Tesis sobre el tema "Évaluation de la masse rocheuse"
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Sanchez, Caballero Lizeth Katherine. "Geostatistical modeling of geotechnical variables considering directional dependence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. https://thesesprivees.mines-paristech.fr/2022/2022UPSLM045_archivage.pdf.
Texto completoTogether with geological and geometallurgical modeling, geotechnical modeling is one of the essential components for the planning and development of open pit and underground mining projects. A particular characteristic of many geotechnical variables is to be direction-dependent, i.e., the measurement of a core sample not only depends on the in-situ position of this sample but also on its in-situ orientation. To account for this characteristic, it is proposed to regionalize such variables in a five-dimensional space corresponding to the product on the three-dimensional geographical space and the two-dimensional sphere, so that each measurement is indexed by its easting, northing, elevation, azimuth, and dip. Instead of making predictions and simulations conditioned to a particular direction, this new paradigm allows geotechnical variables to be interpolated at any place in the geographic space, for any direction. The spatial correlation structure can be inferred and modeled by using separable covariances or combinations of separable covariances, under an assumption of stationarity in the geographical space and isotropy on the sphere. Also, conditional simulation can be performed by turning bands, based on products of stationary random fields in the geographic space and isotropic random fields on the sphere. The proposed methodology is illustrated with the modeling of the linear discontinuity frequency (P10), the rock quality designation (RQD), and Slope Mass Rating (SMR) in three mineral deposits
Tazi, Mohammed Adnane. "Évaluation du dépistage de masse du cancer colorectal en Bourgogne". Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOMU12.
Texto completoHashim, Layth. "Évaluation de la qualité aromatique du café et de la masse de cacao". Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD243.
Texto completoThe flavor of cocoa and coffee are formed principally during roasting. The evolution of certain methylpyrazines has been studied using coupled steam distillation-microdistillation and determined by gas chromatography unsing nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The determination of methylpyrazines in cocoa beans (Ivory Coast) has shown the presence of the mono-, 2,3 di-, 2,5 di-, 2,6 di-, tri-, tri- et tetramethylpyrazine in non-roasted cocoa. During roasting, the methylpyrazines increase regularly but weakly, only the tetramethylpyrazine the most important compound reaches a maximum peak on concentration. For the coffee, the most important compound is the monomethylpyrazine. During roasting, all methylpyrazines reache a maximum peak of concentration. The composition in pyrazines for both products, particularly the value of certain report between different methylpyrazine, might provide information on flavor quality of cocoa and coffee
Luca, Arnaud De. "Évaluation clinique et biologique de l'état nutritionnel de l'enfant". Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT1403/document.
Texto completoProtein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is insufficiently investigated in pediatric wards. Since 2010, we initiated annual national then international multicentric surveys, which evaluated PEM frequency around 10%. PEM diagnosis is clinical and its severity depends on the impact on protein metabolism. It currently lacks a simple and reliable biological marker of PEM. The measurement of the hair bulk 15N natural isotopic abundance (NIA) is assessed as an index of the protein metabolism. This innovative measurement is a non-invasive method, suitable for Pediatrics.We observed a bulk hair 15N NIA systematically higher in the newborn from its mother, while amino acids come from the same source, suggesting a different protein metabolism. In diabetic nephropathy, bulk hair 15N NIA was correlated to glomerular function indices, and thus to the impact of chronic kidney disease on protein metabolism. In mice, protein restriction during gestation and/or lactation resulted in a modification of bulk hair 15N NIA at 16 months, suggesting a nutritional imprinting in adulthood. Our data in humans and animals suggest that an isotopic fractionation is linked to protein metabolism. Thus bulk 15N NIA may be a potential useful biomarker in clinical practice. Further researches in animals and cells are needed to explore the biochemical mechanisms of isotope fractionation
Kergoat, Mickaël. "Évaluation de la fluoroacidité en milieux de sels fondus". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2442/.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the study of one physico-chemical property of molten fluorides media, fluoroacidity (pF which is equivalent to the pH for aprotic solvent), and its impact on the process. The fluoroacidity () of molten fluorides is presently unknown and the purpose of this work is to build a relative scale of fluoroacidity. This study was conducted in the first part using two approaches: - a kinetic study of stability of B(III) and Si(IV) ions, where the reaction leading to gaseous species (BF3(g) and SiF4(g)) is affected by the fluoroacidity. By comparing the rate constants of gas release, the different media were sorted and a relative scale of fluoroacidity was proposed. - the influence of fluoroacidity on the transport in solution, determined by measuring the diffusion coefficient and by calculating the adimensional Schmidt number (Sc=v/D) was investigated. Relationships between bridged fluorines, viscosity and fluoroacidity was evidenced, and the proposed fluoroacidity scale validated. Then, a stable reference electrode in molten fluorides was developed. Electromotive forces measurements of concentration cells were performed and the fluoroacidity impact on the potential of a redox couple was demonstrated. Thanks to this reference electrode, free F- activities ratios in different solvents were determined
Leboucher, Julien. "Développement et évaluation de méthodes d'estimation des masses segmentaires basées sur des données géométriques et sur les forces externes : comparaison de modèles anthropométriques et géométriques". Valenciennes, 2007. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/e2504d99-e61b-4455-8bb3-2c47771ac853.
Texto completoUse of body segment parameters close to reality is of the utmost importance in order to obtain reliable kinetics during human motion analysis. Human body is modeled as a various number of solids in the majority of human movement studies. This research aims at developing and testing two methods for the estimation of these solid masses, also known as segment masses. Both methods are based on the static equilibrium principle for several solids. The first method’s goal is to provide with limb masses using total limb centre of mass and centre of pressure, projection on the horizontal plane of the total subject’s body centre of gravity, displacements. Ratio between these displacement being the same as the ratio of limb and total body masses, the knowledge of the latter allows for the calculation of the former. The second method aims at estimation all segment masses simultaneously by resolving series of static equilibrium equations, making the same assumption that centre of pressure is total body centre of mass projection and using segment centre of mass estimations. Interest of the new methods used in this research is due to the use of individual segment centre of mass estimations using a geometrical model together with material routinely utilized in human motion analysis in order to obtain estimates of body segment masses. Limb mass estimations method performs better predicting a posteriori center of mass displacement when compared to other methods. Some of the potential causes of the second method’s failure have been investigated through the study of centre of pressure location uncertainty
Ribou, Ghislaine. "Évaluation de l'efficacité de l'Albendazole en traitement de masse dans la lutte contre la necatorose à Djohong (Cameroun)". Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR23014.
