Literatura académica sobre el tema "Evaluation innovation"

In present, innovations are spoken as an engine of the world economy because the innovations are transforming not only business entities but the whole industries. The innovations have become a necessity for business entities in order to survive on floating challenging markets. This way, innovations are driving force of companies’ performance. The problem which arises here is a question of measurement innovation’s effect on the financial performance of company or selection between two or more possible variants of innovation’s realization. Various authors which are focused on innovations processes are divided into two groups in their attitudes towards the question of influence of innovations on financial performance of companies. One group of the authors present the idea that any reliable measurement is not possible or efficient. The second group of authors present some methods theoretically applicable on this measurement but they base their approaches mostly on the methods of measurement of investments effectiveness or they suggest employment of indicators or ratios which wouldn’t be clearly connected with the outcome of innovation process. The aim of submitted article is to compare different approaches to evaluation of the innovation processes. The authors compare various approaches here and by use of analysis and synthesis, they determine their own method how to measure outcome of innovation process.

The innovative development of individual enterprises and industries determines the competitiveness of the regional and national economies through modern business technologies for sustainable urban development. The article presents the analysis of categories "science intensive", "high technology", "innovative". The analysis of official data of the Federal Statistical Agency on key indicators of the effectiveness of innovation activities of enterprises is given and their aggregated estimate is given. The dynamics of such indicators as: innovative activity of organizations (specific weight of organizations that carried out technological, organizational, marketing innovations in the reporting year) was revealed; the share of innovative goods, works, services in the total volume of goods shipped, works performed, services; costs for technological innovation; specific weight of expenses for technological innovations in the total volume of shipped goods, works performed, services, etc. In the course of the research, recommendations were developed to increase the efficiency of innovation activities of enterprises based on assessing innovation activity and identifying innovative capacity, as well as applying the necessary economic and mathematical tools for the assessment and modelling of innovative projects and enterprise programs.

The present article provides an overview of modern sources of scientific literature on the evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative projects. Currently, there is no generally accepted methodology for evaluating innovation efficiency. Since innovation and investment activities are closely related, many authors use the UNIDO methodology (based on accounting cash flow) to evaluate the efficiency of innovation activities. In Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation of 1999, in addition to reviewing the financial efficiency of investment projects, it is proposed to evaluate the social and budgetary efficiency. However, the evaluation system in these recommendations refer only to the part of business (financial) efficiency. Since the Russian Federation is on its way of formation of an innovative economy, there is a need to develop an adequate methodology for evaluating innovation efficiency, taking into account the most significant of effects: financial, socio-economic, budgetary, environmental, scientific and technical. The author of the article reviews and analyzes the main achievements made in this area, discloses the essential characteristics of the efficiency types. Also the author analyzes the most rational approaches of Russian scientists in trying to develop a methodology for evaluating innovation efficiency.

The article reveals some aspects connected with economic evaluation of the effectiveness of innovations depending on the stage of the life cycle of the innovation process. There are presented indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of innovation at every stage of its life cycle: scientific, research, development, commercial production, implementation of innovation, diffusion of innovation.

Introduction. It is proved that the role of innovation efficiency is significant for high- tech enterprises and is growing for the economy as a whole. However, evaluation of the efficiency of investment in innovation, which is used in practice, does not take into account sufficiently the features of the innovation process, which leads to a high proportion of false decisions and lack of the commercial outcome of innovations. To increase the efficiency of innovative activities of enterprises, new requirements are put forward to improve the mechanism of selection of innovative projects during their internal examination.The purpose of the study is to deepen the methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of innovation performance of enterprises and improve the mechanism of examination of innovative projects.Research methods. The article used general scientific and specific research methods, in particular: analysis and synthesis - to improve the interpretation of the concept of “innovative activity of the enterprise”; system approach - to clarify the economic meaning of the concepts of “management of innovative activities of the enterprise”, “efficiency of innovative activities of the enterprise”; graphic - for visual representation of statistical material and illustration of theoretical and practical provisions; expert assessment - to determine the effectiveness of innovative activities of the enterprise.Results of the research. In the course the evaluation of the efficiency of investments in the innovation project predetermines processing of expert assessments applying special tools, which involves checking the conditions of consistency and consensus of experts’ ideas. The final stage of the expertise involves making a decision on selection of one or several innovation projects for implementation in the conditions of the enterprise under consideration. It is established that the basis of selection should be the rating of the innovation project, the cost of its implementation and the budget of the enterprise’s innovation development. The final decision on the appropriateness of introduction of the innovation project does not require rigid formalization, but should be taken by senior management board of the enterprise as a result of qualitative assessment of the efficiency of investment in innovation projects.Perspectives. In future research, we plan to develop an algorithm for evaluating and selecting innovative projects during its examination at the enterprise level; to investigate the methodological tools for evaluating the effectiveness of innovative activities of enterprises.

