Tesis sobre el tema "Évolution du système"
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Lallouche, Samira. "Le système hospitalier algérien : une évolution nécessaire". Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0018.
Texto completoTo describe a hospital system, it is to evoke the actors of this system and the relationships that exist between them. The Algerian hospital system consists mainly of the following elements; the public authorities (the state and the social security organizations), the establishments of health and population (the diseased).The existing relationships between the different hospital actors are the relationships between the state and public establishments of health and the relationships between the latter and the diseased.The hospital institution encounters a multitude of difficulty to meet the request of users regarding the health care delivery. The rigid relation, which exists between the state and the establishment of public health, has engendered constraints in different domains (organization, financing and management) which led to a dysfunction of the public health establishment. Before these constraints, it is urgent to undertake the necessary reforms.The contractualization is an effective procedure of changes support; it is a part of means to achieve the objectives of the hospital reform. Moreover, the improvement procedures of quality are strongly incited by the accreditation perspective. Furthermore, when we hope to realize the evaluation of actions in order to carry out the reforms, we are confronted by the information issue
Duhautois, Richard. "Évolution du système productif et évolution de l'emploi en France : une analyse empirique". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0131.
Texto completoThe Phd thesis aims at analysing the consequences of the evolution of French productive system on employment relations. Particularly, we insist on the role of firms' survival and death and on the increasing number of business groups. First, we show that deindustrialisation diminishes the firms' average size and thus modifies the creative-destruction process which can involve workers' movements. Second, the increasing number of business groups reinforces the employment relation between firms and employées within firms and business groups. Third, we also highlight the impact of deindustrialisation on skills structure and the use of different work contracts by firms (like short-term contracts and temporary contracts)
Berté, Mamadou. "Évolution du système modal allemand au XIXème siècle". Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040144.
Texto completoWe wanted in this study, on the one hand, to determine if the virtual's subjunctive, essentially represented by the first subjunctive, was still used in the nineteenth century, on the other hand, in how far the first subjunctive was competed with the two others moods. We wanted also to check if the non necessary second subjunctive could be justified by the speaker's doubt about the propositional contents. From our study, we obtained the following results : The virtual's subjunctive is almost non-existent in the nineteenth century, because it only exists in small islets, especially in literature. The first subjunctive is roughly the preponderant mood of the indirect speech, but its influence decreases. In the correspondance, it's no more preponderant. In the indirect speech, the second subjunctive can't be justified by the speaker's doubt about the propositional contents, but it seems rather that some verbs have a tendancy to prefer the second subjunctive
Omar, Haroun Suliman. "Climatologie du Soudan et hydrologie du système nilotique : évolution récente". Lyon 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO31006.
Texto completoBibai, Jacques. "Segmentation et évolution pour la planification : le système Divide-And-Evolve". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544407.
Texto completoRio, Jean Paul. "Organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle et évolution du système visuel centrifuge des vertébrés". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MNHN0025.
Texto completoCarvalho, Américo. "Évolution du système d'information fondée sur l'ubanisation : application au contexte hospitalier". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066068.
Texto completoDaouk, Hilal. "L'internationalisation des places financières arabes : évolution, structure et situation". Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR1006.
Texto completoSince the beginning of the 70s, the arab countries have played a major financial role thanks to the appearance of substantial wealth in the oil producing countries. This new wealth led to the development of regional financial centers. Especially those of baharain and the united arab emirates. The large volume of arab capital has enabled these financial centers to rank among the leading twenty internationally. To appreciate the evolution and international importance of arab financial centers, we have analysed the situation in other financial centers, especially that of london. The gulf war of 1990-1991 reduced the financial surplus of arab countries and brought about a discouragment of foreign investors. Consequently, the rapid expansion of arab financial centers in the future will primarily depend on the political situation in the region, but also, on their capacity for financial diversification and infrastructure development
Morin, Isabelle. "Géomorphologie et évolution du système dunaire des îles de la Madeleine, Québec". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ49112.pdf.
Texto completoAbdelkrim, Malika. "Évolution de la famille marocaine et insertion du système de sécurité sociale". Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040337.
Texto completoThe study is an attempt to analyse the developement of the broad moroccan family facing the development of the moroccan social security system. Its scope covers two levels : one is limited to family, the other deals with the insertion and role of social security in moroccan society. The traditional society, set up on the broadened family, ensured security for its members, it is gradually replaced by a "modern" society, set up on the reduced family, a society which at the moment does not adequately ensure the security formerly offered by the traditional family. The institution of a social security system introduced under the french protectorate as a substitute to the traditional solidarity is maintained under the independence. However, this system has a clearly restrictive conception. The review of the social protection system according to the different types of family (traditional modern and rural urban) highlights the causes of the feeble insertion of the social security in the moroccan society
Micheneau, Carole. "La réforme du système de santé : évolution et conséquences pour l'industrie pharmaceutique". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2P098.
Texto completoDucassou, Emmanuelle. "Évolution du système turbiditique profond du Nil au cours du Quaternaire récent". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13263.
Texto completoBodossian, Julien. "Contribution à l’analyse de la dynamique des troyens : évolution du réseau de résonances en fonction des fréquences planétaires". Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2008. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958556.
