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Anlamassova, M. K., R. T. Japparova y A. Zh Mukazhanova. "Soft power of European Union countries". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, n.º 4 (2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-8-18.
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There are two main diplomatic strategies used by states in International Relations: hard power and soft power. Hard power uses the tools of military force or other coercive strategies to achieve the desired result. Soft power, on the other hand, tries to achieve the desired result with persuasive tactics. In short, hard power uses force, while soft power uses charm and attractiveness or makes the other party do what you want.These days, political scientists and other experts have begun to emphasize the increasing effectiveness of using a combination of hard and soft power, or smart power. In International Relations, US foreign policy is often positioned as an example of hard power, as in some cases it uses military or economic pressure to achieve the desired result. The European Union, on the other hand, tends to implement soft power policies through the creation of European values and European identity in order to attract new members and gain new allies. In addition, the European Union exhibits values such as freedom, democracy, equality and the rule of law to the world. These values also help to increase the soft power of the European Union in the world. In this study, soft power policies and soft power activities of European Union countries such as England, France and Germany are examined.
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Abdul Karim, Mohammad Zuhair. "Policies of European Union countries towards the issue of illegal immigration". Tikrit Journal For Political Science, n.º 19 (24 de mayo de 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i19.212.
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Migration is an inherent phenomenon of human societies. It is the movement of people from a place where it is difficult to live to a better place, for socio-political reasons. Migration is either internal within one country or international between countries, And the latter may be legitimate or illegal. The European continent has become a dream for immigrants to live better. But Europe, which has received large numbers of immigrants and has become part of its social, economic and political entity, is beginning to suffer from problems and reflections: security, economic, social and political, in light of the increasing number of immigrants in Europe, which has made European countries since the 1980s changed their policies, And start to legislate laws and procedures and conclude restrictive immigration agreements, leading to the events of September 11, 2001, which made European policies more stringent towards immigration, to develop those policies after the Arab Renaissance revolutions in 2011, And what that left, waves of displaced people headed to Europe, thousands of them were received, but as a result of economic difficulties and security and political conditions that some European countries were exposed to, Some European calls have emerged to curb immigration, In light of the differences between the EU countries and the absence of a unified European policy and vision towards immigration, Nevertheless, European countries have formed some partnerships and agreements to combat migration, as well as conducting a set of collective and unilateral restrictive immigration procedures which have led to a reduction in the number of refugees to Europe.
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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma y Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU". Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (6 de noviembre de 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.
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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.
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Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". MEST Journal 10, n.º 2 (15 de julio de 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.
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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.
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Hussain, Munir. "The European Union and Transcaucasus (South) Countries: On a Cross-road". Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 1, n.º 1 (10 de noviembre de 2023): 52–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2008.4.
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This study is an attempt to analyze EU policies towards the SouthernCaucasus that deals basically with the changes in EU policies from1999 to date. The EU policy towards the region can be analyzed in twophases. First, the study will discuss the EU support during the 1990-1999 phase in relation to the economic and technical aid offered to theregion. Second, the study attempts to analyze the EU's active policiessince 1999 in terms of changes in EU policies as well as the causes ofthis change and the importance of the region for the EU. The studywill conclude by asserting that political and economic stability cannotbe reached without solving the problems in the region. In this context,the importance of the EU in the establishment of peace and stabilityin this framework are also discussed.
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Bharti, Mukesh Shankar. "The Economic Integration of the Central and Eastern European Countries into the European Union: Special Reference to Regional Development". Copernicus Political and Legal Studies 1, n.º 2 (2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/cpls.20222.01.
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The purpose of this paper is to research on the Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEECs) economic development after joining the European Union (EU). Moreover, this study highlights the key policies of economic integration into the EU and integration is a success story for the CEE countries. This paper also describes the key indicators and tools of the development model adopted by the CEE countries as a member of the EU. This study covers the period from 2004 to 2021. The objective of this study is to relate to the EU’s economic and trade policies, and how they brought the development to the region after the successful integration. To what extent, the CEE countries could develop their economic position in comparison to the other EU member countries. The research used empirical and comparative analysis methods to search the economic growth and regional development. Through this method, the research answers the questions and tests the hypothesis. The study concludes that the economic integration of the CEECs into the EU is successful. As a result, the development of this region has been accelerated and the EU’s economic policies have successfully been implemented in many countries. Finally, The EU’s economic policy has changed the dynamics of regions’ development and shaped the stronger trade and common market among the member states. The EU’s integration has impacted the gradual economic growth across the CEE countries.
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Bondarenko, Lev-Oleksandr. "Urgent Social and Cultural Issues and Attitudes in the European Union Countries". Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, n.º 13 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2023.13.210-227.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of multiculturalism policy in the European Union countries, as well as current socio-cultural problems and attitudes caused by migration and economic and social processes. The study analyses the influence of historical processes on the formation of ethnic groups, which, in the subsequent formation of European countries and their consolidation into the European Union, played and continue to play an essential role in the matter of regional politics. The study confirms that unsuccessful attempts to integrate immigrants into European society led to the aggravation of relations between the native population of European states and immigrants, growth of anti-immigrant sentiments and mass protests of Europeans against the national governments' migration policies.
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Sevilla Torres, Jorge. "Tax harmonization policies in the European Union: analysis compared". Semestre Económico 13, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2024): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26867/se.2024.v13i1.157.
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Within the framework of the European Union (EU), tax harmonization has become an issue of crucial importance to promote economic cohesion and equity among member states. The following article is a historical-comparative study of tax policies in the European Union. It focuses on analyzing the harmonization process that has taken place in the elaboration of these policies, with the focus of study on the Corporate Tax, a fiscal tool of great relevance for companies and national governments. In addition, the different positions and oppositions that have arisen in the face of tax harmonization reforms will be analyzed, considering the concerns about fiscal sovereignty, competitiveness, and the economic and social diversity of the Member States. Finally, the improvement proposal established by the OECD and the European Commission to close the tax gap between countries and put an end to harmful practices related to tax competition will be discussed.
