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Nyamongo, Esman Morekwa. "The determinants of the structure of government expenditure in Africa". Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11212007-132033.
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Murata, Akira. "Effects of remittances on household expenditure inequality and education expenditures : evidence from the Philippines". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7412/.
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This thesis examines the economic effects of both international and domestic remittances on Filipino households. The thesis investigates three main research questions: (1) “Which household characteristics affect the probability and the size of domestic and international remittances migrant households received?”; (2) “How do these two sources of remittances Filipino households received affect welfare inequality at the household level?”; (3) “How do the remittances affect the recipient household's expenditure patterns, especially educational expenditures?” The data mainly used for the thesis come from the nationally representative Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) in the Philippines during the period of 1985-2006. With regard to the first question, the thesis finds that the levels of receiving international and domestic remittances are mutually related and reveals that there is a displacement effect of remittances from abroad on those from within the country. Furthermore, the thesis also revealed that several explanatory factors such as the welfare level, the heads' characteristics, the job-related factors, and the regional disparities are significant to determine both the probability and the size of receiving the remittances. Regarding the second question, the thesis shows that the receipt of international remittances could significantly contribute to an improvement in Filipino households' livelihoods at any welfare level and that it would cause expenditure inequality between Filipino households to widen over time. In contrast, the receipt of remittances from within the Philippines did not exert a significant impact on improving the welfare. As for the last question, the thesis finds that the receipt of remittances from abroad would increase the budget share for education as well as its absolute value. This result supports the idea that international remittances could contribute to the future Philippine economic growth via increase in human capital investment if the country sort out the issues on brain drain of educated migrants' children.
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Lindvall, Lars. "Public expenditures and youth crime /". Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6921.
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Gallagher, Stephen James. "Capital expenditures in industrial properties". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120652.
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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 38-39).
Using a sample of 1458 industrial properties with 36,450 quarterly observations, we apply a pair of OLS models to predict property-level NOI and capex. We then synthesize the results by modeling capex as a fraction of NOI, which we treat as a measure of property capex performance. We model capex and NOI with a series of hedonic variables that account for property and market characteristics. Travel time to the nearest CBD predicts neither capex nor NOI, but building age strongly predicts both. We find that NOI declines continuously as buildings age, first quickly and then more gradually. Capex is lower in new buildings but rises over time, peaking after 30 years before declining. NOI and capex are strongly associated with building size, but the relationships are not linear. Large buildings experience economies of scale with respect to capex and diseconomies of scale with respect to NOI. Because the capex economies of scale are more pronounced, capex fractions of NOI are smaller in large buildings. Capex fractions of NOI rise and fall over time in a manner roughly similar to total capex, but the initial fractions are low and their peaks lag peak capex by 5 years. We find that capex fraction of NOI is lower in top markets when property characteristics are held constant. But property characteristics are not consistent across markets. We find that this fraction is actually similar across the country, as the economic efficiencies of top markets are offset by the inefficiencies of their smaller and older industrial building stock.
by Stephen James Gallagher.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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Berhanu, Samuel. "Econometric analysis of household expenditures". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=474.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 189 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-140).
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Ross, Joseph V. "Independent Expenditures in Judicial Elections". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202531.
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In recent years, judicial elections have undergone a transformation: races once characterized by low levels of competition, interest and participation are now comparable, in some states, to races for governor or senator. Elections for the bench as a whole are now more expensive, competitive and politicized than ever before. Arguably the most influential change in the last ten years has been the emergence of independent expenditures by political action committees and other groups in races for seats on state supreme courts. Despite the growth of this type of spending, our understanding of independent expenditures is rather limited, as the distinction between independent expenditures and direct contributions to candidates is rarely made clear.I address this in this dissertation by examining the patterns of independent spending in states with elected supreme courts. In doing so, I develop a theoretical framework to explain the decision of individual groups to support a judicial candidate independently. I argue that this decision is shaped largely by the campaign regulations imposed on judicial candidates and their potential supporters. Expectations from this theory are tested throughout the remainder of the dissertation using an original set of data drawn directly from state disclosure records. I find that independent expenditures have been concentrated in only a few states in recent years and that campaign regulations are influential in shaping this aggregate behavior. Contribution limits, in particular, redirect money from candidates' campaigns to independent expenditures. This is particularly significant due to the unique nature of judicial elections and the role of a judge in American politics. The results of the statistical and case study analyses should give pause to participants in the normative debates regarding campaign finance and judicial reform as they suggest that regulations can have unintended, but important consequences.
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Arroyo, Gloria M. "An investigation of the real effects of government expenditures with an application to tourism expenditures /". Online version, 1985. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/34610.
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Kareem, Erfan Jaleel. "ESSAYS ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES IN IRAQ: GENDER BIAS IN EDUCATION EXPENDITURE AND THE ROLE OF REMITTANCES". OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1935.
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Chapter one of my dissertation examines the nature, scope, and plausible determinants of gender discrimination in allocating household resources by examining the education expenditure on boys' and girls' education in Iraq. Using data from the household expenditure survey conducted in 2007, as expected, we find a strong male bias in household resource allocation in Iraq. However, there exist considerable variations in this bias depending on the age of the child, income level of the household, rural-urban divide, and the regions of Iraq. These results suggest that parents' allocation of resources for education expenditure for boys and girls is motivated by the economic interest of the households. This suggests that changing the incentive structure such as targeted employment opportunities for women, better access to childcare and health care, and better physical and social infrastructure would help attain gender equality.In my second chapter, we attempted to examine the differences in the spending patterns of households receiving remittances and the households receiving no remittances. This is an important area of research since the use of the workers' remittances is a hotly debated issue as some researchers argue that the flow of remittances increases only consumption expenditure while others suggest that some parts of the remittances are used for investment purposes (spending on education and health). We, however, examine the effects of both internal and international remittances on the spending patterns of the remittances receiving households. Since selection bias is a crucial issue, we adopt a two stage multinomial logit model to identify the marginal effects of remittances on the budget shares of the households. Our selection bias corrected estimates indicate that there exist crucial differences in the marginal effect on spending on food, education, housing, and health depending on the source of remittances. In the third chapter, I examine the effects of the changes in political regime on the extent of gender discrimination in educational spending in a conservative society, Iraq. Generally, we assume that conservative societies may deliberately or unconsciously practice gender bias. To determine the changes in the degree of gender bias in such societies we need a comprehensive individual and family level database, which is not immediately available for most of these societies. Fortunately, Iraq recently completed Living Standards and Measurement Study (LSMS) twice, one in 2006 and one in 2012, where a nationally representative household and individual level data were collected by the Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology (COSIT) and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office (KRSO).