Texto completoWe analyse the evolution of trojan’s dynamic when the configuration of the planetary system changes. The triangular equilibrium points are perturbed by the influence of planets. In the first chapter we construct a secular model which gives an analytic approximation of the new equilibrium points under this influence. This work reveals that the inner planets have grower influences than the outer ones. In the second chapter, we study the evolution of the planetary system during the planetary migration. In the third chapter, we classify the resonances which perturb the trojans in four very general families. We also give some methods which predict when they appear in the field of trojans’ frequencies. In fourth and fifth chapters, we apply our model in order to study the evolution of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s trojans dynamic during the planetary migration. During the planetary migration the planetary evolution is very complicated, that’s why we decide to work changing only one parameter: Saturn’s semi-major axis. We calculate the trajectories of trojans for several values of this parameter. Then we detail the evolution of each family. Our work show that many resonant structures have strongly destabilized Saturn’s trojans during the end of planetary migration. As a result, Saturn’s trojans have been ejected whereas very few could be captured. On the contrary, Jupiter’s trojans are very few destabilized by resonances during the end of the migration, which permit the surviving of numerous trojans. Lastly, we study the dynamic of Neptune’s trojans in the actual solar system
Kusiak, Maria Elena. "Le mésozoïque du système Subandin de Bolivie : évolution sédimentaire et synthèse du bassin". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690400.
Texto completoIllayk, Abbas. "Évolution du nombre de composants en panne pour un système réparable non-Markovien". Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8a4c0b86-722d-4ea2-8464-13200e65618f.
Texto completoDavid, Romain. "Le système des canaux semi-circulaires des archosaures : anatomie, morphométrie, morphologie fonctionnelle, évolution". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0038.
Texto completoSemicircular canals are peripheral organs of the vestibular system which are specialised in the detection of head rotations. The signals they transmit to the central nervous system are integrated with visual, proprioceptive and other vestibular signals in order to provide a stable reference frame through head and visual field stabilisation. This allows navigation, motor control and optic flow integration to optimally occur, particularly during locomotion. Here I provide a new methodological framework to analyse the vestibular capabilities of extant and extinct taxa, based on the functional structure of the semicircular canals' system (SCFS). The calculation of the SCFS takes the most of semicircular canals' morphology and empirical relations retrieved upon membranous labyrinths. It provides us with the estimated in-plane sensitivity and maximal response axis of each semicircular canal. This new methodological framework allows us to study absolute and relative overall sensitivity of a semicircular canals' system, along with its directional sensitivity and coding patterns. Data from computed tomography scanning of extant and extinct specimens allow us to reconstruct, to describe and to analyse the bony labyrinth of 39 archosaurs and the membranous labyrinth of 5 tetrapods. We provide evidence that the semicircular canals carry a phylogenetic informative signal, and we retrieved the dinosaurian origin of the clade Aves based on semicircular canals' characters only, for the first time. We show that the shape of the semicircular canals of archosaurs is correlated with the phylogenetic position of the specimens, but also with their biomechanical capabilities, suggesting that the diversification of the archosaurs came along with biomechanical adaptations of the inner ear. We demonstrate that the semicircular canals' system detects some rotations more precisely than others, and that there exist numerous patterns of detection that could eventually be correlated with locomotor repertoires. Finally, we find that birds using flapping flight present an optimisation toward a decrease in the biomechanical sensitivity of their semicircular canals' system, and we deduce from this analysis that the semicircular canals‟ system of Archaeopteryx does not theoretically prevent it to perform flapping flight
Ramírez, Roa Rosaly. "Évolution et crise du système politique vénézuélien : entre rigidité institutionnelle et néo-populisme". Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030003.
Texto completoThis dissertation relates on the Venezuelan modern political system evolution and the political and institutional crisis, in particular since the 1990's. Two levels of analysis are proposed: first, to explain the problems that the Venezuelan democracy faces, we emphasize on the decline of the parties and the parties' system, actors who have played a central role in the Venezuelan political life since the 1930's. The dysfunction of the representative political institutions and a "civic fatigue" among the citizens are the origin of several phenomena: the abstention increase to record levels, the rise of new political actors, many of which having an anti-political discourse. This type of politics is non-institutionalized, very personalized, supported by the personality of a charismatic leader (that's why we talk of "neo-populism"). It contrasts with the democratic practices. Secondly, on a more general level, we advance the idea according to which many of the problems experienced by the Venezuelan people are, at least partly, related to the social, political, economic and cultural transformations in progress for several years across the world, results of the neo-liberal modernization model development
Rouil, Jeff. "Évolution et dynamique du système di-symbiotique chez les pucerons du genre Cinara". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSAM0004.
Texto completoThe existence of multi-symbiotic systems has been demonstrated in several aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and more particularly in species of the genus Cinara. The taxonomic caracterisation of the symbionts present in about sixty species of Cinara has made it possible to determine that Serratia symbiotica is the most frequently found bacterium as an obligatory secondary symbiont. Furthermore, the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of symbiotic associations in Cinara species suggests an ancestral acquisition of Serratia symbiotica as an obligate co-symbiont, although the presence of other bacteria in some species indicates that replacement events have occurred. More recently, genome analysis of Serratia symbiotica strains associated have shown that these symbionts exhibit different genomic characteristics ranging and variations in their shape and localisation in bacteriocytes. These data seem to show a gradient of changes in the transition from a facultative life-style to obligate endosymbiont in which we observe all of the (now obligate) co-symbionts of Cinara. During this phd, using phylogenomics, we inferred the evolutionary history of Serratia symbiotica within Cinara and highlighted multiple independent acquisitions of this bacterium as a co-obligate symbiont of Cinara. These transitions from facultative to obligate life-style are associated with genome reductions and low G-C content that are more or less important depending on the lineage, revealing the relative age of the symbiotic association with Serratia. Among the inferred acquisition events, one in particular led to co-speciation over about 20 Ma of the three partners of the nutritional symbiosis (Cinara, Buchnera and Serratia). In this clade, we observed stable cellular and genomic structures with highly reduced genomes and low G-C content for both co-symbionts. Furthermore, the analysis of the substitution rates of each partner allowed us to describe for the first time a parallel evolution between the two symbionts and their host. Further analysis of the gene composition of the co-symbiotic bacteria in this clade revealed strong complementation for the production of nutrients required by the host. Furthermore, the analysis of their set of genes revealed that they are under strong purifying selection. In addition an experimental approach aimed at quantifying the symbionts during development on three Cinara species suggest that aphid species differ in their capacity to regulate the co-symbiont Serratia. This difference is observed between two Cinara species for which the Serratia originated from independent acquisitions and in which its localisation is different. Finally, a genomic comparison analysis on APSE phages (integrated bacteriophage) present in Cinara co-symbionts and providing defence against parasitoids allowed a description the diversity of APSEs and their genome evolution in aphids. This analysis also showed that mobile elements could play a role in the acquisition of new genes in the defensive toxin cassette. Altogether, this study reveals a dynamic multi-partner endosymbiosis where the new partner is recurrently replace
Kusiak, Maria Elena. "Le mésozoïque du système Subandin de Bolivie : évolution sédimentaire et synthèse du bassin". Grenoble 1, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00690400.
