensity of the GRBS cost section code is studied according to the results of the federal budget execution for 2020. The provisions of the organization of the approach to building a digital budget are proposed. The conclusions of the generalization are reduced to a positive assessment in general of the possibilities of analyzing budget expenditures in the current classification of budget expenditures and the need for further deepening of digitalization, contributing to a more rational study and analysis of the effectiveness of the use of budget expenditures of the country.
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Shaikh, Imlak y Shabda Singh. "A Study of Out-of-pocket Health Expenditures". Journal of Health Management 18, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063416666349.
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The aim of this study is to analyze health care expenditures in seven South Asian countries, namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The data are taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket health care expenditure in these countries. Per capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop regression model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, that is, per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. Logarithm values of out-of-pocket expenditure have also been used to develop a separate log model for the same. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure, while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is the highest for India. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditures is the final household expenditures as the percentage of GDP.
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Edon, Putra Arismunandar, M. E. Perseveranda y Henny A. Manafe. "BELANJA DESA SEBAGAI DETERMINAN INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA PADA 21 KABUPATEN DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR". Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 16, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2023): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jom.v16i3.11572.
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The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of village expenditure on the Human Development Index in 21 districts in East Nusa Tenggara Province. This is secondary data obtained from the official website of the Statistics Center Bureau (BPS), which contains all reports of income realization and expenditures of the village government in 21 districts in East Nusa Tenggara Province from 2017 to 2020. The methods of analysis used in this study are descriptive analysis and panel data analysis. Results show that, simultaneously, village government expenditures, community development expenditures, and capital expenditures positively and significantly influence the human development index. Partially, village government expenditures negatively and significantly influence the Human Development Index. Community development expenditures and capital expenditures positively and significantly influence the Human Development Index.
Keywords: Village Government Expenditures; Community Development Expenditures; Capital Expenditures; Human Development Index
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Kakadir, Petrus, I. Gusti Ngurah Agung Suaryana, I. Gusti Ayu Made Asri Dwija Putri y Ni Gusti Putu Wirawati. "Alokasi Belanja Rutin dan Belanja Modal pada Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Tahun Anggaran 2015-2017". E-Jurnal Akuntansi 31, n.º 9 (25 de septiembre de 2021): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/eja.2021.v31.i09.p04.
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This study aims to determine the effect of routine and capital expenditure allocations on the human development index in the regency/municipality of Papua province. This study covers 29 districts/cities in the province of Papua using an associative quantitative approach. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis technique. The results of the analysis show that routine expenditures have a positive and significant effect on the human development index, while capital expenditures have a negative and non-significant effect on the human development index. The failure of capital expenditures to affect the human development index occurred, in addition to the low amount of capital expenditure allocated in an effort to improve people's welfare, also due to the allocation of capital expenditures that had not been carried out on target.
Keywords: Routine Shopping; Capital Expenditures; Human Development Index.
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Abdal, Abdal, Herabudin Herabudin y Siti Saodah. "Analisis Keserasian Belanja Daerah Kabupaten Garut". Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara 10, n.º 2 (10 de diciembre de 2018): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jpan.v10i2.7628.
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The problem in this study relates to the level of compatibility of operating expenditures, capital expenditures as well as direct and indirect expenditure in the Budget Realization Report (LRA) Garut district fiscal year 2013-2017. The aim of this study was to determine the level of compatibility of operating expenditures, capital expenditures, as well as direct and indirect expenditure on Budget Realization Report (BRR) Garut regency Fiscal Year 2013-2017. The method used in this research is descriptive method with qualitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study is the observation, documentation, interviews and triangulation. Data analysis techniques in this study is an analysis model of Miles and Huberman which consists of three stages: 1) Reduction of data, 2) data, and 3) conclusion / verification. The result is the expenditures to Garut regency 2013-2017 fiscal year quite well.
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Yuvaraj, Nisha y U. Arabi. "Determinants of Household Expenditure on Primary Education". Shanlax International Journal of Economics 9, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v9i3.4021.
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Government expenditures and household expenditures appear to act as complements rather than substitutes for each other: an increase in government expenditure tends to increase household expenditures and vice-versa. Public investment can provide educational facilities, quality, and other institutional measures, but only household investment will enable its utilization.
