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Zhao, Weixiang y Yankun Xu. "Public Expenditure and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2022): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095755.
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Whilst effective public expenditure policies are essential for transforming the traditional factor-driven economy into a green and innovation-driven economy, the impacts of public expenditure’s size and composition on green economic development have not been comprehensively investigated. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018, we first measure green total factor productivity (GTFP), the proxy variable for green development, and briefly analyze its spatial-temporal trends. Then, using the dynamic panel models, dynamic panel mediation models, and dynamic panel threshold models, we evaluate how public expenditure affects GTFP. The main findings are fourfold: (1) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the expenditure size and GTFP. (2) The expansion of social expenditures and science and technology (S&T) and environmental protection expenditures play an important role in stimulating green growth, while economic expenditures and administrative expenditures have adverse effects. (3) Public expenditure mainly promotes green development through four channels: human capital accumulation, technological innovation, environmental quality improvement, and labor productivity increase. (4) The expenditure composition influences the turning point of the inverted U-shaped relationship. Based on these findings, we propose some targeted policy suggestions to promote green development.
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Helpap, David. "Providing Public Goods in Rural America: The Role of the Professional Public Administrator". Public Administration Quarterly 46, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37808/paq.46.2.2.
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Rural local governments, similar to their larger and more urban counterparts, provide many of the public services their citizens encounter on a daily basis. As would be expected, most dedicate the majority of their expenditures to services such as road maintenance, fire protection, and a handful of administrative functions. Some, however, devote significant resources to a more robust collection that includes parks, cultural institutions, and public health programs, for example. Using data from rural governments in Wisconsin, this research examines public expenditures, with an emphasis on the role of the professional administrator and the degree to which the position is correlated with expenditures on public goods. While existing scholarship has examined overall expenditures, this research provides a more nuanced focus on nine specific expenditure categories. Results indicate that population, partisanship, county-level expenditures, and fiscal capacity are related to various expenditure categories, but the effect of the professional administrator is much more limited.
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Jaelani, Aan. "PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA:". HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 15, n.º 2 (25 de diciembre de 2018): 189–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v15i2.527.189-224.
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This paper discusses the management of public expenditures in Indonesia in State Budget 2017. The data collected from fiscal policy documents, especially about government spending plans in 2017, and then be reviewed by policy analysis, the theory of public expenditures, and the theory of public goods, and compared with the theory of public expenditure in Islamic economics. Public expenditure management in Indonesia has implemented a distribution system that divided public expenditure for central government expenditures, transfers to the regions, and the village fund. In terms of fiscal policy, public expenditure priorities to support the achievement of sustainable economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and the reduction of gaps in the welfare of the whole community. In Islamic economics, public expenditure is used to meet the needs of the community based on the principles of general interest derived from the sharia. Public expenditure on Indonesia’s government as an effective tool to divert economic resources and increase the income of society as a whole, and focused on the embodiment of the people’s welfare.
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Wilkinson, Margaret. "Tax Expenditure and Public Expenditure in the UK". Journal of Social Policy 15, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400023096.
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ABSTRACT‘Tax expenditures’ are public revenue losses which result from special allowances and reliefs given to various categories of taxpayer for reasons of economic and social policy. In 1983/4 tax expenditures in the personal income tax system cost nearly £11 billion which was equal to 35 per cent of revenue from personal income tax or 9 per cent of total public expenditure. This paper assesses their significance in the context of public expenditure and tax policy. It identifies those allowances and reliefs in the personal income tax system which may be regarded as tax expenditures, evaluates them and compares their cost with direct expenditures in similar areas. Many tax expenditures are inequitable and inefficient; and they are difficult for governments to control. If they were reduced some public expenditures could be protected from cuts, or the general burden of income tax could be reduced.
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MALYNIAK, Bohdan. "THE FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS OF A COUNTRY". WORLD OF FINANCE, n.º 2(67) (2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2021.02.035.
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Introduction. The functions of public expenditures reveal their intended purpose in the regulation of various processes and explain their role in the attainment of specific goals. Scientific literature provides extensive insights into definitions of budget functions in market democracies, but the functional purpose of public expenditures is covered only fragmentarily. The purpose of the article is to present a scientific substantiation for the system of public expenditure functions in the market democracies. Results. Based on the analysis of public expenditure functions, we believe that it would be feasible to substantiate the functions separately for each of the two main spheres directly affected by public expenditures, namely public management and the economic and social system of the country. In the public management sphere, public expenditures perform the functions of control and planning (programming). The essence of the planning function consists in using public expenditures to create conditions and provide necessary incentives for rational performance-based planning of the activities carried out by public authorities, as well as for attainment of target performance indicators by applying the results-oriented budgeting method. The function of control is preconditioned by the specifics of public management system functioning in a democratic society, which consists in assuring that the society has control over activities of public authorities. The influence of public expenditures on the national economy and its social system occurs through functions of allocation, redistribution and stimulation. The function of allocation consists in providing the population with goods and services that cannot be supplied by the market economy in sufficient volumes. The essence of the redistribution function consists in using public expenditures with the aim of decreasing income inequality among members of the society, regional development of territories or solving other tasks. The public expenditure function of stimulation aims to stimulate certain directions of economic activity by means of changing the volumes, components or structure of public expenditures through different mechanisms of their realization. Conclusions. In result of performing a theoretical study of the functional purpose of the budget in a market economy and a critical analysis of scientific postulates allow us to substantiate the feasibility of identifying the following functions of public expenditures: planning (programming), control, allocation, redistribution, and stimula tion.