Texto completoIn Bolivia, the Mesozoic is located in the Subandine belt, East of the Andean Cordillera. It is mainly represented by continental sequences described as local formations, without any tentative correlation between the various area. In this work, we show that the Mesozoic characterize two different basins formed in rifting context. The Villamontes basin, located in the Southern part of the Subandine, began its evolution during Middle/Late Triassic and developped during Jurassic times. In the Northern Subandine the Santa Cruz basin was active during Cretaceous. The basal sequence of the Subandine Mesozoic is restricted to the Villamontes basin where the red sediments of the Ipaguazu Fm represent the basal part of the synrift deposits, overlain by tholeiitic basaltic lava flows (Entre Rios Fm) of Toarcian age (181,5 ± 0,90 My by Ar/Ar method). The overlying Tapueca and Castellon Fms characterise a synrift regime contemporaneous to a period of thermal subsidence. The geometry of the various contacts underlines the dissymmetry of the basin. Fms Ichoa and Beu represent the prerift deposits in the Northern Subandine, and are overlain by synrift Yantata and Eslabon Fms that underline the Northward migration of the extensional processes during the Mesozoic. In correspondence with the location of the Santa Cruz depocenter, the synrift deposits are represented by the basal sequence of the Cajones Fm ; the upper part of the Cajones Fm and its northern equivalent, the Flora Fm, characterize the final step of the thermal subsidence. In the area of the Boomerang, these formations have been affected by an important erosion, well known as the 'pretertiary unconformity'
Courtier-Orgogozo, Virginie. "Formation des organes sensoriels chez D. Melanogaster : lignages cellulaires, apoptose et évolution". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066242.
Texto completoFuchs, Lise. "Évolution des relations tecto-telencéphaliques chez le poussin de moins de quinze jours". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066224.
Texto completoBeldjilali, Tarik. "Évolution des schémas dans un système de gestion de bases de données orientées objets". Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0035.
Texto completoSchema evolution of an object oriented data base depends on the existence of persistent objects populating the database. Actually object oriented DBMS put too many constraints to allow flexible evolution which does not cause adverse consequences on the instances. In order to overcome this problem we defined a new characteristic for the object model which is mixed hierarchy whose goal is to make easy schema evolution. A mixed hierarchy is possible due to a mechanism of abstraction made of generalization and inverse inheritance. To manage such a hierarchy we introduced the notion of β-schema that is the set of schema modifications following an evolution operation. A β-schema is validated only when its dependent transaction terminates successfully. Furthermore, to enhance conception and objects organization, the G* model is proposed, which integrates the notion of abstract class that takes into account evolution in the post-conception phase (exploitation phase). This thesis introduces the G* model definition, what has in common with object oriented models as well as its specific prope1ties. The G* approach for schema modification and its specific evolution operations are given. The main prope1ties to be checked for a coherent schema adapted to the G* model and to its mixed hierarchy are introduced. Also, problems of objects coherence and those related to the structural coherence of the methods are discussed
Poblete, Gómez Fernando Andrés. "Formation de l’orocline de la Patagonie et évolution Paléogéographique du système Patagonie-Péninsule Antarctique". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S042/document.
Texto completoAt the continental scale, the Andes presents significant curvatures. One of the largest is the curvature of Patagonia, where the orogen and its main tectonic provinces are rotated about 90 ° from an NS direction at 50 ° to an EO orientation in Tierra del Fuego. Despite its importance, the origin of the curvature of Patagonia and its involvement in paleogeographic reconstructions remain controversial: is the result of an oroclinal bending, or an inherited characteristic? It is in this context that I made a paleomagnetic and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy in the Austral Andes region. The results suggest that the inner part of the bend is a secondary feature linked to the evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula.In this thesis, I will present the results of a paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) study of 146 sites sampled between 50 ° S and 55.5 ° S (85 sites in marine sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous-Miocene of the Magallanes fold and thrust belt; 20 sites in sedimentary and volcanic rocks south of Cordillera Darwin, 41 sites in intrusive rocks of the Cretaceous-Eocene batholith. The AMS results in the sediments show that the magnetic fabric is controlled by tectonic processes, partially or completely obliterating the sedimentary fabric. In general, there is a good correlation between the orientation of the magnetic lineation and that of the fold axes except at Peninsula Brunswick. The wide variation in the orientation of magnetic fabrics within the batholith suggests an emplacement of intrusive without tectonic constraint. Paleomagnetic results obtained in Navarino Island and Hardy Peninsula, south of the Beagle Channel, show a post-tectonic remagnetization recording a counterclockwise rotation of more than 90 ° as that recorded by the intrusive rocks older than ~ 90Ma. The Upper Cretaceous to Eocene intrusive rocks record counterclockwise rotations of lower magnitude (45 ° -30 °). In contrast, the Magallanes fold and thrust belt mainly developed between the Eocene and Oligocene records little or no rotation. Spatial and temporal variations of tectonic rotations determined in this study support a model of deformation of the Austral Andes in two steps. The first step corresponds to the rotation of a volcanic arc by closing a marginal basin (the Rocas Verdes basin) and formation of Cordillera Darwin. During the propagation of deformation in the foreland, the curvature acquired by the Pacific border of the Austral Andes is accentuated by about 30 °. The tectonic reconstructions using the most recent Global Plate Tectonic model show the essential role of the convergence between the Antarctic Peninsula and South America in the formation of Patagonian orocline during the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene
Lescoutre, Rodolphe. "Formation et réactivation du système de rift pyrénéo-cantabrique : héritage, segmentation et évolution thermique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH003/document.