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Bostan, Nicoleta Geanina. ""FINANCIAL EDUCATION IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES"". SERIES V - ECONOMIC SCIENCES 13(62), n.º 2 (21 de diciembre de 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.es.2020.13.62.2.13.
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"In the context of economic disparities among the countries of the European Union, the paper analyses the status of financial literacy for people living in East European countries, the way to increase financial knowledge through financial education and finally leading to a higher and more effective financial inclusion. Economic gaps are a major challenge for Eastern European countries. Their recovery can be done through efficient public policies harmonized with actions to increase the degree of financial education of the population. Policy makers, public institutions and non-profit organisation involved in financial education matters can benefit from this analysis and conclusion just as much as researchers. "
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Horváth, Gy. "Regional Policy in Europe". Acta Oeconomica 51, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2001): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.6.
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Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.
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Walayat, Khaula y Dr Mehmood Khalid Qamar. "Globalization’s Effect on Environmental Degradation in Regional Cooperation". Journal of Law & Social Studies 3, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.03.02.187201.
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This study sctrutinize the impact of defacto and dejure GLOB (as in explained in KOF GLOB index 2018) on Environmental degradation in EAGLE, BRICKS, European Unions & NEXT11 countries. The defacto GLOB indicate the estimate of GLOB include variables that represent flows and activities, de jure estimate includes variables that shows policies that represents, enable flows and activities. Whereas the environmental GLOB is measured by CO2 Emission. The results show that dejure economic and social GLOB has significant impact on environmental degradation in EAGLE, BRICKS, European Union & NEXT11 countries which indicates that the favorable trade & financial GLOB policies in these countries enabled more economic GLOB led to more industrialization which deteriorates the environment in these countries. Yet political defacto & dejure GLOB has no significant impact on countries within these regional Cooperation’s.
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Oliinyk, Olena S., Roman M. Shestopalov, Volodymyr O. Zarosylo, Mykhaylo I. Stankovic y Sergii G. Golubitsky. "Economic security through criminal policies". Revista Científica General José María Córdova 20, n.º 38 (1 de abril de 2022): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21830/19006586.899.
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The article aims to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on economic security. Based on the study of legislative acts of the countries of the European Union, the United States, and relevant scientific literature, an analysis is made of the current situation in the field of economic security, exploring its constituent elements and factors influencing the security of the economy. Among them are ecology, the fight against crime, the financial and taxation spheres, innovative development, and the element itself as a component of the considered social relations, and processes, among others. The article outlines the key areas of public relations and other factors that influence the situation’s state concerning the issue addressed.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Policies with Respect to Foreign Investors in the New Member States of the European Union and in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comparative Aspects". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 12, n.º 1-2 (11 de febrero de 2010): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0001-z.
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The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis of policies aimed at foreign investors in the new member states of the European Union as well as in the developing countries of Asia. The policies demonstrate certain similarities in spite of the fact that the analyzed world economic regions are subject to different conditions. A common feature is the opening up of economies to foreign investors, coupled with the application of certain incentives intended to increase the attractiveness of the country to foreign investors. Countries strive to modernize their economies with the help of foreign capital. The developing countries of Asia, in contrast to the new member states of the European Union, are not restricted in their policies with respect to foreign investors by the requirements of regional economic integration.
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Lytvynchuk, Anna. "Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries". University Economic Bulletin, n.º 50 (31 de agosto de 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.
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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.
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Fedajev, Aleksandra, Danijela Pantović, Isidora Milošević, Tamara Vesić, Aleksandra Jovanović, Magdalena Radulescu y Maria Cristina Stefan. "Evaluating the Outcomes of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in the EU in Times of Crisis: A PLS-SEM Approach". Sustainability 15, n.º 11 (23 de mayo de 2023): 8466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118466.
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The asymmetric level of integration within the European Union (EU) regarding membership in the European Monetary Union (EMU) has resulted in inconsistent responses to crises such as the Great Recession of 2007–2009 and the European sovereign debt crisis of 2010–2013. Furthermore, it has led to varying outcomes of monetary and fiscal policies implemented across EU countries. This paper aims to investigate the impact of monetary and fiscal policies on economic development and employment through the inflation channel in the EU between 2007 and 2015, using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that the outcomes of monetary policy have been mixed between EMU and non-EMU countries, resulting in different measures and negative spillover effects of the European Central Bank’s (ECB) policy on countries outside of the EMU. Meanwhile, the ability of fiscal policy to lower inflation and boost economic growth and employment has been limited, which means that the impact of fiscal policy on both economic development and employment and inflation has been minor. Based on the findings of this study, there should be better coordination of monetary and fiscal policies at the EU level to support the macroeconomic stability of the Union during times of crisis.
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Choi, Chong-Ki. "The Northern Policy of the Republic of Korea -how to Approach the Soviet Union and East European Countries-". Korean Journal of Policy Studies 5 (31 de diciembre de 1990): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps01005.
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Of the Sixth Republic's many policies, the northern policy is most successful. The term, "northern policy" includes all the diplomatic activities and policies to improve relations with the communist countries-the Soviet Union, China, and other East European countries. There are some backgrounds in implementing this policy. In domestic dimension, weak legitimacy of the Sixth Republic and nationalistic desire for reunification of divided nation became a significant background. Economic difficulty-especially the stagnation of exports can not be overlooked as well. From international perspective, Gorbachev's new thinking and change of American Foreign policies are a significant background. As everyone knows, northern policy gives rise to noteworthy achievement in many fields. But there are also various obstacles to implementation of northern policy. South Korea has legal obstacles, such as a security law and various political obstacles. Political and economic situation in socialist countries raises serious problems. International political situation is more or less helpful to implementing northern policy. Drawing upon the above-mentioned obstacles, I would like to suggest how South Korea should approach socialist countries. First, the existing alliance system in Northeast Asia should be taken into account. Second, due attention should be paid to the national interest of all countries concerned. Third, South Korea should not seek isolation of North Korea by pushing nothern policy. There are other ways to approach socialist countries, but I emphasize non-governmental contacts.