The provisions most modern economic theories argue that the main factors of economic development in postindustrial century are innovations based on new scientific knowledge. The stability and efficiency of economic systems in a global competition can be achieved by forming a high innovation potential, which is one of the main subjects of the state innovation policy. An analysis of the theories social development and innovation dynamics has been proven the need to consider innovative capacity as a relative category, consisting of a resource component, taking into account the balance of risks and opportunities for innovation and competition intensity. Methodical approaches to the estimation of innovative potential of economies based on concepts put forward are offered.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the individual and joint effects of the two design dimensions, form design and functional design, and moderating role of product innovativeness and technological sophistication in consumer’s evaluation of new products. Employing theoretical underpinnings from categorization theory, this paper investigates two major research questions. First, what type of form is more advantageous for a radically new product or an incrementally new product? Second, is there an individual difference in consumer evaluations to innovative products with various form designs? Design/methodology/approach One pre-test and three between-subject experiments were performed. In Experiments 1 and 2, a two-way between-group ANOVA analysis was performed to examine the effect of form and the degree of technological innovation on attitude toward the product using different product categories (car and camera). In Experiment 3, a three-way between-group ANOVA analysis was performed to explore the impact of form, the degree of technological innovation and consumer technological sophistication on attitude toward the product. Findings The results from the three experiments conducted demonstrate that, first, whereas the form design for incremental innovations must be closer to the incumbent products for favorable evaluations, less typical form is evaluated as good as a more typical form for radical innovations. Second, form design of an innovative product matters more to the technologically more sophisticated consumers (experts). Originality/value This paper extends the previous design literature and fills the gap of under-researched area by demonstrating that individual difference, technological sophistication, moderates the design effect on consumer evaluation of innovation; providing boundary condition of when the atypical form is not penalized in spite of consumer’s perceived learning cost; examining how the form and function interplay in “high-status product”; and demonstrating how to strengthen the reliability and validity by replicating the study. Managerially, this paper demonstrates that innovating firms can influence the perceived value of new products using form and functionality, and marketing managers who launch really new products have strategic freedom of choosing own product design.

The article seeks to develop a model for evaluating the innovative development of the national transport infrastructure in the context of globalization. In order to evaluate the innovative development of the transport infrastructure of Ukraine, the innovation activity of the transport sector of the economy is analyzed. It is argued that innovation activity is a quantitative and qualitative characteristic of innovation performance that refers to the degree of innovation capacity realization. To assess the level of innovative development of transport infrastructure, a three-component system has been suggested which includes the following groups of indicators: indicators of innovation activity, indicators of innovation capacity and innovation efficiency indicators. Innovation activity is proposed to be considered as a characteristic of the dynamism of innovative activity of transport infrastructure objects which is assessed by the speed and scale of generating innovations, their market promotion and implementation in the activities of transport enterprises. Innovation capacity is associated with the perspectivism of innovative activity of transport infrastructure objects and is evaluated by potential opportunities that shape the innovative development prospects and trends, as well as strategic guidelines for the transport companies. Innovative efficiency is an indicator of innovation feasibility with regard to the two-way effects of economic, social, environmental and information factors on the level of innovative development of transport infrastructure. The key advantage of the proposed model for assessing the level of innovative development of transport infrastructure is the ability to take into account the principles of dynamism, perspectivism and expediency which contributes to provide comprehensive evaluation of the basic processes of innovative development.

