Artículos de revistas:

1

RCHME. "Excavations and Roman England". Britannia 26 (1995): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526886.

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2

King, Anthony. "Animal Remains from Temples in Roman Britain". Britannia 36 (noviembre de 2005): 329–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000005784016964.

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ABSTRACTApproximately twenty temple excavations have yielded significant assemblages of animal bones. All come from Romano-Celtic temples in southern Britain, with the exception of four shrines for eastern cults. This paper picks out major characteristics of the assemblages and draws some general conclusions about the nature of the ritual activity that led to their deposition. At temples such as Uley or Hayling, sacrifices were probably an important part of the rituals, and the animals carefully selected. At other temples, animals had a lesser role, with little evidence of selection. At healing shrines, such as Bath and Lydney, animal sacrifices are not clearly attested, and would probably have taken place away from the areas used for healing humans. In contrast to the Romano-Celtic temples, animal remains at the shrines of eastern cults have very different characteristics: individual deposits can be linked to specific rituals within the cult buildings, and have many similarities to the continental evidence

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3

Stead, I. M. "The Snettisham Treasure: excavations in 1990". Antiquity 65, n.º 248 (septiembre de 1991): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080066.

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New finds of astonishing splendour have come to light at Snettisham (Norfolk, England), a place which already holds a special, if enigmatic, place in Iron Age studies. Discoveries there first put British gold torques on the map; the magnificent great torque not only gave its name to an art-style but held a coin that helped to date it, and the very wealth of the place has provoked endless speculation.

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4

Sargent, Andrew. "The changing pattern of archaeological excavation in England; as reflected by the Excavation Index". Antiquity 67, n.º 255 (junio de 1993): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045452.

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The Excavation Index, a national index of excavations compiled by the Royal Commission, makes it possible to generate some statistics on the changing pattern of English archaeology, as reflected in the number and periods of sites dug.

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5

Needham, Stuart y Tony Spence. "Refuse and the formation of middens". Antiquity 71, n.º 271 (marzo de 1997): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084568.

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The prodigious quantities of refuse recovered from excavations at Runnymede Bridge, Berkshire, England — and at other late prehistoric British sites — highlight those archaeological entities we call ‘rubbish’ and ‘middens’. What is a ‘midden’? General thoughts on an archaeology of refuse are applied to the specific case of these 1st-millennium BC sites in southern England in an attempt to comprehend their origin and scale in terms of the period's social geography.

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6

Bendremer, Jeffrey C. M., Elizabeth A. Kellogg y Tonya Baroody Largy. "A Grass-Lined Maize Storage Pit and Early Maize Horticulture in Central Connecticut". North American Archaeologist 12, n.º 4 (abril de 1992): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1qy7-087g-cec3-yexu.

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Excavations in New England have recently unearthed evidence of maize horticulture dating to after A.D. 1000. Evidence from the Burnham-Shepard Site, a 14th century occupation in the middle Connecticut River Valley, suggests more intensive involvement with the production and storage of maize, beans and sunflower than in coastal areas of New England. Of twelve storage features identified at the Burnham-Shepard Site, four were re-used and one was a specialized, grass-lined, maize storage pit. Zea mays (Maize), Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean), Chenopodium sp. (Lamb's Quarters), and Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) were present in the pit. This feature, and similar pits identified in New York, contained a lining identified as Andropogon gerardii (Big Blue-stem). This same grass was used by eastern Plains tribes to line maize storage pits. The presence of these cultigens and the lining material suggests that not only horticulture, but a specialized storage technique were imported, probably from the west.

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7

Rees, Diane A. "The Refitting of Lithics from Unit 4C, Area Q2/D Excavations at Boxgrove, West Sussex, England". Lithic Technology 25, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2000): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2000.11720968.

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8

Wright, Duncan W. "Archaeology and the built environment of early medieval England". Antiquity 93, n.º 368 (abril de 2019): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.16.

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The bulk of people we can now be assured, were content with something that hardly deserves a better title than that of a hovel […] in such cabins, with bare head room, amid a filthy litter of broken bones, of food and shattered pottery […] lived the Anglo-Saxons (Leeds 1936: 25–26). This quote from E.T. Leeds, a pioneer of Anglo-Saxon archaeology during the first half of the twentieth century, was inspired by his excavation of settlement remains at Sutton Courtenay, then in Berkshire. Leeds's excavations were actually a breakthrough moment, resulting in the first identification of early medieval settlement structures other than those associated with ecclesiastical sites. In spite of this, the frustration and disappointment with the character and quality of the Sutton Courtenay site are all too apparent in Leeds's assessment. As an expert in Anglo-Saxon artwork, how could he reconcile the skill and craft of fine metalwork, with the ephemeral and impoverished settlement with which he was now dealing? Likewise, where were the great charismatic halls of monumental construction that populated such literary sources as Beowulf? The excavation of the graves of Sutton Hoo, two years after investigations at Sutton Courtney came to a close, served only to amplify the disparity between settlement and burial archaeology—put simply, burials were viewed as richer, grander and far more interesting.

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9

Thomas, Roger. "Drowning in data? - publication and rescue archaeology in the 1990s". Antiquity 65, n.º 249 (diciembre de 1991): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080546.