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Mărășescu, Cristina. "The Emergence of an European Union Cultural Diplomacy". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia 65, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2020.3.03.
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"On 16 April 2020, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released preliminary figures according to which the collective Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the European Union (EU) and its Member States to developing countries amounted to 75.2 billion in 2019, representing 55.2% of global assistance. The EU and its Member States therefore maintain their position as the largest international aid donor. In spite of the vast amount of resources spent annually by the EU, there is widespread perception that the EU punches below its weight. Notwithstanding the undeniable positive impact that the EU external policies have on the ground, the EU’s role in international development remains mostly invisible. This paper presents the perception of the EU and EU’s policies abroad and makes the case for the necessity of an integrated and fully coordinated EU Public Diplomacy (PD) capable of communicating effectively and strengthening EU’s role as a global actor. It argues that culture has a substantial potential in Europe’s international relations, making the case for the necessity of an integrated and tailor-made EU Cultural Diplomacy. This paper shows that culture is a worthwhile investment in driving economic growth. Failure to capitalise on this would be a huge missed opportunity for Europe. Keywords: European Union, Economic Support to Developing Countries, Economic Growth, Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, European External Action Service JEL classification: O10, Z10 "
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Vié, Aymeric, Cinzia Colapinto, Davide La Torre y Danilo Liuzzi. "The long-run sustainability of the European Union countries". Management Decision 57, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2019): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-05-2018-0518.
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Purpose Energy and environmental concerns have gained a significant role in public policy agenda as well as in energy economics literature. As policies often rely on imprecise information on data and goals, fuzzy goal programming (FGP) modeling is a relevant choice to evaluate multi-criteria sustainability. This technique is suitable for the analysis of the Europe 2020 strategy plan dealing with several possibly conflicting objectives in economy, environment, energy and employment. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a FGP model for sustainable implementations for all European Union (EU) countries with respect to Europe 2020 policy goals and provides insights for decision makers to better satisfy conflicting criteria by suggesting optimal allocations of workers in several economic sectors. Findings The analysis shows an overall great performance of European Union countries in the environmental and social criteria and outlines the needs for significant additional policy measures to reduce energy consumption while increasing the economic output. Comparing the performance of countries within the European Union between those who adopted the euro and those who maintained national currencies shows that Euro countries tend to perform worse in terms of Europe 2020 sustainability, opening opportunities for further research to better investigate on the causes and determinants of these differences. Originality/value The paper presents a conceptual model of sustainable development that improves understanding of the concept and reconciles highly competing policy objectives in a common framework. Applying this model to all European Union countries offers both comparison and policy recommendations at a large new scale.
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Guillén, Ana M. y Laura Cabiedes. "Reforming Pharmaceutical Policies in the European Union: A “Penguin Effect”?" International Journal of Health Services 33, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1jc6-frl4-qm2l-qn6e.
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Pharmaceutical policies form a substantial part of health care services, from the point of view of both equity and efficiency goals. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals has been growing steadily over the last few decades, and countries are finding the financing of drugs increasingly difficult. This article surveys the changes in pharmaceutical policies in the E.U. countries from the mid-1980s through the 1990s. It focuses primarily on policies dealing with cost control of publicly funded pharmaceuticals. In their analysis of these changes, the authors classify policies (or “packages of measures”), map out their incidence in each country, and assess their impact on the control of public pharmaceutical spending. They conclude that the E.U. countries are taking up apparently similar measures—dressing like penguins in a row—despite the limited effectiveness and limited evaluation of many of the measures adopted. The authors also analyze the role of national and international actors (most prominently, the European Union) in defining public pharmaceutical policies; look at how innovative policy ideas could be connected with the economic, political, and social interests that mold public action in this field; and propose new lines of investigation.
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Kuhn, Theresa y Aaron Kamm. "The national boundaries of solidarity: a survey experiment on solidarity with unemployed people in the European Union". European Political Science Review 11, n.º 2 (mayo de 2019): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000067.
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AbstractAmidst the European sovereign debt crisis and soaring unemployment levels across the European Union, ambitions for European unemployment policies are high on the political agenda. However, it remains unclear what European taxpayers think about these plans and who is most supportive of European unemployment policies. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a survey experiment concerning solidarity towards European and domestic unemployed individuals in the Netherlands and Spain. Our results suggest that (1) Europeans are less inclined to show solidarity towards unemployed Europeans than towards unemployed co-nationals, (2) individuals with higher education, European attachment, and pro-immigration attitudes show more solidarity towards unemployed people from other European countries, but (3) even they discriminate against foreigners, and (4) finally, economic left-right orientations do not structure solidarity with unemployed people from abroad.
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Hassan, Alaa Mohammed. "The policies of countries to confront illegal migration: the European Union policy as a model". Tikrit Journal For Political Science 1, n.º 31 (11 de mayo de 2023): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v1i31.45.
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Illegal immigration it is one of the challenges facing many countries Especially the countries of the European Union Which is one of the most countries reception of illegal immigrants, And it is caused by many reasons to Some of them are economic related to low level the living, Some of them are political Related to the tyranny and domination of some regimes, Some are security related to insecurity such as conflicts and wars, Some of them are related to drought and floods, Some are as healthy as a pandemic , illegal immigration leaves its effects on the countries receiving immigration, Including economic effects security and social and health. And to face the effects and repercussions of illegal immigration, the European Union has resorted to many policies to limit or stop it.
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Hastings, Thomas y Jason Heyes. "Farewell to flexicurity? Austerity and labour policies in the European Union". Economic and Industrial Democracy 39, n.º 3 (2 de marzo de 2016): 458–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x16633756.
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For the past decade the European Commission has urged EU member states to pursue ‘flexicurity’ policies aimed at achieving employment growth and social inclusion. However, the economic crisis and turn to austerity across the EU has presented the flexicurity model with a substantial challenge. This article argues that since 2008 labour policies across the EU have exhibited shared tendencies, but support for measures that might contribute to the achievement of the security aspects of flexicurity has been substantially weakened. In developing this argument, the article presents findings from a cluster analysis and detailed investigations of labour policies in EU member countries. The article also discusses the implications of the findings for comparative institutional analysis. It highlights differences in the approaches of countries that are commonly treated as members of the same institutional family, as well as similarities in the policies adopted by countries commonly associated with different ‘varieties’ of capitalism.
