Bibliografías temáticas / Excavation (process)

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 25 de julio de 2024
Última modificación: 26 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

1

Lee, Joosung, Byeol Kim, Dongik Sun, Changsoo Han y Yonghan Ahn. "Development of Unmanned Excavator Vehicle System for Performing Dangerous Construction Work". Sensors 19, n.º 22 (7 de noviembre de 2019): 4853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224853.

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Of all the machinery and equipment used on construction sites, excavators are responsible for the greatest number of fatal accidents. Excavation is an inherently risky process due to imprecise work processes and the unstable external environment on most work sites. The resulting accidents cause serious injuries that threaten the lives of not only the excavator pilots but also those working around them. In this study, we propose a mechanical device that is capable of operating the excavator remotely from a nearby safe location such as a site office. To ensure worker safety and at the same time boost the productivity of excavation operations, data from 3D scanners, cameras, and sensors were combined to create a detailed 3D picture of the area surrounding the excavation site to guide a remotely operated excavating system. Rather than modifying the excavator itself, a removable manipulator was mounted on the joystick in the excavator’s cockpit. Our proposed system was tested on a standard commercial excavator to verify its performance for a real-world excavation task.
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2

Lukashuk, Olga A. y Konstantin Iu Letnev. "Determining operation parameters of the leverage mechanism in a mining excavator". Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-2-94-102.

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Introduction. The paper analyzes the process of rock excavation using a front-shovel operational equipment of an open-pit excavator in the context of determining rational modes of operation for its main mechanisms (lifting and thrusting mechanisms) during the excavation. The main purpose of the study is to establish the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the excavation process by identifying patterns of changes in the operating parameters of the main mechanisms. Research methodology includes mathematical modelling and computational experiment with the use of machines and mechanisms theory methods. Results. Dependencies were obtained to determine rational values of lifting and thrusting velocities which ensure that the bucket (top of its cutting edge) moves along a specified trajectory while excavating. A simulation model was built for the process of rock excavation carried out by front-shovel excavators, which represents a set of calculated values for the operational parameters of the main mechanisms to realize the bucket movement along a specified path and provide specified energy-force parameters on the bucket. An optimizing algorithm was developed to control the working process of an open-pit excavator and achieve required values of the operation parameters to get the bucket moving at a specified excavating velocity within the work area of the excavator. It is shown that their joint action forms a kinematic chain which connects the main mechanisms and the bucket and includes driven links of those mechanisms and elements of the operational equipment. Operation parameters of the main mechanisms were found to be formed in accordance with kinematic properties of the transmission mechanism (with the kinematic chain as its part). Scope of results. The results of the research could be used to develop a control system for the drives of the main mechanisms.
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3

Zhou, Zhangtao, Zheming Zhu, XinXing Jin y Hao Tang. "Numerical Prediction of Rock Fracturing During the Process of Excavation". International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 1, n.º 2 (julio de 2010): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgee.2010070102.

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During the process of excavation, blasting can induce cracking inside the surrounding rock. Considering the effects of material properties and loading conditions, a rock blasting excavation model with two successive excavation steps was developed through the use of AUTODYN code. Four kinds of equation of state (EOS), linear, shock, JWL, and compaction were applied to the materials employed in this numerical model. A modified principal stress failure criterion was applied to determining material statuses, and TNT explosive and a relatively homogeneous igneous rock, diorite, were used in this numerical model. By using this numerical model, rock fracturing process during blasting excavation was simulated, and rock fracturing process during two successive excavations is presented.
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4

Qin, Zuhe. "Modeling and Simulation of Theoretical Digging Force of an Excavator Based on Arbitrary Posture". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (10 de septiembre de 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8030349.

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Theoretical digging force is an important performance parameter of the hydraulic excavator. Due to the multi-linkage mechanism, the digging posture of an excavator is ever-changing; thus, it is not easy to calculate the theoretical digging force. Traditionally, the theoretical digging force is calculated by selecting a limited number of postures of the excavator based on experience, which cannot reflect the force condition of each posture in the excavation process. In order to calculate the theoretical digging force of any posture in the excavation process, this paper uses the principle of the analytical method to establish a theoretical excavation force mathematical model of bucket excavation and uses Matlab software to solve the theoretical excavation force mathematical models. In order to verify the model’s correctness, the experimental method is used to determine the actual maximum excavation force of the excavator. The test results showed that there was little difference between the actual maximum digging force and the theoretical maximum digging force, which verified the correctness of the theoretical digging force mathematical models and provided a theoretical digging force calculation method and reference for the structural design and optimization of the excavator.
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5

Yang, Zi Sheng, Jun Xia Liu y Yi Ren Wang. "Weight Analysis of Accident Factors in Deep Foundation Excavation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process". Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (diciembre de 2014): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.529.

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For the past few years, great development has been achieved in deep foundation excavation. However, due to foundation excavation’s locality, individual diversity, complexity and uncertainty, the probability of accidents in foundation pit engineering tends to be greater than that in main works, and the accident rate may even reach about 20%, which makes the study on factors leading to foundation excavation accidents quite necessary and meaningful. By use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this paper has figured out the ratio (weight) of the investigation, design, construction and other factors leading to foundation excavation accidents to the whole factor set, which is of great guiding significance to the study on prevention and treatment of foundation excavation accidents in future.
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6

Li, Shen Gang, Wen Zhao, Xiao Li Cai, Yin Fu Ma y Lu Zhang. "Research on Stability in Metro Tunnel Constructing with Shallow Buried Covered Excavation in Loose Sand Layers". Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (noviembre de 2012): 1240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1240.

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For subway tunneling in urban underground, high safty of construction is needed.However, the safty and rationality of excavating plan are forecasted difficultly because of consealment. Based on the Zhang-Shen tunnel construction of Shenyang subway, bench method, single side-wall heading excavation method and CD excavation method are numerical simulated; according to the numerical calculation results and the constructing process, bench method is adopted; the ground settlement caused by excavation monitored during excavating is in the allowed range and the tunnel is safe during excavating.
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7

Shemiakin, Stanislav. "Determining the maximum turning force of the hydraulic backhoe excavator bucket". Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-3-17-24.