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Hall, Ruth Elizabeth. "Predicting home care expenditures in Ontario". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59000.pdf.
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Winns, Anthony Lee. "An economic analysis of military expenditures". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25863.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This thesis empirically explores the nature of the relationships between members of formal and informal alliances. A pooled time series cross sectional data methodology is employed to analyze those factors believed to have a significant impact on the behavior of national governments in allotting funds for defense. Regression analysis is performed on seventy-five countries over an eleven year period (1974-1984) including both NATO and non-NATO members; communist and non-communist nations; and developed and less-developed countries. The empirical results reveal inconclusive evidence for the traditional view that an inverse relationship exists between the military expenditures of allies. The distinction between formal and informal allies provides no further evidence of support and exposes some of the weaknesses of this view of military alliances.
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Smrčková, Hana Marie. "Benefits of Public Expenditures on Sport". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194528.
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Participation in sport activities brings various benefits to the individuals involved as well as to the society as a whole. One of these benefits is a higher labour productivity following from a lower disease-induced absence rate and from the improved personal work characteristics. This thesis investigates the influence of public money spent in support of sport on labour productivity. The study is based on the data about these expenditures on the level of the Czech municipalities, whereas the expenditures on sport are aggregated over the municipalities belonging to each of the fourteen regions composing the Czech Republic. The performed regression analysis traces the influence of these expenditures on the disease-induced work incapacity rate in the respective region, which constitutes a proxy for labour productivity. The results of the analysis show that municipal expenditures on sport significantly decrease the disease-induced work incapacity: if municipalities in a region spend extra one hundred CZK per person on sport, the disease-induced work incapacity in the following year lowers by 0.064 to 0.083%.
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Chen, Liqiong. "Essays on household income and expenditures". Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6922.
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This dissertation studies household income and consumption. In the first chapter, I identify the causal effect of retirement on health service utilization in China. In the second chapter, I investigates the impact that retirement has on the family support network of “sandwich” generations in China. In the third chapter, I propose a new estimator for linear quantile regression models with generated regressors, and apply it to study Engel curves for various commodity consumption for families in the UK.
In the first chapter, I apply a regression discontinuity design by exploiting the exogenous mandatory retirement age rules in China in order to identify the causal effect of retirement on health service utilization. In China, the social insurance Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) provision continues after individuals retire. Employees, however, stop paying the premium and enjoy reduced cost sharing after they retire. Individual medical expenses, insurance costs, and benefits are recorded in the China Household Finance Survey 2013 (CHFS). Significantly, males and females respond differently to this decrease in the relative price of health insurance at the time of retirement. Females are generally more willing to increase their out-of-pocket expenditures in order to take advantage of better health insurance benefits and utilize more medical care. Males, by contrast, do not respond to this change in relative price in the same manner.
In the second chapter, I investigates the impact that retirement has on the family support networks of “sandwich” generations in China. These middle-aged households have an inter-generational support network that includes both upward transfers (their parents or parents-in-law), as well as downward transfers (their children). I use micro data from CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) concerning middle-aged and elderly households in order to evaluate the changes that retirement can have on this family support network, primarily by exploiting the exogenous mandatory retirement age rules in China. I make the identifying assumption that inter-generational transfers would evolve more smoothly if households would not retire and apply a regression discontinuity approach. I find that retirement induces “sandwich” generations to switch roles in the private network as well as in the public transfer channel; indeed, is 55 percentage point more likely that households will switch from resource providers to resource recipients in the channel of private transfers. In addition, these “sandwich” generations are about 47 percentage point more likely to receive money from their non-coresident children when they retire.
In the third chapter, we studies estimation and inference for linear quantile regression models with generated regressors. We suggest a practical two-step estimation procedure, where the generated regressors are computed in the first step. The asymptotic properties of the two-step estimator, namely, consistency and asymptotic normality are established. We show that the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix needs to be adjusted to account for the first-step estimation error. We propose a general estimator for the asymptotic variance-covariance, establish its consistency, and develop testing procedures for linear hypotheses in these models. Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the estimation and inference procedures are provided. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to study Engel curves for various commodities using data from the UK Family Expenditure Survey. We document strong heterogeneity in the estimated Engel curves along the conditional distribution of the budget share of each commodity. The empirical application also emphasizes that correctly estimating confidence intervals for the estimated Engel curves by the proposed estimator is of importance for inference.
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Kim, Jungbu. "Do Different Expenditure Mechanisms Invite Different Influences? Evidence from Research Expenditures of the National Institutes of Health". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07022007-131256/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Katherine Willoughby, Committee Member ; Juan Rogers, Committee Member ; John Clayton Thomas, Committee Member ; Gregory B. Lewis, Committee Member ; Robert J. Eger, III, Committee Chair.
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Eremin, Dmitry V. "Urban Core vs. Suburban Fringe: Asymmetrical Fiscal Effects of Tax and Expenditure Limitations in Metropolitan Areas". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29304.
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This dissertation assesses the effects of tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) on principal items of revenue, largest components of expenditure and the levels of public debt of local governments serving urban cores and suburban fringes of the largest metropolitan areas in the US.
The first part of the dissertation consists of 4 chapters. Chapter 1 examines the formal aspects of TELs; Chapter 2 explores historical evolution of fiscal limits between 1800 and 2009; Chapter 3 examines substantive nature of TELs; and Chapter 4 reviews the extant research on TELs. The past research suggests that TELs are associated with increased centralization, diminished government responsiveness, and suboptimal outcomes of the entire local public sector.
The second part of the dissertation, Chapters 5-6, presents the empirical study of the asymmetrical fiscal effects of TELs on different geographic segments of metropolitan areas. The study employs the quasi-experimental multiple comparison group time series research design and measures fiscal outcomes associated with the imposition of TELs. It relies on a standard fixed effects dummy variable OLS model with constant slope coefficients and variable intercept. The sample (N = 166,530) contains 7 periods of observation at 5 year intervals of 745 metropolitan counties from 270 metropolitan areas. The unit of analysis is the metropolitan county area.