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In a characteristically stimulating recent article in ANTIQUITY, Barry Cunliffe has touched on many of the most important issues concerning the publication of ‘rescue’ excavations in Britain in the 1990s (Cunliffe 1990). The purpose of the present article is to follow up some the points which Cunliffe has raised.Publication, and the dissemination of information, is the lifeblood of any academic discipline, and questions of what is published (and of what is read!), where, how and by whom are of central importance for archaeology. Over the past two decades in Britain, and particularly in England where the volume of work has been greatest, there has been a recurrent concern with the problem of how to publish the results of ‘rescue’ archaeology. Rescue excavations can generate very large quantities of data, collected for reasons which are often largely beyond archaeological control, and the problems (both intellectual and practical) of publishing this material are considerable. In Britain the issues have been the subject of expert examination on two occasions since 1970 -the Frere (1975) and Cunliffe (1983) reports - and now in the 1990s the topic is firmly on the archaeological agenda again. This paper is intended as a contribution to the continuing debate.

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10

Hodges, Richard. "Rewriting the Rural History of Early Medieval Italy: Twenty-five Years of Medieval Archaeology Reviewed". Rural History 1, n.º 1 (abril de 1990): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003186.

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The archaeology of rural settlements is a comparatively new branch of history. Its genealogy is easy to trace. Spurred on by the growth of economic and social history in the inter-war years, Dutch archaeologists, like A.E. van Giffin, and younger Danish archaeologists, such as Gunther Hatt and Axel Steensburg, undertook large open-area excavations of North Sea Migration period settlements. Van Giffin's excavation of the terp at Ezinge during the ‘thirties is a typical example. Using open-area excavation, a controlled form of the clearance excavation being employed on the large classical sites in Mussolini's Italy, it became feasible to examine the Migration-period architecture (as an architectural historian might) and the evolution of the settlement (as a classical topographer might do it). Neither would have been possible if a site such as Ezinge had been trenched. As far as we can tell today, van Giffin et al. did not intend to rewrite history, so much as to use archaeology to confirm prevailing ethnically-oriented theses about Migration period peoples. In some ways this was also the case when W.G. Hoskins and Maurice Beresford began to undertake small excavations of deserted medieval villages in England in 1947. Both hoped that small excavation trenches might help them to date the desertion of some of these settlements. In practice, of course, what they discovered in the course of nineteen excavations merely proved to be confusing (cf. Hurst, 1971: 83). Hoskins turned to other matters, but Beresford pursued the possibilities of archaeology at Wharram Percy, a fine example of a so-called deserted medieval village.

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11

Woodward, Peter J. "Pictures of the Neolithic: discoveries from the Flagstones House excavations, Dorchester, Dorset". Antiquity 62, n.º 235 (junio de 1988): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00073993.

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The new Dorchester by-pass is being constructed (scheduled completion in autumn 1988 through a busy landscape of later prehistoric England – and one where fieldworkers have been very active recently, especially at the Maiden Castle hillfort, and in the county town itself. Survey and excavations along the by-pass route were undertaken by the author for the Trust for Wessex Archaeology. The excavation at Flagstones House, directed together with Martin Trott, identified a late Neolithic causewayed enclosure. This note concentrates on the chalk engravings from that site, which lies to the west of Max Gate, the house of Thomas Hardy. It is perhaps apposite that the Wessex novelist built his home so close to the heart of a sacred Wessex site.

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12

O'Regan, Hannah J., Keith Bland, Jane Evans, Matilda Holmes, Kirsty McLeod, Robert Philpott, Ian Smith, John Thorp y David M. Wilkinson. "Rural Life, Roman Ways? Examination of Late Iron Age to Late Romano-British Burial Practice and Mobility at Dog Hole Cave, Cumbria". Britannia 51 (29 de junio de 2020): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x20000136.

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ABSTRACTThe scarcity of Romano-British human remains from north-west England has hindered understanding of burial practice in this region. Here, we report on the excavation of human and non-human animal remains1 and material culture from Dog Hole Cave, Haverbrack. Foetal and neonatal infants had been interred alongside a horse burial and puppies, lambs, calves and piglets in the very latest Iron Age to early Romano-British period, while the mid- to late Roman period is characterised by burials of older individuals with copper-alloy jewellery and beads. This material culture is more characteristic of urban sites, while isotope analysis indicates that the later individuals were largely from the local area. We discuss these results in terms of burial ritual in Cumbria and rural acculturation. Supplementary material is available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X20000136), and contains further information about the site and excavations, small finds, zooarchaeology, human osteology, site taphonomy, the palaeoenvironment, isotope methods and analysis, and finds listed in Benson and Bland 1963.

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13

Horsman, Valerie y Brian Davison. "The New Palace Yard and Its Fountains: Excavations in the Palace of Westminster 1972-4". Antiquaries Journal 69, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1989): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500085449.

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Excavations in the New Palace Yard at the Palace of Westminster, between 1972–4, have illuminated the development of this historic site on the northern periphery of the medieval palace. The Yard was first laid out in the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century over previously marshy land at the edge of Thorney Island. In the central area of the Yard, part of the foundation of a magnificent fountain, known historically as the Great Conduit was found. Built in the mid-fifteenth century, the conduit formed a major landmark until its demolition some two hundred years later. Preserved within its foundation were the fragmentary redeposited remains of a high quality fountain of polished Purbeck marble, dated to the late twelfth century. Due to the enormous scale of the building works significant environmental evidence was recovered allowing elucidation of the topographical development of this important site, from the prehistoric period to the creation of the Yard in the late thirteenth century.This paper is published with the aid of a grant from the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England.

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14

Fulford, Michael y Neil Holbrook. "Assessing the Contribution of Commercial Archaeology to the Study of the Roman Period in England, 1990–2004". Antiquaries Journal 91 (30 de junio de 2011): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581511000138.