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Doddy Setiawan y Farah Rizkiah. "Political Budget Cycles In Municipalities: Evidence From Indonesia". International Journal of Business and Society 18, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3144.2017.
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This study aims to examine the presence of politically induced and electorally motivated economic policy in local government budget. Further, the study examine the presence of pre-electoral manipulation through the behavior of budget balance, total expenditures, investment expenditures, and other administrative expenditures including donations, social assistance, and financial assistance expenditure during election year. Samples of the study consists of 451 district municipalities in Indonesia which held direct local elections over the period 2010-2014. The result of the study shows an opportunistic PBC pattern in the budget balance, total expenditures, donation expenditures, and financial assistance expenditures. The result suggest that there is an increase in local budget deficit in election years.Total expenditures also seem to increase duringthe election year, along with donation and financial assistance expenditures. This result supports the notion that elections have a positive effect on the government expenditures through the increase of municipal expenditures, especially expenditures thatare highly visible to electorate.
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SOKOLOVSKA, Alla. "Implementation of the concept of tax expenditures in Ukraine: problems and ways to solve them". Fìnansi Ukraïni 2022, n.º 7 (16 de septiembre de 2022): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2022.07.032.
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Introduction. The preparation of reports on tax expenditures and their use in the process of budget management has become widespread in many countries of the world. Since 2004, the Global Tax Expenditure Database has included information on tax expenditures in Ukraine. However, the degree of implementation of the concept of tax expenditures in the budget process varies greatly in different countries. Problem Statement. Imperfect procedures for reporting on tax expenditures and their formal connection with the budget process, or even the absence of such a connection at all are significant reasons for insufficient transparency of tax expenditures budgets and the effectiveness of their use as public policy tools. Purpose. The goal is to assess the state, determine the problems of integrating the report on budget losses from the use of tax reliefs (tax expenditures) into the budget process in Ukraine and ways to solve them. Methods. General scientific methods of cognition were used: critical analysis of the controversial provisions of the concept of tax expenditures; a combination of abstract-logical and concrete, comparative analysis. Results. The steps that should be taken to ensure the effective implementation of the tax expenditure budget, as well as the state of their implementation in several countries and in Ukraine, are analyzed. The problems on the way to the implementation of the concept of tax expenditures in Ukraine are revealed: uncertainty at the legislative level of the concept of “tax expenditures” and the body responsible for the formation of a consolidated report on tax expenditures; non-disclosure of their assessment methodology; improper coordination of the work of the State Tax Service of Ukraine and the State Customs Service of Ukraine on collecting and transmitting information on tax expenditures; formal inclusion of information on tax expenditures in the budget process; absence of systematic evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of tax expenditures. Conclusions. It has been established that only the first steps have been taken in Ukraine towards the development and implementation of the tax expenditure budget and its integration into the country's budget process, and proposals have been developed for measures that must be implemented for further progress on this path, in particular changes to tax and budget legislation, as well as the administrative documents of executive authorities involved in the preparation of reports on tax expenditures.
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Frees, Edward W., Xiaoli Jin y Xiao Lin. "Actuarial Applications of Multivariate Two-Part Regression Models". Annals of Actuarial Science 7, n.º 2 (2 de abril de 2013): 258–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499512000346.
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AbstractThis paper synthesizes and extends the literature on multivariate two-part regression modelling, with an emphasis on actuarial applications. To illustrate the modelling, we use data from the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to explore expenditures that come in two parts. In the first part, zero expenditures correspond to no payments for health care services during a year. For the second part, a positive expenditure corresponds to the payment amount, a measure of utilization. Expenditures are multivariate, the five components being (i) office-based, (ii) hospital outpatient, (iii) emergency room, (iv) hospital inpatient, and (v) home health expenditures. Not surprisingly, there is a high degree of association among expenditure types and so we utilize models that account for these associations. These models include multivariate binary regressions for the payment type and generalized linear models with Gaussian copulas for payment amounts.As anticipated, the strong associations among expenditure types allow us to establish significant model differences on an in-sample basis. Despite these strong associations, we find that commonly used statistical measures perform similarly on a held-out validation sample. In contrast, out-of-sample risk measures used by actuaries reveal differences in the association among expenditure types.