The study found that in the urban cores and suburban fringes of metropolitan areas: 1) overall fiscal effects of TELs follow general asymmetrical trends identified by past research; 2) specific fiscal effects varied by comparison group, type of TEL imposed, and measure of fiscal outcome; 3) local governments in the urban cores are more adversely affected by TELs; 4) general revenues and expenditures declined in all comparison groups but urban core local governments experienced larger declines; 5) in all comparison groups own source revenues declined, intergovernmental revenues increased, spending on public education and public safety declined with larger declines in the urban cores; 6) long-term debt (especially non-guaranteed) has been rising more quickly in the urban core segments of metropolitan areas; and 7) in general, the effects of TELs were more negative and more pronounced for local governments experiencing fiscal stress.Ph. D.
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Birkelöf, Lena. "Spatial interaction and local government expenditures for functionally impaired in Sweden". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-30216.
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The thesis consists of an introductory part and three self-contained papers. Paper [I] studies the determinants of the differences in expenditure on services for functionally impaired individuals among municipalities in Sweden. A spatial autoregressive model is used in order to test whether the decisions on the expenditure level in a neighboring municipality affect the municipality’s own expenditure. The results show of spatial interaction among neighbors, possible due to mimicking. However, when controlling for differences among counties there is no evidence of spatial interaction. Therefore, the positive interaction first found can be interpreted either as a result of differences in the way county councils diagnose individuals or due to interaction among the neighbors in the same county. Paper [II] takes advantage of a new intergovernmental grant in two ways. First, the grant is used to study the effect on municipal spending related to the grant. Second, the grant is used to test a hypothesis of spatial interaction among municipalities due to mimicking behavior. The data used pertains to the periods before and after the introduction of the grant. A fixed-effects spatial lag model is used to study the spatial interactions among municipalities. The results show that before the grant, municipalities interact with their neighbors when setting the expenditure level, while there is no evidence of interaction in the second period. This would support the hypothesis that the grants provide information to the municipalities and the need for mimicking diminishes with the grant. Paper [III] examines whether local public expenditures on services to functionally impaired individuals crowd out other local public expenditures in Sweden. The hypothesis is tested on five different spending areas using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) fixed-effects model. While the results give no support for crowding out in the areas of social assistance, culture & leisure, and childcare & preschool, a negative relationship on spending for elderly & disabled care and on spending for education is found, suggesting that crowding out indeed occurs within the municipal sector. The negative relationships are significant both in a statistical and an economic sense.
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Karaca, Zeynal. "Essays on pharmaceuticals and health care expenditures". Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1915.
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Balla, Attila. "Factors influencing defense expenditures - a Hungarian perspective". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA380702.
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Thesis (M.S. in International Resource Planning and Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2000.Thesis advisors:Looney, Robert R. ; Frederiksen, Peter C. "June 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-74). Also Available online.
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Ilgin, Yasemin. "Health care expenditures, innovation, and demographic change". Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989527727/04.
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Huang, Ning. "Essays on capitalizing Research and Development expenditures". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11557.
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The next international version of the System of National Accounts (SNA) will recommend that Research and Development (R&D) expenditures be treated as capital formation instead of immediate expenses as in the present SNA 1993. This recommendation brings in challenges to many aspects of measuring R&D capital stocks. This dissertation focuses on measurement issues associated with capitalizing R&D expenditures.
In the first paper, we develop a simple model on production technology that allows for monopolistic competition. It enables estimation of annual depreciation rates for R&D capital. We treat R&D capital as a technology shifter instead of an explicit input factor. Both the R&D stock and the time trend are used to capture technological progress. The R&D depreciation rates and markup factors are estimated for the U.S. manufacturing sector and four U.S. knowledge intensive industries.
The second paper looks at the net benefits of a R&D project in the context of a very simple intertemporal general equilibrium model and suggests that R&D expenditures be amortized using the matching principle that has been developed in the accounting literature. This approach matches fixed costs of a project to a stream of future benefits. Of particular interest is the evaluation of the net benefits of a publicly funded project where the results are made freely available to the public.
In the third paper, we propose a new method of treating R&D expenditure in the growth accounting framework and investigate how to construct the associated measures for the stock of the R&D capital. We distinguish general knowledge from the more specific technologies applied in goods and services production, and treat them differently in the growth accounting framework. In addition, we derive a general formula to measure the newly created knowledge increments that depend not only on R&D expenditures but also on the existing general knowledge stock and knowledge productivity. We illustrate our new methodology for the treatment of R&D using U.S. manufacturing data for the last half century.
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Putchinski, Laurence. "UNION IMPACT ON POLICE EXPENDITURES IN FLORIDA". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3962.
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The continued steady growth of public sector unions compels public administrators to understand the influence labor organizations exert upon local governments. The following study demonstrates the extent of union influence upon police expenditures in Florida. Union influence not only increases total police expenditures and personal services expenditures, it also causes operating expenses to rise. Union influence is less pronounced, and possibly even non-existent in capital outlays expenditures because of possible lack of interest on the part of the union in this area and also because of the existence of economically predetermined policies regarding capital outlays such as vehicle purchases. Public sector unions, by formalizing and enhancing the exit-voice phenomenon within government systems, influence the expenditures of local government. This influence manifests its presence specifically in local government expenditures. By examining the association between unionization and the level of expenditures in local government, this study attempts to illustrate the influence of unions upon local governments. Specifically, this study assesses the impact of police unionization has upon local government police department expenditures for municipalities in the state of Florida. A qualitative inquiry combines with a quantitative study to examine the extent of union influence on police expenditures in Florida.Ph.D.
Department of Public Administration
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs: Ph.D.
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Avramides, Christos A. "An economic analysis of Greek defence expenditures". Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241412.
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FORTUNATO, GRAZIELA XAVIER. "ADVERTISING EXPENDITURES OPTIMIZATION UNDER BUSINESS CYCLES UNCERTAINTY". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14262@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOEste estudo tem como objetivo principal verificar a contribuição dos dispêndios em publicidade no valor da empresa a partir de um modelo dinâmico e estocástico. O efeito dinâmico capta os impactos dos dispêndios de publicidade na geração de caixa em períodos subseqüentes. O efeito estocástico reflete a incerteza dos ciclos econômicos que influenciam a decisão de quanto gastar. Finalmente, com a otimização é possível comparar se a geração de caixa, sob esses efeitos, é de fato maior. Os resultados indicam evidências de que os dispêndios de publicidade, quando realizado de forma efetiva, contribuem para o valor da empresa. Dados de empresas norte-americanas do setor de consumo discricionário, de 1998 a 2007, foram utilizados para testar empiricamente o modelo proposto. É importante destacar a congruência entre as disciplinas de marketing e finanças, pelo caráter multidisciplinar desta pesquisa.