Texto completoBoufroura, Hamza. "Synthèse et évaluation d'architectures polyaromatiques pour l’application au transport transmembranaire d'ions". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV035.
Texto completoThe work presented in this manuscript is dealing with the synthesis of new three-dimensional molecular architectures and their evaluation as synthetic ion channels capable of promoting ion transmembrane transport. The first part aims at developing a straightforward approach to the synthesis of novel architectures based on a naphthothiophene platform, aromatic or partially hydrogenated, as well as the development of a strategy the convert 9-arylnaphthothiophene architectures into helical platforms. The properties of these molecules were studied in the solid state and were completed by theoretical calculations to highlight global topologies adopted. Theoretical calculations allowed us to understanding some reactivities observed. A second part is dedicated firstly to the functionalisation of these molecular architectures into amphiphilic molecules and secondly to study their abilities to insert themselves into a model bilayer lipid membrane by forming channels. Besides, in order to gain a better understanding of the interactions in play in the process, mass spectrometry analysis combined to theoretical calculations were set up
Gagné, Annie. "Évaluation du temps de réaction chez les adolescents : impact de l'âge, du sommeil et de l'IMC". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33353.
Texto completoLe mémoire présente le temps de réaction simple (TRS) chez les adolescents. Ce projet de recherche s’insère à l’intérieur d’un plus vaste projet de recherche qui visait à décrire l’état de certain déterminant des habiletés motrices, des fonctions exécutives et des paramètres psychologiques chez des adolescents. Peu d’études ont décrit le TRS chez les adolescents sains. Le but de cette recherche était de décrire l’état du TRS chez les adolescents, en fonction de l’âge, du sommeil et du percentile de l’indice de masse corporelle. L’échantillonnage comprenait 226 participants âgés entre 12 à 18 ans. Le test du TRS a été mesuré à partir d’un essai réalisé à l’ordinateur. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les garçons et les filles pour le TRS. En comparant les TRS des participants (adolescents et adolescentes combinés) de deuxième secondaire au TRS des participants de 4e et 5e secondaire par une analyse de variance multivarié suivi par des tests post-hoc de type Tukey-Kramer ceci a permis d’observer des différences significatives (p<0,05). La même observation a été réalisée avec le nombre de rejets obtenus lors du test du TRS entre la 1e et la 5e secondaire. Nos résultats sont en concordance avec les résultats d’autres recherches. Le phénomène de diminution du TRS, au cours de l’adolescence, peut s’expliquer par la maturation du système nerveux (SN). L’analyse des données sur le sommeil, selon une classification en trois groupes (moins de 7h, 7h à 9h et plus de 9h) a permis de déterminer que la majorité des participants rapportent dormir le temps recommandé, soit entre 7 et 9 heures. Aucune corrélation n’a été obtenue entre le TRS et le nombre d’heure de sommeil en effectuant une corrélation linéaire de Pearson. La littérature abonde concernant l’impact de l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) sur le temps de réaction. Nos résultats n’ont pas permis d’appuyer la littérature existante car aucune corrélation n’a été obtenue entre l’IMC et le TRS chez nos adolescents en effectuant une corrélation linéaire de Pearson. Le phénomène de diminution du TRS, au cours de l’adolescence, peut s’expliquer par la maturation du SN. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour valider l’absence de lien entre le TRS et le sommeil ainsi que l’IMC.
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349243\u Résumé en espagnol
Ohara, Keiichiro. "Interactions non covalentes de dérivés guanidylés avec l'ADN : synthèse, évaluation biologique et analyse par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20154.
Texto completoSermondade-Pichod, Nathalie. "Impact de l'indice de masse corporelle de l'homme sur les paramètres spermatiques et le pouvoir fécondant". Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA132040.
Texto completoNumerous factors concerning lifestyle and environment may affect male fertility, in particular by causing quantitative or qualitative sperm defects. The objectives of our work were to evaluate the relationship between male body mass index (BMI) and semen parameters, as well as the effects of weight loss. In a collaborative meta-analysis including more than 13000 individuals, we reported a link between overweight/obesity and oligo/azoospermia, as well as a dose-effect association between BMI and the risk to present an abnormal total sperm count. We found a positive correlation between BMI and nuclear integrity measured by sperm DNA fragmentation, underlining a key role of oxidative stress for the impact of obesity on sperm. On the other hand, no link between BMI and binding ability of sperm cells to the oocyte zona pellucida was observed. We reported the case of five infertile obese patients who accepted personalized dietary care. In parallel of a significant modification of body composition, a decrease of sperm DNA fragmentation rate was found. Finally, we also reported the case of three patients, for whom was observed an drastic decrease of semen parameters during the months following bariatric surgery. This potential deleterious effect justifies proposing preventive sperm cryopreservation. These data underline the importance to consider male corpulence in case of infertility of the couple, including when conventional sperm parameters are normal. The perspectives of this work join global, personalized and multidisciplinary care of both partners in case of infertility. Nutrition appears as a fundamental element, but also inseparable from other environmental factors
Mohamed, Rayane. "Analyse quantitative de contaminants chimiques dans des matrices alimentaires par spectrométrie de masse : évaluation de nouvelles technologies de préparation d'échantillon". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066362.
Texto completoLegrand, Thomas. "Juger l'art contemporain dans les médias de masse. Les critères d 'évaluation dans les journaux télévisés et sur Internet entre 2007 et 2011". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020083.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is to identify criteria to understand how contemporary artworks make sense in public space. When conflict of opinions happen, protagonists are led to rise in generality to justify their point of view, which allows the researcher to access at values giving a meaning to the object. However, the influence of the promotional discourse from the contemporary art world and the constraints that transformed art criticism in a journalism disengaged and consensual make problematic the legitimacy of a negative critique in the public space. First, the research focused on the subjects covered by newscast about contemporary art in order to understand criteria raised by this communication journalism that tries to satisfy the variety of accepted values by society. Then, disputes on the social network YouTube were analyzed. These give access to a speech freed from the constraints of the art world and journalism where the expression of a negative critique is possible. Thanks to sociology of values and a discourse analysis, it was possible to typify the receivable arguments in the public sphere. This patterning allows to state the hypothesis that the political meaning given to art defuses, paradoxically, the possibility of controversy. This politicization of art promotes evaluation criteria of artworks whose consistency appears considering the ‘‘insolite’’ as a new aesthetic category common to different cultural practices
Labataille, Patrick. "Synthèse et évaluation biologique d'analogues phosphonates de la 3'-azido-3'-désoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate (AZTTP) à visées antirétrovirales". Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20279.
