Tesis sobre el tema "Eucalypt"
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Holman, James y n/a. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030527.124144.
Texto completoHolman, James. "Clines, Species and Eucalypts: An Evolutionary Perspective". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365394.
Texto completoThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
King, Rachel y n/a. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050113.091713.
Texto completoKing, Rachel. "Spatial Structure and Population Genetic Variation in a Eucalypt Species Complex". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365496.
Texto completoThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
Oliveira, Nádia Cristina de [UNESP]. "Biologia de Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae) em Eucalyptus spp. em diferentes temperaturas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105409.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Empresa Privada
Gonipterus scutellatus, conhecido como o gorgulho do eucalipto, é de origem australiana e considerada mundialmente a principal espécie de besouro desfolhador de Eucalyptus. Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar o desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus em diferentes espécies e híbridos de Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla e dois híbridos de E. grandis x E. urophylla conhecidos como urograndis) em diferentes temperaturas (18°C, 22°C, 26°C e 30°C). Os resultados demonstraram que o desenvolvimento biológico de G. scutellatus foi dependente do hospedeiro e da temperatura. E. urophylla foi o mais adequado ao desenvolvimento do gorgulho enquanto E. grandis afetou negativamente sua biologia. Para os híbridos, os resultados foram intermediários entre os obtidos nessas duas espécies. O período de desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus foi inversamente proporcional à temperatura. Foi observado que a melhor temperatura foi a 26°C enquanto 30°C foi letal ao desenvolvimento biológico desta espécie.
Gonipterus scutellatus, known as eucalyptus snout beetle, is from Australia and considered the main species of Eucalyptus defoliator beetle world-wide. This paper deals with the development of the G. scutellatus reared on different species and hybrids of Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla and two hybrids of E. grandis X E. urophylla, the so called urograndis) at different temperatures (18°C, 22°C, 26°C and 30°C). The results demonstrated that G. scutellatus biological development was host and temperature dependent, E. urophylla was the most suitable for the weevil development while E. grandis affected negatively its biology. As to hybrids, the results were intermediary between the obtained on these two species. The development period of G. scutellatus was inversely proportional to the temperature. It was observed that 26°C was the best temperature, while 30°C was lethal to the biological development of this species.
Oliveira, Nádia Cristina de 1975. "Biologia de Gonipterus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Curcu- lionidae) em Eucalyptus spp. em diferentes temperaturas /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105409.
Texto completoBanca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo
Banca: Evoneo Berti Filho
Banca: Nilton José de Sousa
Banca: Edson Tadeu Iede
Resumo: Gonipterus scutellatus, conhecido como o gorgulho do eucalipto, é de origem australiana e considerada mundialmente a principal espécie de besouro desfolhador de Eucalyptus. Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar o desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus em diferentes espécies e híbridos de Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla e dois híbridos de E. grandis x E. urophylla conhecidos como urograndis) em diferentes temperaturas (18°C, 22°C, 26°C e 30°C). Os resultados demonstraram que o desenvolvimento biológico de G. scutellatus foi dependente do hospedeiro e da temperatura. E. urophylla foi o mais adequado ao desenvolvimento do gorgulho enquanto E. grandis afetou negativamente sua biologia. Para os híbridos, os resultados foram intermediários entre os obtidos nessas duas espécies. O período de desenvolvimento de G. scutellatus foi inversamente proporcional à temperatura. Foi observado que a melhor temperatura foi a 26°C enquanto 30°C foi letal ao desenvolvimento biológico desta espécie.
Abstract: Gonipterus scutellatus, known as eucalyptus snout beetle, is from Australia and considered the main species of Eucalyptus defoliator beetle world-wide. This paper deals with the development of the G. scutellatus reared on different species and hybrids of Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. urophylla and two hybrids of E. grandis X E. urophylla, the so called urograndis) at different temperatures (18°C, 22°C, 26°C and 30°C). The results demonstrated that G. scutellatus biological development was host and temperature dependent, E. urophylla was the most suitable for the weevil development while E. grandis affected negatively its biology. As to hybrids, the results were intermediary between the obtained on these two species. The development period of G. scutellatus was inversely proportional to the temperature. It was observed that 26°C was the best temperature, while 30°C was lethal to the biological development of this species.
Doutor
Ranzini, Maurício. "BALANCO HIDRICO, CICLAGEM GEOQUIMICA DE NUTRIENTES E PERDAS DE SOLO EM DUAS MICROBACIAS REFLORESTADAS COM Eucalyptus saligna Smith, NO VALE DO PARAIBA, SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 1990. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11142/tde-20042016-113241/.
Texto completoThe goal of this study is to estimate the effects of different managements applied to two experimental catchments with eucalypt plantations over the water balance, the nutrient cycling and the soil loss. The small catchments are located in Paraíba River Valley, in the Municipatily of Santa Branca, São Paulo State. They are part of III Bela Vista Forest Farm, from FLORIN - Integrated Forested company S. A. The A catchment has an area of 7.2 ha, with an average slope of 19.6%, while the area of the B catchment is 5.5 ha, and its average slope is 28.9%. Both areas were planted with Eucalyptus saligna Smith, but they had different site preparation: at catchment A, the plantation was preceded by a mechanical method of site preparation (plowing without harrowing); at catchment B. the plantation was established manually without soil preparation (slash burning). The small catchment the had riparian ecosystem preserved. The precipitation was measured with a Helmann type recording gage, with a week rotation, and four non-recording raingages. Average by arithmetic mean precipitation for the catchments was determined. Five adequate collectors were installed for the rainfall sampling aiming at the physical-chemical analysis. Streamflow was measured with 90° V-notch weirs containing a stage recorders installed one in each gaging station. The streamflow samples, in both small catchments, were collect weekly at the weir with polyethylene bottles. The determinations of K+, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++ and Na+ elements, as part of the rainfall and of the streamflow analysis, were made by spectrophotometry. N03- and P04-3 were analysed by colorimetry, using the brucina and phosphomolybdate methods, respectively. The NH4+ was analyzed by the distillation method. The loss of soil was calculated from the weekly sediment concentration. Additionally, the weirs were adapted with a semi-automatic sampling device to collect samples from higher stage to storm discharge. The sedimented material, being very tiny and in small quantity, was not measured. However, we believe that the absence at this part in the totalization of soil loss does not interfere in an essencial way in the comparative analysis of the soil loss between the two catchments. Catchment B presents conditions that favors surface runoff, allowing the existence of possible areas of erosion and gully formation. But catchment A has more permeable soil, which are favourable to the subsurface runoff. Evapotranspiration was 82.8% of the annual precipitation in catchment A, while for catchment B this percentage was 44.4%. The monthly flows of nutrients showed a gain of NH4+, N03- and P04-3 in both catchments. For Ca++, Mg++, Fe++ and the Na+ the balance was negative. But for K+ there was a gain in catchment A, and a loss in catchment B. The relative contribution of nutrient input in precipitation measured in this experimental area, in comparison with the nutrient contents of a whole tree, a trunk with bark, and a trunk without bark, showed that the input of nitrogen by precipitation was significant, while the inputs of P04-3, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ were below required amount, mainly if the exploration of the whole tree was considered. The production of suspended sediment was 2.5 times greater in the catchment B than in catchment A. But the average contribution due to the rain, in the total loss of the soil in catchment A reached only 4.89%; in the catchment B this contribution reached 40.56%. The method of site preparation and minimal cultivation, besides the policy of preserving riparian ecosystem, used routinely by the company are apparently being confirmed as adequate for soil and water conservation in the region.
Soares, Lucas Kelvin Dias. "Manejo da copa diminui o fator de afilamento do fuste e altera fisiologia foliar de Eucalyptus urophylla". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25042017-151747/.
Texto completoThe diversity of characteristics of native species, allied to laws that limit their exploration, reinforces the need of establishing news species to supply the national wood demand. The Eucalyptus spp. are highly productive under tropical whether, being extensively planted in the country to many finalities, especially paper, pulp, energy, panels and sawn wood, however, low attention is being given to the last due to the long term planning, difficulties in the primary processing and wood blemishes present in the most productive species of the gender. Aiming to trace strategies that minimize these hardships, we analyzed the effects of two forms of crown manipulation - topping and pruning -, under different light patterns, in parameters of crown and bole of Eucalytpus urophylla hybrids from 11 to 23 months of age. Both topping and pruning impacted negatively the diametric and volumetric increment, although topped trees showed smaller taper when compared to the Control treatment. Within the same light pattern pruned trees also presented smaller taper. Although the hybrid demands high amounts of light, it was capable of altering its foliage structure according to the light level: trees under reduced light adapted its leaves to shadow (\"shadow leaves\"), while those without light limitation leaves adapted to sun (\"sunleaves\"). Shoots in response to topping were resumed to epicormic shoots close to the topped section.
Domingues, Rui Miguel de Andrade. "Extraction and purification of triterpenic acids from eucalypt bark". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10704.