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Introduction. Single-bucket excavators with both flexible and rigid suspension of work equipment are actively engaged in construction, stripping work and production mining. Excavators with rigid suspension are commonly used in construction, while excavators with flexible suspension are used in mining practice. This work considers the process of excavating rock with a single-bucket hydraulic backhoe excavator. The reliability and durability of excavators depend on the correct choice of the parameters of work equipment elements. Research objective is to determine the maximum turning force of the bucket of a hydraulic backhoe excavator, taking into account soil friction against the bucket bottom and side plates during rock excavation. Methods of research. When the maximum force on the bucket turning hydraulic-cylinder rods in the course of rock excavation is analytically defined, it is advisable to consider digging a trench in plain surface or in the open-pit in plain surface of a stope face provided that per one turn the bucket is filled to capacity. In this case, a segment of soil cut from the rock mass has maximum depth of cut as compared to other excavation methods. Total excavation resistance includes: resistance arising from cutting rock with a bucket with maximum depth of cut; resistance associated with the impact of gravity of the rock mass on the bucket; resistance associated with rock mass friction against the bucket bottom; resistance associated with rock mass friction against the inner surfaces of the bucket side plates. Results. The dependence has been determined between the maximum force on the bucket turning hydraulic-cylinder rods and bucket design parameters as well as the physical and mechanical characteristics of the face rock. The results analysis showed that both excavation process flow scheme and rock characteristics have a significant influence on the total bucket excavation resistance. Conclusions. The developed method of calculating the excavation resistance takes into account the internal forces of bucket interaction with rock and makes it possible to increase the accuracy of maximum digging force calculation. It therefore becomes possible to more reasonably approach the choice of the excavator bucket turning hydraulic cylinder parameters and thereby increase the reliability and durability of the machine as a whole.
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8

Mu, Linlong, Jianhong Lin, Zhenhao Shi y Xingyu Kang. "Predicting Excavation-Induced Tunnel Response by Process-Based Modelling". Complexity 2020 (28 de abril de 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9048191.

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Potential damages to existing tunnels represent a major concern for constructing deep excavations in urban areas. The uncertainty of subsurface conditions and the nonlinear interactions between multiple agents (e.g., soils, excavation support structures, and tunnel structures) make the prediction of the response of tunnel induced by adjacent excavations a rather difficult and complex task. This paper proposes an initiative to solve this problem by using process-based modelling, where information generated from the interaction processes between soils, structures, and excavation activities is utilized to gradually reduce uncertainty related to soil properties and to learn the interaction patterns through machine learning techniques. To illustrate such a concept, this paper presents a simple process-based model consisting of artificial neural network (ANN) module, inverse modelling module, and mechanistic module. The ANN module is trained to learn and recognize the patterns of the complex interactions between excavation deformations, its geometries and support structures, and soil properties. The inverse modelling module enables a gradual reduction of uncertainty associated with soil characterizations by accumulating field observations during the construction processes. Based on the inputs provided by the former two modules, the mechanistic module computes the response of tunnel. The effectiveness of the proposed process-based model is evaluated against high-fidelity numerical simulations and field measurements. These evaluations suggest that the strategy of combining artificial intelligence techniques with information generated during interaction processes can represent a promising approach to solve complex engineering problems in conventional industries.
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9

Wu, Shan, Jian Wu y Dunwen Liu. "Research on Construction Sequences and Construction Methods of the Small Clear-Distance, Double-Arch Tunnel under an Asymmetrical Load". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 14 (16 de julio de 2023): 8242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148242.

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A small clear-distance, double-arch tunnel under an asymmetrical load combines the characteristics of small clear-distance, tunnels and double-arch tunnels, and the influence of an asymmetrical terrain must be considered. Its construction stability is a problem worth studying. This paper used the Wengcun tunnel as the engineering background. Midas/GTS finite element analysis software was used to study the effects of eight excavation sequences and two excavation methods on tunnel stability. The results showed that the deformation and force of the tunnel were asymmetric under the asymmetrical terrain. Both middle partition walls were deformed towards the shallowly buried side, and the shallowly buried side was deformed to a greater extent. Excavating shallow side tunnels first can effectively mitigate the impact of asymmetric terrain. The arch settlement of the Center Diaphragm Excavation Method is 1.33 cm, which is smaller than the three-step excavation method of 1.48 cm; however, this difference is not significant. The Three-bench Excavation Method was more efficient. Based on the conclusion of a numerical simulation, the construction site adopted the construction sequence of excavating the shallowly buried side tunnel first and adjusted the excavation method to the Three-bench Excavation Method.
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10

Wang, Yong, Linlin Wang, Chenchen Li, Ziao Xue, Yuan Sun, Ruiyong Ma, Dagang Wang et al. "Optimization of Excavator Bucket Structure by a Coupled Simulation Method". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 20 (16 de octubre de 2023): 11336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011336.

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As a component directly in contact with materials in the excavation process of the excavator, the structure and performance of the bucket directly affect the efficiency of the excavator. With the increasingly prominent environmental and energy problems, it has become a research difficulty to optimize the bucket structure of excavators so as to reduce the digging resistance and energy consumption of excavators. Therefore, an orthogonal optimization method of bucket structure that couples Adams with EDEM was proposed to explore the excavation performance of buckets with different structures under different geological conditions. The particle size distribution and mass proportion of various ores under different geological conditions were obtained through geological investigation, and particle models with different shapes and sizes were constructed. The friction coefficient and collision recovery coefficient between bucket and ore and between ore and ore were measured using a self-made testing device. The results show that the excavation resistance of the bucket teeth during the excavation process is much greater than that of other components, and optimizing the bucket structure can effectively reduce the excavation resistance of the bucket teeth. Under different geological conditions, the optimization parameter combinations of bucket structure obtained through orthogonal experiments are different. In addition, after structural optimization, the excavation resistance and energy consumption of the bucket were reduced, and the filling rate was also improved.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

1

Erlandsson, Sophie. "The Foliage". Thesis, Konstfack, Institutionen för Konst (K), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5820.