This study has as it principal objective to verify the contribution of advertising expenditures to firm value. To reach this goal, a dynamic and stochastic model was developed. The dynamic effect captures the advertising expenditure impact on the cash flows in subsequent periods. The stochastic effect reflects the uncertainty caused by business cycles that influence the decision as to the amount to be spent. Finally, with optimization it is possible to compare whether the cash flow generated, under these specific effects, is, in fact, higher. The results indicate evidence that advertising expenditures, when effectively spent, can contribute to firm value. Data of American companies of the consumer discretionary sector from 1998 to 2007 were employed to test empirically the proposed model. It is also important to point out the interface between marketing and finance through the multidisciplinary character of this research.
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Eichner, Matthew Jason. "Medical expenditures and major risk health insurance". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10316.
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Hadjidema, Stamatina. "Public expenditures on higher education in Greece". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35490.
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This study is concerned with a cost-benefit analysis of Higher Education in Greece. The main objective is the calculation of private and social rates of return for both males and females in five different subject groups, i.e. Economics, Law, Mathematics, Medical Sciences and Technical Sciences. The earnings data used come from the Public Sector, Public Power Corporation, Greek Banks, Institution of Social Security, National Health System and the Private Sector. The calculation of the rates of return is based on the differentials between the life-time earnings of a person who has a university degree in one of the subjects considered and a person who enters the job market just after finishing his/her secondary level education. Non-pecuniary returns have not been taken into account. The estimates of the rates of return show that males generally achieve higher returns than females. Moreover, for professions in which people can significantly extend their activities in the private sector, such as Doctors, the observed rates of return are relatively higher than for employees. The private rates of return vary from approximately 17.3% for male doctors to 7.4% for female engineers, whereas the social rates of return vary from 13.4% to 5.6% for the same professions. Thus, the social rates of return appear to be lower than the private rates of return, as has been found in most previous studies of this type. Furthermore, these results have been tested for their sensitivity to the assumptions made about the extent of activities in the private sector and the black economy. The tests carried out show that the results are rather sensitive to the assumptions, especially for occupations with extensive activities in the private sector. The implications of these results for the allocation of government spending on higher education in Greece are discussed.
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Helvey, Jearl Kenton. "Academic excellence and instructional expenditures in Texas". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5370/.
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Public school per pupil costs and demands for better performance have increased over the past several decades. While the overall per pupil expenditures have increased, the percent of the educational dollar directed toward instructional activities has remained at approximately 60%. A grass-roots movement known as the "65% Solution" caught national attention by claiming that schools are not efficiently allocating resources into areas that have the greatest link to student achievement, such as instruction. Proponents of the 65% Solution claim that per pupil expenditures can be increased by shifting funds from areas considered non-instructional to areas that directly impact student instruction, such as teachers and instructional materials. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between district Panel Recommended and Commended Performance TAKS Reading/ELA and Math results and three measurements of instructional expenditures, Instructional Staff Percent; TEA Instructional Expenditure Ratio; and the NCES Instructional Expenditure Ratio (65% Solution), in Texas public schools. Data was collected from the 2003-2004 AEIS report. Multiple regression was used to conduct the analyses. In most instances, there was little, if any, relationship between TAKS Reading/ELA and TAKS Math, and the Instructional Staff Percent (ISP), TEA Instructional Expenditure Ratio (TIER), and NCES Instructional Expenditure Ratio (NIER). However, a low to moderate relationship was discovered in the comparison of TAKS Reading/ELA, and the ISP and TIER. This result was the same for both the Panel Recommended and Commended Performance. In every instance, the ISP and TIER showed positive, statistically significant, relationships to TAKS results. The NIER, or 65% Solution, had the lowest correlation and was statistically insignificant in three out of four analyses.
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Witterblad, Mikael. "Essays on redistribution and local public expenditures". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Institutionen för nationalekonomi, Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1547.
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Ahmed, Asif. "Human Energy Expenditures and Travel Time Budgets". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14192.
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This research aims to explore the cause of stability in travel-time expenditures for an individual, which is seen to be invariant within the context of geographic location and time, and which is commonly known as the ‘travel-time budget’. The concept of biological energy expenditure on travelling is introduced in this research as a possible means to explain why travel-time expenditures have shown stability for a long time. The stochastic frontier modelling framework is used to estimate the ‘travel-energy budget’, which is seen as a controlling mechanism for travel-time expenditure. This research thus uncovers a very fundamental aspect from human physical considerations that has considerable implications in transport policy and practice. Even though understanding the similarity and variability of individual travel behaviour, particularly time use in travelling, has been considered one of the key issues in travel behaviour research for over four decades, limited availability of longitudinal data has restricted the analysis from deeper insights. Most of the past data in transport research come from self-reporting mechanisms. These self-report methods are fraught with error along with other problems. In contrast, GPS travel data has been regarded as more accurate, comprehensive, and complete in nature. This study aims to undertake a highly disaggregate analysis of travel-energy expenditures using multi-day and multi-year GPS data, which has never been studied in this way in the past. The greatest strength of this thesis clearly lies in its empirical contribution to address and explore new insights on travel behaviour and travel-time and travel-energy expenditures through the use of a novel multi-day, multi-period panel GPS data set. It contributes to the transport literature in theoretical and empirical aspects and the existence of stable travel-energy budgets. It also opens a new window of rethinking and making major changes in policy directions for transport.
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TORRINI, IRENE. "Healthcare Expenditures for the Young-Old Population". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/330206.
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In questa tesi modelliamo l'evoluzione nel ciclo di vita delle spese sanitarie individuali (HCE), espresse in funzione del processo di invecchiamento, degli shock e delle condizioni di salute e della distanza dalla morte. Tutte le analisi sono condotte utilizzando un unico dataset, che permette di analizzare diversi tipi di servizi sanitari e diversi sottocampioni di individui. La popolazione di interesse è costituita da individui di età compresa tra i 50 e i 70 anni, la finestra di età in cui si verificano i primi eventi sanitari avversi.