Texto completoA indústria da pasta e do papel é um sector importante da economia mundial, particularmente a que assenta em espécies de Eucalyptus. No entanto, essas indústrias geram quantidades significativas de correntes secundárias de subprodutos e resíduos de biomassa que podem ser exploradas em aplicações de valor acrescentado em vez de serem queimadas para produção de energia. Um exemplo nobre pode ser a produção de ácidos triterpénicos com estruturas dos tipos lupano, oleanano e ursano, dada a sua abundância em alguns destes resíduos, em particular na casca, adotando o conceito de biorrefinaria integrada numa fábrica de pasta. Estes compostos são conhecidos pelas suas inúmeras actividades biológicas, por exemplo, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e antitumoral, e podem encontrar aplicações em produtos de elevado valor, tais como cosméticos, nutracêuticos ou farmacêuticos. Neste sentido, o estudo das potencialidades das cascas das espécies de eucalipto mais exploradas enquanto fontes de compostos triterpénicos é um tópico relevante. Por conseguinte, foram analisados e comparados em pormenor os teores e composições em ácidos triterpénicos (TTAs) das cascas externas de várias espécies de eucalipto (E. globulus, E. grandis, E. urograndis, E. maidenii e E. nitens). Os teores dos principais TTAs identificados nestas espécies variaram entre 4.5 g/kg no E. urograndis e 21.6 g/kg no E. nitens. Observou-se que as cascas externas de Eucalyptus de zonas temperadas e Mediterrânicas, nomeadamente E. nitens e E. globulus, são mais ricas em TTAs que as espécies de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Além disso, a casca externa do E. globulus é claramente a mais rica em ácidos com estruturas do tipo ursano enquanto a do E. nitens é a mais rica em ácidos do tipo oleanano e lupano. Estes resultados levaram-nos a estudar a extração dos TTAs da casca de Eucalyptus, bem como a sua posterior concentração e purificação, a qual foi efetuada por extração sólido-líquido convencional combinada com a precipitação de solutos, e por extração com fluidos supercríticos (SFE). No que diz respeito à primeira abordagem referida, foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um método patenteado que permite obter extratos enriquecidos em TTAs das cascas de eucalipto baseado em tecnologias disponíveis no imediato. Em relação à segunda abordagem, e de forma a apostar em processos de baixo impacto ambiental exigidos pelas biorrefinarias do futuro, a SFE surge como uma opção natural. Assim, foi efetuada a SFE da casca caduca do E. globulus com dióxido de carbono puro e modificado para recuperar a fração de TTAs, e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos por extração em Soxhlet com diclorometano. Foram realizados estudos preliminares sobre a influência da pressão (100-200 bar), a adição de co-solvente (0, 5 e 8% m/m de etanol), e operação em múltiplos passos a fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade da alternativa supercrítica para a sua produção eficiente e selectiva. Os resultados destacaram a influência da pressão e o importante papel resumo (cont.) desempenhado pelo co-solvente neste processo, cujo efeito foi mais relevante do que o aumento da pressão em várias dezenas de bar. Este trabalho foi depois otimizado, usando o planeamento factorial de experiências e a metodologia de superfícies de resposta, para analisar a influência da temperatura (40-60 ºC), pressão (100-200 bar), e teor de etanol (0.0-5.0% m/m) na recuperação dos TTAs e respectiva concentração nos extractos. Nestes intervalos, as melhores condições de operação encontradas foram 200 bar, 40 °C e 5% de etanol, para as quais os modelos de regressão estatisticamente validados previram um rendimento de extração de 1.2% com 50% de concentração em TTAs, correspondendo ao rendimento em TTAs de 5.1 g/kg de casca e uma recuperação de 79.2% comparativamente ao valor do Soxhlet. Os TTAs livres e acetilados apresentaram tendências de extracção bastante distintas devido às suas diferentes afinidades para o CO2 causadas pelas diferentes polaridades: os derivados acetilados aproximam-se de um patamar máximo a cerca de 200 bar e 5% de etanol, enquanto a extração dos TTAs livres apresenta uma tendência sempre crescente no intervalo de condições estudado. Foram também medidas curvas cumulativas de SFE da casca do E. globulus de forma a analisar o comportamento cinético do processo em termos de rendimento total, rendimento em TTAs, rendimento em TTAs livres, rendimento em TTAs acetilados, e concentração dos TTAs nos extractos. Foi analisada a influência da pressão, temperatura, teor de co-solvente e caudal do dióxido de carbono sobre as respostas anteriores. Os dados experimentais foram modelados com os modelos Logístico, de Dessorção, de Placa Plana Simples, e de Difusão. Na globalidade, os resultados confirmaram que a pressão e o teor de etanol têm um efeito significativo sobre as curvas de extração, os rendimentos finais e as concentrações dos extratos, e mostraram a presença de limitações externas à transferência de massa em alguns ensaios. Mais uma vez, as famílias individuais de TTAs livres e acetilados apresentaram diferentes tendências de extracção. A modelação permitiu-nos confirmar não só o importante papel desempenhado pela difusão intraparticular na SFE, mas também a contribuição da resistência no filme em alguns ensaios. Após a análise de todos os resultados, foi efetuado um ensaio em duas etapas em série, possibilitando o enriquecimento do teor em TTAs no extracto devido às diferentes condições adotadas em cada etapa. Por último, um éster metílico de um ácido triterpénico do tipo oleanano - morolato de metilo - foi identificado pela primeira vez enquanto componente da casca de Eucalyptus na casca externa do Eucalyptus grandis x globulus, onde ocorre em teores elevados. A sua extração com CO2 supercrítico foi também realizada, visando a conceção de uma alternativa de extração ambientalmente benigna para este composto. A 200 bar e 60 ºC, a remoção do morolato de metilo atingiu um patamar às 6 h para 5.1 kg h-1 de CO2 / kg de casca. Em geral, e de forma semelhante à SFE da casca do E. globulus, os TTAs acetilados foram mais significativamente extraídos quando comparados com os seus ácidos livres, o que está diretamente relacionado com a natureza menos polar destas moléculas. O trabalho apresentado nesta tese é uma contribuição para a valorização de uma corrente de biomassa com baixo valor na indústria de pasta em duas vertentes complementares. Por um lado, aumentou o conhecimento da composição lipofílica das cascas de Eucalyptus spp. com interesse comercial para a produção de pasta, destacando o seu potencial enquanto fontes de ácidos triterpénicos. Por outro lado, foram desenvolvidos dois processos alternativos e facilmente integráveis numa fábrica de pasta para a sua exploração a partir da casca: um baseado em tecnologias convencionais bem estabelecidas a nível industrial, prevendo a sua aplicação a curto prazo, e um outro baseado na SFE, seguindo as tendências das futuras biorrefinarias.
The pulp and paper industries are an important sector in the world economy, particularly those based on Eucalyptus species. However these industries generate substantial amounts of by-products and biomass side streams which may be exploited in added value applications, rather than being burned for energy production. A noble example could be the production of triterpenic acids with lupane, oleanane, and ursane skeletons, by adopting the concept of a biorefinery integrated into a pulp mill, since they are highly abundant in some of those residues, particularly in the bark. These compounds are known by their innumerous biological properties, e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antitumor, and can find valuable applications in products such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. In this sense, the study of the potentialities of the barks of the most exploited Eucalyptus species as sources of triterpenic compounds is an important issue. Accordingly, the analysis of the triterpenic acids (TTAs) composition of the outer barks of several Eucalyptus species (E. globulus, E. grandis, E. urograndis, E. maidenii and E. nitens) was carried and compared in detail. The contents of the main TTAs identified in these species varied between 4.5 g/kg in E. urograndis and 21.6 g/kg in E. nitens. It was observed that the outer barks from Eucalyptus of temperate and Mediterranean zones, namely E. nitens and E. globulus, are richer in TTAs than those species from sub-tropical and tropical regions. Furthermore, E. globulus outer bark is clearly the richest in ursane acids while E. nitens is the richest in oleanane and lupane acids. These results induced us to investigate the TTAs extraction from Eucalyptus bark and their further concentration and purification, which were accomplished by conventional solid-liquid extraction combined with solutes precipitation, and by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). With respect to the first mentioned approach, a patented method for obtaining extracts enriched in TTAs from Eucalyptus barks based on readily available technologies was developed in this work. Concerning the second approach, in order to contribute for the low environmental impact processes required by future biorefineries, the SFE arises as a natural option. Hence, the SFE of E. globulus deciduous bark was performed with pure and modified carbon dioxide to recover the TTAs fraction, and the results were compared with those obtained by Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane. The influence of pressure (100-200 bar), co-solvent content (0, 5 and 8 wt.% of ethanol), and multistep operation were preliminary studied in order to evaluate the applicability of the supercritical alternative for their selective and efficient production. Results pointed out the influence of pressure and the important role played by co-solvent, whose effect was more important than increasing pressure by several tens of bar. This work was further optimized using factorial design of experiments and the response surface abstract (cont.) methodology to analyze the influence of temperature (40-60 ºC), pressure (100- 200 bar), and ethanol content (0.0-5.0 wt.%) upon TTAs recovery and concentration in extracts. In these intervals, the best operating conditions found were 200 bar, 40ºC and 5% ethanol, for which the statistically validated regression models provided an extraction yield of 1.2% and TTAs concentration of 50%, which correspond to TTAs yield of 5.1 g/kg of bark and a recovery of 79.2% in comparison to the Soxhlet value. The trends of the free and acetylated TTAs were very different, due to their distinct CO2-philic character caused by dissimilar polarities: the acetyl derivatives approached a plateau near 200 bar and 5% ethanol, while the free TTAs extraction always increased in the range of the conditions studied. The cumulative curves of SFE of E. globulus bark were also measured in order to examine the kinetic behavior of this process in terms of total yield, TTAs yield, free TTAs yield, acetylated TTAs yield, and TTAs concentration in the extracts. The influence of pressure, temperature, co-solvent content, and carbon dioxide flow rate upon the previous responses was analyzed. The experimental curves were modeled with Logistic, Desorption, Simple Single Plate, and Diffusion models. In the whole, results confirmed that pressure and ethanol content imparted a significant effect upon extraction curves, final yields, and extracts concentrations, and showed that external limitations to mass transfer affected some runs. Once again, the individual families of free and acetylated TTAs exhibited distinct extraction trends. Modeling allowed us to confirm not only the major role played by intraparticle diffusion upon the SFE but also the contribution of film resistance in some assays. After analyzing all results, a two-step experiment in series has been performed, making possible to enrich the TTAs content in the extract due to the distinct conditions adopted in each stage. Finally, a highly abundant oleanane type triterpenic acid methyl ester – the methyl morolate – was identified for the first time as a component of Eucalyptus bark tissues in outer barks of Eucalyptus grandis x globulus. Its supercritical CO2 extraction was also carried out, aiming at designing an environmentally friendly extraction alternative for this compound. At 200 bar and 60 ºC, the methyl morolate removal attained a plateau at 6 h for 5.1 kg h-1 of CO2 / kg of bark. In the whole, and similarly to the SFE of E. globulus bark, the acetylated TTAs obtained were more significantly extracted when compared to their free acids, which is directly related with the less polar nature of the former molecules. The work presented in this thesis is a contribution for the upgrading of a low value biomass stream from the pulp industry from two complementary points of view. In one hand, it increased the knowledge of the lipophilic composition of the bark of Eucalyptus spp. with commercial interest for pulpwood, highlighting their potential as triterpenic acids sources. On the other hand, two alternative processes were developed for their exploitation from the bark, being easily integrated within a pulp mill: one based on well establish conventional technologies foreseeing its short term implementation, and another based on SFE, following the trends of future biorefineries.