This article is an attempt to expand a scientific discourse on building innovation potential of integrated business structures within the innovation processes at the macro-, meso- and microlevels. It is noted that a number of innovation aspects still lack clearness and lead to ambiguity in interpretations, whereas the role of intellectual assets is increasingly growing as a key driver for business development. Within the scope of this study, the innovation potential of integrated business structures is viewed as a set of potentials of business units involved, in their synergistic development, through the prism of creating and ensuring effective operation of all cluster participants in the current and strategic periods which in turn challenge for financial, human, technological, managerial and innovation resources to be employed to maximize the synergy of innovation capacity, and ultimately, to facilitate the creation of a robust framework for innovations / novelties at different levels. It is emphasized that in terms of exploring the innovation potential of integrated business structures, given the specifics of their activities, a critical objective is to assess the maturity of their development, since the evaluation of innovation potential will enable to identify the primary drivers of success and the key benefits as well as availability of product and technology innovation – all of that laying the foundations of gaining innovative competitiveness of integrated business structures overall. It is also noted that the strategies developed by integrated business structures to enhance manufacturing, economic, financial, personnel related or technological aspects of business activities and other important processes set the vectors of future effective performance and development and should rely upon creative, innovative approaches to meet various market and consumer needs. It is argued that a comprehensive assessment of the implementation of innovation potential of integrated business structures will unlock their current innovation potential and track its development trends and dynamics which might offer opportunities for further adjustments to boost innovation capacity for particular integrated business structures. The findings resume that innovative potential of integrated business structures covers the whole range of innovative resources able to enhance business performance and contribute to its optimization as well as provide opportunities to generate and implement innovations to gain strategic competitive advantages in the context of sustainable development. The proposed algorithm to evaluate the innovation potential of integrated business structures through the use of key assessment indicators will help build a desirability scale for the innovation potential indicators where the values of individual responses refer to a desirability range for integrated business structures. A conclusion is made that enterprise innovative development is a key driver in attaining a competitive edge whereas the innovation potential is an indicator that demonstrates company receptivity to change and innovation. Implementation of the above methodology provides important implications for further improving innovation performance of integrated business structures through forecasting their innovation capacity building along with promoting effective operational and development strategies.

In this Licentiate Thesis, human-centric evaluation of innovations are investigated with focus on examining and gaining understanding of important issues that needs to be considered in the evaluation process. The intention of my research is to contribute to IT-design processes so that future products and services, that are in various stages of development, become more responsive to users' actual needs and wants. IT has traditionally been used within the boundaries for either work- practices or private use. Nowadays, however, these boundaries have become increasingly blurred. Today's technology should not only support work, but also leisure. This means that the use of IT additionally includes areas such as entertainment, education, news, and marketing. Furthermore, IT- products and services should also be supportive for people in their different, although concurrent, everyday roles, such as parent, colleague, friend, consumer, and partner. These changed use contexts and use patterns have made it even more significant to understand the importance of designing technology to support different use situations. To get knowledge about how technology can support use patterns and use contexts a means is user involvement and through continuous evaluations. The evaluations reported in this thesis are evaluations of innovations. Evaluation of use of technology has often focused on usability aspects. Now, the area has developed to include additional use aspects, such as interaction and use experiences. Hence, the area of user evaluation has altered to include a broader question, how technology fits within a broad range of human needs. In this thesis, the reported evaluations mainly have been carried out in a Living Lab context. Living Labs aim to support innovation processes among businesses and local and central authorities by offering human-centric evaluation of innovations in a real-world use environment. The Living Lab concept is rather new. Thus, the evaluation processes, performed within this context, need to be examined. The investigation in this thesis has been carried out following an action research approach within a Living Lab. In this course, four human-centric evaluations were performed: a piece of furniture displaying video-art, a mobile marketing service, a civic-service office, and a mobile-phone bus timetable. The investigation has illuminated that the context in which the evaluations occur is critical. Hence, it needs to be considered and intentionally studied. My study has also shown that the development context for innovations is complex; there are many stakeholders involved with different knowledge interests and therefore, to reach a common purpose of the evaluation is complicated. In addition, it is difficult for stakeholders to express their evaluation needs clearly. Hence, a focus on needs facilitates planning and designing the evaluation process. In this research, an aspect that have been identified as important to consider in evaluations of innovations is that users are reluctant to change their behaviour; hence, it is not possible to evaluate the actual impact of an innovation on people's lives. Instead, the focus of the evaluation should be on valuing users' attitudes and thoughts related to the innovation. In addition, evaluations of innovations are often formative in character, aiming to form the innovations in some way. In these evaluations, it is important to include users who are innovative and open to new technologies. It is also important to include active non-users in evaluations, since their attitudes could reveal necessary changes that would make them want to use the innovation. Finally, when evaluating how an evaluand fits into a range of user needs, it has been found that user needs can be met at different levels. This means that a product, or a service, can meet the need of a user concerning one aspect, but still, the user might not be aware of the need of the product or service, as such. So, a need of an innovation might exist, but the users do not use it anyway; the users fulfil their needs by a different means. Therefore, if an innovation does what the users need it to do, a change in user behaviour needs to be encouraged to help the users change their actions.
Godkänd; 2006; 20070110 (haneit)

A global mapping of early stage medical technology companies has been implemented. The companies have emerging products within neurology and have undergone an evaluation by clinicians concerning the ability to provide clinical value for Swedish health care. The evaluation process has been executed by discussion with neurologists and neurosurgeons in combination with a literature survey. To limit the evaluation process, areas of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy were chosen.