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Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Abolghasem Pourreza y Faramarz Shaahmadi. "Democracy, political freedom and health expenditures: evidence from Eastern Mediterranean countries". International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 8, n.º 3 (21 de septiembre de 2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-01-2015-0001.
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Purpose – Health can be influenced by many factors. One of the factors is the political context of the country and democracy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of freedom in press and polity index in overall, public, private and out of pocket health expenditures. Design/methodology/approach – A long-term panel data approach has been used to examine the relationship between democracy and health expenditures. The authors inserted polity and freedom into press indexes in the health expenditure model. Findings – Increase in freedom of the press and democracy will increase the overall, public and private health expenditures while they decrease out of pocket health expenditures. Originality/value – Polity and freedom index has a significant impact on all the health expenditure models.
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Dmitrenko, Alla, Galyna Lebedyk y Mykola Nesterenko. "Product Cost Calculation Methods in Construction". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n.º 3.2 (20 de junio de 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14367.
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The order of accounting and features of the methodology of cost expenditures at the concrete enterprises of the field was studied and it has been found out the fact that in the practical activity of the enterprise, they tend to apply the normative method of cost expenditures accounting. It has been conducted a detailed research of enterprises which use the normative method of cost expenditure accounting, and the calculation of the planned cost price. In addition, given advantages of the normative method of cost expenditure accounting have two functions: it provides the operational control over the production cost expenditures by accounting for cost expenditures under current norms and their changes and provides accurate calculation of the cost price of construction products.
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Sululing, Siswadi, Haliah Haliah y Andi Kusumawati. "ACCOUNTING TREATMENT IN THE VILLAGE PUBLIC SECTOR: UNEXPECTED EXPENDITURES". International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 6, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i1.4568.
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The current condition during the COVID-19 pandemic forces the Village Government to provide spending using unexpected expenditures in the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget, which in normal conditions is rarely done. This study discusses the accounting treatment of unexpected expenditures conducted by the Village Government, which includes recognition, measurement, and presentation in financial statements. In this study, the researchers analyzed secondary data, namely the 2021 Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget Report using qualitative descriptive analysis to find out how the accounting treatment of unexpected expenditures was applied by the Village Government. The results of this study can be used as a reference by local governments in treating unexpected expenditures that have been realized during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: accounting treatment, village public sector.
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Deller, Steven, Craig Maher, Lindsay Amiel y Judith I. Stallmann. "The Restrictiveness of State Tax and Expenditure Limitations and State Debt". Public Finance and Management 13, n.º 1 (marzo de 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211301300101.
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Using a panel data set of the 50 states from 1969 to 2005 we explore the impact of the restrictiveness of tax and expenditures limitation (TELs) on state debt. Using six characterizations of tax and expenditure limitations we build three unique indices of restrictiveness: one index for expenditure focused TELs, one for revenue focused TELs and one for TELs that limit both revenues and expenditures. We test whether the restrictiveness of TELs is associated with increased use of debt. Using two-way fixed and random effects estimators we find that more restrictive TELS on either expenditures or revenues are associated with higher levels of debt, as expected. States with more restrictive TELs that cover both revenues and expenditures have lower levels of debt.
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Zhou, Mengping, Jingyi Liao, Nan Hu y Li Kuang. "Association between Primary Healthcare and Medical Expenditures in a Context of Hospital-Oriented Healthcare System in China: A National Panel Dataset, 2012–2016". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 18 (22 de septiembre de 2020): 6917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186917.
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Total health expenditure in China has grown considerably since a new round of health system reform was enacted in 2009. Researchers have shown that strengthening primary healthcare may be an option for countries to solve the rapid expansion of their medical expenditures. This study was designed to explore the association between the strength of primary healthcare and medical expenditures, in the context of the hospital-oriented healthcare system in China. A longitudinal ecological study was conducted using a 5-year panel dataset of 27 provinces in mainland China. The linear mixed effects regression model was used to assess the effects of primary healthcare-related metrics on medical expenditures, controlling for the provincial level specialty care physician supply and socio-economic parameters. All of the three primary healthcare-related metrics showed negative associations with the two medical expenditure parameters. Primary care physicians per 10,000 population was significantly associated with the per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.05), and the percentage of public health expenditure in total health expenditure was significantly associated with both per capita total medical expenditure and per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.01 for both). Our study found negative associations between the primary healthcare capacity and medical expenditure in the context of hospital-oriented healthcare systems in China, adding to the previous evidence that primary healthcare may play a positive role in reducing medical expenditure. Policies on increasing the primary care physician supply and the public share of total health expenditure should be conducted to strengthen the primary healthcare system. With the gradual advance of medical reform and the policy inclination to primary healthcare, this will play a more important role in controlling the rapid growth of medical expenditure.