George, Amy Kathryn. "Eucalypt regeneration on the Lower Murray floodplain, South Australia". Connect to this title online, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37706.
Texto completoThesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2004.
Neto, Paulo Pompermayer. "Utilização da videografia aérea na detecção de áreas com deficiências nutricionais em plantios de eucalipto". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11142/tde-13082002-144150/.
Texto completoThe aerial videography is a technique that has been used in the USA to evaluate, detect and prevent agricultural problems, as well as in the handling of natural areas. One of the reasons for the employment of this technique is its low cost for obtaining the images and the speed with that they can be captured, processed and analyzed. The aim of this work was to verify the usefulness of the videography technique in detecting nutritional deficiency in eucalyptus plantations, using it as a tool in the nutritional monitoring, turning it more precise and less costly than the methods used at present. For this, an experiment was settled with treatments of subtraction of nutrients with the purpose of verifying the potentiality of the aerial videography as technique to distinguish the treatments with nutritional deficiency in eucalyptus plantation. Images were obtained in the green, blue, red and infrared close spectrum, after 12 months of plantation. Those images were obtained with two cameras S-VHS: one capable of capturing the bands of the visible spectrum (400 - 700 nm) and other capable of capturing the bands in the visible and near infrared band (400 - 1100 nm). In these cameras, subtraction filters were also used to separate the bands of the spectrum to work. Besides, with the use of the software ENVI, it was made an analysis of the values of pixels of each portion, being obtained the minimum, medium, maximum values and the mean standard deviation. Then, these values were compared to each other and put together according to the multivariate statistical analysis, looking for relationships between the data of the images and the treatments. Significant relationships between the tree and pixel values data were found for the images obtained in 1500 m high by the camera COHU, in the spectra blue and close infrared and for the camera PANASONIC, in the red band.
Silva, Paulo Henrique Müller da. "Impactos das doses e do parcelamento da fertilização na produtividade, lixiviação e ciclagem de nutrientes em plantações de eucalipto". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-14022012-102542/.
Texto completoIt is occurring, in Brazil, the expansion of planted forest area with species that belong to the Eucalyptus genus, one of the reasons is the high biomass productivity resulting from the research and the operational improvements that have been implemented during the last decades. In several field experiments, has been observed an increase of eucalypts growth by using a higher amount of fertilizers. But excessive or inappropriate application of fertilizers may generate the fertilizer waste and nutrients leaching that may contaminate soil and watertable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fertilization doses in the biomass production and nutrient cycling from the eucalypt plantation, as well as evaluating the N and K leaching in the soil after the application of split and single dose of N and K fertilization. The experiment was set up in the Anhembi city (State of São Paulo), and it was constituted by five treatments with doses of fertilizers and N and K in split application (4 times) and also a treatment with a single dose of N and K application, 3 months after planting. It was evaluated the wood volume, root and shoot biomass, concentrations and stocks of nutrients in eucalypts biomass (mineralomass), the efficiency of nutrient use, the nutrient transference from the canopy to the soil through litter production (leaf-fall), internal nutrients cycling (biochemical cycle), the water flow and leaching of N and K in the soil at the depths of 20 and 90 cm. The eucalypts responded positively to the increased fertilization doses, especially in the first year, with higher productivity (height, DBH and biomass). Treatment with the highest dose for 24 months produced 105 tons ha-1 of biomass, 48% higher than the treatment without fertilization, with only 71 tons ha-1. However the effect of higher doses was more evident at an early stage of tree growth, up to 12 months of age. However, the difference decrease over time, and at 24 months there were not significant differences among the treatments with fertilization application. Fertilization also resulted in higher nutrients accumulation (mineralomass) in all tree components (leaves, branches, wood, bark and roots) and increased nutrient transfer to the soil through deposition of leaf litter. Thus, the eucalypts applied the highest addition of fertilization dose returned to the soil through litter, about 50 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N, 20 kg ha-1 yr-1 of K and 80 kg ha-1 yr-1 of Ca, while the treatment without fertilization transferred to the soil only 25 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N, 6.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 of K and 47 kg ha-1 yr-1 of Ca during 12 months (between 12 to 24 months after planting). It was observed more efficient use of nutrients from the eucalypts with lower nutrients availability. Also, there were no significant differences in the growth of eucalypts from the treatments with split N and K application and single N and K application. However, there was a higher leaching of K and N, 90 cm deep, in the single application treatment.
Timo, Thiago Philipe de Camargo e. "Mamíferos de médio e grande porte em áreas de cultivo de eucalipto das bacias do Alto Paranapanema e Médio Tietê, Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-17112009-081119/.
Texto completoThe region comprehended amid the high portion of river Paranapanema, mid portion of river Tietê and the river Sorocaba, has a long history of human influence on landscape. This influence was intensified during the past two centuries through the passage of railroads and hydroelectric dam constructions along with other modifications that had implications on land use changes. One of the significant modifications was the arrival and rapid expansion of eucalypt silviculture. The structure and cycle of production of this cultivated vegetation have influence on plant and animal native communities. In this study, geometric conformity and age of planted stands in eucalypt silviculture areas were evaluated on patterns of distribution and abundance of medium to large size mammals. It was possible to demonstrate that herbivores are favored by extensive areas of native vegetation, while omnivores benefit from the absence of large predators and complex geometry of native vegetation in landscapes with dominant eucalypt matrix. Where eucalypt plantations are the commonest landscape features, these species use central areas of silviculture stands in intermediate stages of cultivation, when there is undergrowth that offers shelter and food resources. These observations reinforce the importance of Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserves in agricultural landscapes, as well as they question the conservatism on application of environmental laws that leads to the legal impediment of harvest on eucalypt stands with undergrowth, decreasing conservation value of this culture for medium to large size mammals fauna.
Henry, Joseph Douglas. "Evapotranspiration in a catchment dominated by eucalypt forest and woodland". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12283.
Texto completoPhiri, Darius. "Biomass modelling of selected drought tolerant Eucalypt species in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85739.
Texto completoENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study aims at developing models for predicting aboveground biomass for selected drought tolerant Eucalyptus (E) species (E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala and E. grandis x camaldulensis) from the dry west coast. Biomass models were fit for each of the species and a cross-species model was parameterised based on pooled data for all the three species. Data was based on destructive sampling of 28 eucalypt trees which were 20 years of age and additional five five-year old E. gomphocephala trees. Preliminary measurements on diameter at breast height (dbh), height (h) and crown height were recorded in the field. The sampled trees were then felled and samples of discs, branches and foliage were collected. Density of the wood discs and the bark was determined by a water displacement method and computer tomography scanning (CT-scanner). Stem biomass was reconstructed using Smalian’s formula for volume determination and the calculated densities. Upscaling of the crown was carried out by regression equations formulated by employing the sampled branches. Further assessment was carried out on a sub-sample by subjecting the samples to different drying temperatures in a series between 60 and 105ºC. Linear models were parameterised by a simultaneous regression approach based on Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) using the “Systemfit” R statistical package. The predictor variables employed in the study were dbh, d2h and h in which the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Standard Error (MSE) and Root Mean Standard Error (RMSE) were used to determine the goodness of fit for the models. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was also used in the selection of the best fitting model. A system of equations consisting of five models was formulated for each Eucalyptus species. The biomass prediction models had degrees of determination (R2) ranging from 0.65 to 0.98 in which dbh and d2h were the main predictor variable while h improved the model fit. The total biomass models were the best fitting models in most cases while foliage biomass had the least good fit when compared to other models. When the samples were subjected to different drying temperatures, stem wood had the largest percentage change of 6% when drying from 60ºC to 105ºC while foliage had the lowest percentage change of less than 2%.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel met hierdie studie is om modelle vir die voorspelling van die bogrondse biomassa van drie droogte-bestande Eucalyptus (E) spesies (E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala en E. grandis x camaldulensis), gekweek op die droë kusvlakte in Wes-Kaapland, te ontwikkel. Biomassa modelle vir elk van die spesies is gepas en ’n model gegrond op die gekombineerde data van al drie die spesies, is geparameteriseer. Verder is die biomassa variasie onder verskeie droogingstemperature vasgestel. Die data versameling is uitgevoer gegrond op die destruktiewe mostering van 28 Eucalyptus bome wat 20 jaar oud was en ’n bykomende vyf vyfjarige E. gomphocephala bome. Die aanvanklike mates, naamlik deursnee op borshoogte (dbh), boomhoogte (h) en kroonhoogte is in die veld opgemeet. Die gemonsterde bome is afgesaag en monsters van stamhout skywe, takke en die bas is versamel. Die digtheid van die skywe en die bas is deur die waterverplasing metode, en Rekenaar Tomografie skandering (“CT-scanning”) vasgestel. Stam biomassa is rekonstrukteer deur gebruik te maak van Smalian se formule vir die vasstelling van volume en berekende digtheid. Die opskaal van die kroon biomassa is gedoen met behulp van regressie vergelykings van gekose takmonsters. Submonsters is onderwerp aan ’n reeks van verskillende drogingstemperature tussen 60 en 105ºC. Lineêre modelle is deur ’n gelyktydige regressie benadering gegrond op die Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) wat ’n“Systemfit” R statistiese pakket gebruik, parameteriseer. Die voorspeller veranderlikes wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, is dbh, d2h en h waarin die koëffisient van bepaling (R2), gemiddelde standaardfout (MSE) en vierkantswortel van die gemiddelde standaardfout (RMSE) gebruik is om vas te stel hoe goed die model pas. Akaike Inligting Kriteria is gebruik vir die seleksie van die gepaste model. ’n Reeks vergelykings wat bestaan uit vyf modelle is vir elke Eucalyptus spesie geformuleer. Die biomassa voorspelling model het waardes vir die koëffisiente van bepaling (R2) opgelewer wat strek van 0.65 to 0.98% en waarin dbh en d2h die hoof voorspelling veranderlikes is, terwyl h die pas van die model verbeter. Die totale biomassa model het in die meeste gevalle die beste gepas en die blaarbiomassa die swakste as dit met die ander modelle vergelyk word. Tydens droging vind die grootste persentasie verandering van 6% by stamhout plaas tussen temperature van 60ºC tot 105ºC, en die kleinste persentasie verandering van minder as 2% by blare.