Texto completoPalandre, Lionel. "Évaluation des solutions techniques à haute efficacité énergétique pour les sèche-linge domestiques : Conception et modélisation d'un sèche-linge a re-compression mécanique d'air très humide". Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1311.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is to evaluate high efficiency solutions for domestic tumble dryers. A specific analysis focuses on the thermodynamic cycle with very humid air compression. The main components are designed. In a first time, two technologies of dryers are studied: evacuation dryer, and condensation dryer. Drying cycles are measured and analyzed. The energy consumption for the standard 5kg cotton cycle is in the range of 3. 3 kwh and 3. 6 kwh. Two alternative solutions are proposed to reduce significantly the energy consumption: a heat pump dryer with r-134a, or an open cycle using steam or very humid air as refrigerant. In both cases, the energy consumption is cut by a factor 2. The measurement of convective heat transfer coefficients between linen and humid air has allowed to elaborate a correlation giving the lewis function evolution with very high absolute humidity. Heat exchanges in the tumble have been characterized. A correlation giving the heat transfer coefficient in function of air mass flow rate, linen mass, and its relative humidity, is developed. An unsteady-state model is developed. It gives the drying cycle of the tumble dryer with mechanical very humid air compression. Simulations show that drying time could be reduced to 1 hour using this process compared to 2 hours with r-134a heat pump dryers
Madelon, Véronique. "La médiacritique de masse : Analyse sémio-linguistique des métadiscours à prétention critique : (télévision, presse écrite, radio, Internet)". Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA1021.
Texto completoThe Media are subject to numerous media coverage. Although it is not a recent phenomenon, it has increased over the past few years. After being discussed for outside, the Media are keen on selfcriticism. Criticism of the Media by the Media themselves should allow the addressee to distance oneself and give him the capacity to become critical. The hypothesis we suggest is that the Media don’t really criticize themselves. They only build an image of criticism. We took an interest in the metaspeech produced by the television program Arrêt sur Images. This program promises didactic, but only offers the beginnings and the criticism it offers is only partial, biased and normalized. The statements play on the representation of what critic should be and comforts the subject of the study, that is to say television, in its legitimacy in the role of a security valve. We then concentrated on three speeches supported by other mass Media : Big Bang Blog (internet); J'ai mes Sources (France Inter) and Lettre à Zélie (Télérama). Beyond the subject of their study and despite the differences related to the nature of their medium, mediacriticism can be recognized by its specific writing. The speaker plays on the complicity with the receiver, “making him believe”. The use of complicity engages a clutch that makes the receiver believe he/she is implicated in the statement. This one goes from the status of audience to the status of “assistant-participant”, actor of the statement. Therefore, mass Mediacriticism doesn't stimulate distancing oneself but makes believe in the legitimacy of the receiver
Portet, Bénédicte. "Recherche bioguidée de molécules antipaludiques d'une plante guyanaise : Piper hostmannianum var. berbicense". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/66/.
Texto completoMalaria is an infectious disease that occurs in one hundred countries located in tropical and subtropical regions in the world. The emergence of resistant strains to antimalarial drugs in use makes it necessary to discover new antimalarials. Previous findings of antimalarial agents such as quinine and artemisinin from medicinal plants also encouraged the possibility of finding new active drugs from plant sources. In our search aiming to discover new antimalarial from the biodiversity of French Guiana, the n-hexane extract and the chloroform extract of the leaves of Piper hotmannianum var berbicense revealed a potential antiplasmodial activity with IC50 between 8 and 20 µg/ml. After purification, seventeen compounds have been isolated. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR experiments, mass spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. The antiplasmodial and cytotoxic in vitro activities of all isolated compounds were assessed against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant P. Falciparum strains and MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the most active compounds with the best selectivity were evaluated for in-vivo antimalarial activity against P. Vinckei petteri in mice. We have investigated the specific fragmentation patterns of the flavanones, chalcones and dihydrochalcones previously isolated in mass spectrometry by (-)-APCI in the university of Bruxelles. The present approach have been applied to study the flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of P. Hostmannianum var. Berbicense by LC/UV/APCI-MSn. Based on the identification rules by MS spectroscopy, five new molecules were tentatively characterized including flavanones, chalcones and dihydrochalcones
Gandolfi, Frédéric. "Évaluation des techniques de micro-extraction/préconcentration et d’échantillonnage passif comme outils de mesure de la contamination du milieu aquatique par des composés organo-halogénés hydrophobes émergents". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4387.
Texto completoIn order to achieve good water quality for 2015, the water framework directives (WFD 2000/60/EC and 2013/39/EU) force European countries to monitor the quality of their aquatic environment. For this purpose, all water bodies shall be monitored for all the 33 priority substances listed in annex X of WFD (annex X, decision No 2455/2001/EC) and for which environmental quality standards (EQS) were fixed (Directive 2013/39 / EU). Among these substances, we found the short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belonging to the class of emergent halogenated micro-pollutants. From an analytical point of view, the analysis of SCCPs and PBDEs in water is still a major challenge, either in terms of sampling or sensitivity.In respect of WFD, this thesis work has, among other things, aimed to develop a method to analyze SCCPs in water by using SPME coupled with GC/ECNI-MS. The limit of quantification below 0.2 µg.L-1 and its degree of automation makes this method a tool of choice to ensure the monitoring of the aquatic environment as required by the WFD. In addition to the traditional approach, a laboratory system for passive sampler calibration was also developed and validated to calibrate MESCO for PAHs analysis. Moreover, our participation in an inter-laboratory study, has served to test the applicability of MESCO and SR for the analysis of PBDEs in a waste water treatment plant. Finally the deployment of LDPE, SR and MESCO in Berre lagoon has yielded some encouraging results about applicability of these passive samplers to analyze SCCPs and PBDE in water
Bonnyaud, Céline. "Caractérisation de la cinématique et de la trajectoire du centre de masse des patients hémiparétiques lors d’une tâche de navigation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV074/document.