Some companies turn up to develop more requested products than others. Medfield Diagnostics AB, with their microwave screening product could in the future address the need for fast, accurate and accessible diagnosis of stroke and head trauma. The NBS system from Nexstim Ltd. has potential to provide clinical value by the ability of the products TMS technology to navigate in the brain. Elminda Ltd. product built of an evidence based rehabilitation platform could enhance recovery of patients with neurological disorders on an individual basis. BrainsGate Ltd. product to deliver drugs over the blood brain barrier provides totally new treatment options and NeuroSonix Ltd. ultrasound based product could assist the surgeon and decrease damageable embolic debris. Neurolife non-invasive solutions innovative device, which non-invasively measured the intracranial pressure, would be a totally new way to monitor patients.

A symposium was organized and three top ranked companies with stroke care products were invited to present their technology for Swedish clinicians in Stockholm. Participating companies were Nexstim Ltd., Elminda Ltd. and Medfield Diagnostics AB, who were all well received and considered to have interesting technologies with ability to provide clinical value.

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na měření efektivnosti procesních inovací ve společnosti Red Hat Czech s.r.o. Práce je rozdělena do tří částí. První část práce se zabývá teoretickými poznatky. Ve druhé části se jedná o představení společnosti a pochopení interních procesů a systémů firmy. Poslední část obsahuje návrhy na zlepšení tohoto projektu, které vychází z analýzy současné situace společnosti.

Innovation outside the company’s core business is essential for any company in a fast-changing environment. Companies that want to engage in strategic innovation in order to embrace emerging opportunities need ways of managing the innovation process. There is currently limited research on how to select among and evaluate innovation proposals for emerging opportunities in the context of intrapreneurship. This master thesis investigates how an incumbent high-tech company that promote intrapreneurship uses criteria in the selection process of innovation proposals. The study conducts an embedded single-case study of the case company, referred to as Company A, by collecting qualitative data through archival documents and 19 semi-structured interviews. The study uses Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovation to analyse the results. Findings show that an incumbent high-tech company uses a set of criteria that is a mix of the previous findings in the context of new product development and external investors. The criteria utilized in the selection process are within the dimensions market and value, product and technology, operations and financials, corporate alignment, and team. The conducted interviews exposed that personal considerations constitute additional informal criteria for the evaluators, and much emphasis is put on the intrapreneur’s characteristics and presentation. Findings from the interviews suggest that criteria should be utilized less strict in the beginning of the process, which is supported by previous researchers. Criteria also contribute with transparency to the innovation process and can be used as guidelines for the innovator. Christensen’s theory contradicts the use of the criteria market size, corporate alignment and to validate the innovation with a customer because of the nature of emerging markets and technologies.
Innovation utanför företagets kärnverksamhet är viktigt för alla företag på en snabbt föränderlig marknad. Företag som vill satsa på strategisk innovation för att kunna ta tillvara på nya möjligheter behöver metoder för att kunna hantera innovationsprocessen. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur ett etablerat högteknologiskt företag som främjar intraprenörskap använder kriterier i urvalsprocessen att välja mellan olika innovationsförslag. Studien genomför en fallstudie genom att studera ett bolag, benämnt företag A, och samlar in kvalitativa data genom arkivdokument och 19 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien använder Christensens teori om disruptiv innovation för att analysera resultaten. Resultaten visar att det studerade högteknologiska företaget använder ett antal kriterier som stöds av tidigare forskares resultat inom området produktutveckling och externa investerare. Kriterierna som identifieras i studien är inom dimensionerna marknad och värdeskapande, produkt och teknik, företagsverksamhet och ekonomi, hur väl innovationen passar företaget och team. Intervjuerna avslöjade att personliga överväganden utgör ytterligare informella kriterier för de som utvärderar, som lägger stor vikt på intraprenörens egenskaper och presentation. Resultaten tyder på att kriterierna bör användas mindre strikt i början av processen, vilket stöds av tidigare forskning. Kriterier bidrar också till insyn i innovationsprocessen och kan användas som riktlinjer för innovatören. Christensens teori stödjer inte användningen av kriterierna marknadsstorlek, hur väl innovationen passar företaget och att verifiera innovationen med en kund på grund av osäkerhet kring framväxande marknader och nya teknologier.