Correia, Joana Raquel de Aguiar Medeiros. "Toxicity of eucalypt and pine leaf extracts in fish and frogs". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11044.
Texto completoA desmatação de florestas naturais, aliada à crescente extensão de florestas plantadas, de monoculturas, como o eucalipto e o pinheiro, leva à perda de biodiversidade e tem outras consequências que são particularmente nefastas em ribeiros intermitentes, prejudicando os organismos aquáticos, como peixes e anfíbios. O presente estudo teve como principais objetivos: (i) avaliar as características físico-químicas de extratos aquosos de folhas de eucalipto e pinheiro produzidos em laboratório, e de amostras de água recolhidas em poças de rios intermitentes localizados em florestas de eucalipto, pinheiro e caducas nativas; (ii) avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos de eucalipto e pinheiro em três espéciesmodelo, peixe-zebra (Danio rerio), rã-verde (Pelophylax perezi) e rã-de-unhasafricana (Xenopus laevis), e comparar a sensibilidade das espécies usadas aos diferentes extratos, tendo em conta a mortalidade e as malformações; (iii) avaliar os efeitos sub-letais dos extratos aquosos de eucalipto e pinheiro no peixe-zebra, com recurso aos biomarcadores vitelogenina (vtg), catalase (CAT), glutationa S-transferase (GST) e colinesterase (ChE). No geral, os extratos de folhas de eucalipto e pinheiro reduziram oxigénio e pH, e aumentaram fenóis, terpenos, lípidos e condutividade. O extrato de eucalipto mostrou ser mais tóxico do que o de pinheiro, para P. perezi e D. rerio, enquanto para X. laevis a toxicidade dos extractos é semelhante. A sensibilidade dos embriões aos extratos de eucalipto foi: D. rerio > X. laevis P perezi; e para o de pinheiro: X. laevis > D. rerio P. perezi. As malformações mais observadas foram cauda torcida e edemas. Os extratos aquosos de eucalipto e pinheiro induziram efeitos teratogénicos nos embriões do X. laevis. A actividade da CAT diminuiu em ambas as exposições (eucalipto e pinheiro), enquanto a GST diminuiu quando os organismos foram expostos ao extrato de eucalipto, mas aumentou quando expostos ao extrato de pinheiro. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas na vtg e na ChE com nenhum dos extratos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os extratos de folhas de eucalipto e pinheiro têm efeitos, sobre o peixe-zebra, ao nível do stress oxidativo, mas não parecem ter acção anti-colinérgica ou de disrupção endócrina. Com base nos efeitos tóxicos causados a embriões de peixes e anfíbios, obtidos neste estudo, por exposição dos mesmos a concentrações de extratos aquosos de folhas de eucalipto e pinheiro, que poderão ser encontradas no contexto real, afirmam-se os efeitos deletérios que os lixiviados das florestas plantadas de eucalipto e pinheiro podem ter nos estágios de vida primários das espécies aquáticas.
Deforestation of natural forests allied to the increasing extent of monoculture plantation forests, such as eucalypt and pine, causes biodiversity loss and has other consequences that are particularly damaging in intermittent streams, harming aquatic organisms, like fishes and amphibians. The present study aimed to: (i) assess the physico-chemical characteristics of laboratory aqueous extracts of eucalypt and pine leafs, and of intermittent stream summer pools draining eucalypt, pine or broadleaf forests; (ii) evaluate the toxicity of leaf extracts of pine and eucalypt in the embryos of three model species, the Zebrafish Danio rerio, the Perez’s frog Pelophylax. perezi and the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, and compare the sensitivity of the studied species to the different leaf extracts using malformations and mortality as main endpoints; (iii) assess the sub-lethal effects of eucalypt and pine leaf aqueous extracts in zebrafish embryos, using the biomarkers vitellogenin (vtg), catalase (CAT) glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cholinesterase (ChE) as main endpoints. In general, leaf extracts were found to reduce water oxygen and pH, and increase dissolved phenolics, terpenes, lipids and conductivity. The eucalypt leaf extracts were more toxic than pine extracts for P. perezi and D. rerio embryos. Whereas for X. laevis the toxicity of these extracts seems to be similar. The sensitivity of the embryos to the eucalypt extracts was: D. rerio > X. laevis P. perezi; and to the pine extracts: X. laevis > D. rerio P. perezi. The malformations most commonly observed were tail curvation and edemas. We observed that exposure to eucalypt and pine leaf extracts induced teratogenicity in X. laevis embryos. CAT activity decreased for the eucalypt and pine leaf extracts. GST activity decreased in organisms exposed to the eucalypt leaf extract and increased for the pine. There were no significant differences in vtg nor in ChE for any of the extracts tested. These results suggest that eucalypt and pine leaf aqueous extracts affect the zebrafish embryos causing oxidative stress, but do not seem to have anti-cholinergic action nor to cause endocrine disruption. Based on the toxic effects to fish and amphibian embryos, obtained in this study, by exposing them to concentrations of eucalypt and pine leaf aqueous extracts, which can be found in the real context, the harmful effects that eucalypt and pine plantation forest leachates might have on the aquatic species early life stages are affirmed.
Hodecker, Bárbara Elias Reis. "Comparison of drought stress responses of tolerant and sensitive eucalypt genotypes". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6511.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Para lidar com a restrição hídrica, seleções de genótipos tolerantes à seca tem sido umas das principais estratégias adotadas nos novos plantios. Entretanto, no Brasil, a maioria das seleções genéticas tem focado principalmente nas taxa de crescimento e produtividade das fibras, sem levar em consideração o melhor entendimento das respostas morfológicas e bioquímicas em resposta ao déficit hídrico e também a influência dos nutrientes nestes processos. Assim, os principais objetivos foram comparar as respostas de clones tolerantes e sensíveis de eucalipto frente ao déficit hídrico a fim de auxiliar no entendimento destas características e futuras seleções genéticas para esta espécie. Outro objetivo visou identificar a importância da fertilização com B (boro) nos mecanismos adaptativos relacionados à tolerância à seca e o melhor entendimento das relações envolvendo a eficiência nutricional em diferentes materiais genéticos e sua influência na seleção de genótipos tolerantes, utilizando para este fim, os diagramas nutricionais. Para atingir estes objetivos, foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, sendo três deles em casa de vegetação e um em condições de campo. O objetivo do primeiro experimento foi avaliar a influência da nutrição com boro em processos relacionados à eficiência do uso da água em seis espécies de eucalipto oriundas de diferentes condições edafoclimáticas e submetidas à seca. O segundo experimento foi destinado à identificação das alterações morfológicas, fisiológicas e moleculares causadas após longo período de restrição hídrica, em quatro espécies de eucalipto em condições de campo. O objetivo do terceiro experimento foi avaliar as variáveis capazes de discriminar clones com tolerância diferencial ao estresse hídrico e fornecer marcadores para plantas jovens de eucalipto. O quarto experimento objetivou avaliar o comportamento diferencial no crescimento inicial e eficiência nutricional e da água em dez clones de eucaliptos submetidos à restrição hídrica. No primeiro capítulo, observamos elevado incremento na eficiência do uso da água em plantas sob seca e suplementadas com B, devido à combinação de alta taxa fotossintética, alta concentração de K+ em folhas, promovendo maior fechamento estomático, menor perda de água e maior translocação de açúcares para o crescimento radicular. No experimento de campo (capítulo 2), os resultados obtidos sugerem que árvores de eucalipto crescendo sob uniforme e elevada precipitação anual mostraram se mais estressadas após longo período de déficit hídrico, comparado às árvores submetidas à períodos de estresse hídricos recorrentes. No capítulo 3, não foi possível identificar uma variável capaz de discriminar e agrupar clones de eucalipto com tolerância diferencial ao estresse hídrico, no entanto, a interação entre eficiência do uso da água, ABA, fotossíntese, transpiração e razão massa de matéria seca parte área e massa de matéria seca radicular mostraram ser importantes diferenças entre materiais genéticos. De maneira interessante, os resultados obtidos nos capítulo 4, mostram que sob estresse hídrico, clones tolerantes geralmente apresentam maior eficiência de absorção (AE), mas menor eficiência de uso (UE) de nutrientes, enquanto, clones sensíveis tiveram baixa AE, baixa UE para formação de raízes e alta AE para formação de folhas.
To cope with water restriction, the selection of drought tolerant genotypes has been the main strategy being adopted to establish new plantings. However, in Brazil, most genetic selections have focused mainly on growth rates and fiber productivity, without a clear understanding of morphological and biochemical responses of trees to water stress and the influence of nutrients on these processes. Thus, the main goals of this thesis were to compare water stress responses of tolerant and sensitive Eucalyptus genotypes in order to help to understand of Eucalyptus drought tolerance traits and assist future Eucalyptus breeding programs. Another objective was to identify the nutritional influence of B (boron) on water stress adaptive mechanisms and understand the relationship between nutritional efficiency and its influence on tolerant genotype selections using nutritional diagrams. In order to achieve these proposals, we conducted four experiments, three under controlled conditions and one under field conditions. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the influence of B nutrition on physiological processes related to water use efficiency in six Eucalyptus species of contrasting ecotypes under water stress. The second experiment was designed to identify the morphological, physiological and molecular changes caused by long periods of water restriction in four Eucalyptus clones under field conditions. The objective of the third experiment was to identify variables able to discriminate and group clones with differential tolerance to water stress and provide markers for young plants of eucalypt. The fourth experiment aimed to evaluate the differential behavior in the initial growth, biomass accumulation, and nutritional efficiency and water use in 10 Eucalyptus clones submitted to water stress. In the first chapter, we observed a strong increment on instantaneous WUE (water use efficiency) in D+B (drought and B supply) plants, due to the combination of higher photosynthetic rate, higher K+ concentration in leaves promoting higher stomatal closure, lower water loss and a higher translocation of sugars and B to root growth. In our field experiment (chapter 2), our results suggest that trees growing in the area with uniform annual high precipitation showed were stressed after a long period of drought, compared to those stands submitted to annual water-stress fluctuation period. In the chapter 3, we could not identify one single variable able to discriminate and group clones with differential tolerance to water stress, however, the interaction between WUEg (water use efficiency), ABA, A (photosynthesis), E (transpiration) and SDM/RDM (shoot dry matter/root dry matter) seemed to be the most important differences between clones under water stress. Our results from chapter 4, interestingly showed us that under water stress the drought-tolerant clone generally had high AE (absorption efficiency), but low nutrient UE (use efficiency), whereas the sensitive clone had low AE, low UE for root formation and high AE for leaf formation.