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Mwamkonko, Mussa Ally. "Macroeconomic Stabilization Effects of Public Expenditures: Empirical Evidence from Tanzania". Journal of African Economic Perspectives 1, n.º 1 (13 de diciembre de 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.58548/2023jaep11.0118.
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This study examines macroeconomic stabilization effects of public expenditures in Tanzania. The study used co-integration and error correction modeling approach to analyze effects of public expenditures on macroeconomic stability. The results show that increase in development expenditure enhances macroeconomic stability. By contrast, the results reveal that increase in recurrent expenditure destabilizes macroeconomic environment. Also, the results show that increase in aggregate government expenditure dampens macroeconomic stability. Thus, to nurture macroeconomic stability, government needs to increase development expenditure in the expenses of reducing recurrent expenditure.
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Mulaga, Atupele N., Mphatso S. Kamndaya y Salule J. Masangwi. "Decomposing socio-economic inequality in catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures in Malawi". PLOS Global Public Health 2, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2022): e0000182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000182.
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Reducing health inequalities and inequities is one of the key goals that health systems aspire to achieve as it ensures improvement in health outcomes among all population groups. Addressing the factors contributing to inequality in catastrophic health expenditures is important to reducing inequality in the burden of health expenditures. However, there are limited studies to explain the factors contributing to inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures. The study aimed to measure and decompose socio-economic inequality in catastrophic health into its determinants. Data for the analysis come from the fourth integrated household survey. Data for 12447 households in Malawi were collected from April 2016 to April 2017 by the National Statistical Office. The secondary analysis was conducted from June 2021 to October 2021. Catastrophic health expenditure was estimated as a proportion of households whose out-of-pocket health expenditures as a ratio of non-food consumption expenditures exceeds 40% threshold level. We estimated the magnitude of socio-economic inequality using the Erreygers corrected concentration index and used decomposition analysis to assess the contribution of inequality in each determinant of catastrophic health expenditure to the overall socio-economic inequality. The magnitude of the Erreygers corrected concentration index of catastrophic health expenditure (CI = 0.004) is small and positive which indicates that inequality is concentrated among the better-off. Inequality in catastrophic health expenditure is largely due to inequalities in rural residency (127%), socio-economic status (-40%), household size (14%), presence of a child under five years old (10%) and region of the household (10%). The findings indicate that socio-economic inequality in catastrophic health expenditures is concentrated among the better-off in Malawi. The results imply that policies that aim to reduce inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures should simultaneously address urban-rural and income inequalities.
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Mieszała, Małgorzata, Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Andrzej Wołoszyn y Joanna Stanislawska. "CONSUMER EXPENDITURE OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXV, n.º 3 (16 de septiembre de 2023): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8862.
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The main target of the research was to diagnose the level and structure of consumption expenditures of rural households in Poland in 2015-2021. Among consumption expenditures, special attention was paid to fixed expenditures, i.e. on food and non-alcoholic beverages, as well as on housing and energy carriers. Expenditures of rural households were compared to expenditures of urban households and analyzed against the background of all households in Poland. The data source was individual, unidentifiable data from the “Household Budget Survey” conducted by the Central Statistical Office in 2015-2021. It was noticed that in the years 2015-2021, relatively large disproportions in the level of consumption expenditure between rural and urban households were observed. In 2015, consumption expenditures per capita in households living in rural areas accounted for less than 3/4 of expenditures of households living in urban areas. However, in the analyzed period, the increase in the level of this occurrence was more than twice as high for rural households, which proves a pronounced convergence process. The greatest burden on rural household budgets was expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages, which in rural households amounted to about 30%, and in 2020, i.e. the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, it exceeded 32%. It was noticed that the structure of consumption expenditures between rural and urban households were very similar in 2015 and 2021.