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AbstractThis paper identifies the ways in which the enormous upsurge in the volume of commercial archaeology in England since the introduction of PPG 16 in 1990 has affected our knowledge and understanding of Roman Britain. The difficulties in establishing a comprehensive database of interventions are discussed, but overall it is estimated that around 6,600 separate interventions sampled Roman deposits between 1990 and 2004. While many important excavations have been published in conventional formats, a considerable amount of information resides only in grey literature. Commercial work has generated major advances in our understanding of non-villa rural settlement and its associated land use, while analyses of material culture and, to a lesser extent, biological remains have considerable potential for wider synthesis and inter-site comparison. Improvements in collection methodology and reporting standards are suggested, and the need to integrate the results of commercial investigations with data derived from other sources is stressed.

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15

Fox, Harold. "Maurice Beresford, 1920–2005". Rural History 18, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2007): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793306002056.

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For his contribution to landscape history, Maurice Beresford may be compared to William Hoskins. His first book, The Lost Villages of England (1954), explored a subject which he initially chanced upon when surveying ridge and furrow in a Midland parish and found that there was a gap in the pattern somewhere near its centre. That gap, a deserted village, led him rapidly into a huge field of enquiry, embracing historical demography, social history and agrarian history, as well the history of the landscape. Many others have been drawn into this field, which was pioneered simultaneously by Hoskins, largely through the enthusiasm of Beresford's writing. It was Beresford, together with John Hurst, who initiated the long-running excavations of a deserted village at Wharram Percy, where fundamental techniques in medieval archaeology were developed and many innovative ideas emerged, on changing settlement morphology, for example, on types of peasant houses and, latterly, on peasant diet and disease. The influential group now called the Medieval Settlement Research Group was at first associated with the excavations at Wharram.

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16

Davis, Oliver y Niall Sharples. "EARLY NEOLITHIC ENCLOSURES IN WALES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE IN LIGHT OF RECENT DISCOVERIES AT CAERAU, CARDIFF". Antiquaries Journal 97 (septiembre de 2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581517000282.

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Causewayed enclosures have recently been at the forefront of debate within British and European Neolithic studies. In the British Isles as a whole, the vast majority of these monuments are located in southern England, but a few sites are now beginning to be discovered beyond this core region. The search in Wales had seen limited success, but in the 1990s a number of cropmark discoveries suggested the presence of such enclosures west of the River Severn. Nonetheless, until now only two enclosures have been confirmed as Neolithic in Wales – Banc Du (in Pembrokeshire) and Womaston (in Powys) – although neither produced more than a handful of sherds of pottery, flint or other material culture. Recent work by the authors at the Iron Age hillfort of Caerau, Cardiff, have confirmed the presence of another, large, Early Neolithic causewayed enclosure in the country. Excavations of the enclosure ditches have produced a substantial assemblage of bowl pottery, comparable with better-known enclosures in England, as well as ten radiocarbon dates. This paper provides a complete review of the evidence for Neolithic enclosures in Wales, and discusses the chronology and context of the enclosures based on the new radiocarbon dates and material assemblages recovered from Caerau.

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17

Hill, Nick. "Hall and Chambers: Oakham Castle Reconsidered". Antiquaries Journal 93 (septiembre de 2013): 163–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581513000231.

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The late twelfth-century aisled hall at Oakham Castle, Rutland, is well known as the earliest and most complete building of its type in England. This study, based on detailed fabric analysis and little-known excavations of the 1950s, puts forward a new theory for the building's development. It is proposed that the original hall had attached lean-to buildings at both gable ends, probably built of timber, housing services and other lesser rooms. Like other early halls, the principal chamber at Oakham took the form of a free-standing chamber block, some of whose features have been later incorporated in the surviving hall, including its great east window. Tree-ring dating has shown that, although the roof was rebuilt around 1737, many original timbers survive from the 1180s. A comparative study of other early halls is made, to set Oakham into its wider Anglo-Norman context.

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18

Potter, T. W. y B. Robinson. "New Roman and prehistoric aerial discoveries at Grandford, Cambridgeshire". Antiquity 74, n.º 283 (marzo de 2000): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066072.

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The Romano-British settlement at Grandford lies northwest of the town of March, in the heart of the Fens of eastern England. It straddles the ‘Fen Causeway’, a Roman road that ran west—east across the Fens, and which probably originated at the legionary vexillation fortress at Longthorpe, near Peterborough, held between c. AD 48 and 61/62. Small-scale excavations between 1958 and 1968 demonstrated occupation for much of the Roman period, down to the later 4th century, beginning at least as early as c. AD 65 (Potter & Potter 1982). It was suggested on various grounds that the settlement niay have started life as a Roman fort, constructed in the aftermath of the great rebellion of AD 60-61, led by Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni (Potter 1981: 85-7).

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19

Welshman, Rebecca. "Imagining the Ancient Britons: Victorian Adventures in Wye-Land". Victoriographies 2, n.º 1 (mayo de 2012): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2012.0058.