Wilson, Michael. "Organic matter dynamics in willow and eucalypt lined central Victorian streams". Thesis, The Author [Mt. Helen, Vic.] :, 2001. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/69168.
Texto completoSchool of Science & Engineering
De, Remy De Courcelles Vivien. "Studies of soil respiration in eucalypt forests of south east Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10422.
Texto completoSutherland, Elizabeth F. (Elizabeth Fyfe). "Fire, resource limitation and small mammal populations in coastal eucalypt forest". Thesis, School of Biological Sciences, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5344.
Texto completoWinckler, Daniela Cristina Firmino [UNESP]. "Bioecologia e controle microbiano de sarsina violascens (Herrich-schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) em Eucalyptus spp". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105380.
Texto completoConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A espécie Sarsina violascens (Herrich–Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) é relatada como praga primária em plantios de eucalipto e teve sua primeira ocorrência registrada em 1975. No período de 2006 a 2009 houve grandes surtos dessa praga, causando desfolhamento intenso em plantios de eucalipto no norte da Bahia. Apesar dos estudos feitos no passado terem considerado espécies de eucalipto, há pouca informação sobre a suscetibilidade de clones híbridos de eucalipto à mariposa violácea. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a biologia de S. violascens em diferentes espécies e híbridos de eucalipto e em diferentes temperaturas, além de avaliar a eficiência de entomopatógenos no controle de S. violascens. No experimento 1 a biologia de S. violascens foi determinada nas espécies Eucalyptus grandis, E. urophylla e dois híbridos de E. grandis x E. urophylla (‘urograndis’). Os parâmetros avaliados foram duração e viabilidade dos estágios larval, pupal, adulto e de ovo e do ciclo total. No experimento 2 foi selecionada a espécie E. urophylla como padrão e avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes temperaturas (18, 22, 26 e 30oC) no desenvolvimento de S. violascens, avaliando-se os mesmos parâmetros anteriores. Os resultados obtidos no experimento 1 revelaram que E. urophylla ofereceu melhores condições para odesenvolvimento de S. violascens, com maior viabilidade larval (85,3 %), pupal (78,7 %) e de ovos (72,6 %), e menor duração do ciclo total (54,4 dias). A espécie E. grandis foi considerada a menos adequada ao desenvolvimento de S. violascens, revelando baixas viabilidades larval (29,2 %) e pupal (28,9 %). Os resultados obtidos com os dois híbridos foram intermediários comparativamente com as espécies testadas. No experimento 2 as temperaturas de 18, 22 e 26°C foram adequadas para o desenvolvimento e reprodução de S. violascens, com alta viabilidade...
Defoliator lepidopterous are one of the main Eucalyptus pest groups in Brazil. There are records of caterpillars outbreaks since 1940, with important occurrences during 1980’s to 1990’s. The species Sarsina violascens (Herrich–Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), named as violet moth, is related as pest in eucalypts plantations since 1975 and during 2006 to 2009, this species has occurred in outbreaks, causing intense defoliation in eucalypt plantations in Northern Bahia, Brazil. Despite studies in the past have considered species of eucalyptus, there is little information about susceptibility of Eucalyptus hybrid clones to violet moth. This study aimed to determine the biology of S. violascens in different species and hybrids of eucalyptus and in different temperatures. The insects were observed diary to evaluate life cycle in different species of eucalyptus (experiment 1) and in different temperatures (experiment 2). In experiment 1 were tested the following species: Eucalyptus grandis, E. urophylla and two hybrids of E. grandis x E. urophylla (‘urograndis’). The parameters evaluated were: duration and viability of larvae, pupae, adult and eggs phases and total life cycle. In experiment 2 was chose the species E. urophylla as standard and evaluated the effect of temperatures of 18, 22, 26 and 30oC, considering the same previous parameters. The results obtained in experiment 1 showed that E. urophylla offered better conditions to S. violascens development and reproduction, due the higher larvae, pupae and eggs viability, and shorter total life cycle duration. The species E. grandis was considered as less adequate to S. violascens development and reproduction, with low larvae and pupae viability. To the two hybrid clones, the results were intermediary comparatively with tested species. In experiment 2 temperature of 18°C showed the most adequate to S. violascens... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mosca, Andreia Arruda de Oliveira. "Avaliação dos impactos ambientais de plantações de eucalipto no Cerrado com base na análise comparativa do ciclo hidrológico e da sustentabilidade da paisagem em duas bacias de segunda ordem". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-19122008-095822/.
Texto completoThe present study aims to contribute to the analysis of the environmental impact of eucalypt plantations in the Cerrado region of the southern part of the State of Goiás, Brazil. The analysis were based on the methodology of the General Theory of the Systems and also on the results of hydrologic monitoring of two experimental catchments, which included groundwater monitoring, and the cartographic analysis of the environmental fragility. The monitoring results show higher average values of streamflow for the eucalypt catchment, associated with a more rapid and concentrated stormflow response, even though the beginning of the rising limb was delayed, probably due to the rainfall interception by the eucalypt canopy. Based on the analyzed water quality parameters, it can be concluded that the Cerrado catchment presented slightly better values, which were confirmed by the comparativy analysis of the benthonic macroinvertebrates. The inclusion of the identification of the riparian areas of the catchments as one of the thematic maps of the integrated analysis of the landscape fragility revealed to be very pertinent for the planning of the sustainable management of forest plantations and for the correct evaluation of the associated environmental impacts.
Silva, André Luiz Pinheiro da. "Custo de produção, colheita e transporte de madeira de eucalipto proveniente do programa produtor florestal no sul do Espírito Santo". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/5777.
Texto completoCom a finalidade de analisar a atividade de produção de madeira proveniente do Programa Produtor Florestal como alternativa econômica de investimento, foram coletados dados de custos de implantação de povoamentos de eucalipto, bem como os custos referentes à colheita e ao transporte. Os dados referentes às atividades e os respectivos custos das fases compreendidas na produção, além dos preços pagos por metro cúbico de madeira no ano de 2011, foram obtidos junto à empresa Fibria S.A., fomentadora de projetos. Os dados dos custos de colheita e transporte foram obtidos por meio de aplicação de questionários em seis propriedades em fase de colheita nos municípios de Alegre, Divino de São Lourenço e Jerônimo Monteiro, no estado do Espírito Santo. Foram obtidos dados de área plantada, custo das fases compreendidas no processo de colheita e no processo de transporte da área de produção até o pátio de estocagem de madeira da Fibria S.A., localizado no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES, além da produtividade média por hectare e o preço médio pago pelo metro cúbico de madeira de eucalipto proveniente do Programa Produtor Florestal no ano de 2011. A avaliação dos dados compreendeu na análise, separadamente, dos custos referentes ao processo de produção, colheita e transporte e sua participação no custo total da atividade, e o cálculo dos índices econômicos da atividade. Os custos com maior participação no processo de produção foram custo da terra (34,92%), implantação (23,33%), transporte (21,09%) e colheita (20,65%). Ao preço da madeira do fomento praticado pela empresa, o investimento em reflorestamento, de acordo com os índices econômicos calculados, mostrou-se como uma alternativa viável economicamente, aos produtores
With the purpose of analyze the activity of production of wood originating the Forestry Partners Program an economical alternative as investment, Data was gathered about establishment costs of eucalyptus, as well as costs relating to harvesting and transportation. Data referring the activities and the respective costs of all stages in the production comprehended, besides the price paid per cubic meter of wood in the year 2011 were obtained from the company Fibria SA, promoter of projects. The cost data harvesting and transportation were obtained by means of application of questionnaires in six properties in harvesting stage in the municipalities of Alegre, Divino de São Lourenço and Jerônimo Monteiro in Espírito Santo state. They obtained the data from planted area, cost of phases comprehended in the process of harvesting and transportation process in the production area to the storage yard timber Fibria SA, located in the municipality of ES, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, beyond the average productivity per hectare and the average price paid by the cubic meter of eucalyptus wood coming from Forestry Partners Program in 2011.The evaluation of consisted in analyzing separately the costs concerning to the production process, harvest and transport and its share in the total cost of the activity, and calculation of indices of economic activity. The costs with greater participation in the production process were opportunity cost of land (34,92%), implantation (23,33%), transportation (21,09%) and harvest (20,65%). To the timber prices practiced by the fomentation company, investment in reforestation, according to economic indices calculated was economically viable alternative to producers
Goodwin, Nicholas R. School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Assessing understorey structural characteristics in eucalypt forests: an investigation of LiDAR techniques". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/28365.
Texto completoCadete, Sonia Marisa Silva. "Enzymatic upgrading of eucalypt paper-grade kraft pulp within dissolving pulp production". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16089.
Texto completoDissolving-grade pulps are commonly used for the production of cellulose derivatives and regenerated cellulose. High cellulose content, low content of non-cellulosic material, high brightness, a uniform molecular weight distribution and high cellulose reactivity are the key features that determine the quality of a dissolving pulp. The first part of this work was an optimization study regarding the application of selected enzymes in different stages of a new purification process recently developed in Novozymes for purifying an eucalypt Kraft pulp into dissolving pulp, as an alternative to the pre-hydrolysis kraft (PHK) process. In addition, a viscosity reduction was achieved by cellulase (endoglucanase) treatment in the beginning of the sequence, while the GH11 and GH10 xylanases contributed to boost the brightness of the final pulp. The second part of the work aimed at exploring different auxiliary enzyme activities together with a key xylanase towards further removal of recalcitrant hemicelluloses from a partially bleached Eucalypt Kraft pulp. The resistant fraction (ca. 6% xylan in pulp) was not hydrolysable by the different combinations of enzymes tested. Production of a dissolving pulp was successful when using a cold caustic extraction (CCE) stage in the end of the sequence O-X-DHCE-X-HCE-D-CCE. The application of enzymes improved process efficiency. The main requirements for the production of a dissolving pulp (suitable for viscose making) were fulfilled: 2,7% residual xylan, 92,4% of brightness, a viscosity within the values of a commercial dissolving pulp and increased reactivity.