Nel primo capitolo, usiamo un two-way fixed effects model per esaminare l'effetto dell'età, della morbilità e della distanza al decesso (TTD) sulle spese sanitarie individuali. La stima viene effettuata includendo diversi controlli, compresi gli effetti fissi individuali e del medico di medicina generale. Indaghiamo anche in che misura le caratteristiche dei pazienti e dei medici di base contribuiscono alla variabilità complessiva delle spese tra gli individui. I nostri risultati principali mostrano che l'età, la morbilità e TTD sono tutti importanti determinanti della spesa e sono tra gli elementi che contribuiscono maggiormente alla variabilità della stessa tra gli individui. La spesa totale aumenta con l'età, e quest'ultima risulta essere correlata negativamente con il tempo alla morte, un risultato in contrasto con la “red herring” hypothesis. Tale aumento con l'età delle spese complessive è principalmente guidato dalle spese per i servizi extra-ospedalieri; al contrario, non si osserva alcuna differenza nei costi ospedalieri durante la durata l’arco di vita considerato, una volta presi in considerazione gli altri fattori. D'altra parte, le spese ospedaliere guidano principalmente i profili di morbilità e di fine vita della spesa totale. Per quanto riguarda l'analisi di eterogeneità, gli individui cronici e disabili con shock sanitari che richiedono l'ospedalizzazione sono quelli che gravano maggiormente sui costi sostenuti dal sistema sanitario italiano. Ciò suggerisce che il potenziamento degli approcci preventivi prima dell'insorgenza di tali shock è un obiettivo di policy prioritario per ridurre l'incidenza delle malattie di lunga durata ed evitare che queste si aggravino fino a trasformarsi in casi acuti che richiedono ricoveri ospedalieri.
Dati i risultati ottenuti nel primo capitolo, nel secondo usiamo un difference-in-difference event study per stimare l'impatto a breve e lungo termine dell'ospedalizzazione sulla spesa sanitaria individuale. In questo capitolo, i ricoveri ospedalieri sono analizzati come sottoinsieme misurabile di quei primi eventi sanitari avversi che gli individui di 50-70 anni sperimentano nella loro vita. I nostri risultati principali confermano l'esistenza di un effetto rilevante del primo ricovero sulla spesa e mostrano che il primo accesso è associato a sostanziali spese mediche future in tutti i contesti sanitari, e soprattutto nel settore delle cure ospedaliere acute. L'analisi delle spese ospedaliere infatti indica il verificarsi di successivi ricoveri, richiesti principalmente per complicazioni di malattie cardiovascolari e cancro. Queste patologie sono responsabili del maggiore aumento delle spese di ricovero e presentano un persistente aumento post-ricovero anche nelle spese ambulatoriali e farmaceutiche, un risultato guidato dall'alta incidenza di individui cronici e disabili all'interno del gruppo degli individui affetti da queste due condizioni. Da un punto di vista di policy, questo risultato indica la necessità di un rafforzamento dell'assistenza territoriale e di miglioramenti nella prevenzione terziaria, necessari per attenuare l'impatto delle malattie croniche e di lunga durata in corso. Da un lato, questo migliorerebbe la salute dei pazienti prevenendo complicazioni e casi acuti; dall'altro, genererebbe un risparmio significativo attraverso la riduzione di ricoveri evitabili.In this thesis, we model the life-cycle evolution of individual healthcare expenditures, expressed as a function of the aging process, health shocks and conditions, and distance to death. All the analyses are carried out by using a unique dataset, which allows us to focus on different types of healthcare services and different subsamples of individuals. The population of interest consists of individuals aged 50-70, the age window where the first adverse health events are expected to arise. In the first chapter, we use a two-way fixed effects model to examine the effect of age, morbidity, and time to death (TTD) on individual healthcare expenditures (HCE). The estimation is carried out by controlling for several confounding factors, including individual and General Practitioner (GP) fixed effects. We also investigate to what extent patients’ and GP’ characteristics contribute to the overall variability in expenditures among individuals. Our main results show that age, morbidity, and TTD are all important determinants of HCE and are among the elements that contribute most to the variability in HCE among individuals. Total HCE is increasing in age, with the latter found to be negatively correlated with the time to death, a result in contrast with the ‘red herring’ hypothesis. Such an increase with age of overall expenditures is mainly driven by expenses for out-of-hospital services; in contrast, no difference in hospital costs is observed over the considered lifespan once the other factors are taken into account. On the other hand, inpatient expenditures mainly drive the morbidity and end-of-life profiles of total HCE. Concerning heterogeneous analysis, we find that chronic and disabled individuals with health shocks requiring hospitalization are those who place the greatest burden on the costs borne by the Italian healthcare system. It suggests that the enhancement of preventive approaches before the onset of such shocks is a priority goal to reduce the incidence of long-lasting diseases and prevent them from deteriorating to the point of exacerbation in acute cases requiring hospital admissions. Given the results obtained in the first chapter, in the second one, we use a difference-in-difference event study approach to estimate the short- and long-run impact of the hospitalization on HCE, with hospital admissions analyzed here as a measurable subset of those first adverse health events individuals aged 50-70 experience in their life. Our main findings confirm the existence of a large effect of the first hospitalization on HCE and show that the first access is associated with substantial future medical expenses in all healthcare settings, accounted for the largest part by acute inpatient care. Indeed, the analysis of hospital expenditures indicates the occurrence of subsequent hospitalizations, mainly required for complications of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The latter are responsible for the highest increase in inpatient expenditures and present a persistent post-admission increase also in outpatient and pharmaceutical expenses, a result driven by the high incidence of chronic and disabled individuals within the group of those affected by these two conditions. From a policy perspective, it indicates need for a strengthening of territorial care and tertiary prevention improvements, necessary to soften the impact of ongoing illnesses with lasting effects. On the one hand, it would improve patients’ health by preventing complications and acute cases; on the other hand, it would also generate significant savings through reduced avoidable additional hospitalizations.