This thesis investigates the evolutionary foundation of the Innovation System concept and the quantitative techniques that could be used for a systemic evaluation of innovation policies. This topic has been covered through 6 chapters:
Chapter I: The innovation system concept, which is the central concept of this thesis, finds its foundations in the evolutionary theory of economics and the Schumpeterian point of view on the co-evolution of innovation, organizations and institutions. Developed by Nelson and Winter in 1982, this theory is based on the idea that the surviving firms on the markets are not necessarily the ones that maximize their profits. Indeed, their ability to survive is reinforced by the development of internal organizational routines allowing for a fast adaptation to their changing environment. Thus, when assessing performances in terms of innovation in general, the single firm should not by the only centre of attention anymore. The entire environment surrounding its innovation activities should by analysed to understand the conditions underlying its failure or success. The definition of the innovation system (IS) concept finds its roots in this theory: the environment in which innovation activities take place is as important as the decision of the single innovation actor. Defined as all the institutions and organizations involved in the creation and diffusion of new knowledge and technology, the IS includes not only stakeholders of the innovation process, but also all the transversal sectors affecting innovation near or far: labour market, finance, and education… In such a context, the main justification for public intervention shifted from the market failures described by the neo-classical theory, to systemic failures, i.e. the dysfunctions of the IS, on which governments may take actions. And this shift in the policy rationale also leads to specific evaluation techniques of public initiatives.
Chapter II: The IS concept is defined as all the institutions and organizations involved in the creation, diffusion and absorption of new knowledge and technology. An important question is raised by such a point of view: what is a system? What are its components? How does it foster innovation? This theoretical step is necessary to understand all the aspect of the innovation environment that are concerned by innovation policy design. How could a policy-maker integrate the systemic framework of the IS when initiating public action with the aim to improve performances in terms of science, technology and innovation? A large part of the economic literature is dedicated to the description of innovation systems. So the aim of this chapter consists of synthetizing the aspects referenced in the economic theory as the components of the IS in a normative exercise. First, the term “system” involves the articulation of several components and the relationships existing between them. Departing from this definition, three broad aspect of the IS are considered: the actors of the innovation process, the functions of the system and the resulting objectives that should be pursued by the stakeholders, and the instruments used by public authorities to intervene in such a systemic context. The actors involved in the innovation process are not only the recipient of a public policy, they are also policy makers, implementation agents and targets of the policy measures. The functions of the IS mainly concerns the creation, diffusion and absorption of new knowledge and technology. As the role of the State is to improve the performances of such a system, those functions should be considered as the objectives of public action. Finally, the instruments used by the State to reach these goals can also be detailed: innovation policies can be implemented through direct support measures (financial or fiscal tools), the improvement of the infrastructure allowing for the diffusion of innovation, or the general framework conditions affecting performances. The normative exercise ended up with an exhaustive taxonomy that may be used for further analysis
Chapter III: As the aim of this thesis is to develop analytical tools to integrate the IS point of view in public policy evaluation, the most important aspect of the work consisted in building an exhaustive database on innovation policies implemented in the EU28 Member States and its main non-EU competitors (Australia, China, Japan, the US, India, the Russian Federation, Brazil, South Korea and Canada). This database was constructed in the context of the ENIRI study conducted by the European Commission, between 2013 and 2015. This long-lasting work involved the collection of information concerning the innovation policy measures implemented in all the considered countries, both at the national and regional levels. This information was related to the IS dimensions highlighted in previous chapter. The main sources for data collection were the RIO (former Erawatch) and OECD STIP databases, the RIM Plus Monitor and national sources (Ministry websites), as well as national experts. The budgets was also included or estimated for the 2007-2013 period. Once the data were collected, the policy measures were classified according to the theoretical canvas developed through the taxonomy of chapter II. Functional matrices combining different aspects of the IS allowed for detailed information on the distribution of policy measures among the different dimensions of the system. For example, it is possible to estimate the percentage of policy measures implemented in one country that are dedicated to the fundamental research activities in SMEs. This distribution has been computed both in absolute and budget terms. This difference provided information on the contrast existing between governmental claims and intentions in terms of innovation policies and the effective use of money dedicated to the announced target. Indeed, it is not because a substantial number of policies are dedicated to a specific sector of beneficiary that the allocated budget will be more important. Thus, this policy database should shed a light on the way innovation policies are articulated at a national level, and how they are effectively implemented through their budgets
Chapter IV: The evolutionary foundations of the IS concept imply that there is no general equilibrium describing an ideal situation to which a specific case can be compared. In other words, there is no optimal innovation system, and no ideal configuration that should be imitated by the others. This absence of equilibrium and the systemic point of view adopted in this context lead to the use of alternative techniques to evaluate performances and policies. As suggested by Edquist (2006), this has to be done through a diagnosis of the IS, consisting in the identification of the systemic failures, and the elaboration of strategy to fix the problem. This demarche will be investigated in this chapter of the thesis and the following. In this section, a diagnosis of the IS of 37 countries (28 EU and their 9 non-EU competitors) will be realized through a typology based on innovation performances indicators. The aim of such an analysis is to see whether the different IS can be gathered in groups sharing the same characteristics, relative strengths and weaknesses. The expected results should reveal groups of countries sharing the same configurations in terms of innovation process, and facing the same type of weaknesses, dysfunctions or systemic failures. By doing so, one should be able to identify the needs of each IS, i.e. the components that may need improvement and eventually public intervention. To do so, a principal component analysis and a hierarchical ascendant clustering technique have been implemented on the 37 IS, revealing 4 clusters of countries, depending on their NIS characteristics and advancement: 1) The Asian economies, 2) The lagging-behind and catching-up NIS, 3) The small opened systems, 4) The technological leaders. This analysis has been realized for the 2003-2005 and 2013-2015 periods, revealing that, if the general features of the clusters do not tend to change over time, some countries faced a change a modification of their status: Korea left the Asian group to join the leaders, Cyprus and Ireland opened their boarders to a larger extent in a decade.
Chapter V: Innovation policy typologyThis chapter is focused on the construction of an innovation policy typology based on the distributions of policies obtained in the database presented in chapter III. The results of this typology will be compared with the diagnosis realized in previous section to see if the weaknesses and needs of the NIS are effectively targeted by public action in innovation. Also, the aspects that could enhance or weaken such action, and their combination with other component of the NIS could be better understood. To this purpose, a multiple factor analysis has been implemented on the distributions of policy measures in terms of NIS components, followed by a hierarchical ascendant clustering, revealing groups of countries sharing the same characteristics in terms of policy design and implementation. 34 NIS have been examined (India, Brazil and Russia have been removed from the sample due to the bad quality of the information), using both the budget-weighted and non-budget-weighted distributions of measures on the 2007-2013 period. However, the results of this typology cannot be interpreted separately from the general innovation framework in which the public action is implemented. Indeed, countries having the same features in terms of beneficiaries and/or objectives in terms of policy do not necessarily share the same kind of IS. These implementation characteristics should rather be interpreted in light of the results obtained in the NIS diagnosis typology, in order to examiner if the public money effectively go where it is needed. In general, the different examined countries seem to effectively tackle their weaknesses, but countries facing the same types of problems do not implement the same type of policy mix, reinforcing the hypothesis that the innovation process is embedded in a large institutional framework that my orient public action in a direction rather than another. Two specific cases hold the attention in those results: South Korea, whose leader status came along with an improvement of the in force regulatory framework and a focus on private research, and Japan, dealing with research in the pharmaceutical research and ageing-population issues.
Chapter VI: The impact of macroeconomic and IS factors on the efficiency of public R&DAnother point of view can be adopted in an attempt to integrate the IS representations in policy evaluation techniques: the analysis of their impact on the efficiency of public R&D in leveraging private investments. In this chapter, a combination of two types of analysis is used to examine the problematic: the study of the efficiency of public R&D expenditure and its determinants on one hand, and the investigation of a possible crowding out effect of public R&D on the private one on another hand. The crowding out effect is translated into efficiency analysis, considering the BERD funded by government as an input, and the BERD funded by business as an output. And if an increase in the output leads to a decrease in the output, public intervention is considered to crowd out private initiative, as the firm may decide to replace its own investment with public money, instead of using it as an extra resource to increase its R&D activities. In this context, the IS as environment of R&D activities can be seen as a determinant of this efficiency, as it can strengthen or weaken this crowding out effect. The question asked in this section is the following: how to quantify and model the interdependencies existing between the different components of a NIS in order to integrate them in a quantitative analysis. This has been done in this study by implementing factorial analysis (Buesa, 2010) on a set of indicators collected in the Global Competitiveness Index database, and considered as descriptors of the different aspects of the innovation system. Those IS factors are: 1) the general STI environment, 2) the accessibility of the financial markets, 3) the internationalization of the system, 4) barriers to entrepreneurship and 5) the flexibility of labour regulation. Afterwards, these variables have been added as efficiency determinants in a stochastic frontier model assessing a possible crowding out effect between public and private initiatives. The main results showed that there is an additional effect of public R&d expenditure on private R&D investments (no crowding out). Moreover, the general STI environment and accessibility of financial markets have a positive impact on this efficiency, contrary to the presence of foreign stakeholders in the system. The two last factors remain insignificant. Those results suggest that, if public intervention should have an effect on the performances of the NIS, this relationship is also reciprocal: a well-functioning NIS may have a positive effect on the results of a policy measure.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le négoce de licence est le moyen par lequel le détenteur d'un brevet va concéder l'exploitation d'un procédé dont il a la propriété a un licencié qui va en assurer l'exploitation sur un marché. Comme pour tout accord commercial, le négoce de licence contient des clauses financières qui sont : le cash, versé immédiatement par le licencié au licencieur et un taux de redevance représentant généralement un pourcentage du chiffre d'affaires que réalisera le licencié. Les données d'entrée du modèle sont : -les montants des dépenses de recherches et développement - la qualité de la novation contenue dans le brevet, qualité déterminée par le rapport d'antériorité - l'étude de marché. L'algorithme qui lie ces données par un calcul a pris en compte les pratiques observées par les professionnels du secteur. Nous avons analysé la redevance comme un partage de la marge réalisée sur le projet spécifique, cette redevance étant affectée par la prise en compte des éléments qui sont la force du brevet, déterminée par le rapport d'antériorité et l'âge du brevet. Ce modèle, dont les éléments et le principe sont le cœur d'une base logique de négociation commerciale de licence entre un offreur de technique et son acheteur par rapport à un marché peut aussi servir de début à cette négociation en fournissant une valeur ajoutée aux parties. Plus généralement, nous avons abordé le problème de l'évaluation des actifs incorporels, parmi lesquels figurent les brevets, pour une entreprise
Licensing is the way for a patent owner to allow the working of his patnted process to a licensee who will ensure this working on a specific market. Like any commercial agreement, licensee contract encloses financial terms through two elements which are : - the cash, paid without delay from licensee to licensor - the royalty rate paid from licensee to licensor, based on the licensee turnover the input data of our model are : - the research and developpment amount - the quality of the innovation which is contain in the new product or process; this quality is determined by the patent report - the market study the algorithm which links the input data by a computtion takes care of the practices of the professional of this activity sector. Also, we have analyse the royalties as a share of the margin realise on this specific project by the licensee. This royalties rates in affected by the considerations of two elements which are : the patent force which is determined by the anteriority report and the patent age. The cash, will be determined by the delay time which is necessary to recover the research an developpment expenses. This model, wich elements and principales are the heart of a natural licensee commercial agreement between a technology seller and is potential buyer right also serves at the beginning of this transaction by supplying an objective values for the parties. In conclusion, we have worked on the patents valuation, which are a part of the intangible asset for a society