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The happening of life can reduce you in to a machine where its only focus is on the relentless rationing of energy. When down on the deep sea plane, not much work gets done. But; I write everything down. Because of my fear of forgetting. I forget anyway, so it might seem pointless. I leave the notes, tucked away behind my back while trying to get out of bed, get dressed, answer an email, speak and understand language, remembering the now. Why take notes that does not get read for weeks, months, years or never. Halfway through my masters I realized its importance; my practice contains of the excavation of my own archive. The words of time has always been my foundation, my point of departure; this essay is surrounded of the past but exists in the now. "All this time with a different pulse. Maybe it is something inside of the water."
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2

Simsek, Gokce. "Interventions On Immovable Archaeological Heritage As A Tool For New Formation Process". Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610570/index.pdf.

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In the preservation discourse, interventions are generally viewed as technical issues. Considering that interventions cause variety of changes in the characteristics of archaeological edifices starting from the excavation, these changes constructs and shapes the archaeological edifices in terms of its appearance and meaning. In that respect, interventions act as tools for making changes in archaeological edifices by causing transformation of existing characteristics, loss of some others and adding new ones. Based on this, the study aims to evaluate interventions by putting change at the center in order to understand how interventions affect archaeological edifice in constructing its appearance and meaning. The study is based on evaluation of intervention through a &
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. The second phase is related with the assessment of changes in the characteristics of archaeological edifice as a whole, in terms of its physical, functional and semantic characteristics. This approach enables the examination of the process of change starting from prior to excavation and the assessment of interventions through the principles of change (reliability, consistency, legibility) and the &
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. The evaluation method is sampled on certain intervened archaeological edifices on the Curetes Street in Ephesus. The study concludes that the interventions are significant tools for making changes in archaeological edifices throughout its new lifecycle. The &
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approach can make it possible to predict changes in archaeological edifices, prevent value conflicts caused by interventions and improve the quality of change shaped by interventions. Approaching the intervention process as a change management problem necessitates to develop appropriate change strategies and to define this process as a &
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.
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3

Hamid, Elamin Hamed y Taher Handrin Mohammad. "Utveckling av en skopkonstruktion med lägre produktionskostnader". Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för maskinteknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8314.

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Detta examensarbete handlar om en skopkonstruktions utveckling, avsedd för en serieskopor men konstruktionen har enbart implementerats på en kabelskopa. Arbetet har utförtspå uppdrag av ett verkstadsföretag som utvecklar, tillverkar och säljer entreprenadutrustningtill grävmaskiner och hjullastare. Företagets vision är att komma ut på den svenskalågprismarknaden, men i dagsläget är produktionskostnaderna på skoporna för höga. Måletmed arbetet har varit att ta fram en konstruktionslösning som sänker företagets produktionskostnader.Efter ett möte med företaget tydliggjordes vilka behov som efterfrågades och dessa behovtolkades i form av kundkrav. Med en QFD-analys översattes kundkraven till produktegenskapersom krävs för en lyckad skopkonstruktion. Fokus har främst lagts på att förenklaskopans montering och anpassa dess konstruktion för robotsvetsning. Några faktorer harvarit att utforma självfixerande detaljer och beakta åtkomlighet för svetsning. Konceptengenererades genom intern och extern sökning, där metoder så som brainstorming och konkurrentanalyshar använts.Konceptvalet utfördes med Pughs beslutsmatris, där ett relativt optimalt koncept valdes förfortsatt utveckling. Vid utvecklingen har diverse verifieringsmetoder använts, som till exempelriskanalys, finita elementmetoden (FEM) och kostnadskalkyl för att kontrollera attdet valda konceptet uppfyller de uppsatta kraven för skopan. I verifieringsfasen identifieradesflera förbättringsmöjligheter som implementerades på det valda konceptet och dettagav ett bättre koncept än tidigare.Det slutliga konceptet har fått en sänkt produktionskostnad, med effektivare montering,minskad materialanvändning och svetsning samt en bättre prestanda än tidigare.
This thesis is about the development of a bucket design; intended for a range of excavatorbuckets consisting of four different types, but has only been implemented on the cablebucket. The work has been performed on behalf of a company that develops, produces andsells construction equipment for excavators and wheel loaders. At the present, the company'sexcavator buckets have high production costs, but the vision is to get into the low-costmarket. The goal of this work has been to develop a bucket design that reduces the company'sproduction costs.After a meeting with the company it became clear what needed to be achieved. The collectedneeds were interpreted in terms of customer requirements. A QFD was made, and thecustomer requirements were translated into product specifications for a successful bucketdesign. Particular focus has been put on simplifying the assembly of the bucket and adaptingits design for robot welding. Some essential factors have been to design interactingparts and to consider the accessibility for welding. The concepts were generated throughinternal and external searches, where methods as brainstorming and competitor analysiswere used.Concept selection was made by using Pugh's decision-matrix. A relatively optimal conceptwas selected for further development. During the development, various verification methodswere used, as for example risk analysis, finite element analysis (FEA) and cost estimate,to verify that the selected concept meets the set requirements for the excavator bucket.Several potential improvements were identified during the verifications phase and theseimprovements were implemented on the selected concept, which resulted in an even betterconcept than before.The final concept obtained a reduced production cost, with a more efficient assembly, reducedmaterial use and welding as well as a better performance than before.
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4

Jalkebo, Charlotte. "Placement of Controls in Construction Equipment Using Operators´Sitting Postures : Process and Recommendations". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Maskinkonstruktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108980.