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Petrov, Stefan, Svetlana Aleksansrova y Silvia Kirova. "Environmental Effects of Green Bonds and Other Forms of Financing in the European Union". International Journal of Economic Sciences 13, n.º 1 (16 de mayo de 2024): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/es.2024.13.1.005.
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Prioritising the implementation of environmental policies is a cornerstone for European Union member states. While sharing common objectives, individual countries apply their own approaches to implementing and financing the sustainable development and green transition, considering the national economic characteristics. This raises the crucial question of the extent to which various funding sources contribute to the success of environmental policies. In the past decade, many instruments for financing sustainable development have emerged, with green bonds prominently positioned as a pivotal tool for directing financial flows towards the achievement of green objectives. This paper studies the relationship between the different instruments for financing, such as the availability of issued green bonds, the extent of total debt, economic development, fiscal instruments, and on the other hand the specific indicators used to evaluate the effects of implementing the environmental policies. The study focuses on the environmental policies of European Union member states and associated member states from 2015 to 2022, with the intent to examine the effect of policies on indicators like energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic losses from extreme weather events. Through correlation analysis, the study aims to specify the direction and significance of the influence of each independent variable on the dependent indicators. The findings reveal that green bond financing serves as a catalyst for positive changes in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions, while general government debt emerges as a significant factor in financing environmental policies.
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Serban, Florica Mioara y Carmen Elena Stoenoiu. "The Analysis of Government Expenditures in the European Union". Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2020): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.15.
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This article analyses data on general government expenditure, at the level of the European Union (EU 28) according to the Classification of the Functions of Government – COFOG over the 2008-2017 period. Data shows that the expenditures increased at the beginning of the economic crisis in all EU countries, being followed by a slowdown in expenditures growth. All countries have adopted policies in order to reduce government expenditures towards the end of the period, aiming to increase their efficiency. Usually in high-income countries, compared with low-income countries, government expenditures are much larger as percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but the relations are not very strong though.
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GHETU, Raluca Andreea, Cristina-Simona CĂPĂȚÎNĂ y Petre BREZEANU. "THE EVOLUTION OF FISCAL PRESSURE IN DEVELOPED E.U. COUNTRIES AND ITS DETERMINANTS". ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 30, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes30(2)025.
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Since 1970, the intensity of implementing budgetary policies in the two categories of states, developed states, and emerging states, has been observed in Europe. These policies had the effect of increasing the levels of taxation, also called progressive taxation, at that time. To stop this phenomenon of progressive taxation, the Maastricht Treaty and then the Stability and Growth Pact have had the effect of forcing states to adopt different fiscal policies to reduce the feeling of fiscal pressure made necessary by budgetary deficiencies and public debt accumulated over time. In fact, since the 1990s, each Member State of the European Union has interpreted the treaties mentioned above separately; some states reduced spending, while others preferred to impose more significant fiscal pressure on citizens by raising taxes and fees. In our article, we analyze and disseminate the general fiscal pressure of some developed countries in the European Union. We identify the economic priority indicators that influence the phenomenon of fiscal pressure, such as the level of direct taxes, indirect taxes, the growth rate of gross domestic product, and the level of public debt, providing an overview of economic development over the last three decades.To this end, the authors have developed an econometric model that captures the factors that influence the fiscal pressure in several developed countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2018.
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Güleç Uğur, Dilek y Tayyibe Altunel. "An Assessment of Forestry Policy in The European Union, Turkey and Various Countries". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 12, n.º 4 (29 de abril de 2024): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i4.714-725.6700.
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In many parts of the world, forests have been seen only as an economic value and forestry policies have been in this direction. Later, when forests started to disappear, the protectionist period started and forest policies were shaped in this direction. In this study, the reflections of sustainable foresty policy and environmental and forest protection in the Eurpoion Union (EU), Turkey and a few other countries are examined and the protection measures and recommendations of the countries are analyzed. The aim of the study is to reveal the devolopment process of forestry policies and to reveal what has been done to ensure the protection of forests. When we look at the policies followed by the countries, it is seen that the world is now pursuing a conscious forestry policy.
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Ferreiro, Jesús, Catalina Gálvez y Ana González. "Fiscal policies in the European Union during the crisis". Panoeconomicus 62, n.º 2 (2015): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1502131f.
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The paper studies the fiscal policies implemented in the European Union countries since the beginning of the current crisis. With this aim in mind we have analyzed separately the expansionary fiscal policies implemented at the first stage of the crisis and the fiscal consolidation policies that became widespread at the beginning of the current decade. Studying the content of the national fiscal policies (discretionary measures versus built-in stabilizers, revenue-based versus expenditure-based fiscal policies, the relationship existing between the size of the fiscal impulses-adjustments and the composition of these measures) shows the significant differences between the fiscal policies implemented in the European Union countries.
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Kajurová, Veronika y Petr Rozmahel. "Stock Market Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from the European Union". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, n.º 6 (2016): 1927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664061927.
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The paper examines the causal relation between the stock markets development and economic growth in the EU countries. In particular, the nature and causality direction is investigated. Panel data techniques including cointegration tests, vector error correction models and Granger causality tests were applied to indicate the nature and direction of causality. Long‑run effects of the economic growth upon stock market development was detected in the sample of the Euro area member countries. In addition, the short‑run mutual relations between growth and stock markets were indicated in that country‑sample. In the non‑Euro area countries, only short‑run impact of the stock market development upon economic growth was found. The empirical findings bring up implications for macroeconomic stabilization and development policies. The indicated relations also play a role in predicting economic growth and stock markets’ development.
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Paixão Casaca, Ana Cristina y Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "Protectionist vs liberalised maritime cabotage policies: a review". Maritime Business Review 3, n.º 3 (17 de septiembre de 2018): 210–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-03-2018-0011.