In the last decades, evaluation has become an essential tool for policymakers, because it provides unbiased estimates of a policy effect. The purpose of an evaluation is to explore the causal relationship between the implementation of a policy and its effects – the “impact”. In the programming period 2007-2013, the European Commission – and the member States of the EU – have focused their attention on the development of innovation policies within Regional Innovation Systems: for this reason, the innovation policies have been particularly involved in evaluation processes. Six Italian regions have created the Poli di innovazione (Innovation poles), networks of universities, services centres, incubators, public and private laboratories, and enterprises, whose goals are to foster the creation of networks and to stimulate firms’ economic performance through the support in R&D activities. Due to the novelty of the policy, this research is a first attempt to evaluate the Poles, using the Tuscan context as case study. Tuscany Region have supported the creation of twelve poles, facilitating the access to a call for tender for the purchase of R&D qualified services. Using matching and difference-in-differences methods, it has been estimated the Average Treatment on the Treated – in terms of Total Factor Productivity and Labor Productivity – for three possible cases: subsidized SME, SME members of the Poles, subsidized SME members of the Poles. In addition, it has been implemented a model that include network centrality measures to assess the effect of the Poles on the performance of the firms. It emerges that the subsidized firms which belong to the poles experience on average a productivity gain towards the end of the period of subsidization, and the centrality of their pole have a positive effect, which is particularly relevant for the top enterprises – in terms of productivity.