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Depicted in the mid to late nineteenth-century periodical press as wild, remote, and ‘intensely national’, Wales was perceived as a place of quiet mystery, geographically and socially distinct from the industrialisation of Victorian England. The borderland territory of the Wye Valley – what the Victorian journalist and historian, Barbara Hutton, called ‘Wye-Land’ – has been inhabited for over 12,000 years and preserves an ancient British identity in its rich archaeological landscapes. Developments in mid Victorian archaeology and anthropology precipitated a rise in the number of prehistoric excavations, which popularised knowledge of how ancient Britons lived and died. Drawing from articles in the late Victorian periodical press, and the activities of the Cardiff Naturalist's Society in the 1870s, which included the study of geology, botany and archaeology, this paper suggests that the observation of natural phenomena in the late nineteenth century was closely associated with the study of past human societies. I identify the changing interpretations of prehistoric sites – from early Victorian notions of barbarous druids, to more informed and sensitive appreciations of ancient British societies, whose sympathetic relation to the landscape fostered imaginative connections between late Victorians and their ancestors. This transition away from perceptions of being wholly distinct from prehistoric activity, shaped late Victorian pastoral journalism and encouraged a more integrated vision of the relationship between past and present human activity in the region.

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20

Cadogan, Gerald. "Nicolas Coldstream (1927–2008)". Annual of the British School at Athens 104 (noviembre de 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400000174.

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Nicolas Coldstream, archaeologist of Greece and the Mediterranean in the 9th and 8th centuries bc, was born in India, educated in England, and carried out the research for his first masterpiece Greek Geometric Pottery (1968) while Macmillan Student at the British School at Athens (1957–60). In 1960 he began a long career at the University of London, culminating with the Yates Chair of Classical Archaeology at University College. Renowned as a teacher, he drew many graduate students, especially from Greece and Cyprus. As a prolific scholar, he also wrote Geometric Greece (1977), many articles, several reports on excavations including The Sanctuary of Demeter at Knossos (1973), the Knossos North Cemetery (1996) with Hector Catling, and Kythera (1972) with George Huxley, as well as the revised editions of his two fundamental monographs.O Nicolas Coldstream, αρχανολόγος της Ελλάδας και της Μεσογείου του 9ου και 8ου αιώνα π.Χ., γεννήθηκε στην Ινδία, σπούδασε στην Αγγλία και πραγματοποίησε έρευνα για την πρώτη του εξαιρετική μονογραφία Greek Geometric Pottery (1968) ως Macmillan Student της Βρετανικής Σχολής Αθηνών (1957–1960). Το 1960 ξεκίνησε την πολύχρονη σταδιοδρομία του στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Λονδίνου, αποκορύφωμα της οποίας υπήρξε η εκλογή του στην έδρα Yates της Κλασικής Αρχαιολογίας στο University College. Διάσημος πανεπιστημιακός δάσκαλος, προσέλκυσε πολλούς μεταπτυχνακούς φοιτητές, ιδιαίτερα από την Ελλάδα και την Κύπρο. Επιστήμονας με μεγάλο ερευνητικό και συγγραφικό έργο, δημοσίευσε επίσης τη μονογραφία Geometrie Greece (1977), πλήθος άρθρων και αρκετές ανασκαφικές εκθέσεις μεταξύ των οποίων The Sanctuary of Demeter στην Κνωσό (1973), Knossos North Cemetery (1996) με τον Hector Catling, Kythera (1972) με τον George Huxley, καθώς επίσης και τις ανατεωρημένες εκδόσεις των δύο βασικών μονογραφιών του.

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21

Adams, R. E. W. "Nohmul: A Prehistoric Maya Community in Belize, Excavations 1973-1983. Norman Hammond. BAR International Series 250, Oxford, England, 1985. iii + 771 pp. (2 vols.), illustrations, references. £50.00 (paper)." American Antiquity 52, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281812.

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22

Dixon, Piers y John Gilbert. "Dormount Hope". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 150 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.150.1314.

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Until recently, deer hunting in medieval Scotland has been poorly researched archaeologically. In Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland Gilbert identified medieval parks at Stirling and Kincardine in Perthshire that William the Lion created, but it is only in recent years that excavations by Hall and Malloy have begun to explore their archaeology. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland recorded another type of hunting feature, a deer trap at Hermitage Castle, in 1996 and then re-recorded the earthwork at Dormount Hope in 2000, originally reported as two separate monuments. Although the earthworks of parks and traps display similarities in the construction of their earthwork boundaries, the individual sites have variations in their topography that beg questions about their function. This paper establishes that the earthwork is indeed a single monument which has an open end allowing deer to be driven into the natural canyon of Dormount Hope. It goes on to discuss its dating in both archaeological and documentary terms and then its function as either a park, trap or hay (haga OE). This last possibility is raised by its apparent mention in a Melrose Abbey charter of the neighbouring estate of Raeshaw dating to the last quarter of the 12th century, made by the lords of Hownam, a family of Anglian origin. This Anglian connection leads to its interpretation as a hay – a kind of deer hunting enclosure or trap known in many parts of England prior to the Norman Conquest, for which ‘hay’ place names, such as Hawick, in the Scottish Borders provide support.

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23

Gem, Richard. "Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England).The Cathedral of Archbishop Thomas of Bayeux: Excavations at York Minster. Vol. II. By Derek Phillips. 21·5 × 28 cm. Pp. xxii + 228, 46 figs., 150 pls. London: H.M.S.O., 1985. ISBN 0-11-700856-7. £45·00." Antiquaries Journal 66, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1986): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500028584.

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24

Blair, John. "Battle Abbey. The Eastern Range and the Excavations of 1978–80. By J. N. Hare. 30×21 cm. Pp. 208, 61 figs., 27 pls. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (Archaeological Report No. 2), 1985. ISBN 1-85074-062-3. £25.00 (p/b)." Antiquaries Journal 67, n.º 1 (marzo de 1987): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500026846.