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del Granado, F. Javier Arze, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez y Robert M. McNab. "Decentralized Governance, Expenditure Composition, and Preferences for Public Goods". Public Finance Review 46, n.º 3 (22 de marzo de 2016): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116639127.
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The literature on decentralization has long asserted that decentralized governance increases public sector allocative efficiency. We offer an indirect test of this hypothesis by examining how decentralized governance affects revealed preferences for public goods. Specifically, we examine the relationship between expenditure decentralization and the functional composition of public expenditures. We hypothesize that higher levels of expenditure decentralization induce agents to demand increased production of publicly provided private goods. We test this hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data set of forty-two developed and developing countries over twenty-two years. Using system Generalized Methods of Moments and Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimators, we find that expenditure decentralization positively, significantly, and robustly influences the share of education expenditures in consolidated government budgets. We also find evidence to suggest that expenditure decentralization positively influences the share of health expenditures in consolidated government budgets. Decentralized governance appears to alter the composition of public expenditures toward publicly provided private goods.
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Sululing, Siswadi, Haliah Haliah y Andi Kusumawati. "ACCOUNTING TREATMENT IN THE VILLAGE PUBLIC SECTOR: UNEXPECTED EXPENDITURES". International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 6, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i1.4568.
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The current condition during the COVID-19 pandemic forces the Village Government to provide spending using unexpected expenditures in the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget, which in normal conditions is rarely done. This study discusses the accounting treatment of unexpected expenditures conducted by the Village Government, which includes recognition, measurement, and presentation in financial statements. In this study, the researchers analyzed secondary data, namely the 2021 Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget Report using qualitative descriptive analysis to find out how the accounting treatment of unexpected expenditures was applied by the Village Government. The results of this study can be used as a reference by local governments in treating unexpected expenditures that have been realized during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: accounting treatment, village public sector.
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Ngalawa, Harold. "Southern African customs union revenue, public expenditures and HIV/AIDS in BLNS countries". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, n.º 2 (6 de marzo de 2014): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i2.567.
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This study investigates how revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) common revenue pool affects efforts to contain HIV/AIDS in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS countries). Using a dataset for the BLNS countries covering the period 1990-2007 in annual frequency and a health production function, the study estimates a dynamic panel using the Arellano-Bond (1991) difference Generalised Method of Moments. The study results show that an increase in either SACU revenue or aggregate government expenditure increases HIV prevalence rates. Disaggregating the government expenditures into health and non-health outlays reveals that the health expenditure component decreases HIV prevalence rates. To be precise, the study finds that HIV prevalence rates decline when public health expenditures as a percentage of GDP and public health expenditures as a percentage of total government expenditures increase. It is argued, therefore, that the type of public expenditure is of consequence: public health expenditures decrease, while public non-health expenditures increase the HIV prevalence rates, with the ultimate direction of HIV prevalence rates determined by the dominant of the two effects.
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Sousa, Kleber Morais de y Paulo Aguiar do Monte. "Public expenditure composition and fiscal decentralization in Brazilian local governments: an analysis through unconditional quantile regression with longitudinal data". Revista de Administração Pública 55, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2021): 1333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200864.
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Abstract This paper investigates the effect of increasing fiscal decentralization on the composition of public expenditures of Brazilian local governments. The research is innovative, demonstrating that the heterogeneity of expenditure scale influences the correlation between fiscal decentralization and public expenditure of local governments. The sample consisted of unbalanced panel data of 5,565 municipalities for 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The analysis used unconditional quantile regression with panel data. The main findings were: (i) fiscal decentralization affects public expenditure in Brazilian local governments. However, this effect depends on local expenditure scale and fiscal decentralization strategy. For example, the median coefficient was negative in personnel expenditures, and the effect was positive for the third quartile of local governments, when fiscal decentralization was measured by the tax revenue over total revenue. On the other hand, the effects were also positive for median and third quartile regarding intergovernmental transfers per capita like proxy of fiscal decentralization; (ii) the measures (proxies) of fiscal decentralization are correlated with the composition of public expenditure; (iii) in median terms, fiscal decentralization has greater effects on investment expenditures than on current and personnel expenditures; and (iv) in median terms, the tax revenue participation promotes an increase in administrative and planning expenditures instead of expenditures in social functions. Fiscal decentralization measured by intergovernmental transfer per capita has more positive effects on social functions than on legislative and administrative functions.
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Eilbert, Kay W., Mike Barry, Ron Bialek, Marc Garufi, Debbie Maiese, Kristine Gebbie y C. Earl Fox. "Public Health Expenditures". Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 3, n.º 3 (mayo de 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00124784-199705000-00005.
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Duraku, Azem. "Public Expenditures Through Public Procurement". European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 2, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejef.v2i2.p40-49.
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Treaty of Rome of 1957 and following treaties on amending the Treaty of Rome contain a number of basic principles on which the EU is founded. Among these principles, the most important ones related to the public procurement are: prevention of discrimination based on nationality, free movement of goods; right and freedom of establishment of a business; the right to provide services. Spending of public money in Kosovo pursuant to the Law on Procurement is found on the following principles: economization and efficiency; equal treatment and non-discrimination; transparency; value for money. The average of open procedure application in EU countries is 73% based on notices, whereas in Kosovo is 82.80% based on notices. In the end of 2014, Kosovo commenced the development of electronic procurement platform. This project takes place within the Public Sector Modernization Project. The importance of the electronic procurement is stated in the statement of European Commission: “Modernization and opening of procurement markets across borders – including through the electronic procurement expansion – are crucial for the competition in Europe and creating new opportunities for businesses in EU”. A good procurement system in Kosovo will have an impact on elimination of negative phenomena (corruption and bad management) in the management of public expenditures from spending agencies, as well as an impact on increase of budget saving. Key words: public expenditures, value for money, bad management, procurement, electronic procurement.