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Coskun, Zeynep. "Tax Expenditures In The European Union And Turkey". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611898/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the tax incentives and protection measures in the European Union and Turkey. The definition and classification of these measures in the form of tax expenditures will be stated in this study. EU&rsquos tax provisions in sources of the Acquis Communautaire will be described followed by the practice in the EU&rsquo
s major policy fields. The legal background and major policy implications of these tax policy measures in the framework of Turkey&rsquo
s tax laws will be explained followed by an evaluation of to what extent Turkey&rsquo
s tax expenditures are harmonized to the EU.
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Harris, Jeannie E. "Tax expenditures : report utilization by state policy makers /". Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-172057/.
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Lundberg, Johan. "Local government expenditures and regional growth in Sweden". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73660.
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This thesis consists of five papers, which concern expenditure decisions and economic growth within Swedish local government.Paper [1] explores the hypothesis that local fiscal shocks have short run effects on revenue and expenditure decisions made within local government. It is found that although fiscal shocks do not affect local authorities' revenue decisions, they do induce municipalities to change expenditures and financial costs along with short term loans. Local authorities are also found to respond more powerful to unfavorable fiscal shocks (deficit shocks) than to favorable fiscal shocks (surplus shocks).In Paper [2], we study the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures, in part, can be explained by regional (county) expenditures. We formulate and estimate a demand model for municipal services that is defined conditional on the county expenditures. The results imply a positive dependency between the provision of county and municipal services. Moreover, the results suggest that the hypothesis of weak separability between the provision of county and municipal services can be rejected. In addition, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.In Paper [3] the existence of spillover between Swedish municipalities in the provision of recreational and cultural services is analyzed. A representative .voter model is derived and the demand for recreational and cultural services is estimated using spatial SUR techniques. The results suggest a negative relationship between recreational and cultural expenditures provided by neighboring municipalities, which indicates that these services are substitutes.Paper [4] concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden by analyzing what factors might determine the growth rate of regional average income levels and the net migration rates. Our results suggest a negative dependence between the initial average income level and the subsequent income growth, which supports the conditional convergence hypothesis. Among other things, we also find that the initial endowments of human capital have a positive effect on subsequent net migration while the initial unemployment rate is found to have a negative impact on net migration.Paper [5] complements the analysis made in Paper [4] by studying which factors determine average income growth and net migration at the local level of government. The conditional convergence hypothesis cannot be rejected. Local government investments are found to have a positive effect on the subsequent net migration while leaving the growth in mean income unaffected. This may indicate that the net migration caused by these investments does not significantly affect the proportion of skilled and unskilled labor.Härtill 5 delarbeten.
digitalisering@umu
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Potthoff-Sewing, Christian. "Strategic R&D expenditures and free entry". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303192.
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Blair, Cody. "The Effect of Instructional Expenditures on College Readiness". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011794/.
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With limited state and local funds as well as a growing student population, how elected decision makers allocate money to impact college readiness needs to be explored. The purpose of this research study was to explore the impact of instructional expenditures on educational outcomes. This multivariate multiple regression study specifically explored the impact of instructional expenditure ratios and per pupil instructional expenditures of every public school district in Texas on student performance college readiness indicators measured by state assessments (State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness [STAAR] Mathematics and English Language Arts [ELA] test scores) and national assessments (American College Test [ACT] and Scholastic Assessment Test [SAT] scores) over a 5-year period. Fifteen different regression models were established with various significant predictors of expenditures and revenue funds. These models explained up to 46% of the variance for college readiness scores over the 5-year period.
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Schwarz, Heather Renee. "Campaign finance contributions, expenditures and finding political equality /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000605.
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Burk, David Morris. "Estimating the Effect of Disability on Medicare Expenditures". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2127.
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We consider the effect of disability status on Medicare expenditures. Disabled elderly historically have accounted for a significant portion of Medicare expenditures. Recent demographic trends exhibit a decline in the size of this population, causing some observers to predict declines in Medicare expenditures. There are, however, reasons to be suspicious of this rosy forecast. To better understand the effect of disability on Medicare expenditures, we develop and estimate a model using the generalized method of moments technique. We find that newly disabled elderly generally spend more than those who have been disabled for longer periods of time. Also, we find that increases in expenditures have risen much more quickly for those disabled Medicare beneficiaries who were at the higher ends of the expenditure distribution before the increases.
36
Chukwu, Idam Oko. "Public expenditures and crime in a free society". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1802.
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Burch, Xavier D. "Political Decisions on Police Expenditures: Examining the Potential Relationship Between Political Structure, Police Expenditures and the Volume of Crime Across US States". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7269.
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The present study was designed to examine the variations in criminal justice expenditures across states in relation to crime, measures of political party membership, and several control variables that also attempt to explain both property and violent crime. The year, 2009, was chosen for the analysis. Data in the present study were collected by Olugbenga Ajilore (2016) for the year 2009 and supplemented with other state level data. The Ajilore dataset is one of the few datasets that has reliable criminal justice expenditure data across states, which is also disaggregated by type. Criminal justice expenditure data is actually quite difficult to collect across states and is not widely available across states particularly over consecutive years/time.
The dependent variables in the current study is the crime rate, which is separated into two categories; violent and non-violent crime. Both variables are important and essential in understanding the effects of police expenditures and political influences. The independent variables are correctional direct expenditures, judicial and legal direct expenditures, police protection expenditures, state legislative composition, state control, and governor’s party. Each of these variables either measures the level of expenditures on crime control, or measures factors that may influence the level of expenditures on crime control. The control variables are imprisonment, population age, unemployment rate, poverty rate, education, and foreign born. These six control variables are utilized to accurately account for the other possible factors leading to the effect of police expenditures on crime.
An OLS regression of each criminal justice expenditure on crime was conducted in three models: expenditure/threat Hypothesis Models; expenditure/political party model, and reduced form models. Three equations were estimated for each model to help assess the effects of the independent and control variables on property and violent crime independently. The criminal justice expenditures were used in separate models due to collinearity. Models for total criminal justice expenditures were also estimated to address collinearity between individual criminal justice expenditure measures.
The study found that though Republican states increase criminal justice expenditures, this does not deter or decrease crime. The minority threat is also lightly supported in relation to politics and crime which lacks evidence to support the claim of Blalock’s minority threat hypothesis. There is an economic threat that can be seen in the reduced crime models that may indicate that there is in fact a power threat with Republican states. These findings display evidence of social control through politicians, mostly Republicans as the reduced crime models show an increase in poverty and criminal justice expenditures as crime increases. Lastly, the deterrent theory was seen to fail in this study as this research revealed that there is a positive relationship between politics and crime through criminal justice expenditures, specifically police expenditures.