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An ergonomically designed work environment may decrease work related musculoskeletal disorders, lead to less sick leaves and increase production time for operators and companies all around the world. Volvo Construction Equipment wants to deepen the knowledge and investigate more carefully how operators are actually sitting whilst operating the machines, how this affects placement of controls and furthermore optimize controls placements accordingly. The purpose is to enhance their product development process by suggesting guidelines for control placement with improved ergonomics based on operators’ sitting postures. The goal is to deliver a process which identifies and transfers sitting postures to RAMSIS and uses them for control placement recommendations in the cab and operator environments. Delimitations concerns: physical ergonomics, 80% usability of the resulted process on the machine types, and the level of detail for controls and their placements. Research, analysis, interviews, test driving of machines, video recordings of operators and the ergonomic software RAMSIS has served as base for analysis. The analysis led to (i) the conclusion that sitting postures affect optimal ergonomic placement of controls, though not ISO-standards, (ii) the conclusion that RAMSIS heavy truck postures does not seem to correspond to Volvo CE’s operators’ sitting postures and (iii) and to an advanced engineering project process suitable for all machine types and applicable in the product development process. The result can also be used for other machines than construction equipment. The resulted process consists of three independent sub-processes with step by step explanations and recommendations of; (i) what information that needs to be gathered, (ii) how to identify and transfer sitting postures into RAMSIS, (iii) how to use RAMSIS to create e design aid for recommended control placement. The thesis also contains additional enhancements to Volvo CE’s product development process with focus on ergonomics. A conclusion is that the use of motion capture could not be verified to work for Volvo Construction Equipment, though it was verified that if motion capture works, the process works. Another conclusion is that the suggested body landmarks not could be verified that they are all needed for this purpose except for those needed for control placement. Though they are based on previous sitting posture identification in vehicles and only those that also occur in RAMSIS are recommended, and therefore they can be used. This thesis also questions the most important parameters for interior vehicle design (hip- and eye locations) and suggests that shoulder locations are just as important. The thesis concluded five parameters for control categorization, and added seven categories in addition to those mentioned in the ISO-standards. Other contradictions and loopholes in the ISO-standards were identified, highlighted and discussed. Suggestions for improving the ergonomic analyses in RAMSIS can also be found in this report. More future research mentioned is more details on control placement as well as research regarding sitting postures are suggested. If the resulted process is delimited to concern upper body postures, other methods for posture identification may be used.
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5

Hsu, Bo-Hisung y 許博雄. "An Analysis of Mechanical Behavior during Excavation Process Subjected to Earthquake Motion". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8yyn9b.

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碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
107
Taiwan is an active area of earthquakes, with an average of 16,000 earthquakes per year. The frequency of earthquakes is high. At present, underground excavation projects are constructed very often with the economic development and the increase of housing request. There is very little research in the effect of construction process of excavation projects subjected to earthquake motion. In this study, the mechanical behavior of construction process of excavation projects for different excavated depth subjected to earthquake motion is studied using PLAXIS 2D finite element program. From the analyzed results, it indicates that： 1.When the excavation is deeper, the heaving at the excavated bottom and the settlement beneath the surface loading appears in a greater amplitude. Under the earthquake motion, the additional heaving at the excavated bottom and the additional settlement beneath the surface loading are also increased, the lattter is especialy even greater, 2.When the excavation is deeper, the horizontal displacement, shear and moment in the retaining are all increased. Under the earthquake motion, the follow-up development is also increased. For shear as example, the increased quantity is almost 4 times. 3.When the excavation is deeper, the axial forces in the horizontal struts are all increased. Under the earthquake motion, the follow-up development is also increased. The increased quantity is even up to 9 times.
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6

Huang, Wen-Sung y 黃玟菘. "A Study of Toe-excavation Induced Failure Process for a Dip Slope with Rock Anchorage". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64260148149349192005.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
100
On April 25, 2010, without rainfall and earthquake triggering a massive landslide (200000 m3) covered a 200m stretch of Taiwan’s National Freeway No. 3, killing 4 people, burying three cars and destroying a bridge. The failure mode appears to be a dip-slope type failure occurred on a rock anchorage cut slope. Based on the investigations and the numerical analysis in this study, the toe-excavation at this dip-slope in 1998 was the most crucial factor. Although the excavated area had stabilized soon with rock anchors and backfills. The strength of rock mass had great effect on the stability of dip-slope after backfills. The strike of Tertiary sedimentary strata is northeast-southwest and dip 12˚ ~15˚ toward southeast. Considering the strength of sliding layer had reduced from peak to residual strength which was caused by the disturbance of excavation, the limit equilibrium method (LEM) analysis was utilized in the back analysis at first. The results showed the stability condition of slope approached the critical state (F.S.≈1). The efficiency reduction of rock anchors and strength reduction of overlying stratum (sandstone) had been considered in following analysis. The results showed the unstable condition (F.S. <1). This study also utilized the result of laboratory test, geological strength index(GSI) and finite difference method (FDM, FLAC 5.0) to discuss the failure process The analysis indicated that the incremental load of anchors have similar tendency comparing to the monitoring records in toe-excavation stages. This result showed that the strength of the sliding layer was significantly influenced by toe-excavation. The numerical model which calibrated with monitoring records in toe-excavation stage was used to discuss the failure process after backfilling. The efficiency reduction of rock anchors had less impact on the development of sliding surfaces. But the development of sliding surfaces were significantly influenced by the strength reduction of the rock mass。The sliding surface gradually developed from the toe of the dip-slope to the top of the dip-slope and the stability of the slope became more unstable in the process of rock mass strength reduction .
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7

HUANG, MING-CHIEH y 黃名杰. "A study on the analysis method of removed brace process in deep excavation by RIDO program". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39036382515823383685.

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碩士
中原大學
土木工程研究所
96
In this research, a U-shape retaining wall model is constructed using both FLAC, a two dimensional numerical analysis software, and RIDO, a one dimensional numerical analysis software. In the first stage of analysis, RIDO model is used with a spring to simulate the behavior of a structural side wall. In simple and small projects, if reduction of backward bracing is found in the analysis, we can reduce the bracing as suggested by the analysis. In complicated projects, FLAC model is used for the final design in order to reduce the construction costs. It is found in this research that: (1) Stiffness of permanent side wall is always larger than that of temporally bracing.; (2) When the permanent structural base slab has no anti-floating steel key, or the anti-floating steel key is not allow to provide horizontal connection design; (3) With permanent side wall, and limited to only one layer of bracing, using a single spring to simulate the permanent side wall in RIDO analysis provided a reliable result.
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8

Ju, Shaw-Yih y 朱紹義. "The Study on the Construction Technique and Excavation Process Using D&B Method for Rock Tunnel in Northern Secondary Freeway". Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76894689989187702499.

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9

Gaffney, Vincent L., R. H. White, H. Goodchild y L. Bevan. "Wroxeter, the Cornovii, and the urban process: vol.1 researching the hinterland final report on the Wroxeter Hinterland project 1994-1997". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5828.