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Purpose The development of the current European economic area maritime cabotage market occurred when, at a policy level, the European Union forced the opening of its member-states cabotage markets to Community shipowners and extended this openness, in 1997, to the european free trade area countries. A two-tier cabotage market emerged, where a European economic area legislative framework co-exists with the legislative acts of each member-state. With such a unique background, this paper aims to investigate both the European economic area member-states and the rest of the world cabotage regimes and identify a list of reasons and policy measures used to implement cabotage policies. Design/methodology/approach By means of a desk research methodological approach, this paper analyses, from a geographical perspective, different countries’ cabotage policies and classifies them, and identifies in a systematically way a set of reasons and policy instruments that support each of chosen policies approach. Findings The outcome indicates that only a few countries promote free liberalised cabotage services and that most countries favour protectionist cabotage policies, whose governments can control the number of foreign vessels participating in these trades. Cabotage regimes have been categorised and the reasons behind both policies and respective policy instruments have been identified. Originality/value Quite often, researchers only focus on the cabotage policies of the European economic area countries, the USA, Australia, Japan and South Korea. This paper value rests on its ability to incorporate cabotage policies from other African, Asian and Latin American countries and to update existing information on the subject. Overall, this paper paves the way to broaden the cabotage knowledge.
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Feng, Zhaohan. "The Influence of Cultural and Historical Factors on the Participation of Central and Eastern European Countries in European Integration: Poland and the Czech Republic as Examples". Communications in Humanities Research 15, n.º 1 (20 de noviembre de 2023): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/15/20230681.
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Along with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union, countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) freed themselves from the control of the Soviet Union and began to join European integration. In fact, historical and cultural factors significantly influenced the process of joining the European Union. The artistic gene of being close to Western Europe makes European integration naturally attractive to the countries of CEE. At the same time, the strong nationalism makes the countries of CEE raise strong opposition to the policies of the European Union in many cases. This plays a severe role in hindering the participation of the countries of CEE in European integration. In addition, the economic assistance from Western Europe and the need for regional security after the Cold War were also practical reasons that pushed CEE countries to participate in European integration. In conclusion, the influence of cultural and historical factors on the participation of CEE countries in European integration has both positive and negative sides. It results from the combination of historical and cultural factors and practical factors.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans". European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Bąk, Henryk y Sebastian Maciejewski. "Endogeneity and Specialization in the European Monetary Union". International Journal of Management and Economics 46, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2015): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2015-0020.
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Abstract There has been a broad discussion about the viability of the European Monetary Union (EMU) in its present and prospective confines. Generally, the EMU, consisting of 19 countries, is not considered an optimal currency area due to low labor market flexibility, autonomous fiscal policies, and structural differences among its members. Considerations about the endogeneity effect of currency unions lead to the question whether the EMU will become more viable over time. According to the endogenity hypothesis formulated by Frankel and Rose [1996, 2000], a common currency area may gradually become an optimal currency area at some future point (ex post unification), despite not having been an optimal currency area (OCA) prior to (ex ante) currency unification. Currency unification should bring about increased intra-industry trade and greater business cycle synchronization among member states. The most recent literature and analyses presented in this paper suggest that the endogenity effect in the EMU has been frail since its onset. While real convergence between EMU member states has not advanced, divergence in i.a. economic structures, national income and productivity levels is observed. The most important economic mechanisms reinforcing convergence and divergence among monetary union members are presented in this paper. Using recent data and related research results, we show a significant divergence in economic structures, business cycle synchronization and productivity levels among Eurozone members in the last decade. The Krugman sectorial dissimilarity index is applied to measure changes in industrial similarity among member countries and the Hodrick-Prescott filter to estimate business cycle synchronization in the EMU. These divergence tendencies have been strengthened by the global financial crisis of 2008 and persist, calling for reforms and new policies within the EMU.
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Menguy, Séverine. "Fiscal Stimulus in the European Union to Stabilize the COVID Shock". Journal of Economic Integration 37, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 559–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2022.37.4.559.
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We document fiscal policies adopted in 2020 in five major European Union (EU) countries to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Then, we show the correlations between fiscal indicators and GDP growth. Economic stabilization was easier in countries where the budget deficit and the public debt were relatively small, with more room for maneuvers to conduct a counter-cyclical fiscal policy. Besides, the increase in public expenditure (cash transfers) did not always correlate with economic growth, whereas preserving government revenue was important in the case of tax cuts. More precisely, regarding the fiscal revenues of the EU member countries in 2020, reducing the weight on corporate income taxation, to sustain production supply and wealth creation by firms, was correlated with higher economic growth. Stylized facts show that the recession was weaker in countries where the relative weight of indirect taxation on household consumption increased, as in the Nordic countries.
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Shchetinina, K. I. "Green Economy in Hotel Business of EU Countries". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n.º 1(28) (28 de febrero de 2013): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-1-28-254-259.
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Tourism today is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. The article gives a brief review of a new economic paradigm and development model: a green economy. It shows how green investment in European tourism sector can contribute to economically viable and robust growth, decent work creation and poverty alleviation, while improving resource efficiency and minimising environmental degradation. Much of the economic potential for green tourism is found in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which need better access to financing for investing in green tourism. Investments and policies of European Union government can leverage private sector actions on green tourism.
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Rapsikevičius, Jonas, Jurgita Bruneckienė, Rytis Krušinskas y Mantas Lukauskas. "The Impact of Structural Reforms on Sustainable Development Performance: Evidence from European Union Countries". Sustainability 14, n.º 19 (3 de octubre de 2022): 12583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912583.