Texto completoThis study aims to describe the role of rift-inheritance and segmentation for reactivation and to investigate the influence of asymmetric rifting on the syn-rift thermal evolution, using the Pyrenean-Cantabrian system as a natural laboratory. The study of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian junction discards the existence of a Pamplona transform fault between the two rift segments and argues for an accommodation zone where rift segments overlap north and south of the Basque massifs in relation with north-south direction of extension. During convergence, rift segmentation and the Triassic evaporite decoupling horizon controlled the reactivation and the local orogenic architecture. Finally, this study shows that asymmetric hyperextension is associated with asymmetric and diachronous thermal evolution, and highlights the importance of understanding the tectonic evolution to define the thermal architecture
Salloum, Ahmad. "L' évolution du système bancaire libanais à travers la crise du Liban : 1974-1983". Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT4004.
Texto completoThe civil war, which has been shaking lebanon since 1975, has caused deep mutations within the bank-structures involving modifications in the strategies of the banks. The strategies adopted by the monetary authorities and commercial banks, have resulted in spectacular performances. It is this vitality which intrude on the present circumstances
Bouhouche, Ahmed. "Etude des mutants neurologiques minibrain [exposant] 3 et no-bridge [exposant] KS49 : exemples de relations entre gènes, anomalies nerveuses, comportement et apprentissage chez Drosophila melanogaster". Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30146.
Texto completoAlié, Alexandre. "Etudes anatomiques et moléculaires chez le cténaire Pleurobrachia pileus : aspects de l'évolution des cellules souches et du système neuro-sensoriel". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066705.
Texto completoAlapetite, Elodie. "Etude de l’appareil reproducteur des palmiers (Arecaceae) : évolution du système sexuel et du nombre d’étamines". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112063/document.
Texto completoPalms (Arecaceae) are an emblematic family of monocots of 183 genera and around 2500 species distributed on all continents, throughout tropical and subtropical areas. Their characteristic leaves and stems make palms immediately recognizable in the field. The inconspicuous palm flowers are usually considered as rather dull. They are usually small (a few centimetres), trimerous, often unisexual, colourless (white or greenish) and grouped into huge inflorescences. However palms exhibit a large diversity in sexual system and in stamen number, diversity that is still poorly understood. The three main sexual systems of angiosperm, hermaphroditism, dioecy and monoecy are present in palms. Stamen number ranges between a few units (oligandry) to several dozens and even several hundreds of units (polyandry) in some genera. We studied the evolution of sexual system and stamen number at the family level. We used as historical framework a well-supported and dated phylogeny, published recently. Our study showed that the putative ancestor of palms was monoecious and bore oligandrous flowers with 6 stamens. From these ancestral states, several transitions occurred: towards hermaphroditism and dioecy and towards polyandry respectively. In order to initiate a research on a possible functional significance of increase in stamen number, we investigated the relationship between stamen number and pollen production, by extracting the total pollen content from flowers of 82 species. Our study showed a tendency towards higher pollen production when the number of stamen increases in two subfamilies. We also produced molecular phylogeny of a subtribe (Ptychospermatinae) in which the range of variation in stamen number is exceptional. Further investigations into genetic, developmental, ecology and pollination biology are needed
Alapetite, Elodie. "Etude de l'appareil reproducteur des palmiers (Arecaceae) : évolution du système sexuel et du nombre d'étamines". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017166.
Texto completoGuzzo, Mathilde. "Contrôle dynamique de la polarité chez Myxococcus xanthus : évolution et architecture d'un système chimiotactique modulaire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4078.
Texto completoThe bacterium Myxococcus xanthus forms multicellular structures called fruiting bodies to resist to starvation conditions. Fruiting body formation implies a chemosensory-like system, the Frz system which regulates directional changes through the simultaneous pole-to-pole relocalization of two motility systems, (A) and (S). During my PhD, I have worked on the connection between the Frz chemosensory-like system and the downstream regulators MglA and MglB in the control of polarity inversion. The cell polarity axis is established by (i) a Ras-like small G protein, MglA, which constitutes a branch node in the regulation of A and S motility systems at the leading cell pole, and (ii) its cognate inhibitor MglB that localizes at the lagging cell pole. We showed that MglA interacts directly and specifically with the cytoskeleton to promote assembly and disassembly of the A-motility machinery. Using an evolutionary approach, we elucidated the modular architecture of the Frz system and the implication of four regulatory domains to (i) connect the Frz system to the MglAB proteins, (ii) filter and (iii) amplify the signal. We now propose a mechanism for polarity inversion in which the independent action of two response regulators at each cell pole perturbs the interactions between a small-G-protein and its cognate inhibitor to trigger the conversion of a stable polarity axis into a biochemical oscillator. The regulation of directional movement in M. xanthus is an interesting emergent coupling between prokaryotes and eukaryotes regulators
Kooli, Chokri. "Transformation du système éducatif Omanais, quarante ans de formation de capital humain : évolution et performance". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0028.