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25

East, Katherine. "A Saxon Bed Burial on Swallowcliffe Down. Excavations by F. de M. Vatcher. By George Speake. 297 × 210mm. Pp. viii + 135, 97 figs. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (English Heritage Archaeological Report, 10), 1989. ISBN 1-85074-211-1. £18·00 (p/b)." Antiquaries Journal 70, n.º 1 (marzo de 1990): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500070578.

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26

Hodgson, Nick. "The Beautiful Rooms are Empty: Excavations at Binchester Roman Fort, County Durham 1976–1981 and 1986–1991. By I.M. Ferris . Durham County Council, Durham, 2010. 2 vols: pp. 605, illus (some colour). Price: £55.00. isbn 978 1 90744 501 9. - Vinovia: the Buried Roman City of Binchester in Northern England. By I.M. Ferris . Amberley, Stroud, 2011. Pp. 192, illus. Price: £16.99. isbn 978 1 44560 128 1." Britannia 44 (26 de febrero de 2013): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x1300007x.

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27

Wilson, David M. "Else Roesdahl 60 år". Kuml 51, n.º 51 (2 de enero de 2002): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v51i51.102990.

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Else Roesdahl reaches 60l first met Else Roesdahl in 1969, when, newly graduated, she was working as an assistant in the National Museum. This was the foundation of a friendship which spans her professional career.Else was born on Als and her sense of history and her fierce in dependence is based in the background of her family, which was deeply involved in the politics of Sønderjylland after 1864. Although she studied in Copenhagen, she returned to Jutl and with her husband, Erich Lange, in 1970, and soon became firmly established in Aarhus University.As a student (and later as a postgraduate) she took par t in P.V. Glob’s Bahrain expeditions .The three seasons she spent there deeply influenced her development as an archaeologist and scholar. The dig excited her sense of adventure and stimulated her to travel in India, Afghanistan, Iran and Egypt, developing an interest in pottery and glass originally in stilled by her father, a learned collector. At home she took part in many other excavations. She is, for example, proud of the fact that at Skuldelev she found the beautiful stem of Wreck 3.Concentrating on the Viking Age she became, through such outlets as the Viking Congress, party to an innovative critical interdisciplin ary approach to the period. Nowhere is this better expressed than in the annual and successful tværfaglige Vikingesymposium, of which she is one of the most influential organisers, or in the foundation of the Aarhus Centre for Viking and Medieval Studies. She excavated with Olaf Olsen at all the Trelleborg fortresses, and in 1970 joined him in the newly- founded department of medieval archaeology at Moesgård. Succeeding as head of department in 1981, she was promoted professor in 1996.Although engaged with the whole of the Middle Ages, her first enthusiasm was for the Viking Age. With Olaf Olsen and Holger Schmidt, she published the Fyrkat excavations in 1977, and it is a tribute to the academic integrity of both Olaf and Else that, though differing in their conclusions, they did not fall out – disproving the adage, ‘archaeology is not a discipline, it’s a vendetta’.Much in demand internationally, she was deeply in volved in the organisation of the Vikings in England exhibition in 1981-2, and was the coordinator of the magnificent exhibition Viking og Hvidechrist in 1992-3. The catalogue which she edited for this exhibition, together with her books Danmarks Vikingetid and Vikingernes Verden, are now central to any stud y of the Viking Age and have been translated into many languages. She has edited many other books, most recently Dagligliv i Danmarks middelalder, and,with Mogens Bencard, wrote the pionering Dansk middelalderlertøj.She has many honours – among them the Dannebrog, a LittD from Dublin, a special professorship at Nottingham, and corresponding fellowships of learned bodies in Germany and England – but it is her friendship, scholarship and wit that we celebrate on her sixtieth birthday.David M .WilsonCastletown Isle of ManOversat til dansk af Annette Lerche Trolle

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Hunter, Erica C. D. "Manipulating incantation texts: Excursions in Refrain A". Iraq 64 (2002): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003740.

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On 9 October 1851 the British Museum purchased eight incantation bowls from Col. Henry Rawlinson. Of these, seven were written in Aramaic. They were recorded by the Minutes of the Trustees of the British Museum as coming from “a tomb at Babylon”, per se a most unusual provenance since incantation bowls are usually associated with domestic loci. The seven incantation bowls all name the same male client, one Mahperoz son of Hindo. Palaeographic studies on the typical Babylonian Aramaic script in which they were written reveal that they were the product of the same hand. The physical typology of the incantation bowls (hemispherical in form with simple rims measuring 0.6 cm thick and shaved bases) suggests that all seven were selected from the same workshop, and possibly even from the same batch of pottery. In such a situation, where the incantation bowls clearly form a group and were written for a single client, one might expect the texts to be duplicates.Four of the seven bowls purchased from Rawlinson were inscribed with a common incantation text that Ben Segal has designated as Refrain A. This commences with a distinctive call for the overthrow of the world and heavenly order as well as the reversal of female cursers. Over the past one hundred and fifty years a dozen examples of this text have have come to light in a variety of international museums and private collections. The largest group is that of the British Museum which has no less than eight examples, including the four Rawlinson bowls as well as a small flat-bottomed stopper that Hormuzd Rassam obtained from Sippar during the excavations which the British Museum conducted at that site between 1881 and 1882. The remaining four examples of Refrain A are in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad, the Institute of Archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and in collections of antiquities that are owned by the Churchs' Ministry amongst the Jewish People, St Albans, England, and Near Eastern Fine Arts, New York, U.S.A.