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Hamid, Asma A'tiyah Haji Abdul. "An investigation of cost-containment initiatives on medicines expenditure in English hospitals using realistic evaluation framework in relation to global expenditures". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2016. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/6021/.
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This study had explored the top ten countries medicines expenditure and it was found that United Kingdom had the highest drop in spending by 2015. Preliminary investigations conducted found the reasons for this drop, focusing cost-containment initiatives on medicines expenditure practice. Further preliminary investigations also made to identify the region and participants, where and who the study should be conducted. These investigations used secondary analysis of data. Realistic evaluation framework used in this study to uncover the factors involved in the practice of cost-containment initiatives on medicines expenditure and their impact on the hospitals. The factors involved identified by what works, in what conditions, why and which outcomes. Elite interviewing conducted on chief pharmacists to identify these factors. From this study, cost-containment initiatives found to be complex with inter-related factors that could affect the savings made. In many respects, the organisations practised similar interventions nationally, regionally and locally. However, variations found in terms of setting priorities of cost-containment initiatives and measurement of cost-effectiveness. This study identified the decision-making process of chief pharmacists were mainly pragmatic that included local rationality in terms of politics in choosing which cost-containment initiative was to be prioritised and implemented. Various facilitators and barriers also found to affect the outcomes of the cost-containment initiatives. This study also acknowledged that chief pharmacists faced many pressures such as adhering to local and national polices to contribute towards cost-savings. As a result, this study had developed a model for cost-containment initiatives of medicines expenditure. The model summarised the context-mechanism-outcome configurations of the factors involved in the practice of cost-containment initiatives on medicines expenditure in the hospitals and their impact from the chief pharmacists’ point of view. It could become a feasible guideline for pharmacists in conducting, standardising the evaluation and implementation of cost-containment initiative. It would be useful as easy reference for future research.
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Kweka, Josaphat Paul. "Essays on the public sector, tourism and economic growth in Tanzania". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251731.
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Kim, Jin Myung Miller Douglas. "The fiscal responsiveness to economic fluctuations". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6860.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 23, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Douglas J. Miller. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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SIMON, Laure. "Essays in macroeconomics". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/67360.
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Defence date: 10 June 2020 (Online)Examining Board: Prof. Evi Pappa (EUI and University Carlos III of Madrid, Supervisor); Prof. Axelle Ferrière (Paris School of Economics); Prof. Jean Imbs (NYU Abu Dhabi and Paris School of Economics); Prof. Morten Ravn (University College London)
The first chapter uncovers a key interaction between government spending, demographics and productivity. I document that age is a key driver of consumption adjustment to government spending shocks, with significantly larger responses among young people, regardless of financial constraints. Further evidence reveals that productivity, wages and hours worked increase relatively more among young workers. I rationalize these findings with a life-cycle model where I introduce learning-bydoing. Young workers accumulate skills on-the-job at a fast rate, while the productivity of the prime-age remains stable. Then, by raising hours worked, a fiscal expansion can generate higher wage increases for young individuals, thus stimulating their consumption. The second chapter analyzes the heterogeneous effects of government spending shocks from a gender perspective. Men typically bear the brunt of recessions due to stronger cyclicality of their employment and wages relative to women's. We study the extent to which fiscal policy may offset or worsen these asymmetric effects across genders. We find that men are hurt or benefit less than women from increases in major government spending components. This result is largely driven by negative spillovers for men working in the private sector. Furthermore, fiscal expansions cannot reconcile both policy goals: offsetting inequitable business cycle effects and closing gender gaps. The third chapter uncovers the crucial role of the horizon in shaping the macroeconomic effects of news shocks, using a novel dataset on worldwide giant mineral discoveries. The median delay between the discovery of a mineral and its exploitation is about twice the delay reported for other commodity-discovery data considered in the literature so far, which allows to study longer-run news events. We find that macroeconomic responses to long-run discoveries are delayed. A news effect appears only two or three years before production starts, underlining an existing, but myopic, e ect of these discoveries on macroeconomic expectations.
-- 1. Fiscal stimulus and skill accumulation over the life cycle -- 2. From he-cession to she-stimulus? : the impact of fiscal policy on gender gaps -- 3. Short- and long-run news : evidence from giant mineral discoveries
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Lomas, Lisa Kapin. "The effects of local government expenditures on property values". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24402.
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This thesis examines the property value impacts of neighbourhood improvements to infrastructure provided by local government. The direct and indirect effects of a revitalization effort are studied in order to determine whether neighbourhood improvement programs generate positive spill over effects (externalities) to surrounding single family homes. These impacts are examined for a number of reasons: (a) property value determination studies have thus far omitted a treatment of detailed neighbourhood infrastructure variables; (b) the literature discussing externalities created by government intervention has either focussed primarily on the negative effects created by federal intervention, been theoretical in nature, or has been empirically inconclusive or contradictory; (c) the implementation of a neighbourhood improvement program in Canada was conceived of as a policy which would protect the investment of housing rehabilitation projects and has thus been expected to create positive neighbourhood effects.
The empirical analysis performed in this study examines neighbourhood improvements in general and a neighbourhood improvement program in particular. The Canadian Neighbourhood Improvement Program (NIP) is empirically analyzed using multiple regression analysis. An analysis of covariance technique allows us to test whether neighbourhood improvements have a greater impact on housing values if they were provided in NIP designated areas or in NIP years.
The empirical results of this study indicate that there are
very few externalities created by the NIP program. In some cases, improvements were found to have a negative impact on single family house prices indicating that some improvements generate a negative effect. In addition, living adjacent to a NIP designated area was found to negatively affect single family house prices in one of the study years. These findings imply that a justification for similar improvement efforts need to be based on something other than property value increases. Policy analysts should consider other economic and non-economic justifications for such efforts before embarking on similar programs.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
43
Sigman, James Kelly. "Georgia's virtual school baseline data on revenues and expenditures /". Click here to access dissertation, 2007. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2007/james_k_sigman/sigman_james_k_200705_edd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007."A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Under the direction of Walter S. Polka. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-114) and appendices.
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Tridimas, George. "Structure, policy and effects of public expenditures in Greece". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314939.