Texto completoThe economic prosperity of many countries depends primarily on revenues of oil resources and derivatives. Since this type of resource is exhaustible, the question of protecting the economy of certain countries from the fluctuations of oil prices may raise. These countries need too, to ensure the prosperity of their local economy based on sustainable resources. The Sultanate of Oman has launched the challenges of the diversification of its economy. To achieve this, the political authorities have understood the usefulness of the development of human capital throughout the increase of the level of instruction and education of the population. Being aware that such investment in education is more productive than any other one, our goal consists to study and analyze the effectiveness of public decision to invest in education and its impact on the quality of human capital. Through the Omani model, we seek to measure the impact and contribution of forty years of massive investments in the education system and on the development of human capital of the Sultanate. Our research, aims to analyze how to balance between the utility of education as a development model and the effectiveness of investment in the education system? We will see how public decision to invest in human capital must take into account the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the educational process. The consequences of such investment model need to be examined through the Omani case
Poullet, Nausicaa. "Plasticité développementale et évolution de la lignée germinale et du système reproducteur des nématodes Caenorhabditis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4123.
Texto completoThe environment is an integral part of the translation of genotypes into phenotypes, and a given genotype may generate different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. This phenomenon, called developmental or phenotypic plasticity is universal. My project aimed to conduct an integrative and evolutionary analysis of developmental plasticity in reproductive and underlying germline traits of Caenorhabditis nematodes. This research thus also sheds light on the environmental sensitivity of life history traits.First, I analysed the extent of plasticity and genotype-by-environment interactions for C. elegans life history and germline traits in response to ecologically relevant environmental variation. I found highly variable effects of environment and genotype, as well as genotype-by-environment interactions for life history and germline traits. Second, I examined intra- and interspecific evolution of Caenorhabditis germline processes and reproduction, primarily in the context of evolutionary variation in thermal sensitivity of reproduction. I found that heat-induced fertility reduction is not only due to defects in spermatogenesis but also to a wide spectrum of oogenesis errors, which are strongly dependent on species and genotype. Specifically, in C. elegans, high temperature induces consistent defects in mitosis-meiosis progression due to a deregulation of Delta/Notch signalling in the germ stem cell niche. Third, I carried out a population-level study aimed at quantifying germline developmental changes underlying adaptation to a novel environment, making use of C. elegans experimental evolution populations
Poullet, Nausicaa. "Plasticité développementale et évolution de la lignée germinale et du système reproducteur des nématodes Caenorhabditis". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00929881.
Texto completoSimonelig, Martine. "Évolution des éléments transposables I et P impliqués dans les phénomènes de dysgénésie hybride chez Drosophila melanogaster". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112041.
Texto completoCottret, Ludovic. "Analyse systémique de la symbiose intracellulaire : évolution et organisation du réseau métabolique des endocytobiotes". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494581.
Texto completoQuerbes-Revier, Adrien. "Émergence et évolution de l’industrie des services numériques pour téléphones mobiles". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40001/document.
Texto completoThe telecommunications industry currently undergoes a dramatic evolution. Faced with thedevelopment of new uses on mobile phones, incumbents of the mobile phone industry (networkoperators and devices manufacturers) must adapt to a new technological and competitive environment.This new environment technologically relies on expansions of uses of digital objects (software andcontents that can be either of professional, personal or leisure use) and thereby serves as a launchingpad for actors more or less mature coming from software industries, copyright-based industries or theInternet industry. Based on this observation, our thesis rests on the idea that incumbents of the mobilephone industry must adapt to this new environment in order to maintain their position, and must learnto coordinate with those new actors as coordination is required for this market to emerge. We thereforestart with a historical analysis of the emergence of the mobile services industry so as to position theissues at stake regarding coordination. We then focus on “open source” projects for smartphoneoperating systems in order to analyse the interest of an open strategy. Last, we design an evolutionistsimulation model so that to analyse the actors’ strategies linked with the structure of the industry andits effects on the technological structure
Djambian, Caroline. "Valorisation d'un patrimoine documentaire industriel et évolution vers un système de gestion des connaissances orienté métiers". Phd thesis, Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00483442.
Texto completoLessault, David. "Périurbanisation et recompositions socio-spatiales à Dakar : évolution des stratégies résidentielles d'un système métropolitain ouest africain". Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE1063.
Texto completoDakar, metropolitan system west african, recently knows new logical settlement, mainly endogenous, and underlain by phenomena of demographic redistribution. This dynamics leads in particular to the acceleration of urban creation in periphery, according to a process of periurbanisation. In the context, this analysis of the residential trajectories and access modes to the housing of the inhabitants allowed the reconstitution of the strategies which chair the installation in periurban medium, the households expressing in their choices of residence a report/ratio chosen with the society. The socio-space configurations which emerge of these practices brought to propose a transverse reading of metropolitan recombining in progress
Nguyen, Thanh Nguyen. "Politique de santé et système de santé au Vietnam : évolution liée aux changements économiques 1975-2000". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077087.
Texto completoGregoire, Gwendoline. "Dynamique sédimentaire et évolution holocène d'un système macrotidal semi-fermé : l'exemple de la rade de Brest". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0103/document.