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J. V. S. y M. Ruth Megaw. "Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Fleming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn. By I.M. Stead. 295 × 210mm. Pp. ix + 237 +127 figs. London: English Heritage (Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) in association with British Museum Press (English Heritage Archaeological Report, 22), 1991. ISBN 1-85074-351-7. £25.00 (p/b)." Antiquaries Journal 71 (septiembre de 1991): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500087011.

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Booth, Paul. "Old and new ‘small towns’ in western England - Peter Leach with C. Jane Evans, EXCAVATION OF A ROMANO-BRITISH ROADSIDE SETTLEMENT IN SOMERSET: FOSSE LANE, SHEPTON MALLET 1990 (Britannia Monograph Series No. 18, London 2001). Pp. xvi + 349, 81 figs, 24 pls. ISBN 0 907764 27 4. £47. - A. S. Anderson, J. S. Wacher and A. P. Fitzpatrick, THE ROMANO-BRITISH ‘SMALL TOWN’ AT WANBOROUGH, WILTSHIRE: EXCAVATIONS 1966-1976 (Britannia Monograph Series No. 19, London 2001). Pp. xvi + 379, 126 figs, 11 pls. ISBN 0 907764 29 0. £44." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400014513.

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Hansen, Ole Thirup Kastholm. "Forfalsket forhistorie – Arkæologisk svindel og selvbedrag". Kuml 52, n.º 52 (14 de diciembre de 2003): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v52i52.102636.

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Faking prehistoryForgery and self-deception in archaeologyThe object of this essay is to explain the significance of archaeological frauds in the perception of prehistory. The motives and consequences of the frauds concerned are illustrated by a series of case stories. These case stories span from quite harmless banal frauds, through unscrupulous ideological falsification of history, to the borderland between forgery and self-deception. It turns out that only a few archaeological frauds have been produced in order to make money or for similar purposes, while the majority are side products of nationalistic and patriotic conceptions. This implies that archaeology in a societal context is a powerful science even though this is hardly ever reflected in the size of economic provision for the discipline.The Cardiff Giant (fig. 1) emerged in 1869 in the State of New York. It was claimed by the finder, together with the owner of the land where the Giant was found, to be a fossil man, or maybe a statue of an ancient deity. Although it was denounced by most scientists as a hoax, people flocked to the sight. And the finder made large quantities of money by selling tickets and snacks to the visitors. After three months of financial success he admitted that the Giant was made of gypsum, and that he had buried it himself at dead of night.In the case of the Davenport Conspiracy (Iowa, 1877) the successful amateur archaeologist Jacob Gass excavated a number of slates covered with mysterious engravings. At first the local scientists were impressed, but it soon turned out that the slates were a hoax. It was later revealed that the hoax had not been perpetrated by Gass himself. Envious amateur scientists seeking to give him an untrustworthy image had planted the slates.The tale of the notorious Piltdown hoax began in 1908-15 in Sussex, England, when amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson found what seemed to be human fossil remains – pieces of a human skull, an ape-like jawbone and a number of teeth. Due to geological circumstances the remains were dated as late Pliocene or early Pleistocene and were claimed to represent the “missing link” (figs. 2-3). But in 1954 fluorine, uranium and nitrogen dating exposed the human skull as of relatively recent age and the jawbone as being that of a recent orang-utan. Both had been treated with pigment to make them look old and alike. The forger has never been identified, though many speculations have circulated. Thus the motives for the hoax are still unclear. The original motive might have been a quest for personal glory within the scientific elite. But the timing of the hoax (in the same period as that when the human fossils of Java and Heidelberg were found) was perfect for the promotion of the British Isles. Prior to Piltdown Man almost all British archaeological finds on the isles were Neolithic, or even later. But now the evidence for human presence there was suddenly parallel to the Continent.Ever since the “discovery” of the Kensington rune stone, in Minnesota, USA, in 1898, it has been debated whether the stone is genuine or not. Most reputable scientists, however, think of the stone as a falsification produced by Scandinavian immigrants (fig. 4). This stone is just one example of several archaeological frauds in North America, concerning “Viking” artefacts in particular, but there are also frauds relating to Indian cultural and religious relics. A certain group of frauds relates to the geology and fauna of America, as well as early human presence, motivated by desire to construct a picture of this part of the world being older than Europe (fig. 5). The majority of the North American frauds seem to be an attempt to redress an inferiority complex in relation to Europe (The Old World). Furthermore these frauds often seem to feature a layman rising against the scientific elite. It was even at one stage proposed that the authenticity of the Kensington Rune Stone should be put to the vote (!).The anarchy which characterises the North American frauds was not at all at present in the historical falsifications of Nazi-Germany. Though the purpose was roughly the same: to promote the nation’s ancient glory. At the launch of The Third Reich in 1933 the young archaeologist Hans Reinerth (fig. 7) was appointed to lead Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte (The National Federation for German Prehistory), which was established under Albert Rosenberg’s Amt Rosenberg – the cultural department of Nazi-Germany. The aim of the Reichsbund was to promote the prehistory of Germanic culture and the idea of its superiority. The means were – among others – the monthly popular journal Germanen-Erbe (The Germanic Legacy) and the creation of museums of local archaeology and folk-lore. The journal contained articles and essays on excavations, research etc., deeply pervaded by nationalism and racism. And the museums had reconstructions on display that were far distant from the archaeological truth (fig. 6). All archaeologists, not just those who personally believed in the national-socialistic ideology, found that it was a good bargain – and almost a necessity – to support Nazi archaeology. The public funding of prehistoric archaeology was multiplied after 1933. In the period 1933-35 eight professorships in the discipline were established; archaeological departments were established at 25 universities; huge amounts were used on excavations and increases in wages. Before that prehistoric archaeology (i. e. North European archaeology) had been a low-status discipline compared with Classical and Near Oriental archaeology.On the rock of Runamo in Blekinge, Sweden, strange characters in rows have been known for ages (figs. 8-9). They were first mentioned by Saxo Grammaticus. Since then many attempts have been made to uncover whether this phenomenon was caused by Nature or by Man and – if the latter was the case – what the message might be. In 1832 the antiquarian Finnur Magnússon led an expedition to Runamo to expose the secret once and for all. Magnússon’s romantic mind and almost blind faith in the Norse sagas, along with the influence of the expedition’s unreliable geologist, J. G. Forchhammer, led him (after months of research) to the conclusion that the characters were runes referring to the epic battle of Bråvalla. This resulted in publication of a 700-page paper in 1841. But as early as 1844 the young Danish pioneer archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae systematically rejected the thesis: the “runes” were in fact a natural phenomenon and Magnússon’s faith in Norse sagas as a historical source was outdated; furthermore his naive confidence in the geologist’s conclusions was unprofessional. The hitherto honoured antiquarian was subjected to public ridicule, became sick and died in debt three years later. This case is of course not a traditional forgery. But an individual’s subjective, romantic conception of his “national” prehistory – leading to self-deception – takes on the same nature as the majority of the forgeries and frauds mentioned here.The majority of archaeological frauds have ideological or patriotic undertones even though the motives may be selfish. The persistent character of the frauds – e.g. the North American hoaxes and the prehistory propaganda of Nazi-Germany – shows that archaeology is a mighty societal and political force. It is part of an ongoing battle over what is the truth about our prehistory.But what about today – is archaeological forgery a thing of the past? Of course in some totalitarian states falsification of history occurs, but in our world traditional forgery is probably a rare occurrence, primarily because of the high level of documentation and verification of archaeological material and its context. The “truth” about our prehistory is today mostly determined by the large – and still growing – number of experimental centres, open air museums etc., which are more or less trustworthy. In this popular dissemination of prehistory – live – stereotyped prejudices are often promoted. Thus, for example, the countless number of “Viking re-enactment museums” display too many identical replicas of the Oseberg tent; too many Hedeby houses; too many Ribe lots – all populated by souvenir selling Vikings and upper-class Vikings, dressed as if no common people and slaves ever existed in the Viking Age.Producing and displaying stereotyped prehistory to please the masses and to make money. This is perhaps the fashionable form of faking prehistory today.Ole Thirup Kastholm HansenInstitute of Archaeology and EthnologyUniversity of Copenhagen