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Liao, Kuang-i. y 廖光毅. "A Study on excavating possible factors of company failure from the view of information system deployment process - with a bicycle incorporate as a case study". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89690339149773276192.

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碩士
雲林科技大學
資訊管理系碩士班
96
As information technology develops so rapidly, many implicit data can be striving from transaction and calculation of this technology. The statistical records of the Ministry of Economic Affairs has reveal that the annual failure company were more 70% higher than those had established that year, it is very obvious that the failure rate was much higher than those successful companies. Nevertheless, the cause of the failure is so scarcely been discussed. In this study, through the participation of the practical experiences of the researcher when the organization of company is undergoing of the information system shift till the company cease all its operation, the study is trying to explore the possible causes that force the company to failure. The main purpose of this study was to find the patent of how a corporate fail to survival through the view of software developing process of a company base on information strategy theory. Hopefully, from this study it can provide to who may needed for manage his business from begin failure. Grounded theory of the qualitative research method has used in this study. Here researcher uses a bicycle corporate as stydying subject, and by collecting multiple sources of data to build a research database, and analysis those data by conducting grounded theory as research method to state the propositions of this study in order to meet the validity of research. Primarily, researcher believes the cause of corporate failure was due to organization change brought by advanve information technology. But, this study reveals the information technology itself was not the direct impact that causes corporate failures; contrastively, in this study, control strategy has more relate to the course to corporate failure, which march the described literature. And finaly concluded that it was the un-systemic control strategy that courses the disaster. At end of this study, researcher proposes a framework of the influence of the corporate failure. The future works could base on this framework, confirming and generalizing the research result of this study to other leading domain and population.
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Libros sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

1

Håkan, Stille, ed. Rock engineering. London: Thomas Telford, 2010.

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Díaz, Alonso Rodríguez. Extremadura tartésica: Arqueología de un proceso periférico. [Barcelona]: Bellaterra, 2001.

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aut, Enríquez Navascués Juan-Javier, ed. Extremadura tartésica: Arqueología de un proceso periférico. [Barcelona]: Bellaterra, 2001.

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Olivieri, Luca M. Stoneyards and Artists in Gandhara The Buddhist Stupa of Saidu Sharif I, Swat (c. 50 CE). Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-578-0.

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The book advances a hypothetical reconstruction of the planning and programming of the building site, the executive process, the construction and decoration, and ultimately the deconsecration and abandonment of an ancient Buddhist stupa in Gandhara. The chronological context is the mid-first to the early fourth century CE. The stupa is located near the town of Saidu Sharif in the fertile and rich Swat valley, a northern region of ancient Gandhara (today in Pakistan). The study is based on archaeological excavation data conducted at the site over several seasons. The narrative frieze of the stupa of Saidu Sharif represents one of the highest moments of Gandharan Buddhist art. The frieze is the product of a sculptural school guided with a sure hand by an anonymous Master, to whom the responsibility for the entire project should be attributed – architect, master builder and workshop master all in one.
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Procesi vizantinizacije i srpska arheologija. Beograd: Službeni glasnik, 2016.

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Jamieson, Susan Mary. Neutral Iroquois lithics: Technological process and its implications. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International, 1992.

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Foundation, Amerind, ed. Hunter-gatherer archaeology as historical process. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011.

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Calcolítico en la cuenca media del Arlanzón (Burgos, España): Comunidades campesinas, procesos históricos y transformaciones. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2013.

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Amalia J. Gramajo de Martínez Moreno. Proceso fundacional en el antiguo Tucumán: Hechos y testimonios. Santiago del Estero, República Argentina: Sigma, 1991.

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Joshi, Ramchandra Vinayak. Chemical studies of archaeological bones from India: Fluorine and fossilization process. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, 1986.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

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Lukashuk, O., K. Letnev y A. Komissarov. "Specifics of Rock Excavation Process Using Open-Pit Excavator". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 787–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54817-9_91.

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Niroshinie, M. A. C., Nobuyuki Ono, Yasuyuki Shimizu y Kazuya Egami. "Flow Analysis for Navigation Safety by Using iRIC Model Nays2DH". En Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 857–67. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_76.

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AbstractFor safer navigation, it is important to reduce the shallow water effects and reduce the possibility of sedimentation. The shallow water effect is a vital factor in confluence areas where the depth of the navigation routes is subject to frequent changes during high flow and low flow times. This study summarizes the flow analysis during the process of improving the navigation channel around a confluence area by excavating shallow areas up to two possible bed elevation levels (3.3 OPm and 2.8 OPm). The analysis results, demonstrated that the depth has increased and the velocity has decreased in the excavated areas showing an improvement. Velocity has reduced from 1.1 m/s in the existing condition to 1.0 m/s for 3.3 OPm at excavation level and 0.8 m/s for 2.8 OPm at excavation level. Water depth is improved for 2.8 OPm at excavation level more than 3.3 OPm level. However, for both excavation levels water depth has been improved than the existing condition. Overall, the shallow water effect would be lessened after at least some of the proposed excavation plans.
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Qi, Xili, Kai Wang, Zhijin Tian, Daihua Wang, Shiyong Cao, Shuai Song y Yi Kang. "Research on the safety of deep foundation pit excavation by pre-excavation and excavation process monitoring". En Frontiers of Civil Engineering and Disaster Prevention and Control Volume 2, 384–89. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348436-49.

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Gong, Mingde, Zhong Jin, Yue Zhang, Wenbin Liu y Yue Ning. "Research on Autonomous Operation Motion Control of Excavator". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 519–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_40.

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AbstractAccurate motion control is the premise for the unmanned excavator to complete the operation. In this paper, the motion control of a 22 t hydraulic excavator is studied. By establishing the dynamic model of the 4-degree-of-freedom excavator working device, the external interference caused by gravity, centripetal force, Coriolis force and inertia to the hydraulic cylinder is compensated. The bucket load and related parameters in the excavation process are identified online, and the motion control accuracy of the excavator is improved. Based on the dynamic model, the motion control method of the unmanned excavator is given. The simulation and experimental results show that this motion control strategy can effectively improve the autonomous operation accuracy of the excavator.
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Wu, L. S., C. F. Li, T. B. Li, Y. Ren, Y. Wen, J. S. Zhang y J. F. Yang. "Potential Instability Modes and Support Stability Analysis of Soil Accumulation Slopes Along the Lexi Expressway". En Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 107–23. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_10.