Texto completoThe bay of Brest is a tide-dominated, semi-enclosed coastal basin, which is connected with two rivers (Aulne and Elorn). Its jagged shoreline and seabed morphology constitute an ideal setting to understand sedimentary transfer at the land-sea interface. In this aim, this study is divided in two different time scale. The first (a) focuses on the present-day sedimentary bedload dynamic and the second (b) on the reconstruction of the Holocene infilling, during the last marine transgression. (a) A analyse combining a sedimentology approach and numerical has highlighted the major control of the tidal currents. Swells and rivers have a minor impact, because the inherited morphology accentuates and promotes tidal currents. There are responsible of a shelly sandy exchange between the oceanic domain (Iroise Sea) and confined (bay of Brest). At present, the bay of Brest suffers from an imbalance of shelly sand. Fine sediments are eroded and redistributed in the shallow parts of the bay. In ideal conditions (strong tidal current) they can be exported.(b) From the stratigraphic and chronostratigraphic analyses, the successive landward retreat of estuarine processes, during the last marine transgression, has been observed. The sea level acts as the major factor control of the sedimentary geometry deposits. However, the morphological particularity of the bay of Brest influenced their preservation and it is possible to determinate the longitudinal and transversal asymmetry. After the sea level stabilisation (3 000 BP), the Holocene climatic variations and anthropic activities have disturbed the suspension dynamic.The bay of Brest had a different impact on the sedimentary transfer during the last marine transgression. At present, it acts as a « sediment trap » for the fine particles and has not enough sandy sediment. This configuration tends to an erosion of the system
Hemelsdaël, Romain. "Évolution spatio-temporelle du couplage entre système fluviatile et rifting : étude du rift de Corinthe (Grèce)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0141/document.
Texto completoRivers behaviour during early rifting can significantly impact on syn-rift sedimentation and the distribution of subsidence. During normal fault growth, existing rivers can be diverted toward subsiding zones. They can respond to footwall uplift either by reversing their flow or by incising into uplifting zones. Long-lived river systems and their stratigraphic record in rifts are poorly documented, not only during early fault propagation and linkage processes but also during successive migrating phases of fault activity. We investigate the interactions of major antecedent rivers with a growing normal fault system and the implications for facies distributions, both on a basin scale and at the scale of individual normal fault blocks. Along the southern margin of the western Corinth rift (Greece), the Plio-Pleistocene fluvial and deltaic successions are investigated. Syn-rift deposits are preserved in a series of uplifted normal fault blocks (10–20 km long, 3–7 km wide). Detailed sedimentary logging and high resolution mapping of the syn-rift deposits document variations of alluvial architecture across the basin and enable to define lithostratigraphic units. Magnetostratigraphy and rare biostratigraphic data are used to date and correlate the alluvial succession between fault blocks. Burial ages were tentatively determined using cosmogenic isotopes 10Be and 26Al produced in situ in quartz grains. Based on the correlation model, we reconstruct the evolution of the early western Corinth rift between about 3.6 and 1.8 Ma. (1) The transverse and antecedent Kalavryta river system flowed and deposited across a series of active normal fault blocks. (2) This river system was inherited from the Hellenide mountain belt and supplied high volumes of coarse sediments from the onset of extension. (3) As depocentres enlarged through time, the fluvial deposits progressively filled palaeorelief. A continuous braided plain developed above active buried faults and no significant consequent drainage system developed between the narrow fault blocks. (4) The main fluvial axis of the antecedent drainage persists through time and controlled facies distribution. (5) The length scale of facies transitions is greater than, and therefore not related to fault spacing. Here, along-strike subsidence variations in individual fault blocks represent a secondary contributor to the alluvial architecture. (6) The zones of maximum subsidence on individual faults are aligned across strike, parallel to the persistent fluvial axis. This implies that long-term sediment supply and loading influenced normal fault growth. Sediment supply largely outpaced local hangingwall subsidence and overfilled the early rift basin. The river system terminated eastward where small deltas are built into a shallow lake that occupied the central Corinth rift. During this time, another river system built fan deltas along the southern margin, recording diachronous deepening of the basin. The behaviour of antecedent rivers is also studied at the scale of a relay zone, that developed later in the rift history between two growing fault segments. During the Middle to Late Pleistocene, the relay zone captured the antecedent Krathis River, which deposited prograding Gilbert-type deltas. Transfer faults record progressive linkage and basinward migration of accommodation along the ramp axis, while marine terraces record diachronous uplift in their footwalls. Although early linkage occurred, the main normal faults continued to propagate until final connexion. For the first time a reconstruction of the linkage phase is presented over a period of ca. 0.5 Myr. Throughout this linkage history, the Krathis River continued to flow across the relay zone. Again, this emphasizes the role of antecedent rivers in supplying sediments and controlling the location of the major depocentres along the rift margins
Charron, Guillaume. "Étude de la formation et de l'évolution d'espèces hybrides au sein d'un système de levures sauvages". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36450.