In the last decades, evaluation has become an essential tool for policymakers, because it provides unbiased estimates of a policy effect. The purpose of an evaluation is to explore the causal relationship between the implementation of a policy and its effects – the “impact”. In the programming period 2007-2013, the European Commission – and the member States of the EU – have focused their attention on the development of innovation policies within Regional Innovation Systems: for this reason, the innovation policies have been particularly involved in evaluation processes. Six Italian regions have created the Poli di innovazione (Innovation poles), networks of universities, services centres, incubators, public and private laboratories, and enterprises, whose goals are to foster the creation of networks and to stimulate firms’ economic performance through the support in R&D activities. Due to the novelty of the policy, this research is a first attempt to evaluate the Poles, using the Tuscan context as case study. Tuscany Region have supported the creation of twelve poles, facilitating the access to a call for tender for the purchase of R&D qualified services. Using matching and difference-in-differences methods, it has been estimated the Average Treatment on the Treated – in terms of Total Factor Productivity and Labor Productivity – for three possible cases: subsidized SME, SME members of the Poles, subsidized SME members of the Poles. In addition, it has been implemented a model that include network centrality measures to assess the effect of the Poles on the performance of the firms. It emerges that the subsidized firms which belong to the poles experience on average a productivity gain towards the end of the period of subsidization, and the centrality of their pole have a positive effect, which is particularly relevant for the top enterprises – in terms of productivity.