Texto completoThe gait characteristics of patients with hemiparesis are usually assessed during stable, straightline gait. Clinical tests are mostly based on timed performance, although biomechanical gait analysis may be carried out. The analysis of navigational tasks that involve constraints encountered in daily life is necessary to increase understanding of gait deficits. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) includes oriented gait towards a target, and turning tasks, typical of real-life gait. However, the simple analysis of performance time does not provide sufficient information regarding actual performance of the tasks. The main aim of this thesis was to characterize the locomotor displacements of hemiparetic patients during navigational tasks, such as those involved in the TUG. To this end, we carried out a biomechanical analysis of gait during the three navigational tasks of the TUG (oriented gait to the target, turning and oriented gait to the seat). We analysed the kinematics, stability and locomotor trajectories of patients and healthy subjects. This work is original because it provides a biomechanical characterization of the organization of gait in patients with hemiparesis during navigational tasks, using innovative parameters. The longer performance time in hemiparetic patients, compared with healthy subjects, was related to a decrease in the majority of spatio-temporal and joint kinematic parameters. Moreover, the results showed that oriented gait tasks were controlled by the same parameters in hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects, but in different proportions. In contrast, the turning task was controlled by different, specific parameters. Organizational differences between hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects were also highlighted, namely a lack of stability, slowing during the turn and deviation from the trajectory by the patients. These results suggest that hemiparetic patients use a strategy which is a compromise between stability, trajectory and performance for the optimal achievement of navigational tasks, such as these involved in the TUG. The implications of this work for the clinical management of hemiparetic patients are explained
Secrétan, Philippe-Henri. "caractérisation des processus de dégradation de nouveaux anticoagulants et d’un cytotoxique en milieu aqueux avec évaluation des impacts pharmaceutiques et environnementaux". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS481/document.
Texto completoDuring its life cycle, an active substance is in solution for various reasons: in a liquid pharmaceutical form, in the body and in wastewater. However, compared to the solid state, the active substance in solution exposes it more to factors likely to cause its degradation. The transformations modify its chemical structure and thus potentially its pharmacological and toxicological activities.The objective of this thesis is to present a methodology and studies aiming to predict the fate in solution of active substances and the potential impacts following their degradation.Three active ingredients have been selected for this work. They have in common, on the one hand, a high pharmacological activity correlated to a potential toxicity of their degradation products and, on the other hand, the fact that there is little information on their behaviour in solution. In all cases, although the context is specific to each molecule, the methodological approach followed integrates both experimental work and ab initio and in silico studies.The first study concerns the fate of apixaban, an active substance currently marketed in solid oral form, in aqueous solutions. The experimental data made it possible to highlight chemical groups of the active ingredient that could contribute to its own instability. The ab initio approach explained the regio-specificity of the hydrolysis reaction as a function of pH. Based on the structure of the characterized degradation products, their toxic potential was studied using an in silico approach. These data contribute to the risk analysis and evaluation process deployed at different stages of development of liquid pharmaceutical forms or in particular situations involving the solution of apixaban at the time of administration.Such approaches have also been used to characterize the photodegradation mechanisms of argatroban and assess the toxic potential of degradation products. The processes that initiate photodegradation were also addressed by calculating the energies potentially involved. This knowledge provides a rational basis for the choice of processes and formulations to limit photodegradation of argatroban and its impact on patients. They also make it possible to anticipate situations where the benefit/risk ratio of the medicinal product may be modified, such as incorrect handling or modification of the pharmaceutical form administered.Finally, in a context other than the pharmaceutical context, a study of degradation of pemetrexed by photocatalysis via an advanced oxidation process was carried out. This process is particularly studied for its ability to reduce the environmental footprint of organic compounds by accelerating their degradation. The choice of this active substance as an anti-cancer agent was justified by its toxic and persistent nature in surface waters, making it a product with a high environmental risk. This work has shown that products of lower mass produced by photocatalytic transformation of pemetrexed are unfortunately more toxic and even more persistent than the parent molecule itself. These results underline the fact that advanced oxidation processes, although effective in removing drug pollutants, must be evaluated because of an increased risk to the environment before any prospect of large-scale use.The approaches and results presented in this thesis can be used for other studies to predict, prevent and reduce the impact of active ingredient degradation on the patient and the environment
Venne, Philippe. "Quantification des ecdystéroïdes et acides rétinoïques chez la puce d’eau (D.magna) par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8570.
Texto completoHuang, Wenjia. "Direct Mass Measurements and Global Evaluation of Atomic Masses". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS151/document.
Texto completoThe Atomic Mass Evaluation (AME), started in the 1960s, is the most reliable source for comprehensive information related to atomic masses. It provides the best values for the atomic masses and their associated uncertainties by evaluating experimental data from decay, reactions, and mass spectrometry. In this thesis, the philosophy and the most important features of the Ame will be discussed in detail. The most recent developments of the latest mass table (AME2016), such as molecular binding energy, energy correction of the implantation measurements, and the relativistic formula for the alpha-decay process, will be presented. Another part of this thesis concerns the data analysis from the Penning-trap spectrometer ISOLTRAP at ISOLDE/CERN. The new results are included in the global adjustment and their influences on the existing masses are discussed. The last part of this thesis is related to the systematic error studies of the ISOLTRAP multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer, using an off-line ion source and the on-line proton beam. From the analysis of the selected measurements, I found that the systematic error is much smaller than the statistical uncertainties obtained up to now
Tisserand, Romain. "Mécanismes du rattrapage de l’équilibre et évaluation du risque de chute chez une population âgée autonome". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10240/document.
Texto completoFalling is a common and concerning health problem for the elderly population. This research work focuses on the characterization of the biomechanical and cognitive strategies involved in the balance maintain and balance recovery that help elderly to avoid a fall. Particularly, we interested in a community-dwelling elderly population, in order to identify the persons who are at risk of fall and suggest a forward preventive intervention. We show, for this population, that usual clinical tests do not well discriminate between “fallers” and “non-fallers” and that the fall problem is more concerned by cognitive and/or sensorial troubles than by muscular troubles that affect biomechanical responses. The most discriminant tests are identified and a risk of fall assessment tool is suggested to give informations about the deficient mechanisms. Finally, we provide informations about the mechanisms involved in protective steps, a prevalent balance strategy which not used in balance clinical assessments
Bodin, Jacques. "Transport de solutés dans des réseaux de fractures discrets : nouvelle approche Lagrangienne dans le domaine des temps". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066394.