Texto completoL’hybridation a souvent été considérée comme impossible ou encore comme un faux pas de la part des espèces, donnant naissance à de soi-disant culs-de-sac évolutifs. Les observations de lignées hybrides et l’accumulation de données génomique nous ont permis de comprendre que plusieurs organismes participent à des événements d’hybridation. On reconnaît aujourd’hui l’hybridation comme un mécanisme puissant de génération de nouvelles lignées. Cependant, la contribution de l’hybridation au processus de spéciation est une des questions qui reste en suspens. Quelques exemples de spéciation par hybridation ont été décrits chez les plantes et les animaux, mais peu de données à ce sujet ont été récoltées chez les microorganismes sexués. Les exemples chez les microorganismes se limitent à des organismes ayant un lien intime avec les activités humaines (pathogènes ou ferments). Le manque de données sur les populations naturelles de microorganismes pourrait laisser croire que leurs hybrides sont peu compétitifs ou encore infertiles, menant à leur extinction dans l’environnement. Au cours des travaux effectué dans le cadre cette thèse, nous avons utilisé une approche de génomique des populations sur une collection de souches naturelles de la levure Saccharomyces paradoxus. La biogéographie de cette espèce suggère que les deux lignées indigènes de l’Amérique du Nord sont en cours de spéciation. Nos analyses ont révélé une lignée auparavant cryptique qui est le résultat d’un évènement de spéciation par hybridation entre ces deux espèces naissantes. À l’aide de ce système d’étude, nous avons exploré en laboratoire deux aspects de l’hybridation. Premièrement, nous avons comparé la croissance d'hybrides à celle de leurs lignées parentales dans plusieurs environnements à la recherche d’une performance diminuée des hybrides qui pourrait expliquer leur rareté dans leur environnement naturel. Cette approche nous a permis de montrer que les hybrides de souches naturelles ont souvent des phénotypes supérieurs à ceux des parents. En second lieu, nous avons utilisé une méthode d’évolution expérimentale pour suivre la dynamique de la fertilité après l’hybridation. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu’après l’hybridation, les hybrides infertiles peuvent redevenir fertiles rapidement à la suite d’évènements spontanés de duplication du génome. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à l’amélioration des connaissances à propos de la contribution de l'hybridation à la formation de nouvelles espèces, particulièrement chez les organismes unicellulaires. De plus, les souches génétiquement modifiées et évoluées disponibles pourront être utilisées dans le cadre de futures recherches à propos d’autres aspects de l’écologie et de l’évolution des hybrides.
Hybridization was often considered as impossible or as a blunder for species, as it gave birth to so-called evolutionary dead ends. The observations of hybrid lineages and the accumulation of genomic data lead to the realization that hybridization is rather common in multiple organisms. Hybridization is now recognized as a powerful mechanism for the generation of new lineages. One of the questions still pending is about the contribution of hybridization to the speciation process. The few examples of hybrid speciation remain limited to plants and animals. Little data is available for sexual microorganisms which could lead to the belief that their hybrids are poor competitors or suffer from infertility, leading to their extinction in the environment. In the course of this thesis, we used a population genomics approach on a collection of natural isolates of the yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus. The biogeography of this species suggests that the two indigenous lineages found in North America are nascent species. Our analyses revealed a precedently cryptic lineage which rose from the hybridization of the two incipient species. Using this study system in the laboratory, we explored two aspects of hybridization. We first compared the growth of hybrids to their parents’ in multiple environments in search of decreased hybrid performance which could explain their rarity in the natural environment. This approach allowed us to show that hybrids between natural strains often show superior phenotypes when compared to their parents. We then used experimental evolution to follow the dynamics of fertility following hybridization. Our results suggest that initially infertile hybrids can rapidly become fertile again following spontaneaous genome duplication events. The results presented in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of how hybridization can shape the formation of new species, particularly in microorganisms. Also, the genetically modified and evolved strains available can be used in future studies about the ecology and evolution of hybrids.
Ballesteros, Sébastien. "Ecologie et évolution des maladies infectueuses aiguës : le cas de la grippe". Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813188.
Texto completoZine, Abdallah Yahia al. "Le système de l'information au Yemen du Nord, 1974-1985 : institution et évolution de la presse écrite". Paris 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA020019.
Texto completoThis study related to the information system in north yemen from 1974 till 1985, includes three parts: the first part objective is to analyse the notion of the liberty of information & to define its politics. Even with the absence of censorship, the yemenite government monopolizes all means of information. Newspapers are well controlled by employees of culture and information department. The second and third part study the evolution of the written press and the means of audiovisual information media. We have to mention that the government gives the priority for the development of audiovisual means without taking into consideration the public taste. That's why we did our own investigation by questionning 363 persons. This gives us an imprecise measure of the audience of the means of national & foreigner information. Our work project is to define the objective assigned by governors for the means of information. This critical study tends to show the negative & positive aspects of information in order to draw the head line of a new information politic based on a higher liberty by taking into consideration the interests of the public
Coste, Alicia. "Origine(s) du système nerveux des Métazoaires et évolution des mécanismes liés au contrôle de la prolifération cellulaire : apports de l'étude chez un Cténaire et un Cnidaire". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066629/document.
Texto completoDue to their phylogenetic position outside from Bilateria, cnidarians and ctenophores are key phyla to understanding the origin and early evolution of molecular mechanisms, cell types, or body plan features at the level of Metazoa. Unlike other non-bilaterian phyla (sponges and placozoans), they possess neurons and muscle cells. The first part of my work relates to the problem of the origin of the metazoan nervous system. Recent studies have suggested a dual origin for nerve cells, with ctenophore neurons having emerged independently from those of cnidarians and bilaterians. This hypothesis relies on phylogenomic analyses supporting ctenophores as sister-group to all other metazoans, and on the purported absence in ctenophores of almost all well-known neuro-transmission systems, including the cholinergic system. Refuting this claim, I present substantial evidence in favour of acetylcholine (Ach) being used in the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus as an extra-cellular messenger, including within the nervous system. This conclusion arises from the conjunction of multiple approaches at the molecular scale (orthology analyses, Ach immuno-localisation, gene in situ hybridisation), at the cellular scale (calcium imaging on muscle cells exposed to Ach) and at the organism scale (pharmacological treatments with an Ach analogue and Ach antagonists). In the second part of my thesis, I address the conservation of molecular mechanisms involved in the control of cellular proliferation. Notably, the Hippo pathway is known for its role in bilaterians in the negative control of cellular proliferation. I show that components of this pathway are conserved in Pleurobrachia pileus and in Clytia hemisphaerica and that the nuclear vs. cytoplasmic localisation of the transcriptional co-factor Yorkie is correlated to the extent of proliferation within C. hemisphaerica tissues. Finally, RNAseq differential gene expression analyses along a cellular conveyor belt of the C. hemisphaerica medusa suggests a tendency for conservation of function among a set of genes whose mammalian orthologues have documented roles in the arrest of cellular proliferation
Henry, Pierre-Yves. "Dynamique des populations et évolution du système de reproduction : étude chez le gastéropode hermaphrodite Physa acuta (Pulmoné)". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20140.