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Duraku, Azem. "Public Expenditures Through Public Procurement". European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 3, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejef.v3i1.p40-49.
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Treaty of Rome of 1957 and following treaties on amending the Treaty of Rome contain a number of basic principles on which the EU is founded. Among these principles, the most important ones related to the public procurement are: prevention of discrimination based on nationality, free movement of goods; right and freedom of establishment of a business; the right to provide services. Spending of public money in Kosovo pursuant to the Law on Procurement is found on the following principles: economization and efficiency; equal treatment and non-discrimination; transparency; value for money. The average of open procedure application in EU countries is 73% based on notices, whereas in Kosovo is 82.80% based on notices. In the end of 2014, Kosovo commenced the development of electronic procurement platform. This project takes place within the Public Sector Modernization Project. The importance of the electronic procurement is stated in the statement of European Commission: “Modernization and opening of procurement markets across borders – including through the electronic procurement expansion – are crucial for the competition in Europe and creating new opportunities for businesses in EU”. A good procurement system in Kosovo will have an impact on elimination of negative phenomena (corruption and bad management) in the management of public expenditures from spending agencies, as well as an impact on increase of budget saving. Key words: public expenditures, value for money, bad management, procurement, electronic procurement.
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Duraku, Azem. "Public Expenditures Through Public Procurement". European Journal of Engineering and Formal Sciences 2, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejef-2018-0010.
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Abstract Treaty of Rome of 1957 and following treaties on amending the Treaty of Rome contain a number of basic principles on which the EU is founded. Among these principles, the most important ones related to the public procurement are: prevention of discrimination based on nationality, free movement of goods; right and freedom of establishment of a business; the right to provide services. Spending of public money in Kosovo pursuant to the Law on Procurement is found on the following principles: economization and efficiency; equal treatment and non-discrimination; transparency; value for money. The average of open procedure application in EU countries is 73% based on notices, whereas in Kosovo is 82.80% based on notices. In the end of 2014, Kosovo commenced the development of electronic procurement platform. This project takes place within the Public Sector Modernization Project. The importance of the electronic procurement is stated in the statement of European Commission: “Modernization and opening of procurement markets across borders - including through the electronic procurement expansion - are crucial for the competition in Europe and creating new opportunities for businesses in EU”. A good procurement system in Kosovo will have an impact on elimination of negative phenomena (corruption and bad management) in the management of public expenditures from spending agencies, as well as an impact on increase of budget saving.
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Sheikh, Rashidul Islam. "Analysis of the Determinants of Public Education Expenditures in Bangladesh". Journal of Public Administration and Governance 9, n.º 3 (10 de septiembre de 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v9i3.15419.
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This study based on the well-known theories of public policy analysis, economics, as well as public finance through empirically exploring and examining the determinants of public expenditure on education in Bangladesh. It is postulated, for the purpose of the research that education expenditures are determined by multidimensional factors. Economic-demographic, decision-making, political, and new institutionalism theories are therefore been studied, along with the concept of education. This research identified as well as computed education expenditure by types along with levels of education as per the distribution of government budget and the education system of Bangladesh. The results disclosed that education financing policy in Bangladesh is primarily determined by the previous year’s expenditures. Indirect tax also increased the total education expenditure as percentage of GDP. This is what in line of incrementalism theory and fiscal illusion or voting bias model suggests, respectively. Furthermore, total populations and government effectiveness has the positive impact of types as well as levels of education expenditures; implying that government of Bangladesh taken under consideration only certain factors and neglects to incorporate the importance of economic, governance and educational determinants while allocating education expenditures.
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Halásková, Martina y Renata Halásková. "Assessment of Financial Capabilities of Local Governments in EU Countries for the Development of Local Public Services". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 14, n.º 3 (31 de julio de 2016): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/14.3.379-397(2016).
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Local financing in advanced countries enables local governments to assess real local priorities as well as limitations. The present paper deals with financial capabilities of local governments for the development of public services, local government expenditure and fiscal expenditure decentralization in the EU28. By use of cluster analysis, local public expenditures are assessed by selected COFOG functions, as % of total local government expenditures in years 2010-2013. The results proved the largest differences in the set of countries in local government expenditures on social protection and the smallest differences in local expenditures on recreation and cultures, housing and community amenities.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li y Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, n.º 2 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.1.2.102.
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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li y Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 2, n.º 1 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.2.1.102.
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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Shafique, Saima, M. Mansoor Ali, Anwar-ul Mujahid Shah y Seema Zubair. "Dynamics of Public Policy on Economic Activity: The Case of Pakistan". Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, n.º 2 (26 de diciembre de 2020): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.18.
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The unanticipated domestic and international changes in conjunction with policy discretion become reason for shocks to overall economy that affect overall economic growth. Based on methodology by Blanchard and Perotti (2002) the study used timing of fiscal decisions in a Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR) to map dynamics of shocks due to tax revenue, government expenditures and aggregate output in Pakistan. When tax decisions precede expenditure decision, the tax shocks have a volatile short run impact causing expenditures to sharply adjust. Expenditure shocks persistently increase tax revenues and government expenditures. But in the second specification, expenditure shocks reduce the tax revenue and aggregate output that reverts to equilibrium only in the long run. The response of output shocks is almost identical for both the scenarios. Therefore, growth in output increases taxes collection in Pakistan enabling better management of burden of debt and deficit.