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Fern, Chris. "Common threads and separate strands in Anglo-Saxon England - Christopher Scull. Early medieval (late 5th–early 8th centuries AD) cemeteries at Boss Hall and Buttermarket, Ipswich, Suffolk (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 27). xvi+364 pages, 213 b&w & colour illustrations. 2009. Leeds: Society for Medieval Archaeology; 978-1-906540-18-0 hardback £43. - Sue Hirst & Dido Clark. Excavations at Mucking. Volume 3: the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, excavations by Tom and Margaret Jones. Part 1: Introduction, catalogues and specialist reports. Part 2: Analysis and discussion. xlii+836 pages, 421 b&w & colour illustrations, 138 tables, CD-ROM. 2009. London: Museum of London Archaeology; 978-1-901992-86-1 hardback £55. - Sam Lucy, Jess Tipper & Alison Dickens. The Anglo-Saxon settlement and cemetery at Bloodmoor Hill, Carlton Colville, Suffolk (East Anglian Archaeology 131). xiv+464 pages, 257 b&w illustrations, 10 colour plates, 155 tables. 2009. Cambridge; Cambridge Archaeological Unit, University of Cambridge with ALGAO East; 978-0-9544824-6-6 paperback £40." Antiquity 85, n.º 328 (mayo de 2011): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068083.

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Hodges, Richard. "Yizhar Hirschfeld. The Judean desert monasteries in the Byzantine peroid. xx + 305 pages, 7 maps, 130 figures, 7 tables. 1992. New Haven (CT) & London: Yale University Press; 0-300-04977-3 hardback £29.95 & $50. - Roberta Gilchrist & Harold Mytum (é). Advances in monastic archaeology. (BAR British Séé227.) ii+148 pages, 55 figures, microfiche. 1993. Oxford: Tempvs Reparatvm; 0-86054-746-9paperback £24. - Margaret Gray. The Trinitarian Orderin England: excavations at Thelsford Priory. (BAR British Séé226.) viii+144 pages, 78 figures, 10 plates, microfiche. 1993. Oxford: Tempvs Reparatvm; 0-86054741-8 paperback £25." Antiquity 69, n.º 263 (junio de 1995): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0006498x.