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The European Union (EU) is a unique economic integration organization with standard policies that seek common goals among members, such as convergence and sustainable development. It aims to become a climate neutral economy by 2050. With structural reform implementation, each EU member country can work towards these set goals in accordance with their own welfare. However, a trade-off between the individual welfare goals of a country and the common goals of the EU should be reached. This article analyzes the impact of structural reforms on sustainable development performance in European countries. The article contributes to a gap in the literature because, to date, previous research has examined the effects of structural reforms on economic or environmental measures in groups of nations but has often lacked an adequate sustainable development context. In addition, the clustering of European Union countries according to different social policy regimes requires clarification of the perceptions and knowledge about the influence and usefulness of structural reforms for sustainable development performance. The research uses the panel data of the Heritage Index of Economic Freedom and Sustainable Development Goals agenda from the Eurostat database. The data cover 27 countries of the European Union for a period of 11 years (2010–2020). The research panel includes 297 observations. We found different results regarding the influence of structural reforms on sustainable development performance under different social policy regimes and the regulatory trap for homogeneous sustainable development in the European Union. The paper provides original empirical evidence and specifies the targets of structural reforms in relation to sustainable development. The results provide guidance for policymakers to develop more appropriate and efficient sustainable development policies.
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Ferran Vila, Susanna, Giorgia Miotto y Josep Rom Rodríguez. "Cultural Sustainability and the SDGs: Strategies and Priorities in the European Union Countries". European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2021): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n2p73.
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This research aims to analyze how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are included in the EU cultural policies and which are the priorities of the European Union (EU) in the cultural sustainability’s agenda. We performed a content analysis of the EU Countries’ cultural policies, evaluating the grade of inclusion of the SDGs. The conclusions show that the EU cultural policies, although not explicitly, include the SDGs in the definition of their strategies, policies, projects and actions. Specifically, eight of the seventeen SDGs are included in relation to the following interdisciplinary topics: Cultural and Natural Heritage (SDG11), Cultural Education (SDG 4), Cultural Diversity (SDG 4), Social Inclusion (SDG 10), Information Access (SDG 16), Cooperation with other institutions (SDG 17), Environment (SDG 13), Economic Growth (SDG 8) and Gender Equality (SDG 5). Topics’ priorities are generally commonly defined in the different EU countries.
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Wu, Jing, Ying Li y Margda Waern. "Suicide among Older People in Different European Welfare Regimes: Does Economic (in)Security Have Implications for Suicide Prevention?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2022): 7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127003.
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Older adult suicide rates vary widely within Europe, and differential welfare policies might contribute to this. We studied variations in economic indicators and suicide rates of people 65+ across 28 European countries and examined the effects of these indicators on suicide rates, grouping countries according to their socio-political systems and welfare regimes. Suicide data was obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Union Labour Force Survey provided data on economic indicators. Linear mixed models were applied. Suicide rates ranged from 4.22/100,000 (Cyprus) to 36.37/100,000 (Hungary). Material deprivation was related to elevated suicide rates in both genders in the pooled data set and in men but not women in the Continental and Island countries. Higher ratio of median income (65+/under 65) was associated with lower likelihood of suicide in women in the South-Eastern European countries. In the Nordic region, the 65+ employment rate was associated with a decreased likelihood of suicide in men. These factors to some extent show economic insecurity against older people, which influences the likelihood of suicide. Active labor market policies and inclusive social environment may contribute to suicide prevention in this age group.
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Economou, Athina y Iacovos N. Psarianos. "Revisiting Okun’s Law in European Union countries". Journal of Economic Studies 43, n.º 2 (9 de mayo de 2016): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2013-0063.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Okun’s Law in European countries by distinguishing between the transitory and the permanent effects of output changes upon unemployment and by examining the effect of labor market protection policies upon Okun’s coefficients. Design/methodology/approach – Quarterly data for 13 European Union countries, from the second quarter of 1993 until the first quarter of 2014, are used. Panel data techniques and Mundlak decomposition models are estimated. Findings – Okun’s Law is robust to alternative specifications. The effect of output changes to unemployment rates is weaker for countries with increased labor market protection expenditures and it is more persistent for countries with low labor market protection. Originality/value – The paper provides evidence that the permanent effect of output changes upon unemployment rates is quantitatively larger than the transitory impact. In addition, it provides evidence that increased labor market protection mitigates the adverse effects of a decrease in output growth rate upon unemployment.
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Arestis, Philip y Peter Phelps. "Inequality implications of European economic and monetary union membership: A reassessment". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, n.º 7 (30 de julio de 2018): 1443–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18781082.
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A growing number of studies have concluded that the European economic and monetary union has exacerbated inequalities in income, wealth and society. Furthermore, the endogeneity of income inequality is now becoming recognised as an important part of the cost–benefit analysis of euro currency adoption. Yet the nature, significance and scale of different monetary (and market) integration channels in operation remain uncertain. In this contribution, we employ static and dynamic panel data methodologies to investigate the intra-national household inequality implications, both realised and expected over coming years. Our analysis reveals that the within-country inequality outcomes differ significantly for core and non-core country-groups in the European economic and monetary union, which have so far realised very different distributional costs and benefits from the integration process. These are crucial issues for policy-makers, not just for the European economic and monetary union member states, but for other countries as well, especially the European Union countries that are expected to adopt the euro currency in the future. This is so in terms of their attempts to look for, design and implement policies, which alleviate rather than exacerbate within-country inequality.
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DENİŞ, Halil Emre y Fehmi KARAMAN. "A REVIEW OF ASYLUM AND MIGRATION POLICIES OF POLITICAL GROUPS IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT". Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi 6, n.º 10 (28 de febrero de 2023): 165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1221616.
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The phenomenon of migration also existed concurrently with the existence of human history. It is known that immigrants lead to many changes in the countries they migrate to. With the beginning of migration movements, changes are experienced in economic, political, social, cultural, and other areas. The European Union has become a target point of migration movements due to its good living standards and sensitivity to democracy, the rule of law, and human rights. Most migrants making their way to the European Union apply for asylum. The European Union is experiencing great difficulties due to the recent mass migration movements. Mass migration flows into the European Union have led to a test of the Union's values. The European Union has started to implement security-oriented policies to cope with mass migrations. Its policies on migration and asylum have also led to the development of human rights problems. In this study, the objective is to examine the asylum and migration policies of political groups within the European Parliament. The views of these groups in the context of asylum and migration policies will be examined, and their similarities and differences will be reviewed.