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Helpap, David. "Providing Public Goods in Rural America: The Role of the Professional Public Administrator". Public Administration Quarterly 46, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37808/paq.46.2.2.
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Rural local governments, similar to their larger and more urban counterparts, provide many of the public services their citizens encounter on a daily basis. As would be expected, most dedicate the majority of their expenditures to services such as road maintenance, fire protection, and a handful of administrative functions. Some, however, devote significant resources to a more robust collection that includes parks, cultural institutions, and public health programs, for example. Using data from rural governments in Wisconsin, this research examines public expenditures, with an emphasis on the role of the professional administrator and the degree to which the position is correlated with expenditures on public goods. While existing scholarship has examined overall expenditures, this research provides a more nuanced focus on nine specific expenditure categories. Results indicate that population, partisanship, county-level expenditures, and fiscal capacity are related to various expenditure categories, but the effect of the professional administrator is much more limited.
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Kaharudin, Iszan Hana y Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman. "Fiscal Policy Effects on Private Expenditure for Sustainable Economic Growth: A Panel VAR Study from Selected Developing Countries". Sustainability 14, n.º 17 (30 de agosto de 2022): 10786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710786.
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This study examines the effects of fiscal policy on private expenditure using a panel VAR for the sample of 60 developing countries from 1990 to 2020. The VAR panel model framework was used to focus on the disaggregated government expenditures which included the defense, economic and social expenditure. The main findings showed a positive shock effect of defense expenditure which led to crowding out effect on private expenditure and domestic income. Conversely, economic and social expenditure had the crowding in effect on private consumption and domestic income. To detail out the analysis, the composition of government spending was divided into two, namely productive expenditures and non-productive expenditures. Therefore, the findings indicate that defense expenditure is non-productive since it does not stimulate an increase in private spending and national income while economic expenditure and social expenditure are classified as productive expenditure with the ability to increase economic activity. The policy implication suggests that the government should carefully examine and identify the sectors or composition that have greater potential, capacity and relevance in stimulating sustainable economic growth.
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Veprikova, E. B. y A. A. Novitskii. "Public Expenditure in Regions: Current State and Problems (Exemplified by Registries of Expenditure Commitments of the Regions in the Russian Far East)". Financial Journal 13, n.º 6 (2021): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-6-117-131.
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Exemplified by regions of the Russian Far East, the article presents a view on the current state and problems of managing regional public expenditures, including the focus of public expenditure on regional development. The research is based on the data from expenditure commitments registries in 2019. A major share of budget expenditures is “compulsory” (pre-determined) expenditures, which have limited flexibility and cannot be redirected to different purposes. Under these circumstances, the ability of regional governments to vary the direction of budget spending and finance self-initiated expenditure commitments—in other words, to independently manage the composition of expenditures—is kept to a minimum, which implies low autonomy in managing expenditures. Most of the Russian Far Eastern regions’ government expenditures are aimed at supporting the current volume and quality of public services. The share of developmental expenditures is higher in regions having more budget resources (Sakhalin Oblast), and significantly lower in regions of the northern Far East (Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, and Sakha Republic (Yakutia)), the latter having higher costs of supporting critical infrastructure under severe climate conditions. In the present situation, regional governments cannot be fully considered as key influencers managing the development of their territories, and only fill the role of executors and lobbying actors for acquiring financial support from the federal government. As a result, it is difficult to account for specific territorial circumstances and development potential, and the overall efficiency of government spending is decreased. In the authors’ opinion, the findings may be applicable to most regions in the Russian Federation.
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Lee, Wei-Chen, Luohua Jiang, Charles D. Phillips y Robert L. Ohsfeldt. "Rural-Urban Differences in Health Care Expenditures: Empirical Data from US Households". Advances in Public Health 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/435780.