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Quy, Nguyen Hoang. "The Role of Public Expenditures in Economic Growth at Provincial Level: Empirical Study in Vietnam". Journal of Politics and Law 10, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p88.
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The literature analyzes the relationship between public expenditures and GDP growth in localities of Vietnam. The research sample includes data on public expenditures and GDP of 63 provinces/cities of Vietnam during the period 2013 - 2015. The results of the research by backward regression method have confirmed the orthodromically directly proportional relationship between components of public expenditure, but not the total public expenditure, and GDP growth in provinces/cities of Vietnam. Specifically, public expenditure on development investment and the one on social and economic services contribute significantly and positively to the economic development of localities. On this basis, we propose some relevant recommendations to state agencies in establishing constitution for cutting down expenditures; strengthening estimate, public debt management performance; as well as measures to attract investment to contribute to fulfilling the tasks of industrialization, modernization in the era of global integration today.
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Faiz ur Rahim, Posha Gul y Madiha Asma. "Impact of Public Education Expenditures on Economic Wellbeing in Developing Economies". International Journal of Innovation in Teaching and Learning (IJITL) 6, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2020): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35993/ijitl.v6i1.874.
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Education can affect economic growth and wellbeing through different channels like by increasing the efficiency of the workforce, reducing inequality, and increasing the knowledge and the innovative capacity of an economy. The key objective of the present research is to explore the impact of public education expenditures on economic wellbeing in developing economies. The present study explored the impact of public education expenditures on economic wellbeing by using panel dataset of 21 developing economies over the period of 1980-2014. Household Final Consumption Expenditure Per Capita was used as a proxy to measure economic wellbeing. The panel estimation technique of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used for the analysis. Research findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between education expenditure and economic wellbeing. Economic wellbeing of the society was directly linked with more priority to educational expenditures in public budget. Hence, developing economies should enhance their public spending on education.
Keywords: Economics of Education, Public Education Expenditure, Economic Wellbeing, Household Final Consumption Expenditure per Capita, Developing Economies
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Ren, Weicun, Yizhen Zhao, Huiliang Zhong, Xiaoli Fu y Jian Wu. "Exploring the Optimal Allocation Decision-Making of Expenditure Budget in Hospitals Under Multi-Objective Constraints: Evidence from Urban Public Hospitals, China". SAGE Open 11, n.º 4 (octubre de 2021): 215824402110581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058191.
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Hospitals in many countries face the need for balancing different categories of expenditures to achieve multiple goals within a limited budget. This study established a two-stage fuzzy linear programming (FLP) estimation model to explore the optimal allocation decision-making of expenditure budget under the multi-objective constraints. Taking all urban public hospitals in Henan province of China as a sample, the optimal allocation decision-making of total expenditure budget was tested with the human resources expenditures (HE) as the dependent variable. And the outcome was compared with the actual expenditure data of these hospitals between 2010 and 2016. The study found that when the HE achieves the maximum and minimum feasible scale, the expenditure scales of the budget allocation categories including pharmaceutical expenditures, medical supplies expenditures, and other expenditures were all within a reasonable range. Among them, the observed promoting space for HE was 3.78 billion yuan. The results show that the FLP method can help urban public hospitals to make better total expenditure budget allocation decisions, which can maintain their reasonable expenditure structure under the hospitals’ development goals and the government’s regulatory requirements.
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Redaktionen. "Abstracts". Politica 22, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 1990): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v22i4.69224.
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Thomas M. Pallesen The Growth of Public Expenditure: Does Polilics matter?
Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen Budgetreforms and Budgetbehavior. The Manipulation of Public Servants and Politicians and the Possibility to manipulate them
Peter Munk Christiansen Public Expenditures in the 1980's: From Asymmetry to Asymmetrical Adjustment?
Finn Kenneth Hansen The Distributional Consequences of Public Expenditures
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Machidon, Ana. "Assessment of public expenditure on education and the impact of revenues: the case of Moldova". Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, n.º 37 (4 de septiembre de 2019): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2019.37.4.
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Investment in human capital is a key strategic concept for the economy and for future development of a country. Therefore, public expenditure on education determines a major point in countries like Moldova, where the education is financed from public funds predominantly. Theories show that the link between expenditures and revenues is inevitable in most of the cases. This study attempts to approach two angles of spending in education: the first is to study and analyse public expenditures in education and in what budget proportions they are spent, and the second is to find out whether there exists a relationship between expenditures in education and government revenues; if yes, to what extent the revenues would have an impact on the expenditures in education. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was used in order to find the impact of revenues on expenditures in education. The model was tested for stability, heteroskedasticity, correlation, and normality. The results of the study show that the expenditures on education in the Republic of Moldova lack stability in relation to the economy and that the significant impact from government revenues determines the expenditures in the short and long run. The research is a contribution to the enhancement of public expenditure policy in education taking into consideration the limits imposed from the revenues side, and it may guide governments for better decision-making policies.
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Fattahi, Maryam. "The Role of Urbanization Rate in the Relationship between Air Pollution and Health Expenditures: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 53 (junio de 2015): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.53.68.
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One of the available challenges in areas of health economics is identification of the effective factors on health expenditures. Air pollution plays important role in the public and private health expenditure but most studies have ignored the role of this category in explanation of health expenditures. On the other hand, the impact of air pollution on health expenditures is influenced by several factors. This study intends to investigate the effect of air pollution on public and private health expenditures and to identify the urbanization rate factor affecting the relationship between air pollution and public and private health expenditures. Scope of the present study is developing countries over period of 1995-2011. We used a dynamic panel and Generalized Method of Moments method. The empirical results indicate that air pollution has positive and significant effect on public and private health expenditures. Also, the results imply that urbanization rate affecting the relationship between air pollution and health expenditures that urbanization rate plays a reinforcing role.