Pastas solúveis são normalmente usadas para a produção de derivativos de celulose e celulose regenerada. Alguns dos parâmetros que determinam a qualidade de uma pasta solúvel são: um elevado teor de celulose, baixo teor de material nãocelulósico, elevada brancura, uma distribuição uniforme de pesos moleculares e elevada reactividade da celulose. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, fez-se um estudo de optimização aplicando enzimas, previamente seleccionadas, em diferentes fases de um novo processo de purificação desenvolvido na Novozymes da pasta de eucalipto Kraft em celulose solúvel, como uma alternativa ao processo convencional de pré-hidrólise kraft. Além da purificação, a aplicação de celulases (endoglucanase) no início da sequência possibilitou uma diminuição da viscosidade, enquanto que a aplicação de xilanases das famílias GH11 e GH10 contribuíram também para o aumento da brancura da pasta final. A segunda parte deste trabalho teve como objectivo explorar várias actividades enzimáticas auxiliares conjuntamente com a melhor GH11 xilanase identifcada, de modo a promover a remoção das hemiceluloses mais recalciterantes de uma pasta Kraft de Eucalipto parcialmente branqueada. Todas as combinações das enzimas testadas resultaram numa fracção resistente de xilana residual (ca. 6% na pasta) que não foi possível hidrolisar. A produção de uma pasta solúvel foi possível usando um estágio de extracção alkalino a frio (CCE) no fim de uma sequência composta pelos seguintes estágios: O-X-D-HCE-X-HCE-D-CCE. A aplicação de enzimas melhorou a eficiencia do processo. Com esta sequência,os principais requisitos para a produção de uma pasta solúvel (adequada para producao de viscose) foram cumpridos: 2,7% de xilana residual, 92,4% de brancura, uma viscosidade dentro dos valores de uma pasta solúvel comercial e elevada reactividade.
Blakemore, Philip Alexander. "Optimisation of steam reconditioning for regrowth-ash and plantation-grown eucalypt species". Connect to full text, 2008. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/2343.
Texto completoIncludes graphs and tables. Includes list of publications: p. iv. Title from title screen (viewed May 5, 2008). Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
Burgar, Joanna. "Bat habitat use of restored jarrah eucalypt forests in south-western Australia". Thesis, Burgar, Joanna (2014) Bat habitat use of restored jarrah eucalypt forests in south-western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/24229/.
Texto completoBlakemore, Philip. "Optimisation of steam reconditioning for regrowth-ash and plantation-grown eucalypt species". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2343.
Texto completoBlakemore, Philip. "Optimisation of steam reconditioning for regrowth-ash and plantation-grown eucalypt species". University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2343.
Texto completoSteam reconditioning to recover collapse, in mid to low density eucalypt species, has been known for over ninety years. The current industrial practices for steam reconditioning have largely been based on a few older studies, which were often poorly documented and based on very small sample sizes. On top of this, many local practices and ‘rules of thumb’ have developed over time, many of which have a questionable scientific basis. This thesis was undertaken to more rigorously investigate and fundamentally understand collapse recovery, and try to optimise its application. The most obvious variable that kiln operators have control over is the moisture content of the timber prior to steam reconditioning. Experiments were undertaken to generate a range of moisture gradients (ranging from minimal to more industrially realistic) to evaluate the effect of moisture content on collapse recovery. An optimal moisture content for the core of the boards was found to be between about 18–20%, although there was no statistical difference in recoveries between about 17–25% moisture content. Below 15% moisture content recovery dropped off severely and intra-ring internal checking closure was incomplete, while at 25% moisture content an increased level of normal shrinkage, due to the early removal of drying stresses, was the main drawback. Above a core moisture content of about 35% incomplete closure of intra-ring internal checks was again observed. There was little evidence of re-collapse occurring in these high moisture content samples. Previously established relationships between density and collapse and drying rate were again generally observed in these experiments. However, for the first time an effect of collapse in reducing the fitted drying diffusion coefficients was also observed. It was also observed that, provided the moisture content of the board was in the critical range, most of the collapse recovery was achieved in the time it took to get the core of the board up to the steaming temperature of close to 100°C. This suggests that for most thicknesses a conservative reconditioning period of two hours at temperature is all that is required. This recommended shortening of the reconditioning cycle could dramatically increase the throughput of timber through the steam reconditioning chambers. Alternatively, it could mean that where modern final drying kilns are being used, the reconditioning treatment could be carried out within the final drying kiln. A finite element model was developed to demonstrate the mechanism by which collapse recovery occurs. The theory tested was that the elastic component that stores the energy to restore the shape of the deformed cell is primarily found in the S1 and S3 layers. In contrast, the inelastic component is primarily found in the S2 layer. The model generated here provided limited support for this theory.
Williams, Moira Caroline. "The ecological impacts of invasive Pinus radiata in eucalypt vegetation: pattern and process". School of Biological Sciences. University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2761.
Texto completoEarly recognition of plant invaders is key to their successful management. Yet knowledge of the ecological impacts of species before they become widespread is poor. This thesis examines the ecology of invasive Pinus radiata, a species which is known to spread from introduced plantings in Australia but is currently a low profile invader. Pinus invasions are considered major ecological problems in New Zealand and South Africa where wildlings are beginning to dominate natural areas and suppress native vegetation. Invasion success elsewhere and the large softwood estate in Australia suggest that pines may begin to dominate native eucalypt forests bordering large commercial plantations. This research focused on three components of impact of P. radiata; extent, abundance and effect per individual. The borders of 29 P. radiata plantations in NSW were surveyed in order to quantify the current level of invasion and to identify factors facilitating pine spread. Of particular interest was the role of propagule pressure, vegetation type and fire in the invasion process. The area of land in NSW currently invaded by P. radiata was estimated at almost 4 500 ha, although this is likely to be an underestimate due to an inability to detect wildlings (self-sown pines) at long distances from the plantation. Twenty six of the 29 plantations produced wild pines, however most of the sites are in the very early stages of invasion. Noticeable wildling populations were recorded at nine sites indicating that P. radiata is capable of establishing within native vegetation. Pine spread was most severe in the world heritage listed Blue Mountains region where pine densities reached up to 2000 per hectare in areas adjacent to the plantation and isolated pines were recorded up to 4 km from the source. The presence of isolated pines within intact native vegetation suggests that disturbance is not required for pine establishment in forested environments. Furthermore, high pine emergence and survival rates in eucalypt woodland and evidence of self reproduction by wildlings suggest that in the absence of adequate control measures pines may become established invaders in the Australian landscape. While low levels of current invasion at many sites hindered the ability to examine the factors facilitating invasion some variables that appear to be driving pine success were identified. At the landscape scale plantation size and residence time were significant predictors of the level of invasion at a site. Areas of native vegetation vi adjacent to plantations less than 40 years experienced very low levels of invasion suggesting a lag period between plantation establishment and invasion. However, pines with diameters up to 60 cm were observed growing adjacent to plantations younger than 40 years implying that the first colonisers are capable of establishing soon after plantation trees become reproductive. Propagule pressure was also found to have a strong influence on invasion success on a smaller scale manifesting in a significant positive relationship between the age of a plantation compartment and the likelihood of invasion. A negative relationship between plantation size and level of invasion was a surprising result and was influenced by just two large sites that happened to be located in areas of high rainfall. All sites receiving more than 1300 mm annual rainfall experienced low levels of invasion suggesting that this is a limiting factor for pine spread in NSW. There were significant differences in the level of invasion between vegetation types implying that some communities are more susceptible to invasion. Patterns of spread confirmed ideas regarding the facilitative effect of disturbance in the invasion process and the resistance of wet sclerophyll forest to invasion in Australia. An absence of wildlings in cleared land and areas of remnant bushland was attributed to high levels of grazing pressure. Wind direction did not appear to influence the distribution of pines close to the plantation, but evidence of long distance wind dispersal of pines was provided by an investigation of pine spread from the air at one site where large pines were found growing 10 km downwind from a mature plantation. Fire was found to have both a positive and negative influence on the invasion process. High intensity wildfires are capable of destroying large pines with diameters exceeding 50 cm. However, fire can stimulate seed release from cones resulting in large post-fire recruitment pulses. Seedling densities of up to 3050 per hectare were recorded almost 3 years after wildfire, suggesting that follow up control prior to recruits reaching coning age, i.e. within 5 years, would be beneficial. Surveys of wildling pines exposed to low intensity hazard reduction burns suggest that the majority of pines greater than 3 m in height and with a diameter of more than 10 cm will survive the fire. Low intensity prescribed fires that are carried out after pines have reached this size will fail to control wildling populations. To examine the influence of P. radiata once it has established in the native community this study focused on two mechanisms of impact, the addition of pine litter and increased shade due to an increase in canopy cover. Collection of pine litterfall vii within an invaded eucalypt woodland over a 2 year period recorded rates of up to 1400 kg/ha/year in the most heavily invaded area with a pine basal area of 11.3m2/ha. More than 70 % of pine litter fell directly below the pine canopy suggesting that the most severe litter effects will be limited to these areas. Glasshouse and field experiments were conducted to examine the influence of this increased litter load on the emergence of P. radiata and two native species. Recruitment of native plant species was impeded by litter levels of 6000 kg/ha, the equivalent of approximately 4 years of pine litterfall. Both P. radiata and the two natives responded similarly to pine and eucalypt litter suggesting the two litter types are influencing the recruitment phase equally. However, where pines are added to the system, increased litterfall rates could potentially result in the doubling of the litter load and hence a greater barrier to seedling establishment. Pine invaded eucalypt woodlands are also subjected to three fold increases in canopy cover. Trends in reduced emergence of native species under a pine canopy suggest that the addition of pines to eucalypt forests is likely to have a negative influence on native recruitment and may result in a shift towards a shade tolerant community. However, reversal of trends in emergence below pine canopy between seasons implies that quantifying invasion impacts requires a consideration of temporal variation. Increased levels of disturbance, forest fragmentation and an increasing pine estate are likely to lead to the infestation of new areas. Furthermore the lag phase associated with pine spread means that even if no new plantations are established the number of invasion events will increase. This study has identified a number of risk factors that can be used to guide plantation establishment and the management of invasion events. Minimising disturbance at plantation borders and increasing the ‘no planting’ zone will help to reduce the impacts of pines. Where possible new plantations should be established upwind of cleared land or at least, wet sclerophyll forest. Frequent monitoring of the borders of plantations yet to source invasions, particularly those greater than 40 years of age, will help identify problem areas before control becomes difficult and costly. Maps of the 29 plantations marked with areas of pine infestation will help prioritise sites for control and provide base level knowledge for future monitoring of pine spread. Stringent legislation that binds plantation managers to control wildlings beyond their boundaries is critical for the effective management of pine invasions. With infinite numbers of invaders and limited funds to dedicate to their control, a method of triaging species for management is critical. This is particularly difficult viii when information is typically biased towards invaders that are already widespread. By focussing on the ecological impacts of invaders it becomes possible to rank species on the basis of the threat they pose to native communities. Ecological research is capable of providing the knowledge to quantify invasion impacts and must remain at the centre of policy decisions.