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Fathun, Laode Muhamad. "BREXIT REFERENDUM OF EUROPEAN UNION". Jurnal Dinamika Global 5, n.º 01 (5 de julio de 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i1.193.
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This paper describes the phenomenon Brexit or Britain Exit on the future of EU regionalism and its impact on Indonesia. This paper will explain in detail the reason for the emergence of a number of policies Brexit. Brexit event caused much speculation related to Brexit in the European Union. The policy is considered full controversial, some experts say that Brexit in the European Union (EU) showed the independence of Britain as an independent state. Other hand, that Britain is the "ancestor" of the Europeans was struck with the release of the policy, meaning European history can not be separated from the history of Britain. In fact the above reasons that Britain came out associated with independence as an independent state related to EU policies that are too large, as a result of the policy model is very holistic policy while Britain desire is wholistic policy, especially in the economic, political, social and cultural. In addition, the geopolitical location of the EU headquarters in Brussels who also became the dominant actor in a union policy that demands as EU countries have been involved in the formulation of development policy, including controversial is related to the ration immigrants. Other reason is the prestige associated with the currency. Although long since Britain does not fully adopt the EU rules but there is the possibility in the EU currency union can only occur with the assumption that the creation of functional perfect integration.
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Tantau, Adrian y Ana-Maria Iulia Şanta. "New Energy Policy Directions in the European Union Developing the Concept of Smart Cities". Smart Cities 4, n.º 1 (9 de febrero de 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010015.
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In the context of the European Union promoting clean energy, sustainability and better living conditions for its citizens, the development of smarts cities is an initiative supported at the European Union level, in line with the new energy policies of the European Union promoted by the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”. The concept of smart cities gains increasing importance in the European Union, a fact that is reflected in the project “European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities” of the European Commission. Smart cities are a practical example of how the new energy policies shape the lives of the European Union citizens, trying to improve it. As a consequence, new business models arise in big cities, involving the use of technology for better living conditions. These new, technology-based business models are important, as they improve the life quality of the inhabitants, they reduce the climate change impact, and they contribute as well to job creation in the IT-industry, promoting innovation. They have as well a social impact, as they bring experts from energy policies, business, economics, legal and IT together in order to project a new type of city—the smart city. The research hypothesis of the present article is that there is a high acceptance towards the concept of smart cities at the European Union level and that this concept could be implemented with the help of information technology and of artificial intelligence. This way, legal provisions, economic measures and IT-tools work together in order to create synergy effects for better life quality of the citizens of the European Union. The research hypothesis is analyzed by means of the questionnaire as a qualitative research method and is as well assessed by using case studies (e.g., Austria, Finland, Romania). The novelty of the case studies is that the development of smart cities is analyzed due to the new trend towards sustainability in two countries with different living conditions in the European Union.
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Darmastuti, Shanti, Mansur Juned y Sophiana Widiastutie. "Analysis on ASEAN and European Union Policies Regarding Covid-19". Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, n.º 2 (24 de junio de 2021): 3220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.2058.
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COVID-19 has impacted multiple sectors of life. Experts believe that regional cooperation is a key effort that should be done to deal the COVID-19 pandemic. Regional cooperation starts with common interests among parties and provides benefits for every country involved in it. This article provides an overview of the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 as well as a comparison of the forms of regional cooperation carried out by Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) in responding COVID-19. This study uses literature studies in data collection. From the results of several studies that have been carried out before, both regions chose to conduct cooperation in the health and economic fields to respond to COVID-19. ASEAN's response in responding to the pandemic can be seen stronger in the principles of partnership that have been established with several partner countries. In addition, the principle of solidarity, exchange of information, knowledge, as well as strengthening institutional cooperation in ASEAN itself is an important point in the regional cooperation carried out. On the other hand, in addition to cooperation in the health sector, EU focuses on financial instruments among its collaborative approaches in the availability of aid packages to banking actors and institutions. The package of assistance provided by the EU to avoid market distortions and revive economic sectors is provided through the provision of credit and liquidity.
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Tuimebay, Sh M. y Zh M. Medeubayeva. "Situation of problem of refugees in European union: risks and dangers". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, n.º 4 (2023): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-102-107.
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This article analyzes migration flows and their impact on the economic and political life of EU countries. It is known that the Open Door policy, which the European Union has followed for thousands of years, is facing many social and economic problems today. Enmities arise between the states. These questions are undoubtedly of interest to researchers. The article reviews the migration processes, features and influencing factors of the current European Union countries. One of the important consequences of the migration crisis is the «blurring» of national identity. The crisis of identity and the search for a way out of the current situation provides a unique approach to the interpretation and study of migration processes in Europe. It is known that the refugee crisis contributed to the escalation of political, economic and demographic problems in some European countries. Mass migration has created many practical and theoretical problems for European countries. The article attempts to analyze and judge this. The research paper examines the European Union’s preventive protection decisions and policies that effectively manage migration processes. One of the solutions to these political demographic problems is a strategy of integration, as in the author’s work.
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Tuimebay, S. y Zh Medeubayeva. "Situation of problem of refugees in European union: risks and dangers". Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series 146, n.º 1 (2024): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2024-146-1-46-54.
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This article analyzes migration flows and their impact on the economic and political life of EU countries. It is known that the Open Door policy, which the European Union has followed for thousands of years, is facing many social and economic problems today. Enmities arise between the states. These questions are undoubtedly of interest to researchers. The article reviews the migration processes, features and influencing factors of the current European Union countries. One of the important consequences of the migration crisis is the "blurring" of national identity. The crisis of identity and the search for a way out of the current situation provides a unique approach to the interpretation and study of migration processes in Europe. It is known that the refugee crisis contributed to the escalation of political, economic and demographic problems in some European countries. Mass migration has created many practical and theoretical problems for European countries. The article attempts to analyze and judge this. The research paper examines the European Union's preventive protection decisions and policies that effectively manage migration processes. One of the solutions to these political and demographic problems is a strategy of integration, as in the author's work.