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Neely, Stephen R. y Jeffrey Diebold. "Public expenditures and the production of education". education policy analysis archives 24 (15 de agosto de 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2441.
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The relationship between public education expenditures and student outcomes remains an important concern for policy analysts, educational administrators, and the public at large. While previous studies have failed to identify a consistent relationship between public investments in education and positive student outcomes, most analyses have not accounted for the different educational goals associated with various instructional expenditure categories. This study builds on prior research by using Pennsylvania’s public school districts to test proposed improvements in model specification for the traditional education production function. Using longitudinal, fixed-effects models, a detailed disaggregation of instructional expenditures is undertaken in order to account for the likelihood that different instructional subcategories (i.e. regular programming, special education, and vocational instruction) influence student outcomes in varying ways. The results suggest that the impact of expenditures may be understated in previous studies based on a failure to account for these distinctions, particularly in the case of Mathematics education.
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Success Ikechi, Kanu, Obi Henry Kenedunium y Akuwudike Hilary Chinedum. "Impact of Public Sector Financial Management on the Economic Growth of Nigeria". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, n.º 4 (2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.74.1006.
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The main thrust of this study is to investigate the seeming mismatch between resource generation, resource allocation and expenditure management in Nigeria. While an ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation; descriptive statistics as well as a least square regression analysis were carried out on a time-series data to ascertain relationships. Real Gross Domestic Product taken as a proxy for economic growth is the dependent variable while capital and recurrent expenditures are the independent variables. Outcome of the study indicates that, the nation’s financing option is skewed towards payment of salaries and personnel emoluments (Recurrent Expenditures) as against the provision of basic infrastructures (Capital Expenditures) that are growth oriented. The trend of disbursements is not appropriately harnessed to create a favorable and positive impact on economic growth. In the short run, the disaggregated components of capital expenditure (CAPEX) indicate that expenses incurred in administration sector and external debt service transfers attracted more than their fare share of public expenditure to the detriment of economic and social community welfare services. The disaggregated component of recurrent expenditures (RECEX) indicate that expense on economic service sector and the lagged value of RGDP taken as an explanatory variable were found to have a positive significant relationship with economic growth in the long run. It is therefore recommended that conscious efforts be made by government to scrutinize and monitor budget implementations. Macroeconomic projections should guide the overall level of expenditures. This should be more realistic, internally consistent and based on more accurate and timely information. Government must embark on a careful estimation and determination of priorities and to emphasize the need for control over revenue and expenditure so as to enhance critical areas of economic growth in Nigeria.
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Yang, Gangqiang, Hong Chen y Xia Meng. "Regional Competition, Labor Force Mobility, and the Fiscal Behaviour of Local Governments in China". Sustainability 11, n.º 6 (24 de marzo de 2019): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061776.
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At present, China is in a critical period of transition from labor-intensive industries to capital- and technology-intensive industries. Accordingly, the increasing labor force mobility among Chinese cities has promoted competition over production factors among regions, having a significant impact on local governments’ fiscal expenditure structure. A theoretical analysis shows that the competition of livelihood public good expenditures is playing an increasingly important role in the factor flow competition. Different labor forces’ demand for different public goods and local governments’ demand for different labor forces affect the structural preference of local government fiscal expenditures. Based on panel data on Chinese prefecture-level cities in 2010–2016, this paper empirically tests the impact of different labor mobilities on the structure of local government fiscal expenditures, finding that current decision making on labor mobility is increasingly sensitive to the supply of livelihood public goods, and strengthening labor mobility has reversed the expenditure bias historically caused by the government’s simple capital competition. After dividing the mobile labor force based on whether the labor is settled in the current year, the two labor force types’ demand for different livelihood public goods was found to be different. To attract different labor inflows, local governments should promote an increase in relevant livelihood public good expenditures, showing a strategic fiscal expenditure structural bias. Specifically, with increasing new added general labor mobility, local goverments will increase the proportion of fiscal expenditures on education and medical care, combined with the increase of newly added registered labor mobility, which will correspondingly increase the proportion of environmental protection expenditures.
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Kosobud, Richard. "FORECASTING PUBLIC EDUCATION EXPENDITURES". Papers in Regional Science 11, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2005): 253–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1963.tb01901.x.
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Kelly, Trish. "Public expenditures and growth". Journal of Development Studies 34, n.º 1 (octubre de 1997): 60–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389708422503.
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Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Abolghasem Pourreza y Faramarz Shaahmadi. "Democracy, political freedom and health expenditures: evidence from Eastern Mediterranean countries". International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 8, n.º 3 (21 de septiembre de 2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-01-2015-0001.
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Purpose – Health can be influenced by many factors. One of the factors is the political context of the country and democracy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of freedom in press and polity index in overall, public, private and out of pocket health expenditures. Design/methodology/approach – A long-term panel data approach has been used to examine the relationship between democracy and health expenditures. The authors inserted polity and freedom into press indexes in the health expenditure model. Findings – Increase in freedom of the press and democracy will increase the overall, public and private health expenditures while they decrease out of pocket health expenditures. Originality/value – Polity and freedom index has a significant impact on all the health expenditure models.
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Dzomira, Shewangu. "Financial accountability & governance in an emerging country". Corporate Ownership and Control 14, n.º 3 (2017): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i3c1art6.