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Fowler, Peter. "Dorset in depth - John C. Barrett, Richard Bradley & Martin Green. Landscape, monuments and society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase. x + 255 pages, 2 plates, 116 figures, 29 tables. 1991. Cambridge & New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; ISSN 0-521-32128-X hardback £35 & $59.50. - John Barrett, Richard Bradley & Melanie Hall (ed.). Papers on the prehistoric archaeology of Cranborne Chase. iv + 251 pages, 11 plates, 78 figures. 1991. Oxford: Oxbow Books (Oxbow Monograph 11); ISSN 0-946897-31-X paperback £24 & $48. - Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (by H.C. Bowen, edited by B.N. Eagles). The archaeology of Bokerley Dyke. xiv + 127 pages, 53 plates, 66 figures, 7 area plans. 1990. London: HMSO; ISSN 0-11-300019-7 paperback £35. - Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (by H.C. Bowen, edited by B.N. Eagles). The archaeology of Bokerley Dyke. xii + 37 pages, 1991. London: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England; ISSN 1-873592-00-0 paperback free on request from RCHME Fortress House, 23 Savile Row, London W1x 2JQ. - Peter J. Woodward. The south Dorset Ridgeway survey and excavations 1977-84. x + 174 pages, 33 plates, 72 figures, 31 tables, 3 microfiches.1991. Dorchester: Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society (Monograph 8); ISSN 0-900341-30-0 paperback £12.95 + £?price? postage & handling from the Society at the County Museum, Dorchester, Dorset." Antiquity 65, n.º 249 (diciembre de 1991): 988–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080807.

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Hummler, Madeleine. "Early medieval and medieval - Wendy Davies, Guy Halsall & Andrew Reynolds (ed.) People and Space in the Middle Ages (Studies in the Early Middle Ages). 368 pages, 52 illustrations, 2 tables. 2006. Turnhout: Brepols; 978-2-503-51526-7 hardback. - Catherine E. Karkov & Nicholas Howe (ed.). Conversion and Colonization in Anglo-Saxon England. xx+248 pages, 25 illustrations. 2006. Tempe (AZ): Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies; 978-0-86698-363-1 hardback £36 & $40. - Penelope Walton Rogers. Cloth and Clothing in Early Anglo-Saxon England, AD 450–700. xx+290 pages, 177 b&w & colour illustrations, 7 tables. 2007. York: Council for British Archaeology; 978-1-902771-54-0 paperback. - Rachel Moss (ed.) Making and Meaning in Insular Art. xxiv+342 pages, 255 b&w & colour illustrations, 2 tables. 2007. Dublin: Four Courts; 978-1-85182-986-6 hardback £60. - Andrew Saunders. Excavations at Launceston Castle, Cornwall (The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 24). xviii+490 pages, 344 b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. London: Maney; 978-1-904350-75-0 paperback. - Julian Munby, Richard Barber & Richard Brown. Edward Ill’s Round Table at Windsor: The House of the Round Table and the Windsor Festival of 1344. xiv+282 pages, 24 b&w illustrations, 16 colour plates, 8 tables. 2007. Woodbridge: Boydell; 978-1-84383-313-0 hardback £35. - Reviel Netz & William Noel. The Archimedes Codex. xii+306 pages, 42 illustrations. 2007. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; 978-0-297-64547-4 hardback £18.99." Antiquity 81, n.º 313 (1 de septiembre de 2007): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00120691.

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Hummler, Madeleine. "Early medieval, medieval and historic periods - Rosemary Cramp with contributions by C. Roger Bristow, John Higgitt, R.C. Scrivener & Bernard C. Worssam. Corpus of Anglo-Saxon stone sculpture Volume VII, South-West England. xviii+446 pages. 29 figures, 565 plates, 3 tables. 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press/British Academy; 0-19726334-8 hardback £65. - Richard Jones & Mark Page. Medieval Villages in an English Landscape: Beginnings and Ends. xviii+270 pages, 78 illustrations. 2006. Bollington: Windgather; 978-1-905119-08-0 hardback; 978-1905119-09-7 paperback £19.99. - Sam Turner (ed.). Medieval Devon and Cornwall: Shaping an Ancient Countryside. xvi+176 pages, 67 illustrations. 2006. Bollington: Windgather; 978-1-905119-07-3 paperback £19.99. - Christopher Lowe. Excavations at Hoddom, Dumfriesshire: An Early Ecclesiastic Site in South-west Scotland. xviii+222 pages, 87 figures, 67 plates. 2006. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland; 9780-903903-39-4 hardback £35. - Clare Mccutcheon. Medieval Pottery from Wood Quay, Dublin: The 1974-6 Waterfront Excavations (National Museum of Ireland Medieval Dublin Excavations 1962-81, Ser. B, vol. 7). 2006. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy; 1-904890-12-1 hardback €35. - Barbara Yorke. The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600-800. xvi+334 pages, 2 maps, tables. 2006. Harlow: Pearson Education; 978-0-852-77292-2 paperback £18.99. - Veronica Ortenberg. In Search of the Holy Grail: The Quest for the Middle Ages. xvi+336 pages, 17 illustrations. 2006. London: hambledon continuum; 9781-85285-383-9 hardback £25. - Brian Marshall. Lancashire’s Medieval Monasteries. 156 pages, 68 illustrations. 2006. Blackpool: Landy; 978-1-872895-68-0 paperback £10. - C.M. Woolgar. The Senses in Late Medieval England. xii+372 pages, 86 b&w & colour illustrations. 2006. New Haven & London: Yale University Press; 978-0300-11871-1 hardback £25. - Martin Hansson. Aristocratic Landscape: The Spatial Ideology ofthe Medieval Aristocracy (Lund Studies in Historical Archaeology 2). 224 pages, 68 illustrations. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiskell International; 91-22-02154-X paperback SEK294. - Viccy Coltman. Fabricating the Antique: Neoclacissism in Britain, 1760-1800. xii+256 pages, 86 illustrations, 5 colour plates. 2006. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press; 0-226-11396-5 hardback $48 & £30.50." Antiquity 81, n.º 311 (1 de marzo de 2007): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00120265.

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