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Saadi, Issedeeq Othman. "The value relevance of capital expenditures in the UK". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425442.
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VAZ, BRUNO LYONS OTTONI. "EFFECT OF THE BOLSA ESCOLA PROGRAM ON HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8867@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREsse artigo realiza um estudo dos efeitos do Programa Bolsa Escola Federal sobre as despesas das famílias. A base de dados utilizada foi a Pesquisa dos Orçamentos Familiares (POF), que por tratar de forma detalhada das despesas das famílias e por fornecer o valor recebido pelas famílias do Programa Bolsa Escola Federal, propicia uma excelente oportunidade de responder a questão referente ao destino do dinheiro recebido do programa. O principal resultado é que famílias que recebem a bolsa do Programa Bolsa Escola tendem a gastar mais em alimentos e não reduzem seus gastos em educação.
This article studies the effects of the Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, the Bolsa Escola Federal, on household expenditures. The dataset used was a survey of household budgets (Pesquisa dos Orçamentos Familiares), which, in providing detailed information regarding family expenditures and the value households received through the Bolsa Escola Federal Program, offers an excellent opportunity to answer the question concerning the destination of the money received through the program. The main result of the article is that households receiving the grant from the program tend to spend more on food and do not reduce their expenditures on education.
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Daněk, Tomáš. "Analysis of Relationship between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth". Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205719.
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The dissertation thesis deals with the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth. The data sample contains European countries and there are three growth models used in the thesis (the Feder-Ram model, the Augmented Solow-Swan model and the Barro model). Two hypothesis and one research question are set in the dissertation. The first hypothesis says that there is a relationship between military expenditures and economic growth. Consequently, the second hypothesis says that the relationship is positive in case of relatively richer countries and negative for relatively poorer countries. Turning to research question, it asks which model better describes the relationship (if it exists) between military expenditures and economic growth.
48
Wang, Ying. "Analysis of Chinese Tourist Arrivals and Expenditures in Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367749.
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Inbound tourism demand has been a significant contributor to Australia’s national economy. Subsequently, sustaining this industry is critically important. In the past decade, China has emerged as one of the most significant tourist source countries for Australia. Focused on Chinese holiday travellers to Australia, this study examined the demand in this market, both in terms of tourist arrivals and expenditures. Secondary data on historical holiday arrivals from China to Australia was obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and a univariate time series analysis was performed. A comprehensive comparison of the forecasting performance of various forecasting models found that the Winters’ multiplicative exponential technique is the most suitable forecasting method to project future demand for the Chinese holiday market to Australia. The five-year forecasts show that this market will continue to grow in the mid-term future, however, at a decelerating pace and with a clear seasonal pattern.
A questionnaire survey gathered data from 380 Chinese holiday travellers regarding their expenditures and experiences in Australia. On top of the pre-paid package price, Chinese holiday travellers spent considerable amounts of money during the trip, and their expenses have largely flowed into the sectors of duty free shops, restaurants, casinos and night entertainment places. Shopping expenditure was identified as the largest component of Chinese holiday travellers’ expenditure in Australia. Chinese travellers’ total and disaggregated expenditures on various categories of goods and services in Australia were determined by different sets of economic, social demographic and psychological characteristics, which can be used to profile high yield segments in this market. With respect to travellers’ total expenditure, a number of variables were found to differentiate high spending travellers from low spending travellers, including income, age, place of residence, travel party size, length of stay, and visitation to destination(s) other than Australia.
Several issues were identified in relation to Chinese travellers’ perception of, and satisfaction with Australia as a tourist destination. Destination attributes related to shopping, accessibility, entertainment/nightlife, museums/art galleries and language were areas where Australia underperformed on perception. In addition, “food”, “shopping” and “tour itinerary” were identified as sources of dissatisfaction. There were also gaps between travellers’ pre- and post-trip perceptions of Australia in various destination attributes. These need to be dealt with immediately to avoid an adverse impact on the future demand in this market.
The time series analysis of tourist arrivals and cross-sectional examination of expenditure together provided a comprehensive investigation into the holiday travel demand from China to Australia, resulting in a number of practical implications for Australia in relation to destination planning, management and marketing. A number of directions for future research were suggested, such as examining the role of psychological characteristics in determining travel expenditure, further testing the relationship between expenditure and satisfaction, and using other forecasting techniques.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hospitality, Sports and Leisure
Griffith Business School
Full Text
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Spinner, Kevin Francis. "Virginia's Response to the Great Depression: Revenues and Expenditures". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297784.
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During the Great Depression, states were forced to decide how to approach taxation and spending issues. Deficit spending was a relatively new theory at the time so many states took a very conservative approach. Virginia, even as a heavily Democratic southern state, was one of the states that was very conservative and disagreed with President Roosevelt’s New Deal. Virginian officials believed their highest priority was avoiding a deficit, followed by helping the people. This paper shows how the state governments chose to tax and spend with a comparison to comparable states. After completing a narrative of the political landscape, a regression analysis was completed to analyze independent variables and their relationship to per capita state tax revenue. Positive correlations indicated per capita state tax revenue increased as the independent variable increased. This analysis is very important to governments even today to develop public policies to help state revenues during a depression.
50
Jaikampan, Kraiwuth. "The Interactive Effects of Tax and Expenditure Limitations Stringency with Revenue Diversity and the Council-manager Form of Government on Municipal Expenditures". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699979/.
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This dissertation examines the effects of tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) stringency and its interaction with revenue diversity and the council-manager form of government on municipal general fund expenditure. TELs are explicit rules that states impose to reduce local government spending. TELs stringency varies from state to state, leading to difficulties in assessing their impact across the nation. This dissertation proposes a new means for measuring the stringency of TELs imposed on local governments. Factor analysis is utilized, and then factor scores are calculated to identify degrees of TELs stringency. This study contends that higher levels of TELs stringency are associated with lower local government spending. However, the effectiveness of TELs is dependent on revenue diversity and the form of government. This study suggests that both revenue diversity and the council-manager form of government mitigate the impacts of TELs stringency on local government spending. Panel data from 2007 to 2011 from 1,508 municipalities are utilized. This study finds that higher levels of TELs stringency are associated with lower levels of municipal general fund expenditures per capita. However, TELs stringency is effective only when revenue diversity is low and when cities have a form of government other than council-manager. These results are generally consistent with the theory presented in this dissertation.