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AbstractGeological conditions along the Mabian-Zhaojue section of Leshan -Xichang Expressway are complicated, and during the construction process, landslides and geologic hazards are frequent under the influence of engineering excavation disturbance. In view of the deformation, damage and development and evolution of soil slope under excavation disturbance widely existed along Leshan-Xichang Expressway, taking the soil accumulation body slope on the left side of the section from ZK125 + 654 to ZK125 + 775 along the route as the research object, the potential deformation and damage mechanism and the stability of excavation support were analyzed by using FLAC 3D software. The results show that under the unsupported excavation condition, the slope is mainly dominated by creep-slip deformation of the slope surface; under the unsupported rainstorm condition, the slope undergoes large-scale destabilization damage with excavation. In the excavation and support process, as well as in the rainstorm condition after the completion of support, the stability of the slope as a whole and the support structure are better. The slope is a creep-slip-pulling earth slide in which the rock and soil bodies on the surface of the slope body are sheared off at the potential shear sliding surface in the slope body under the multiple effects of engineering disturbance, rainfall and gravity, and the slope body as a whole is subjected to unloading and traction at the leading edge and squeezing and pushing at the trailing edge, and then it slides along the circular arc shaped shear sliding surface in the accumulation body.
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Meng, Dan, Changfeng Yuan y Guangming Yu. "Analysis of Ground Settlement Caused by Subway Tunnel Excavation". En Prediction and Control of Interaction Between Ground Building and Tunnel Construction Process, 27–45. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3474-2_3.

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Liu, An, Hua Li, Fei Lu y Meifeng Niu. "Numerical Simulation with FLAC3D on Excavation Process of Underground Powerhouse of Kaluma Hydropower Station". En Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 211–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_19.

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AbstractThe dam site of Kaluma Hydropower Station is located on the Nile River in northern Uganda. It is a diversion power station with a total installed capacity of 600 MW. The gneissic fissures and medium dip fissures in the plant area not only reduce the strength of the rock mass, but also easy to form adverse combinations and cuts, which adversely affecting the stability of the cavern. Therefore, surrounding rock deformation and block instability are the key factors affecting the stability of underground caverns. Based on the field investigation data, according to the research of geological prototypes such as rock mass structural plane investigation and quality classification, this paper uses the finite element numerical analysis software FLAC3D to establish and calculate the numerical model, adjusts the boundary conditions of the model through parameter inversion, and then calculates the stress and strain of each part of the rock mass, so as to evaluate the excavation stability of underground powerhouse construction. The actual situation of construction and excavation verifies the accuracy of numerical analysis and calculation.
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Zhang, J. Z., Q. H. Jiang, D. M. Zhang y H. W. Huang. "Dynamically updating geological uncertainty simulation with the process of tunnel excavation". En Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, 327–32. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003413790-39.

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Li, Langhua, Duwen Shen y Qili Gan. "Application of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing Technology to the Horizontal Joint Slurry at the Bottom of Shear Wall". En Novel Technology and Whole-Process Management in Prefabricated Building, 362–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5108-2_39.

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AbstractUltrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) technology has a wide range of applications in the connection nodes of prefabricated building components. It is mainly used to test the quality of the connection nodes of prefabricated building components, such as filling degree, anchorage of steel bars, etc. This paper mainly introduces the detection of the filling degree of the shear wall bottom joint slurry. By discriminating acoustic parameters such as “sound velocity, amplitude, waveform” in ultrasonic detection method, the fullness of grouting is detected. According to the examples, the operation steps such as field detection, data processing and analysis and entity excavation verification are summarized, and suggestions are provided for the efficient application of ultrasonic detection technology in the quality detection of fullness.
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Dong, Y. P. "Effect of diaphragm wall construction process on the performance of braced excavation". En Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, 176–81. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003413790-20.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

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Coote, Robert I. y J. Kyle Keith. "Pressure Reductions and Pipeline Excavation". En 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0395.

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Pipeline companies often reduce the pressure while performing maintenance activities and integrity excavations on in-service pipelines. Despite this practice, pipeline design codes, regulations and industry publications offer little guidance on what factors should be considered to determine how much, if any, the pressure should be reduced from operating levels during excavation activities. Also, it is not commonly understood what level of safety is introduced with these reductions and what historical operating pressure level should be used as the basis for the reductions. A literature survey and an interview process with CEPA member companies summarized common industry practices and determined factors to be considered when assessing if and how much of a pressure reduction is appropriate while excavating an operating energy pipeline.
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Mori, Y. y H. Tokuni. "Excavation depth and crush process for an excavation-type demining robot". En 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2005.1545249.

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Hwang, Seokyon y Liang Y. Liu. "Modeling Excavation Process Using Dynamic Modeling Approach". En International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40937(261)20.

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Fredj, Abdelfettah, Aaron Dinovitzer, Geoff Vignal y Sanjay Tiku. "Pipeline Mechanical Damage Excavation Process Review and Recommendations". En 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33618.

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In order to perform pipeline maintenance it is often necessary to excavate the pipeline. To support excavation safety, the pipeline condition and other factors that can promote failure are considered in establishing a safe excavation process. For pipelines that include mechanical damage features, consideration must be given to the response of the pipe during the excavation process. The combination of previously developed and validated mechanical damage and soil structure interaction numerical simulation techniques have been used to simulate the response of operating pipelines to the excavation process. This paper presents a preliminary overview of the application of these numerical simulation tools to establish a safe excavation process for pipeline systems with mechanical damage features characterized by in-line-inspection tool data. The research work described in this paper considers a range of mechanical damage feature geometries, restraint conditions, burial/excavation conditions, pipe geometries and materials, and internal pressures. As a result of applying this work, preliminary excavation procedure and further research recommendations are made to support mechanical damage maintenance programs.
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Kostur, Karol, Jozef Futo, Frantisek Krepelka y Lucia Ivanicova. "Comparison of characteristics of excavation process and characteristics of acoustic signal in TBM excavation". En 2012 13th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/carpathiancc.2012.6228663.