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In the public sector the agents have the responsibility of being accountable to the exploitation of the resources towards service delivery. The public sector expenditure has been characterised with wasteful and fruitless, irregular and unauthorised expenditures. Therefore governance embraces the engagements set to certify that the anticipated upshots for stakeholders (citizens) are limpid and realized. This study is grounded on agency theory as it seeks out to analyse public expenditure and governance in South Africa’s public sector. The research study followed a qualitative research approach based on an interpretative philosophy which examined meaningful and symbolic content of qualitative data from 24 General Reports on The Provincial Audit Outcomes for the three periods (2012-2013; 2013-2014 and 2014-2015). The research results propose that public sector financial governance in South Africa is pitiable as the public agencies perpetrate an act of financial misdemeanour as they continue to errantly make irregular expenditures, unauthorised expenditures and, fruitless and wasteful expenditures. Public finance management reform is a necessity as it can aid governments move to single accounting systems across the public sector, permitting centralised planning and budgeting, as well as the capacity to observe the expenditure of funds centrally. It is recommended that governments should implement integrated financial management systems which allows for integrated budgeting, financial management, procurement and supply chain management.
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Yuvaraj, Nisha y U. Arabi. "Determinants of Household Expenditure on Primary Education". Shanlax International Journal of Economics 9, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v9i3.4021.
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Government expenditures and household expenditures appear to act as complements rather than substitutes for each other: an increase in government expenditure tends to increase household expenditures and vice-versa. Public investment can provide educational facilities, quality, and other institutional measures, but only household investment will enable its utilization.
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Helpap, David J. "Assessing Public Expenditures in Small Towns". State and Local Government Review 49, n.º 2 (7 de abril de 2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x17703166.
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Large, urban governments often provide a tremendous variety of public goods, while the expenditures of small communities usually address basic needs such as fire protection and road maintenance. However, certain small local governments dedicate significant public resources to recreation, culture, and public health services, among others. This research examines the variation in services provided by these smaller, often overlooked governments. Differences are explained, at least partially, by various community characteristics, location, and capacity. For the millions of people who reside in these communities, the findings illustrate why variations exist and what, potentially, can be done to alter expenditure levels.
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Veprikova, E. B. y A. A. Novitskii. "Public Expenditure in Regions: Current State and Problems (Exemplified by Registries of Expenditure Commitments of the Regions in the Russian Far East)". Financial Journal 13, n.º 6 (2021): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-6-117-131.
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Exemplified by regions of the Russian Far East, the article presents a view on the current state and problems of managing regional public expenditures, including the focus of public expenditure on regional development. The research is based on the data from expenditure commitments registries in 2019. A major share of budget expenditures is “compulsory” (pre-determined) expenditures, which have limited flexibility and cannot be redirected to different purposes. Under these circumstances, the ability of regional governments to vary the direction of budget spending and finance self-initiated expenditure commitments—in other words, to independently manage the composition of expenditures—is kept to a minimum, which implies low autonomy in managing expenditures. Most of the Russian Far Eastern regions’ government expenditures are aimed at supporting the current volume and quality of public services. The share of developmental expenditures is higher in regions having more budget resources (Sakhalin Oblast), and significantly lower in regions of the northern Far East (Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, and Sakha Republic (Yakutia)), the latter having higher costs of supporting critical infrastructure under severe climate conditions. In the present situation, regional governments cannot be fully considered as key influencers managing the development of their territories, and only fill the role of executors and lobbying actors for acquiring financial support from the federal government. As a result, it is difficult to account for specific territorial circumstances and development potential, and the overall efficiency of government spending is decreased. In the authors’ opinion, the findings may be applicable to most regions in the Russian Federation.
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Bista, Raghu Bir y Kiran Prasad Sankhi. "Assessing Multiplier Effects of Public Expenditures on Economic Growth in Nepal: SVAR Model Analysis". Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 3, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems755.
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This paper assesses the multiplier effects of public expenditures on economic growth in Nepal, covering time series data sets of public expenditures and economic growth from 1974-75 to 2018-19 by using the SVAR model. As a result of the SVAR model, the multiplier effect of public expenditure, recurrent expenditure, and capital expenditure is positive for economic growth. In a result, the multiplier effect of recurrent expenditure is found to be more promising than capital expenditure for economic growth in the short run, but in the long run, it is lower. Similarly, the multiplier coefficient value of capital expenditure is lower in the short run. This is probably due to leakages in the economy, corruption and improper management of development funds, seasonal expenditure trends, and poor management of development projects. Therefore, the government should improve the efficiency of public expenditure and the ratio of capital expenditure and private investment to improve the higher multiplier variable in the long run.
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MARLOW, MICHAEL L. y ALDEN F. SHIERS. "Do law enforcement expenditures crowd-out public education expenditures?" Applied Economics 31, n.º 2 (febrero de 1999): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368499324480.
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Emmanuel, Umoh Alphonsus, Anochie Uzoma C y Biradawa Kayadi. "Public Expenditure and Economic Development in Nigeria". Middle East Research Journal of Economics and Management 1, n.º 1 (25 de diciembre de 2021): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/merjem.2021.v01i01.003.
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The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of public expenditure on economic development in Nigeria. The design adopted for this study was ex-post-facto; data used for analysis were elicited from Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and Federal Ministry of Finance. To achieve this broad objective, a model was formulated based on empirical and theoretical reviews. The model used Human Development Index (HDI) as the dependent variable while public capital expenditure, public recurrent expenditure and external borrowing were the independent variables in the model. This study employed the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) Model to analyze data. The findings elicited from this study revealed that public capital expenditure, public recurrent expenditure and external borrowing all had positive and significant impact on human development index within the scope of this study. Inferential result deduced that public expenditure had positive and significant impact on economic development in Nigeria. The study recommended that urgent need to instill fiscal discipline in government expenditures by initiating far reaching effective internal control measures and more proactive economic management coordination and implementation as well as discouraging all non-productive activities and expenditures in all tiers of government forthwith. Government recurrent expenditure should be channeled to have effects on the economy, enhancing and promoting growth and development in the process. All non- productive activities and expenditure need to be reviewed forthwith while the role of government should be reappraised with more emphasis on providing the enabling policy environment for private sector initiatives.