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Marčeta, Milja y Štefan Bojnec. "Analysis of the economic performance and competitiveness of the European Union countries". Serbian Journal of Management 17, n.º 1 (2022): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjm17-31944.
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The main purpose of this study is to identify the dynamics of economic performance and competitiveness in the European Union (EU-28) countries and their convergences over the two periods, 2008-2015 and 2015-2019. The comparative analysis is used to answer the research question with applied the hierarchical cluster analysis, Ward's method, and t-test to test the set hypothesis. Eurostat and World Economic Forum data were used for the period 2008-2019. The empirical results confirmed our hypothesis that there are convergences in the key indicators of trade openness, exports as % of gross domestic product (GDP), market shares as % in world trade, GDP per capita, and global competitiveness index. The study contributes to the empirical analysis on the existence of convergences in a group of indicators of economic performance, trade openness, and global competitiveness of the EU-28 countries. The common clusters were formed, and the set hypothesis was tested regarding the convergences of the EU-28 countries by means of a hierarchical cluster analysis. Trade openness and export market shares in world trade, and competitiveness of EU28 countries are important for trade policies improving global competitiveness and improving convergences in the heterogeneity among the EU countries.
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Takács, Vera, Ákos Máté y Sándor Gyula Nagy. "Changes in tax structures in European Union Member States". Society and Economy 37, s1 (diciembre de 2015): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.9.
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The European Union does not have a comprehensive common tax policy and substantial changes in this specialized policy area are not likely in the foreseeable future. Albeit common rules, requirements, minimum rates for certain tax types were implemented in the last few decades, they barely limit the Member States in using their tax policies as one of the worthiest elements of their arsenal in increasing competitiveness or quite the contrary, to undermining their own international competitiveness inadvertently through a misguided tax policy. In this article, we put the tax policies of the Visegrad Group and the Eurozone core countries (Germany, Austria and the Netherlands), as well as changes in these policies under the magnifying glass, in terms of the impact of tax structure changes on economic growth and employment in the last decade.
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Xie, Ruijie. "Has Italy Won or Lose in the European Monetary Union". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 24, n.º 1 (20 de noviembre de 2023): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/24/20230680.
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The transformation of the European Monetary System into the European Monetary Union is a significant event in the development of the world economy and a major issue of concern in international financial research. The establishment of the European Monetary Union is the basis and guarantee for the establishment of the European Economic Union and Political Union. In this study, by analyzing various economic indicators of Italy, the author can determine whether it is a winner or loser in terms of gains and losses in the European Monetary Union and then can also infer the changes in the economies of various countries under the union policies. In terms of economic development, it can be seen from the Gini coefficient and GDP growth rate that Italy has long been in a predicament of a large wealth gap and weak economic development. In terms of economic security, it can also be inferred that Italy is trapped in a quagmire of foreign debts and perennial fiscal deficits through the two data of the percentage of foreign debt to GDP and the ratio of fiscal revenue and expenditure, resulting in insufficient amplitude credibility and large economic loopholes. From this, it can be judged that Italy is in the position of a loser in the European Monetary Union.
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Киевич, А. В., И. А. Пригодич y И. А. Конончук. "ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ НАЛОГОВЫХ СИСТЕМ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СТРАН – ЧЛЕНОВ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА". TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2018): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2018.4.05.
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Formulation of the problem. The well-being and efficiency of the country's economy depends largely on the state of its tax system, which is greatly influenced by changeable economic conditions, the development of foreign trade, and active processes of integration and globalization. The modern tax system must meet the standards of the economy of the world and rely on the realities of economic development and the specifics of the country. The aim of the research is to analyze the transformations of the tax systems of the European Union within the framework of the consolidation of its domestic policy during the crisis period and to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken. The object of the research is tax systems of the European Union is an association of countries with different levels of economic development. Methods used of the research. The use of the induction method allowed us to designate directions for improving the tax system of the European Union as a single mechanism by consolidating changes in individual countries. This experience made it possible to identify countries that carried out similar activities, and to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of reforms. The hypothesis of the research .The functioning of the internal market of the European Union depends on the existence of a single tax on all transactions within it, which ensures the free circulation of goods and services and prevents discrimination. The statement of basic materials. Many European Union domestic policies are redistributive in nature (single monetary, monetary, agricultural, social and regional policies) and depend on a common fiscal policy. Originality and practical significance of the research is to justify that the basis of a monetary union should be a coordinated fiscal policy that requires many transformations. In fact, this means that the tax environment of the European Union is not fully harmonized, but is based on common principles. Conclusions of the research. The study of the practice of reforming the tax systems of the countries - members of the European Union during the crisis period makes it possible to assess the possibilities of transforming the elements of taxation and to determine the most favorable trends in this area.
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Lekka, Anastasia Chr. "How Memoranda of Understanding Have Affected EU Democratic Institutions in Southern EU Countries". International Journal of Social Science Research 5, n.º 2 (10 de agosto de 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v5i2.11692.
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The recent recession having emerged in 2007 has been the worst economic downturn since the time of Great Depression of 1929 in USA and spread across the European continent. In many European countries this led to severe sovereign debt crisis beginning in 2010 and was followed by implementation of austerity measures with significant impact on public, social and employment sector. Those tough austerity measures resulted in structural reforms of welfare and labor market especially in Southern EU countries like Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Italy representing the most prominent examples. These policies were imposed to a large extend through the so called “Troika” which was an interaction between internal EU and external Organizations, like the European Union, the European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund respectively.Citizens realize that their national economic institutions are no longer responsible for the decision making on major social and economic policies, on economic and welfare policies, on privatization and sale of public assets. Consequently, citizens tend to question if this constrained democracy deserves further support. This is enhanced by the fact that National Parliaments no longer develop policies but rather align with policies dictated by the above stated Institutions and are forced to accept such deals without asking the opinion of citizens. Nevertheless the EU intends to promote civil society participation in decision making and program policies applied. This contradiction needs to be analyzed in order to determine if there is a democratic deficit in EU member states.