Texto completoCariou, Ronan. "Évaluation de l'exposition du foetus et du nouveau-né aux perturbateurs endocriniens de type retardateurs de flamme bromés". Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2007.
Texto completoBrominated flame retardants are mainly used today for the reduction of fire risks. However, they are, for the most part, persistent environmental pollutants showing endocrine disrupting activities. Their bioaccumulation properties make mankind a particularly exposed species, especially via feeding and inhalation. The need to evaluate exposure levels, particularly in France, has been clearly identified. A multi-residue (polybromodiphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane) and multi-matrices (animal origins) analytical method based on LC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS couplings, was developed, with special attention paid to analytical contamination management. Then, more than 170 samples, collected in Toulouse during caesarian deliveries, were analyzed and gave access to information relative to the evaluation of mothers and newborns exposure
Barbey, Corinne. "Caractérisation des protéines secrétées par Rhodococcus equi et évaluation de leur pouvoir immunogène en vue de la mise au point d'un vaccin chez le poulain". Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2074.
Texto completoRhodococcus equi is an ubiquitous facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for equine rhodococcosis, the major cause of mortality in foals between one to six months of age. A previously developed vaccine, composed with R. Equi membrane proteins and delivered in mares, protects foals through passive transfer of immune maternal antibodies during at least 45 days of age. Thus, a protection during the whole length of the risk phase of six months of age requires an active vaccination. In order to develop such a vaccine, secreted proteins of R. Equi were studied. Analysis of these proteins by SDS PAGE and mass spectrometry led to the identification of 48 proteins in the secretome of the ATCC 33701 strain. Based on data from the literature as well as from results obtained with sera from rhodococcosis died foals, 19 proteins were finally selected and overexpressed in E. Coli. This number of candidates was reduced to nine proteins after immunological characterization of each recombinant protein by Western blot. The final candidate selection based on immunoprotective character in mice needs the optimization of infection and immunization conditions which were defined in this work. This last study allowed us i) to obtain sera of immunized mice used to select the nine candidates and ii) to demonstrate the essential role of adjuvant to potentiate an immunoprotective cellular response. Nevertheless, the adjuvant for the vaccine in foals remains to be defined
Dehaut, Alexandre. "Évaluation de la qualité-fraîcheur du poisson par des approches biochimiques (SPME-GC/MS) et moléculaires (qPCR)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10202/document.
Texto completoFreshness is a key parameter for the fish quality assessment. By the past, several methods have been developed, but they displayed limits mainly in terms of subjectivity and precision. The aim of this work was to search indicators of quality based on causes and consequences of fish spoilage. Concerning causes, the spoilage flora was studied by microbiological and molecular techniques. A first work allowed characterizing Shewanella baltica strains isolated from fish; one of the strains has the particularity to be H2S negative suggesting that traditional microbiological techniques might be limited. Then, a qPCR approach has selected primers tested during a spoilage monitoring study. Results show a linear decrease of the signal for the early days of alteration, attributed to the presence of Photobacterium phosphoreum, with good anticorrelations with biochemical methods of reference. Subsequently, consequences have been studied quantifying volatile amines by a method of SPME-GC-MS by defining the concept of partial volatile basic nitrogen (PVB-N) specifically quantifying trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine (DMA). This method showed for TMA an excellent correlation with a reference technique. PVB-N measurements allowed creating an indicator, DMA on TMA ratio, evolving in the early steps of spoilage. Meanwhile, two projects based of the analysis of processed fish volatilome allowed working on quality in a wider sense
Broutin, Michaël. "Évaluation des chaussées souples aéroportuaires à l'aide du déflectomètre à masse tombante (HWD) : développement d'une méthode d'analyse dynamique temporelle par éléments finis pour le calcul inverse des propriétés structurelles". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00565757.
Texto completoHubert, Cecile. "Étude de la détection et de l'identification d'explosifs par spectrométrie de masse haute résolution " Orbitrap ", après prélèvement d'échantillons sur substrats solides : développement et évaluation comparative de méthodologies analytiques dédiées à l'expertise judiciaire dans le domaine nucléaire". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066025.
Texto completoSwabbing and analysis protocols for trace explosives detection have to be both reliable and sensitive, either for prevention measures against bomb attacks or for post-blast scene investigations. The coupling of mass spectrometry (MS) with liquid chromatography (HPLC) offers the required features but important sample preparation steps are often needed and chromatographic separations can require long run times. The evaluation of an LC-MS coupling for the analysis of fabric swabs and the development of a direct and nearly instantaneous method for sample surface analysis are the subjects of this dissertation. DESI and DART ion sources coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were used for this second method. Part of this work was devoted to the study of CID mechanisms of explosives, in which HRMS appears to present a great interest. Even though the use of DESI source for hydrophilic and absorbent fabric samples analysis is tricky, DART source was successfully applied to qualitative analysis of simulated as well as real samples. Very promising results strengthen the relevance of this direct approach both sensitive, rapid and easily implementable, and encourage pursuing the studies toward quantitative analysis. Keywords: Forensic, explosives, fabrics, extraction, high resolution mass spectrometry, ESI, ambient ionization/desorption (DESI, DART), CID mechanisms, negative ions
Gandolfi, Frédéric. "Évaluation des techniques de micro-extraction/préconcentration et d’échantillonnage passif comme outils de mesure de la contamination du milieu aquatique par des composés organo-halogénés hydrophobes émergents". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4387.