Texto completoLe, Pivert-Jolivet Tania. "Composition, origine et évolution de Ryugu à travers les analyses de MicrOmega/Curation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASP192.
Texto completoPrimitive asteroids are small bodies that have evolved relatively little since their formation. They contain information about the chemical composition of the early solar system and its evolution up to the present day. Before the 2020s, the only potential analogs of these objects available for laboratory analysis were carbonaceous chondrites (CCs). But the link between CCs and their asteroidal parent bodies is not yet clear, and the primitive composition of CCs is partially altered by interaction with the terrestrial atmosphere. This is why, in the 2010s, two space missions observed and collected samples from the surface of primitive asteroids: they represent the first laboratory study of fragments representing their parent bodies. The C-type near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu, was the target of the Hayabusa2 mission (JAXA). The spacecraft performed two samplings, collecting surface and subsurface samples excavated by an artificial impactor. In December 2020, the sealed capsule containing 5.4g of samples returned to Earth and was opened in the Curation Facility (Sagamihara, Japan), a complex containing a set of clean chambers for carrying out an initial analysis of the grains, preserving their integrity and without exposing them to the terrestrial atmosphere. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the composition of Ryugu samples to retrace the evolution of the primitive matter at different stages in the history of the solar system. Thus, I analysed data acquired by the near-infrared (0.99 – 3.65 μm) hyperspectral microscope MicrOmega, installed in the Curation Facility. MicrOmega enables a non-invasive characterization of the mineral and organic composition of the grains. I studied the 2.7 μm band, characteristic of the vibration of the -OH group in the phyllosilicates of the samples. I carried out a statistical study of the variations in the position and depth of the band between several hundred millimetre-sized grains, which indicate a variation in the composition of the phyllosilicates. This analysis suggests that some of the grains collected at the surface experienced space weathering, a process that affects the composition and microstructure of the surface of airless bodies. Conversely, all the grains from the subsurface have undergone a limited exposure to the space environment. This study also shows that the Ryugu samples are depleted in water (H₂O) compared with CI chondrites, despite their similar mineralogy, and suggests that a significant proportion of the water in the CIs could be of terrestrial origin. I then studied the variations in the shape and position of the 2.7 μm band at the surface of the grains. I showed that the spectral heterogeneity of the surface varies from one grain to another. This variation in heterogeneity could be linked to variations in the degree of aqueous alteration and/or the degree of space weathering on surfaces with different roughnesses. This study shows the potential of infrared hyperspectral imaging to detect variations in the water content between the grains, without any bias by the terrestrial atmosphere. This work provides a better understanding of the physical and chemical evolution of the surface and the near subsurface of primitive asteroids. It also provides new insights on the terrestrial alteration of carbonaceous chondrites, with implications for the quantity of water in the asteroidal parent bodies of CI chondrites
Guiragossian, Olivia. "Représenter le phénomène muséal et son évolution. Approche statistique et compréhensive de la notion de musée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA030024.
Texto completoHow many museums are there in the world? Based on a numerical approach to the museum world, this question raises a number of issues about what museums represent, how they develop, and the knowledge and understanding we have of them. However, museums do not benefit from a satisfactory quantitative approach, and no research to date has addressed the issues involved in the construction and significance of these figures for a representation of the museum phenomenon.This work develops as the successive opening of several black boxes, exploring in turn the issues of the definition of the museum, the methods of census and observation, and the means of expressing its diversity. It is based in particular on fieldwork devoted to census strategies around museums in France, questioning the possibility of differentiated museum landscapes and perimeters and raising a constitutive tension between recognition and invisibilisation. This reflection is related to the challenges of European statistics in the formation of a Europe of museums, based on the analysis of its actors and their productions. Finally, the debates led by ICOM around the definition proposed in 2019 at the Kyoto Conference highlight the creation of an international consensus, confronted with specific visions of museums around the world. In this way, I hope to bring to light the dynamics of the structures of information systems dedicated to the museum, to objectify the different visions of the museum throughout the world, and to initiate new methods that can contribute to the development of museology
Maure, Fanny. "Écologie et évolution de la manipulation de type garde du corps : étude du système Dinocampus coccinellae – Coleomegilla maculata". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20258/document.
Texto completoHost behavioral manipulation, a widespread strategy among parasitic organisms, has evolved to favor the transmission and/or survival of parasites. Understanding such a strategy is at the heart of applied aspects of parasitology, such as epidemiology and medicine, but is also important for evolutionary and ecological reasons. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge on a category of manipulation that remains poorly documented: the bodyguard manipulation, initially described on parasitoid insects. Following their larval development, certain parasitic wasps (Braconidae) are able to usurp the behavior of their host and force them to serve as bodyguards to protect parasitoid cocoon against natural enemies. Studying the association between the parasitic wasp Dinocampus coccinellae and one of its host the spotted lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata, this work is structured in five axes: i) Efficiency of the bodyguard protection and associated costs, ii) Energetic constraints for manipulative parasites, iii) Diversity and evolution of bodyguard manipulation, iv) Host survival from parasitism and v) Host nutrition effects on a host–manipulative parasitoid association. Our results provide original findings about the ecology and evolution of the bodyguard manipulation, for instance the energetic costs associated with host manipulation or the role of host nutrition in this type of association. New perspectives are identified in order to stimulate future research in this area
Siranyan, Valérie. "Actes et responsabilités du pharmacien d'officine : évolution et perspectives du fait de la modernisation du système de santé". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10196.
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