Pampolina, Nelson M. "Ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi in eucalypt plantations in Western Australia and the Philippines". Thesis, Pampolina, Nelson M. (2000) Ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi in eucalypt plantations in Western Australia and the Philippines. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51869/.
Texto completoPiper, Scott Douglas. "Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Avian Nesting Success within Subtropical Australian Eucalypt Forests". Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366541.
Texto completoThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Full Text
Williams, Moira Caroline. "The ecological impacts of invasive Pinus radiata in eucalypt vegetation: pattern and process". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2761.
Texto completoLow, Petah Alexandra. "The ecology and behaviour of eucalypt-feeding caterpillars in response to predation risk". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15898.
Texto completoGuedes, Marcelino Carneiro. "Ciclagem de nutrientes após aplicação de lodo de esgoto (Biossólido) sobre latossolo cultivado com Eucalyptus grandis". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-09112005-134208/.
Texto completoThe treatment of wastewaters generates the sewage sludge, a residue that could be used to increase the productivity of both farming and forest plantations. The general aim of this work was to evaluate how biosolid affects the biogeochemistry of nutrients at an Eucalyptus grandis plantation. The study site is at the Experimental Station of Itatinga, linked to the Forest Sciences Department of the ESALQ/USP. The trial was installed on March 1998 in randomized blocks design, with five treatments (control, inorganic mineral fertilizer, 10 Mg ha-1 of biosolid + KP, 20 Mg ha-1 of biosolid + K and 40 Mg ha-1 of biosolid + K). The results showed that the biosolid application alters both the development and the nutritional state of eucalypts, as well as the patterns of nutrients recycling. There was an significant increment in the arboreal biomass production of the eucalypts that received 10 Mg ha-1 of biosolid + mineral K e P, in relation to the control treatment, and higher average production than the eucalypts that received full mineral fertilization. With the increase of biosolid rates, there was a significant increase on the production of litter-fall and on the nutrients soil devolution. During four years, the trees under the largest biosolid dose produced and returned to the soil 20 Mg of leaves-fall, 5340 kg more than the control trees and 2422 kg more than the eucalypts that received fertilization. The used alkaline biosolid presents reduced degradation rates. Just the biosolid applied at a 20 Mg ha-1 dose reduced the dry mass by more that one half, reaching a medium rate of 2.42 Mg ha-1 year-1. The biosolid application does not alter the leaves-fall eucalypts mass loss rate, appraised in senescent leaves. However, the residue affects the mineralization dynamics and nutrients liberation, mainly, by blocking the immobilization of N and accelerating its liberation from the leaves decomposing. The eucalypts under the treatment "10+KP" presented more accumulated biomass in all of their components, so they reached 62% more aboveground biomass in comparison to the control plants. For those eucalypts that presented the highest productivity, the total biomass of trunk accumulated in five years was 94,9 Mg ha-1; consequently, the mean annual increment (MAI) was of 19 Mg ha-1 year-1. The treatment "10+KP" also presented high mineral mass of N, P, S and Zn. By the other hand, the treatment "10+KP" presents smaller values of mineral mass of Ca than the eucalypts under the treatments "20+K" and "40+K" and smaller mineral mass of Mg than the eucalypts that received mineral fertilization. In the final phase of the rotation, the biosolid increased the nutrients stocks in all compartments of the ecosystem. The P, Ca and Zn labile pool soil was higher with biosolid application than fertilized soil, what assures higher capacity in maintaining sustainability productivity of the ecosystem when biosolid is applied.
Leite, Regina Marques [UNESP]. "Efeito da escória de siderurgia na nutrição e desenvolvimento inicial de eucalipto". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90609.
Texto completoA escória de siderurgia é um dos resíduos gerados durante a produção de ferro-gusa. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de ferro-gusa e isso significa geração de aproximadamente dez milhões de toneladas por ano deste passivo ambiental. Entretanto, as escórias básicas de siderurgia podem ser usadas como corretivos de acidez do solo, fornecendo cálcio, magnésio e silício, sendo que o seu uso evita a extração de outros produtos da natureza, como o calcário, por exemplo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a influência das escórias de siderurgia no crescimento e nutrição do eucalipto na sua fase inicial (6 meses pós plantio) e nos atributos químicos do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo e Neossolo Quartzarênico e foi analisado de duas formas: 1ª) avaliação do efeito da aplicação de doses crescentes de escória (doses proporcionais a zero; 300; 600; 1200 e 2400 kg/ha); e 2ª) comparação do tratamento equivalente a 2400 kg/ha de escória com testemunha absoluta, adubação química (somente NPK) e calcário. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com seis repetições. Foram realizadas análises químicas de solo aos três e aos seis meses após o início da condução do experimento. Avaliou-se mensalmente a altura e o diâmetro das plantas e, ao encerramento, quantificou-se massa verde e massa seca de folhas, galhos, tronco e raízes, área foliar, teores de macro e micronutrientes e silício nas folhas, galhos, tronco e raízes. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com o auxílio do programa SISVAR.2 Os resultados indicaram que, após três meses, a aplicação de 2400 kg/ha de escória proporcionou aumento do pH e V% do solo e redução da acidez potencial em ambos os solos. Após seis meses do plantio, os valores de pH foram semelhantes quando se comparou a dose de 2400 kg/ha com o calcário...
Blast furnace slag is one of residues generated during cast-iron production. Brazil is one of the largest producers of cast-iron. This means the generation of approximately ten million tonnes per year of environmental liabilities. However, slag can be used as soil pH-correcting material supplying calcium, magnesium and silicon, and that its use prevents the extraction of other products of nature, such as limestone, for example. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of blast furnace slags on growth and nutrition of eucalyptus in its initial phase (6 months after planting) and chemical soil attributes. The experiment was conducted in Oxisol and a Typic Quartzipsamment and was analyzed in two ways: 1st) evaluation of the effect of application of increasing slag doses (rates proportional to zero, 300, 600; 1200 and 2400 kg / ha), and 2nd) comparison of a treatment equivalent to 2400 kg / ha of slag against an absolute control, chemical fertilization (NPK only) and limestone. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks with six repetitions. Soil chemical analyses were performed three and six months after installation of the experiment. It was evaluated monthly height and diameter of the plants and the closure, is quantified green and dry mass of leaves, branches, trunk and roots, leaf area; macronutrient, micronutrient, and silicon in the leaves, branches, trunk and roots . The data were analyzed statistically using the SISVAR software program. The results indicated that, after three months, the application of 2400 kg / ha of slag increased soil pH and V%, and decreased potential acidity in both soils. Six months after planting, pH values were similar when the 2,400 kg / ha dose was compared with the dose of limestone. Increased slag doses provided increased green and dry mass production of leaves, leaf area, and dry mass of branches, increased leaf... (Complete abstract click electronic acess below)
SILVA, Diene Elen Miranda da. "Quantifica??o da resist?ncia parcial em esp?cies de eucalipto ? ferrugem (Puccinia psidii)". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1764.
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The incidence of rust occurs on nursery seedlings and plants in the field, this disease caused by of Puccinia psidii is the most severe on Eucalyptus tree. The objective of this work is to quantify the partial resistance of ten species of Eucaliptus: E. propinqua, E. citriodora, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. microcorys, E. urograndis, E. robusta, E. saligna, E. dunni and E. phaeotricha to eucalypt rust. For it some experiments were performed in greenhouse of Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology of UFRRJ. Were used 200 eucalypt seedlings of 3 months old obtained from seeds. The experimental design was totally randomized, with 10 treatments and 10 repetitions, with 1 plant to each repetition. The inoculation was performed by atomization of leaves with suspension of urediniospores in the concentration of 2x 104 spores/mL, obtained from fresh pustules. Later the seedlings were incubated in wet chamber in the dark by 48 hours. The parameters of resistance evaluated were: number of pustules by leaflet, severity, average latent period, AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve). The data otained were transformed too 0,5 and ?and submitted to ANOVA and mean comparison by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability, using the software SAEG. Meaningful differences were found among the eucalypt species for the parameters studied. The species E. urograndis showed a lower average number of pustules per leaflet, lower severity, greater mean latent period and small values of AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve), thus showing greater partial resistance to the rust.
A incid?ncia da ferrugem ocorre em mudas de viveiro e em plantas jovens no campo, essa doen?a causada por Puccinia psidii ? uma das mais severas do eucalipto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar a resist?ncia parcial de dez esp?cies de Eucaliptus: E. propinqua, E. citriodora, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. microcorys, E. urograndis, E. robusta, E. saligna, E. dunni e E. phaeotricha ? ferrugem do eucalipto. Para isso foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegeta??o no Departamento de Entomologia e Fitopatologia da UFRRJ. Foram utilizadas 200 mudas de eucalipto com tr?s meses de idade, obtidas a partir de sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e dez repeti??es, sendo uma planta por repeti??o. A inocula??o foi realizada por meio da atomiza??o de folhas com suspens?o de uredosporos na concentra??o de 2x104 esporos/mL, obtidos a partir de p?stulas frescas. Em seguida, as mudas foram incubadas em c?mara ?mida e escura por 48h. Foram avaliados os par?metros de resist?ncia: n?mero m?dio de p?stulas por fol?olo, severidade, per?odo latente m?dio e AACPD. Os dados obtidos foram transformados em 0,5 e ?100, e submetidos ? an?lise de vari?ncia e ? compara??o de m?dias pelo teste de Scott-Knott ao n?vel de 5% de probabilidade, por meio do software SAEG. Foram encontradas diferen?as significativas entre as esp?cies de eucalipto para os par?metros estudados. A esp?cie E. urograndis apresentou um menor n?mero m?dio de p?stulas por fol?olo, menor severidade, maior per?odo latente m?dio e valores menores da ?rea abaixo da curva do progresso da doen?a, tendo dessa forma maior resist?ncia parcial ? ferrugem.