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Purpose. To estimate the rural-urban differences in expenditures of outpatient care, hospital inpatient care, hospital emergency room services, medications, and total services.Methods. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The overall sample size for the study was 22,772. Weighted frequencies, means, or percentages were estimated to illustrate the distribution of each variable. Five two-part utilization models were then fit to determine the likelihood of having nonzero expenses and to identify how residence in a rural versus urban area affected expenditures in our five expense categories. Quantile regressions were estimated to further explore relationships between residence and each quantile of nonzero expenditure.Results. The results of two-part model suggest that rural populations spent more on medications, while urban populations spent more on emergency care. However, no rural-urban difference was found in total health expenditures. The results of quantile regressions suggest that the highest users (at the upper quantiles) of medication and total expenditure experienced the strongest positive effects of living in rural areas.Conclusions. Total health expenditures do not seem to vary significantly across urban and rural areas. However, rurality does have important effects on those who make the most use of outpatient care and prescription medications. Reviewing total health expenditures for urban and rural populations is not enough. Policymakers should monitor the effects of geographic differences, especially in the highest expenditure quantiles, for specific types of health expenditures. Differences in the influence of rurality across this distribution of health expenditures may provide important guidance for interventions.
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Pandey, Sony, Sushila Baral y Dipendra Kumar Yadav. "Household Expenditures on Primary, Secondary and Higher-level Health Care in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal". Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 11, n.º 1 (18 de agosto de 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.147.
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Introduction: Household health expenditures are the costs related to the health care and services from a house. The household health care expenditure constitutes a larger share (55.4%) of total health expenditures in Nepal which imply that health care can place a significant financial burden on households. Therefore, the aim of the study was to estimate the household expenditures on primary, secondary and higher-level health care in Nepalese households.
Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 335 household heads in Lekhnath municipality, Kaski, Nepal later changed in to Pokhara Metropolitan. An interview schedule was used to collect the data through face to face interview. Cluster sampling technique was used to select desired number of participants.
Results: More than eight out of ten participants (88.1%) visited private health facility for the treatment. More than half (61.5%) had taken secondary and higher-level services. Among out-of-pocket household expenditure the mean (±SD) direct cost was NRs.24100±36870 where minimum expenditure was NRs.50 while maximum expenditure was NRs. 255025. Similarly, mean (±SD) indirect cost was NRs.784.48±2319 where majority expenditures (96.8%) were direct costs while 3.2% were indirect costs. The mean (±SD) cost for primary health services was NRs.905.07±1729 where minimum was NRs.60 and maximum was NRs.10110. Similarly, the mean (±SD) cost for secondary and higher-level services was NRs.23200±37390 where minimum was NRs.50 and maximum was NRs.255025.
Conclusion: The average (±SD) household expenditure on different health services was NRs. 24800±38630 per annum, which is higher health expenditures for health service. The majority (96.8%) of health expenditures were included to direct costs while only 3.2% were in indirect costs. Higher expenditure was on secondary and higher-level services and it was NRs.23200 per annum while least expenditure on primary health services was NRs.905.07 per annum.
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Weingarten, Sarah E., Kirk A. Dearden, Benjamin T. Crookston, Mary E. Penny, Jere R. Behrman y Debbie L. Humphries. "Are Household Expenditures on Food Groups Associated with Children’s Future Heights in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 13 (1 de julio de 2020): 4739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134739.
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Household expenditure surveys, routinely conducted in low—and middle-income countries (LMICs), usually include questions pertaining to recent household expenditures on key food groups. When child anthropometrics are also available, such expenditure data can provide insights into household food purchasing patterns that are associated with subsequent child growth measures. We used data from 6993 children, born around 2001, from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, from the Young Lives younger cohort. We compared associations between two weeks of household food expenditures (in PPP—Purchasing Power Parity adjusted dollars) on food groups and child height-for-age-Z score (HAZ) at subsequent time points to assess longitudinal associations. Total food expenditures, rural/urban residence, maternal and paternal schooling, and child sex were included in our adjusted models because they may affect the relations between household food group expenditures and future child HAZ. In Ethiopia, India, and Peru every extra PPP$ spent on fats was associated with 0.02–0.07 higher future HAZ. In Vietnam every extra PPP$ spent on starches, was significantly associated with a 0.01 lower future HAZ. Across countries, different patterns of food expenditure and procurement may be differentially critical for predicting child HAZ. Our results demonstrate how expenditures on specific food groups can be associated with children’s linear growth. This study provides additional evidence of the utility of longitudinal household food expenditure data in understanding child nutritional status.