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Halásková, Martina y Renata Halaskova. "Impacts of Decentralization on the Local Government Expenditures and Public Services in the EU Countries". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 12, n.º 3 (9 de mayo de 2014): 623–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/12.3.623-642(2014).
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Successful decentralisation joins public finances and fiscal authority with the responsibility for providing services with functions of local government. The paper deals with decentralisation of public administration in EU countries, focusing on fiscal decentralisation and local government expenditures, allocated for financing the requirements of local and regional sector. Attention is paid to theoretical aspects, reform tendencies, approaches and measuring fiscal decentralisation, but also to the role of local budgets when providing for public services. The research proper is concentrated on the extent of expenditure decentralisation in EU countries over the years 2001-2012 and on mutual relations of local government expenditures, seen as % of general government expenditures, and as % of GDP.
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Schick, Allen. "Controlling Nonconventional Expenditure: Tax Expenditures and Loans". Public Budgeting Finance 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 1986): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5850.00704.
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Kashimoto, Kanae y Motohiro Okada. "Analysing the Impacts of Financial Expenditure of Prefectures on Methods of Suicide Completion in Japan". Psychiatry International 3, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint3010001.
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Recently, several studies reported that the governmental financial expenditures play important roles in the prevention of increasing suicide mortalities; however, the specific regional policies, designed dependent on regional cultural, economic, education and welfare backgrounds, affect suicide mortality by a specific suicidal means. Therefore, the present study determined the impacts of the regional governmental expenditure of six major divisions, “public health”, “public works”, “police”, “ambulance/fire services”, “welfare” and “education” on suicide mortalities by five major suicidal means, “hanging”, “poisoning”, “charcoal burning”, “jumping” and “throwing”, across the 47 prefectures in Japan during 2009–2018 using fixed-effect analysis of hierarchal linear regression with robust standard error. The expenditures of “ambulance/fire services” and “education” indicated the negative relation to suicide mortalities by wide-spectrum suicidal means, whereas expenditures of “public works” did not affect suicide mortalities. In the education subdivisions, expenditure of “kindergarten” and “elementary school” indicated the impacts of reduction of suicide mortalities, whereas the expenditures of “special school” for individuals with disabilities unexpectedly contribute to increasing suicide mortalities by poisoning, charcoal burning and throwing of females. Regarding subdivisions of welfare, expenditure of “child welfare” and “social welfare” contributed to a reduction in suicide mortalities, but expenditure of “elderly welfare” surprisingly contributed to increasing suicide mortalities. Furthermore, expenditures of welfare subdivision abolished the negative impacts of the expenditures of educational subdivisions, kindergarten and elementary school, but the positive impact of expenditure of special school on female suicide mortalities was not affected. These results suggest that most Japanese people are struggling to care for children even in the situation of an increasing elderly population with a decreasing birthrate. Therefore, it is important to enhance the investment welfare policy for the future to improve the childcare environment. The results demonstrated by this study suggest that the scientifically evidence-based redistributions of welfare expenditure in regional government, at least partially, provide improvement of Japanese society and welfare systems, under the continuous severe Japanese social concerns associated with increasing elderly population with a decreasing birthrate.
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Schneider, Matthew T., Angela Y. Chang, Sawyer W. Crosby, Stephen Gloyd, Anton C. Harle, Stephen Lim, Rafael Lozano et al. "Trends and outcomes in primary health care expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017". BMJ Global Health 6, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): e005798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005798.
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IntroductionAs the world responds to COVID-19 and aims for the Sustainable Development Goals, the potential for primary healthcare (PHC) is substantial, although the trends and effectiveness of PHC expenditure are unknown. We estimate PHC expenditure for each low-income and middle-income country between 2000 and 2017 and test which health outputs and outcomes were associated with PHC expenditure.MethodsWe used three data sources to estimate PHC expenditures: recently published health expenditure estimates for each low-income and middle-income country, which were constructed using 1662 country-reported National Health Accounts; proprietary data from IQVIA to estimate expenditure of prescribed pharmaceuticals for PHC; and household surveys and costing estimates to estimate inpatient vaginal delivery expenditures. We employed regression analyses to measure the association between PHC expenditures and 15 health outcomes and intermediate health outputs.ResultsPHC expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries increased between 2000 and 2017, from $41 per capita (95% uncertainty interval $33–$49) to $90 ($73–$105). Expenditures for low-income countries plateaued since 2014 at $17 per capita ($15–$19). As national income increased, the proportion of health expenditures on PHC generally decrease; however, the fraction of PHC expenditures spent via ambulatory care providers grew. Increases in the fraction of health expenditures on PHC was associated with lower maternal mortality rate (p value≤0.001), improved coverage of antenatal care visits (p value≤0.001), measles vaccination (p value≤0.001) and an increase in the Health Access and Quality index (p value≤0.05). PHC expenditure was not systematically associated with all-age mortality, communicable and non-communicable disease (NCD) burden.ConclusionPHC expenditures were associated with maternal and child health but were not associated with reduction in health burden for other key causes of disability, such as NCDs. To combat changing disease burdens, policy-makers and health professionals need to adapt primary healthcare to ensure continued impact on emerging health challenges.