Texto completoIn order to achieve good water quality for 2015, the water framework directives (WFD 2000/60/EC and 2013/39/EU) force European countries to monitor the quality of their aquatic environment. For this purpose, all water bodies shall be monitored for all the 33 priority substances listed in annex X of WFD (annex X, decision No 2455/2001/EC) and for which environmental quality standards (EQS) were fixed (Directive 2013/39 / EU). Among these substances, we found the short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) belonging to the class of emergent halogenated micro-pollutants. From an analytical point of view, the analysis of SCCPs and PBDEs in water is still a major challenge, either in terms of sampling or sensitivity.In respect of WFD, this thesis work has, among other things, aimed to develop a method to analyze SCCPs in water by using SPME coupled with GC/ECNI-MS. The limit of quantification below 0.2 µg.L-1 and its degree of automation makes this method a tool of choice to ensure the monitoring of the aquatic environment as required by the WFD. In addition to the traditional approach, a laboratory system for passive sampler calibration was also developed and validated to calibrate MESCO for PAHs analysis. Moreover, our participation in an inter-laboratory study, has served to test the applicability of MESCO and SR for the analysis of PBDEs in a waste water treatment plant. Finally the deployment of LDPE, SR and MESCO in Berre lagoon has yielded some encouraging results about applicability of these passive samplers to analyze SCCPs and PBDE in water
Barr, Caroline. "Évaluation de l'excrétion urinaire d'un biomarqueur pour la maladie de Fabry, le globotriaosylcéramide (Gb[indice inférieur 3]), chez des enfants normaux de la naissance à 6 mois". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4010.
Texto completoLa, Yuyi. "Formation des aérosols organiques secondaires : évaluation d'un modèle explicite par la comparaison à des observations de chambre de simulation atmosphérique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1129.
Texto completoSecondary organic aerosols (SOAs) represent a large fraction of fine particle matter, and contribute therefore to their impacts on human health, environment and climate. Understanding the sources, the evolution and the properties of SOAs is a challenge for the scientific community. These SOAs are produced by condensation onto preexisting aerosols of low volatility compounds formed during the progressive oxidation of gaseous organic matter. The objective of this thesis is to assess our knowledge of SOA formation processes. The methodology aims at (i) representing the processes in a deterministic and explicit model, (ii) comparing the modeling results with SOA measurements performed in controlled environments and (iii) examining the sensitivity of simulated results to poorly constrained parameters. The GECKO-A model (Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) developed at LISA generates explicit chemical schemes on the basis of fundamental principles and provides the related kinetic and thermodynamic constants. Its ability to represent SOA formation was evaluated by comparisons with experiments performed in environmental chambers. The comparisons between modeled and measured final SOA yields show that the GECKO-A tool accurately reproduces the influence of molecular structure on the SOA formation. However, quantitative analysis shows that these yields are systematically overestimated. This suggests that processes are missing or misrepresented in the model, in particular the loss of gaseous organic compounds on the chamber walls. The implementation of this process into the model leads to (i) a decrease of the simulated final yields up to a factor 2, (ii) a change on SOA composition with a high sensitivity for the first generation species (nitrates, hydroxynitrates and carbonylesters) and (iii) a decrease in the SOA production rate when the mass transfer rate to the wall is increased. The model fails however to reproduce the dynamic of SOA formation. The results show that the uncertainties on particle surface accommodation and wall losses allow to encompass the experimental data. However, no unique configuration of these two parameters can be selected for all of the experiments
Laza, Désiré. "Développpement et évaluation d'une méthode LC-MS/MS pour l'analyse de résidus de tir en criminalistique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210735.
Texto completoLe chapitre 2 est consacré aux résultats et discussions. Comme point de départ de tous les travaux ultérieurs, l’optimisation du fonctionnement du spectromètre et plus particulièrement la détermination des « ions précurseurs » et des « ions produits » y est traitée en détails. De plus, l’étude de la fragmentation des ions précurseurs y occupe une place prépondérante et conditionne l’établissement d’une méthode de détection et d’acquisition des données. Dans ce même chapitre sont successivement traités la mise au point de la méthode chromatographique pour l’analyse des stabilisants par LC-MS/MS, le couplage LC-MS/MS, la collecte et préparation des échantillons, dont l’extraction sur phase solide (SPE). Disposant des procédures de traitement des échantillons et d’une méthode LC-MS/MS, il nous a été possible de mener l’étude de faisabilité de l’analyse des stabilisants dans les échantillons prélevés sur les mains d’un tireur. Cette étude fait l’objet d’une proposition de publication jointe en annexe. Pour être exploitable en criminalistique, ce travail est complété par une étude sur les fréquences d’observation des stabilisants pour poudres propulsives sur les mains des non-tireurs.
L’ensemble des résultats nous permet de dresser un bilan et proposer des perspectives décrites dans le chapitre 3. A cet égard, nous proposons de poursuivre les essais relatifs aux tests de persistance des résidus de stabilisant sur les mains des tireurs et d’entamer une étude sur la caractérisation des résidus de tir de la nitrocellulose. Du point de vue de l’exploitation des acquis de ce travail, nous suggérons que les méthodes et procédures développées soient mises à l’épreuve dans les affaires nécessitant l’analyse des prélèvements effectués sur les vêtements d’un suspect ou d’une victime. Cette mise à l’épreuve permettra de comparer l’efficacité de la méthode LC-MS/MS à celle de la technique SEM/EDX habituellement utilisée.
Le chapitre 4 est consacré aux matériels et méthodes détaillant notamment les procédures de collectes et de traitement des échantillons, les paramètres de fonctionnement du spectromètre de masse et les méthodes analytiques.
This thesis deals with a research project entitled "Development of an integral system of detection and identification of gunshot residues”, carried out at the Belgian National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC). This project aims at providing the Laboratory of Chemical Ballistics, a powerful tool to detect and identify organic gunshot residues. For instance, the analyses of gunshot residues is presently performed mainly for characterizing metallic particles originating from the primer, using scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). However this technique has its limits and the goal of the thesis was the development of a method for the analysis of the stabilizers (and their derivatives) present in propellant powders with the use of tandem mass spectrometry coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS).
The introduction highlights the relations between Criminology and Criminalistics; it gives an outline of the classification of weapons, and describes how handguns, ammunitions, gunshot residues and Criminalistics can be linked when investigating criminal cases. The motivation of the analysis of organic gunshot residues and in particular the propellant powder stabilizers is also explained.
Chapter 1 deals in detail with the working principle of a quadrupole mass spectrometer, whether it is with a single quadrupole or composed of a tandem mass spectrometer. Important aspects connected with the ion production, the data acquisition and the ion detection are also considered.