Innovation is currently an important source of economic growth. They are an integral part of modern economies. They contribute not only to the growth of the country’s competitiveness but also the creation of new jobs, the improvement of the quality of life, or the protection of the environment and sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of the paper is through selected indicators, e.g. the share of expenditures on development and research in GDP, expenditures on research and development per capita in the regions, the share of enterprises with innovation activity, the structure of expenditures on innovations, etc. to evaluate the current innovation activity of SMEs in individual regions of the Slovak Republic. Based on the results of the analysis, will also outline further possibilities for increasing and especially support from the state of this innovative potential of SMEs at the national but especially regional level. And because the Slovak Republic has long been one of the below-average countries in the field of innovation within the EU, possible barriers to the development of innovative activities of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Slovak Republic will also be identified.

Mit dem Nationalen Programm für Weltraum und Innovation - Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben (NPWI) stärkt das deutsche Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) die Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des deutschen Raumfahrtinnovationsökosystems aus Forschung und Industrie. Orientierungsrahmen des NPWI ist die Raumfahrtstrategie der Bundesregierung „Für eine zukunftsfähige deutsche Raumfahrt“. Umgesetzt wird das Programm durch das DLR Raumfahrtmanagement (DLR-RFM). Für die hier vorliegende Evaluation des NPWI für 2011 bis 2018 beauftragte das BMWi das Institut für Innovation und Technik und seine Partner Kerlen Evaluation und KMU Forschung Austria. Analysiert und bewertet wurde, inwieweit das NPWI seine Ziele erreichte, welche Wirkungen es zeitigte und wie es wirtschaftlich umgesetzt wurde. Angesichts identifizierter Anpassungsbedarfe wurden Handlungsempfehlungen an das BMWi sowie das DLR-Raumfahrtmanagement gerichtet.

During the last few years, city labs have emerged as promising formats to address transformative change. The aim of these formats often is to create collaborative spaces in which different stakeholders can jointly experiment with novel solutions for certain problems. While city labs start to establish transdisciplinary research settings, evaluating the effects of a city lab still brings about several chal- lenges. In this contribution, we reflect on three main challenges that emerged in the course of evaluating a city lab in Mannheim’s district Neckarstadt-West. The city lab was conducted as part of the research project SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions) and aimed to encourage social innovation in energy and thereby enable local energy transition. In the context of evaluating the city lab, we identified three main challenges that were related to a) evaluating an ongoing and open process, b) external shocks (especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic) and c) evaluating new forms of innovation under the concept of ‘social innovation’. The main achievement of this evaluation was to trace the process of a city lab and identify changes in objectives as well as the engagement of different stakeholder groups. However, an evaluation of the city lab’s outcomes remains challenging due to the openness of the process. This suggests rethinking linear evaluation models in favour of co-designing evaluation criteria in the course of the city lab process.