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Wrzesinski, Grzegorz. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DEWATERING PROCESS OF DEEP EXCAVATION". En 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/1.2/s02.063.

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Li, Zuguang, Yueming Zhu, Bojun Yang, Tiecheng Wang y Jian G. Sun. "Systematic innovation process studies based on resource excavation". En 2016 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology (ICMIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmit.2016.7605044.

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Aitova, M. V. "The process of excavation work in winter conditions". En ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-04-2018-137.

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Sun, Shiguo, Weidong Liu y Yujuan Zhang. "The Safe Thickness of Top Plate in the Process of the Underground Excavation Transferred to Opencast Excavation". En 2015 International Symposium on Energy Science and Chemical Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isesce-15.2015.25.

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Ahmadipur, Amir, Ali Ebrahimi, Arash Mosaiebian y Doug Cook. "Stress-Relief Excavation for Pipeline Geohazard Mitigation". En 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87081.

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Abstract Pipelines are linear structures that cross various slope geometries and geologies and are susceptible to various ground movement geohazards, including landslides and subsidence. The ground movements from the geohazards can potentially induce axial, bending, and torsional stresses in pipelines. The objective of this paper is to summarize the strain relief process, demonstrate that strains can be estimated without IMU using the shape of the pipe measured in the field, and describe the pipeline performance before, during and after stress-relief excavation. This paper will also present planning considerations prior to conducting a stress-relief excavation, including design considerations, geotechnical stability, and considerations related to conditions of the pipe. This paper will present an approach to approximate pipe shape and estimate bending strains in the pipe and includes a discussion on results of three case-studies of stress-relief excavations. These case studies include landslide movements of various directions with respect to a pipeline. A summary of pipeline out-of-straightness, inertial measurement unit bending strain, rebound measurement during the stress-relief excavation, and strain measurement using strain gauges are included.
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Informes sobre el tema "Excavation (process)"

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Stewart. L52283 Ground Positioning Satellite in Conjunctions with Current One-Call System - Virginia. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), noviembre de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010184.

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Excavation damage continues to be a leading cause of damage to underground facilities. It was cited as the cause in over 15% of all pipeline incidents in 2006. Effective damage prevention programs are necessary to prevent damages to underground facilities and to ensure public health and safety, environmental protection and continuity of vital services. All stakeholders, including the public, share responsibility for and the benefits of damage prevention. Although much has been done to address excavation damage it continues to be a problem. The Virginia Pilot Project for Incorporating GPS Technology to Enhance One-Call Damage Prevention was undertaken as a "proof-of-concept" project to research and implement new and existing technology to significantly enhance the development and communication of accurate information among stakeholders regarding the exact location of planned excavations. Resulting improvements in the one-call damage prevention process would in turn have a positive impact on damage prevention and the safety and reliability of operations of underground facilities.
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Skow. PR-244-093703-R01 Uncertainties of In-line Inspection Crack Detection Tools Phases 1-2. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), octubre de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010828.

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This project was carried� to develop better approaches to deal with in line crack inspection tool uncertainty. The primary objectives of the project were as follows: To develop practical and defendable methodologies to quantify the de facto tool accuracy for a specific pipeline, taking into account the limitations associated with field excavation programs.� To develop methodologies that can be used to incorporate the above mentioned tool characterizations into the crack management process. The objectives were addressed in two parts: first by estimating the number of defects in the pipeline, and second by estimating the reliability of the pipeline given the defect count and size distributions. Sections 2 and 3 of this report detail the models used to estimate the number and size of defects in the pipeline. Section 4 details the reliability models used as a basis for crack management. API Standard 1163 titled �In line Inspection System Qualification Standards� provides performance based requirements for in line inspection (ILI) systems, including procedures, personnel and equipment. The standard provides a starting point and terminology for discussions on in line tool performance and is referred to throughout this report. In line tool accuracy is defined in API 1163 in terms of probability of detection (POD), probability of identification (POI), probability of false call (POFC) and sizing accuracy. Models for each of these performance measures is developed and exercised using four operator ILI and excavation data sets for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) defects. The model results are then applied to a crack management process that utilizes pipeline reliability as a basis for decision making. An overview of the models developed for POD, POI, POFC and sizing, as well as key results from the crack management process, is presented.
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Ricci, Glenn, Sarah Gaines y Amanda Babson. Integrated coastal climate change vulnerability assessment: George Washington Birthplace National Monument. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2304901.

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Through a series of workshops, a team of National Park Service, University of Rhode Island and related experts conducted a climate change vulnerability assessment to integrate issues across natural resources, cultural resources, and facilities for George Washington Birthplace National Monument (NM). This assessment used existing methods (Ricci et al. 2019a) and data, and expert knowledge to understand the general trends in current (2022) and future (2050, 2100) vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Climate stressors included sea level rise (SLR), storm surge, flooding, erosion rates, and precipitation and temperature changes. The results of the assessment are presented for each of the three workgroups: cultural resources, natural resources, and facilities, as well as for two key geographic focal areas ? the Shoreline and the Memorial Core. Cultural landscapes, historic features and archeological sites that comprise the core values of the park are already being impacted by ongoing erosion, sea level rise, and storms, all of which are accelerated by climate change. The Ice Pond Dam was identified as a critical feature, both as a cultural resource and a facility asset, which is vulnerable to flash flooding and serves as a weak link for critical systems of communications, electricity, and access. Bluff monitoring designed to identify paleontological resources can benefit archeological resources as well. As erosion rates increase, newly uncovered archeological resources may drive a push for excavation. However, undercutting of the bluff makes any excavation or information reconnaissance on the archeological sites more difficult or dangerous due to the possibility of bluff edge sloughing or collapse. There is a recognized need to strengthen tribal partnerships to understand the priority for management of these resources. Tribal consultations initiated by the park are now underway. Any archeological excavation will result in loss of context and require additional storage capacity. Evaluation of potential shoreline stabilization techniques would need to consider how they would impact the viewshed and cultural landscape. Recommendations also included conducting an updated cultural landscape plan for the Memorial Core to consider tree management, including tree replacement in consideration of wind damage potential and because of the likelihood that extended warm seasons will lead to a longer period of pest activity. The vulnerability assessment data and maps can be a valuable resource for jumpstarting the adaptation planning process and integrating into existing planning processes. They can be used to engage with partners and help them appreciate the underlying vulnerability issues and changes over time.
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Cazenave, Pablo, Katina Jimenez y Ming Gao. PR-328-173865-R01 Evaluation of ILI Capabilities on Mechanical Damage Features. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011946.