Chapter 2 presents the results and discussions. It begins with the optimization of the operating conditions of the spectrometer, and focuses more specifically on the determination of “precursor ions" and "daughter ions”. The study of the precursor ion is more important because it is required for the choice of parameters involved in the data acquisition mode. The development of a liquid chromatography (LC) method and the procedures for collecting and preparing the samples are explained. Moreover, Chapter 2 summarizes the results of a feasibility study of the analyses of stabilizers in samples collected from the hands of a shooter. This study was published in a peer reviewed journal [1]. A complementary study on the frequencies of observation of stabilizers on the hands of non-shooter persons is reported at the end the Chapter.
The results allow also proposing perspectives which are described in Chapter 3. In this respect, the characterization of nitrocellulose residues and the study of the persistence of stabilizer residues on the hands of shooters should be undertaken. From the practical point of view, the developed methods and procedures should be tested in real cases which involve the analyses of the samples taken from the clothing of suspects and/or victims. These tests should allow an assessment of the LC-MS/MS method compared to the efficiency of the SEM/EDX technique currently used.
Chapter 4 is dedicated to the materials and methods; the sample collection and treatment procedures, as well as the working parameters of the mass spectrometer and the analytical methods are explained in detail.
[1]. Désiré Laza, Ph.D. Bart Nys, Ph.D. Jan De Kinder, Ph.D. Andrée Kirsch - De Mesmaeker, Ph.D. and Cécile Moucheron, Ph.D. Development of a Quantitative LC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Common Propellant Powder Stabilizers in Gunshot Residue. J. Forensic Sci, July 2007, Vol. 52, N° 4, 842-850.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Scarazzini, Riccardo. "Analyse par ToF-SIMS de matériaux fragiles pour les micro/nanotechnologies : évaluation et amplification de l'information chimique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI031/document.
Texto completoNowadays, the micro and nanotechnology field integrates a wide range of materials that can be defined as “fragile” because of their shape, dimension or density. In this work, three materials of this kind, at different level of technological and industrial maturity are studied by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). These materials are: mesoporous silicon, thin polymethacrylate films deposited by initiated Chemical Vapour Deposition (i-CVD)and hybrid organosilicate (SiOCH) dielectric materials (low-k). The objective is to verify and validate the ToF-SIMS as a reliable characterisation technique for describing the chemical properties of these materials. Indeed, because of this intrinsic ‘fragility’ the consistency of the chemical information is connected to an appropriate interpretation of the specific ion/matter interactions taking place.For mesoporous silicon, a systematic analysis is carried out considering various sputtering ion sources (Caesium, Xenon and Oxygen); both sputtering and ionisation behaviours are examined relatively to the nonporous silicon, taking into account energy of the sputtering beam and porosity rate of the target material.Concerning nanometric thick polymer films, low damaging analysis conditions are applied by the use of argon cluster primary ion sources in order to obtain a significant molecular secondary ion information. In these conditions, a discrimination of quasi-identical nanometre thick structures is made possible and a quantification method for copolymers is then proposed. In addition, with the supplement of data principal component analysis (PCA) an innovative and significant correlation is obtained between main Principal Component and sample molecular weights.Finally, the effect of several industrial integration processes (such as etching or wet cleaning) applied on low-k materials are studied in order to understand their detrimental impact on low-k insulating properties. To achieve a depth-resolved chemical information, low energy caesium sputterings are shown to be the most adapted and sensitive strategy. In addition, PCA is shown to be almost essential to amplify differences between samples significantly. This approach allowed combining the variation of physical properties (dielectric constant) with the chemical ones
Smati, Abdenasser. "Contribution à l'étude des transferts de chaleur et de masse dans le matériau de remplissage d'un stockage de déchets haute activité". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066143.
Texto completoHabchi, Baninia. "Mise en évidence des perturbations métaboliques liées à l’exposition aux toxiques présents dans l’environnement ou l’aliment par spectrométrie de masse à ultra haute résolution FTMS combinée avec des outils chimiométriques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA032.
Texto completoPublic health monitoring involves evaluation of population exposure to environmental toxicants which can have an impact on their health. To do this, robust and high-throughput approaches are required to perform large scale analyses. Global approaches such as metabolomics which aim to reveal metabolic changes due to environmental stress or diseases seem to be the most appropriate approach. This multidisciplinary approach requires powerful analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) associated with statistical and chemometric data processing. It allows to detect general metabolic disruptions induced by a given physiological or pathological conditions. The studied samples can be injected either directly by the DIMS technique (direct introduction mass spectrometry) or following a chromatographic separation using GC/MS or LC/MS (gas or liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry). The DIMS approach leads to a significant reduction in analysis time, down to only a few minutes (usually less than 3 min). Additionally, in combination with Fourier transform mass spectrometers (DIFTMS), it provides very high mass resolving power and accurate mass measurements, as well as a wide dynamic range resulting in improved efficiency. Nevertheless, the DI-FTMS approach generates complex data containing several thousands of peaks. Processing such large data sets requires the development of dedicated chemometric and statistical tools to detect exposure biomarkers. Therefore, the objective of my work was to develop a rapid, highthroughput workflow, including the development of chemometric tools, in order to highlight metabolomic perturbations induced by exposure to toxicants. The first part of this work concerns the study of farmers professionally exposed to two pesticides. The DIMS approach was performed on an Orbitrap instrument and a new chemometric tool called Independent Component - Discriminant Analysis (IC-DA) was developed for supervised analysis of the DIMS data. The developed methodology was then applied to a larger number of samples corresponding to five types of exposure. In this later study, two analytical approaches DIMS and LC/MS were examined in order to validate the DIMS approach as well as the developed chemometric data analysis tool. In a second part of this work, the DIMS approach was applied to an instrument of higher performances, the FT-ICR (Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance) equipped with a dynamically harmonized cell in order to improve the quality of the DIMS data. A first study explored the effects of exposure of rats to different concentrations of pesticides. In a second step, the procedure was applied to a large number of samples (of approximately 500 individuals) to test the robustness of the approach. All this work demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of our high-throughput metabolomic approach combining the direct introduction (DIMS), the very high resolution detection and the chemometric tools. This approach could be very promising to perform large scale metabolic phenotyping such as in epidemiological studies
Garcés, Monge Luis. "Knowledge-based configuration : a contribution to generic modeling, evaluation and evolutionary optimization". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAC0003/document.