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Dobrolyubova, Elena I. y Alexandra N. Starostina. "Efficiency of Regional Public Expenditures on Education and Healthcare: Evaluation from Citizens’ Perspective". Financial Journal 14, n.º 4 (agosto de 2022): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2022-4-64-78.
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International comparisons demonstrate that Russia lags behind OECD countries in terms of citizen satisfaction with the quality of public services in education and healthcare. However, traditionally public perceptions of the quality of service delivery are not taken into account when evaluating public expenditures. Given the overall client centricity trend in the Russian public administration, the assessment of public expenditures on the basis of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of public services is highly relevant. The paper proposes and implements an approach to evaluating the efficiency of public expenditures on primary and secondary education and primary healthcare based on the ratio of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of public services and per capita expenditures from regional consolidated budgets. The authors demonstrate that citizens’ perceptions weakly correlate with the level and dynamics of budget expenditures on primary and secondary education and primary healthcare services. Thus, citizens’ priorities and expectations are not fully accounted for in the budgeting process. The proposed approach helped to identify Russian regions with high and low efficiency of public spending on primary and secondary education and primary healthcare. It is recommended to use this approach as a diagnostic tool for identifying regions and sectors requiring in-depth public expenditure review and to expand the proposed approach to evaluate public spending from citizens’ perspective in other areas.
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Vargas, Veronica, Christine Leopold, Marianela Castillo-Riquelme y Jonathan J. Darrow. "Expanding Coverage of Oncology Drugs in an Aging, Upper-Middle-Income Country: Analyses of Public and Private Expenditures in Chile". Journal of Global Oncology, n.º 5 (diciembre de 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00223.
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PURPOSE The population of Chile has aged, and in 2017, cancer became the leading cause of death. Since 2005, a national health program has expanded coverage of drugs for 13 types of cancer and related palliative care. We describe the trends in public and private oncology drug expenditures in Chile and consider how increasing expenditures might be addressed. METHODS We analyzed total quarterly drug expenditures for 131 oncology drugs from quarter (Q)3 2012 until Q1 2017, including public and private insurance payments and patient out-of-pocket spending. The data were analyzed by drug-mix, sources of funding, growth, and intellectual property status. The Laspeyres Price Index was used to analyze expenditure growth. RESULTS We found 131 oncology drugs associated with 87,129 observations. Spending on drugs rose 120% from the first period, spanning from the first 3 quarters (Q3, Q4, Q1 2012-2013) to the last period (Q3, Q4, Q1 2016-2017), corresponding to an annualized rate of 19.2% and totaling US$398 million (in 2017 dollars). The public sector accounted for 84.2% of spending, which included 50 drugs in the official treatment protocols, whereas private insurance accounted for 7.3% in on-protocol drugs. The remaining 8.5% was paid out of pocket. In the public sector, more than 90% of growth resulted from increased use. Seven drugs, including 3 with nonexpired patents, accounted for 50% of total expenditures. CONCLUSION Increased use and access enabled by expanded public expenditures drove most of the growth in oncology drug expenditures. However, the rate of public expenditure growth may be fiscally unsustainable. Policies are urgently needed to promote the use of generic drugs, the appropriate mix of on-protocol versus off-protocol drugs, and the curbing of off-label prescribing.
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Nicholas, Ashiabi, Nketiah-Amponsah Edward y Senadza Bernardin. "The effect of health expenditure on selected maternal and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Social Economics 43, n.º 12 (5 de diciembre de 2016): 1386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2015-0199.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of public and private health expenditures on selected maternal-child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes panel data on 40 SSA countries spanning the period 2000-2010. The data are analyzed using the fixed effects estimation technique. Findings The results indicate that public health expenditure is inversely and significantly related to infant (IMRR) and under-five (U5MR) mortalities in SSA. Though public health expenditure has the a priori negative sign, it has no significant effect on maternal mortality (MMR) in SSA. Further, private health expenditure did not prove to be significant in improving maternal-child health outcomes (IMRR, U5MR and MMR) in SSA. Practical implications The implication of the findings is that a percentage point increase in public health expenditure (as a share of GDP) across the region will result in saving the lives of about 7,040 children every year. Hence, it is important for governments in SSA to increase their shares of health expenditure (public health expenditure) in order to achieve improved health outcomes. Originality/value Previous studies have not adequately explored the effect of various components of health expenditures – public and private – on health outcomes in the context of SSA. In addition to the focus on maternal-child health variables such as infant, under-five and maternal mortalities, the study accounts for the possibility of a non-linear and non-monotonic relationship between healthcare expenditures and health outcomes.
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Horton, Raymond D. "Expenditures, Services, and Public Management". Public Administration Review 47, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1987): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976062.
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BEARSE, PETER, GERHARD GLOMM y DEBRA MOORE PATTERSON. "Endogenous Public Expenditures on Education". Journal of Public Economic Theory 7, n.º 4 (octubre de 2005): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2005.00234.x.
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Matteo, Livio Di y Rosanna Di Matteo. "Public Homecare Expenditures in Canada". Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 27, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2001): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3552472.
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Vincent, Jeffrey R., Jean Aden, Giovanna Dore, Magda Adriani, Vivianti Rambe y Thomas Walton. "PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURES IN INDONESIA". Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 38, n.º 1 (abril de 2002): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000749102753620284.
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Khan, Aman y Olga I. Murova. "Productive Efficiency of Public Expenditures". State and Local Government Review 47, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2015): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x15610385.
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Blankenau, William F. y Nicole B. Simpson. "Public education expenditures and growth". Journal of Development Economics 73, n.º 2 (abril de 2004): 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.05.004.
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