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ILI systems' testing was conducted at the PRCI Technology Development Center (TDC) using two (2) separate ILI pull tests strings with more than 120 MD specimens including plain dents, dents with corrosion, dents with gouges and dents with fatigue cracks. These specimens consisted of fabricated samples (dents with gouge and fatigue-induced cracks), as well as real-world features recovered from former in-service pipelines. Testing included four (4) different ILI systems with four (4) different ILI sensing technologies using a consistent and objective process. Testing focused on key variables to determine the probability of detection (POD) and the probability of identification (POI) of ILI systems when evaluating mechanical dents with coincident features. The test specimens were also characterized using multiple NDE technologies to provide the detailed characterization needed (truth data) for evaluating ILI performance. The project included feedback to participating ILI and NDE Technology Providers per API Standard 1163, with the objective of having the ILI Technology Providers return for additional testing in subsequent phases of work to demonstrate improvements in their ILI systems' performance. The results of this work will provide pipeline operators with an improved understanding of ILI systems performance for dents with coincident features. Additionally, the results will be the first steps for defining performance/reporting specifications for ILI systems with regard to mechanical damage, which are not currently defined in any industry accepted standard or specification. Improving the understanding of ILI systems' performance will promote the excavation and repair of high-priority defects and limit the excavation of non-injurious features.
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Watson, Mark, Martyn Wilmott y Brian Erno. GRI-96-0452_2 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), noviembre de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011974.

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The pH of solutions found under disbonded polyethylene tape coatings in the field is generally in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. Electrochemically determining corrosion rates for pipeline steels exposed to neutral pH solutions in this pH range indicate that corrosion rates are too low to account for the observed crack growth rates from field excavation programs. This suggests that for the SCC process to be based on a simple dissolution mechanism then the pH at the crack tip would have to be lower than the bulk solution pH. A computer model was developed to determine solution chemistry changes within an SCC crack under anaerobic conditions as a function of time The numerical simulation model showed that the pH at a crack tip is lower by at least one pH unit than the trapped electrolyte outside the crack. A second thermodynamic model was used to show that under appropriate conditions dilute groundwater can be converted to a concentrated carl ornately bicarbonate solution. High temperatures were not required to concentrate on this solution. The concentration of this electrolyte under coal tar or asphalt coatings can occur by a cyclical process in which groundwater levels fluctuate and in tum influence the ability of cathodic protection to reach the steel surface. The high pH is generated by effective cathodic protection and the carbonate concentration is developed by absorption of CO2 from soil gases.
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Bruce. L52273 Internal Repair of Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), diciembre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010287.

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External, corrosion-caused loss of wall thickness is the most common cause of repair for gas transmission pipelines. To prevent an area of corrosion damage from causing a pipeline to rupture, the area containing the corrosion damage must be reinforced. Since corrosion is a time dependent process, as pipelines become older, more repairs are required. Repair methods that can be applied from the inside of a gas transmission pipeline (i.e., trenchless methods) are an attractive alternative to conventional repair methods since pipeline excavation is precluded. This is particularly true for pipelines in environmentally sensitive and highly populated areas. Hydrostatic pressure testing was conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, weld deposition, an adhesively bonded steel patch, and adhesively bonded/helically wound steel strip. To benchmark pipeline material performance, additional pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin and in the corrosion damaged/un-repaired conditions. Three repair technologies exhibited burst pressures that were greater than the burst pressures of the un-repaired pipe sections: adhesively bonded/helically wound steel strip repair exhibited the highest performance with burst pressures ranging from 0.4% to 144% higher; carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair had burst pressures ranging from 4% to 17% higher; and glass fiber-reinforced liner repair had burst pressures ranging from 1% to 7% higher. Two repair technologies exhibited burst pressures that were lower than the burst pressures of the un-repaired pipe sections: adhesively bonded steel patch repair was 1% lower and weld deposition repair was10% lower.
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Kiefner, John. PR-218-074503-R01 Effectiveness of Current ROW Monitoring Processes. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), septiembre de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010970.

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The objective of this project was to assess the effectiveness of oil and gas operators transmission operators to prevent unauthorized excavations and encroachments on their rights of way in order to protect their buried pipelines from being damaged.
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Desjardins y MacKenzie. PR-218-123603-R01 Procedure for Determining the Number of Excavations to Validate SCCDA. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), septiembre de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010857.

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A challenge facing pipeline integrity groups is how to determine the number of digs required to confirm the presence or absence of SCC in a pipeline section as part of the Direct Assessment process. A Bayesian statistical methodology has been developed to solve this problem. The pro-cess requires the definition of a probabilistic susceptibility, which is the likelihood that significant SCC exists somewhere on a pipeline. The SCCDA�s probability of success to find SCC also plays a central role. Based on the initial probabilistic susceptibility (prior probability) and the SCCDA success rate, the Bayesian formula updates the likelihood of SCC, based on the results of the excavations. The number of excavations is determined when the absence of SCC is estab-lished to a predetermined confidence level. The required confidence level is left to the discretion of the pipeline operators.
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Goh, Geok Yian y John Miksic. The Istana Kampung Gelam (IKG) Site: A Preliminary Report. National University of Singapore Press, mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56159/sitereport10.

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Archaeological research at the Kampong Gelam site began in March 2000 and was concluded on 21 September 2000. The database accompanying this report, however, contains data entries for artefacts from later excavations that have found their way into the collection which the authors and their team analysed and processed. The finds were mostly 19th and 20th century ceramics and earthenware.
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Tester, J. W. y C. Augustine. Transport Processes in Reacting Hydrothermal Flames with Applications to Military Waste Destruction in Supercritical Water and Geotechnical Rock Excavation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, enero de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada510213.

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