Texto completoIn a context of mass customization, the concurrent configuration of the product and its production process constitute an important industrial challenge: Numerous options or alternatives, numerous links or constraints and a need to optimize the choices made. This problem is called O-CPPC (Optimization of Concurrent Product and Process Configuration). We consider this problem as a CSP (Constraints Satisfaction Problem) and optimize it with evolutionary algorithms. A state of the art shows that: i) most studies are illustrated with examples specific to an industrial or academic case and not representative of the existing diversity; ii) a need to improve optimization performance in order to gain interactivity and face larger problems. In response to the first point, this thesis proposes a generic model of the O-CPPC problem. This generic model is used to generate a realistic benchmark for evaluating optimization algorithms. This benchmark is then used to analyze the performance of the CFB-EA evolutionary approach. One of the strengths of this approach is to quickly propose a Pareto front near the optimum. To answer the second point, an improvement of this method is proposed and evaluated. The idea is, from a first approximate Pareto front, to ask the user to choose an area of interest and to restrict the search for solutions only on this area. This improvement results in significant computing time savings
Fuster, Laura. "Mise en oeuvre d’une démarche intégrée pour identifier des contaminants pertinents dans l’environnement". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0880/document.
Texto completoTo date, environmental risk assessment is based on a restricted number of molecules assessed by targeted chemical analyses. However, this approach give a partial picture of co-occurrence of known and unknown compounds. Moreover, in the aquatic environment, chemicals are not completely mineralized and are subject to abiotic and biotic processes. Transformation products (TPs) can be more toxic and more persistent than the parent compound. However, TPs are not typically included in classical monitoring and risk assessment. Because of complexity and variability of these matrices and the restricted number of molecules focused in targeted chemical analyses, selection of relevant molecules for environmental monitoring is often laborious.In this context, an integrative approach was used in order to identify chemicals of concern for a classical monitoring. This work has been realized on environmental complex samples and on laboratory-generated samples. A combination of targeted, non-targeted analyses and in vitro bioassays was performed and allowed to: (1) identify polar chemical of concern in the Seine estuary on the basis of occurrence and persistence, (2) identify new transformation products and (3) identify compounds responsible of biological activity observed in complexes matrices
Gracia, Danies Fabio. "Application de la Méthode des Points Matériels aux phénomènes gravitaires". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI009.
Texto completoIn mountainous regions, the prediction of gravitational phenomena remains a challenge for the management of risk. Computational methods such as the Discrete Element Method (DEM) have been used for the modeling of these types of phenomena, where particles interact with each other to give an overall behavior of the mass. Its application can be somewhat restricted to small and medium number of blocks, since the computational time can easily become too large. Continuum analyses are therefore an attractive approach, which can reduce the computational times, but that rely on a constitutive law to represent the behavior within the mass. The main objective of this PhD was to develop a numerical tool that allowed the modeling of some specific gravitational hazards, such as the flowing of mass. A Lagrangian-Eulerian method such as the Material Point Method (MPM) is able to handle large deformations, while preserving most of the capabilities of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The method uses an Eulerian grid which is only used as a numerical scratch-pad, and remains fixed during simulations. A numerical tool named MPMbox (2D and 3D) was then developed from the ground up using C++. The code was validated using a series of analytical solutions for quasi-static analysis (some standard geotechnical tests), as well as simulations including large and rather rapid deformations (slump tests). After validation, the code was first used to make a numerical comparison with the DEM. In the comparison, a parametric survey was carried out during which the flow of a granular material on a sloped surface was simulated. Results were compared in terms of run-out distance, spread of the deposit and energy dissipated at the interface and within the mass during the flow. For a second study, discrete elements were coupled with MPM so that a rigid block could interact with a deformable soil. This application consisted in the (2D) analysis of the collision between a discrete block (round and squared) and a bounded elasto-plastic double-layered soil (soft over hard layers). The investigations were largely based on the measurement of the restitution coefficient (ratio of kinetic energies before to after the impact), which cannot be easily determined experimentally
Amitrano, Davide. "Emission acoustique des roches et endommagement : approches experimentale et numerique, application a la sismicite miniere". Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10002.
Texto completoGoy, Laurent. "Mesure et modélisation des températures dans les massifs rocheux : application au projet de tunnel profond Maurienne-Ambin". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00642650.
Texto completoGoy, Laurent. "Mesure et modélisation des températures dans les massifs rocheux : application au projet de tunnel profond Maurienne-Ambin". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10261.
Texto completoJia, Xiaojuan. "Fuzzy logic based decision support system for mass evacuation of cities prone to coastal or river flood". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858055.
Texto completoForest, Anik. "Évaluation de différentes composantes chromatographiques d'un système nano-LC-MS pour des applications protéomiques". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17985.
Texto completoPlouffe, Laurence. "Évaluation de l’association entre l’exposition postnatale aux p,p’-DDT et p,p’-DDE et l’indice de masse corporelle chez les enfants japonais". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23975.
Texto completoChildren are exposed to p,p’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p’-DDT) and p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) through placental and lactational transfer. Studies have revealed that these exposures could lead to increased body mass index (BMI) during childhood. Our aim was to assess whether exposure through breast milk is associated with BMI in Japanese children at 42 months of age. We used data from a pilot study (n=290) of the Japanese Environment and Children Study (JECS). p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE levels were measured in breast milk, and levels in children were estimated using a toxicokinetic model for three exposure periods (0-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-24 months). Associations with BMI at 42 months of age were assessed using multivariate linear regression models. Our study revealed no significant association with levels of p,p’-DDT measured in breast milk or estimated in children. Positive associations with p,p’-DDE were found in girls during all exposure periods. For each log increase in the estimated p,p’-DDE levels, BMI z-score increased by 0.23 (C.I. 95%: 0.01, 0.45) for the 0-6 months exposure period, 0.26 (C.I. 95%: 0.06, 0.47) for the 6-12 months exposure period and 0.24 (C.I. 95%: 0.05, 0.43) for the 12-24 months exposure period. Our results in girls were similar to those found in a previous meta-analysis that included boys and girls (BMI z-score increase of 0.13 by log increase in prenatal p,p’-DDE levels), supporting that early-life exposure to p,p’-DDE may be associated with increased BMI during childhood.