Almado, Roosevelt de Paula. "Flutuação populacional de lepidópteros desfolhadores de eucalipto em Bom Despacho, Minas Gerais". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2006. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3978.
Texto completoThe objective of this work was to identify the species of Lepidoptera primary pests for the eucalyptus and to evaluate the influence of the temperature and rainfall on their population fluctuation in the area of Bom Despacho, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Five light traps were used during one night, every fifteen days, from January 1994 to December 2001. The species collected were Thyrinteina arnobia and Oxydia vesulia (Geometridae), Sarsina violascens (Lymantriidae), Psorocampa denticulata (Notodontidae) and Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae). A total of 12,040.5 individuals were collected per trap, being T. arnobia the most abundant species, with 96.05% of the individuals during the eight years of collection. The largest number of individuals was collected in April and May, indicating that the outbreaks of these species are concentrate in these months. T. arnobia had no significant correlations with the temperature and the rainfall but O. vesulia had negative correlation with the rainfall. S. violascens and E. aberrans presented similar population fluctuation with negative correlation with the temperature and the rainfall. P. denticulata presented positive correlation with these factors. The Lepidoptera primary pests of eucalyptus collected in the area of Bom Despacho presented higher number of individuals in the coldest and dry months of the year, especially in April and May, except P. denticulata. This last species had higher number of individuals collected in October and November and in February and March at the beginning and the final of the raining season.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as espécies de lepidópteros pragas primárias para o eucalipto e avaliar a influência da temperatura e da precipitação pluviométrica na flutuação populacional das mesmas na região de Bom Despacho, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram utilizadas cinco armadilhas luminosas acionadas durante uma noite, a cada quinze dias, de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2001. As espécies coletadas foram Thyrinteina arnobia e Oxydia vesulia (Geometridae), Sarsina violascens (Lymantriidae), Psorocampa denticulata (Notodontidae) e Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae). Foram coletados 1.2040,5 indivíduos por armadilha, sendo T. arnobia a espécie mais abundante, com 96,05% dos indivíduos coletados durante os oito anos de coleta. O maior número de indivíduos foi coletado em abril e maio, indicando que os surtos dessas espécies se concentram nesses meses. Não verificou-se correlação significativa da temperatura e da precipitação pluviométrica com T. arnobia, mas O. vesulia teve correlação negativa com a precipitação pluviométrica. S. violascens e E. aberrans apresentaram flutuação semelhante, com correlações negativas com a temperatura e a precipitação pluviométrica. P. denticulata apresentou correlação positiva para esses fatores. Os lepidópteros pragas primárias de eucalipto coletados, na região de Bom Despacho, apresentaram maior número de indivíduos nos meses mais frios e secos do ano, nos meses de abril e maio, exceto P. denticulata que teve maior número de indivíduos coletados de outubro a novembro e de fevereiro a março coincidindo com o início e final do período chuvoso.
au, asmith@murdoch edu y Amanda Jessica Smith. "Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia: An integrated approach". Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040504.151201.
Texto completoSmith, Amanda Jessica. "Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia: an integrated approach". Smith, Amanda Jessica (2004) Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia: an integrated approach. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/316/.
Texto completoSmith, Amanda Jessica. "Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia : an integrated approach /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040504.151201.
Texto completoThesis submitted to the Division of Science and Engineering. "Supported by CRC for Sustainable Tourism and Dept of Conservation and Land Management (Western Australia)". Bibliography: leaves 334-355.
Smith, Amanda J. "Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia: An integrated approach". Thesis, Smith, Amanda J. (2004) Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia: An integrated approach. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/316/.
Texto completoGlen, Morag. "Genetic variation in ectomycorrhizal fungi and its exploitation in ecological investigations of eucalypt forests". Thesis, Glen, Morag (2001) Genetic variation in ectomycorrhizal fungi and its exploitation in ecological investigations of eucalypt forests. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51845/.
Texto completoYang, Dongsheng. "The response of two eucalypt subspecies to water stress and fertilizer at early seedling stage". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140223.
Texto completoRocha, Julenice Bonifácio de Oliveira. "Diagnose nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto na região litorânea do Espírito Santo e sul da Bahia". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2008. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5402.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The survival and the success of eucalypt plantations depend on the proper use the soil preparation techniques, of the weed control, of the selection of genetic materials and of the fertilization. Among the factors responsible for the growth of eucalypt plantations there is the mineral nutrition. The consequences of inadequate nutrition will be a smaller growth of the trees especially in their beginning stages until the cutting age, with losses in the final productivity. The results of foliar chemical analyses of young plantations adequately interpreted allow the nutritional diagnosis for eventual corrections on the fertilization, contributing to a better growth of the plants. Thus, the main objective of this study are as follows: to establish rules for the use in methods that evaluate the balance (Kenworthy) and the nutritional equilibrium (DRIS) of young eucalypt stands in the coastal region of the Espírito Santo State and South of the Bahia State, Brazil, checking the influence of the cultivation region of the planting period, and of the genetic material within the values of these rules; to compare the result of the diagnoses between the methods Kenworthy (KW) and the DRIS and among specific and general rules, to check their universality; and to identify and to hierarchize the nutritional limitations in these stands. Data used were from the foliar analyses of eucalypt stands of the Arcel S.A., sampled at six months of age. The reference population was composed by stands of plants that had a height greater than the average + 0.4 standard deviation, at six months of age, and that with a high productivity at three years. It was concluded that the cultivation region, the planting time and the genetic material influence the rule values and the diagnosis of nutritional status of young plantations; that the KW methods was insufficiently sensitive to evaluate the nutritional status for nutrients with high variability of the rules; and that the most limitant nutrients of the plantations studied were Ca, Cu and Mn for the locality of Aracruz; Cu, Mn and Ca for São Mateus; and B, Mg and Mn for the south of Bahia.
A sobrevivência e o sucesso de plantios de eucalipto dependem do uso adequado das técnicas de preparo do solo, do controle de plantas infestantes, da seleção de materiais genéticos e da adubação. Dentre os fatores responsáveis pelo crescimento de plantios de eucalipto está a nutrição mineral. A nutrição inadequada terá como conseqüência o menor crescimento das árvores já nos estádios iniciais, até a idade de corte, com perdas na produtividade final. Os resultados de análises químicas foliares de plantios jovens devidamente interpretados possibilitam o diagnóstico nutricional para possíveis correções na adubação, contribuindo para o melhor crescimento das plantas. Neste intuito, este estudo teve como principais objetivos: estabelecer normas para uso em métodos que avaliam o balanço (Kenworthy) e o equilíbrio nutricional (DRIS) de povoamentos jovens de eucalipto, na região litorânea do Espírito Santo e sul da Bahia, verificando a influência da região de cultivo, da época de plantio e do material genético nos valores dessas normas; comparar o resultado dos diagnósticos entre os métodos Kenworthy (KW) e DRIS e entre normas específicas e gerais, para verificar a sua universalidade; e identificar e hierarquizar limitações nutricionais nesses povoamentos. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de análise foliar de povoamentos de eucalipto da Arcel S.A., amostrados aos seis meses. A população de referência foi composta por talhões com plantas cuja altura era maior que a média + 0,4 desvio-padrão, aos seis meses de idade, e que tivessem alta produtividade aos três anos. Conclui-se que a região de cultivo, a época de plantio e o material genético influenciam os valores das normas e o diagnóstico do estado nutricional de plantios jovens; que o método KW foi pouco sensível em avaliar o estado nutricional para nutrientes com elevadas variabilidades das normas; e que os nutrientes mais limitantes nos plantios estudados foram Ca, Cu e Mn para a localidade de Aracruz, Cu, Mn e Ca para São Mateus e B, Mg e Mn para o sul da Bahia.
Fernandes, Loane Vaz. "Normas e determinação de faixas de suficiência para diagnose foliar com base no crescimento relativo de eucalipto". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5440.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The eucalyptus plantations in Brazil cover 4.3 Mha of which 22% is in the state of Sao Paulo. Several studies conclude that there is close and positive correlation between nutrient content and eucalyptus growth rate, and nutrient contents in the leaves reflect the flow of water and nutrients in the soil and correlate with productivity. Thus, the nutritional diagnosis based on tissue analysis can be used as a complementary tool to soil analysis to support crop nutritional management. Among the existing methods of plant nutrient diagnosis, that proposed by Kenworthy (KW) evaluates the balance of nutrients, considering each nutrient individually and the variability of nutrient content in the reference population. On the other hand, the Integrated Diagnosis and Recommendation (DRIS), proposed by Beaufils, evaluates the nutrient equilibrium through the ratio between nutrients. For both it is necessary to construct a set of nutrient standards. The objectives of this work were 1) to obtain standards for KW and DRIS methods, applicable to the diagnosis of nutritional status, based on foliar analysis of young eucalyptus plantations in the state of São Paulo, Brazil; 2) to evaluate the degree of universality of the norms or standards and diagnosis; 3) to evaluate the influence of excluding one or more nutrients showing high contents and high variability in their contents on the diagnosis and on the equilibrium of other nutrients; 4) to develop an alternative method with high biologic meaning, for the definition of sufficiency ranges for the KW and DRIS indexes; 5) to contribute to the improvement of the software NUTREELYPTUS, for leaf nutrient diagnosis. We used database from 1,150 plots of young eucalyptus plantations from which leaves were collected for analysis. The available information included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and B contents and tree stem height. This stratification was performed by determining the reference population, for which height was greater than average height. We calculated specific (by age and region of cultivation, genetic material, previous crop and textural class) and general (by forest company and for the state of São Paulo) sets of standards. Specific standards were compared with those taken as general standards for each situation by the t test for means and F test for variances. Then, using NUTREELYPTUS, parameterized with these standards (specific and general) and ranges of sufficiency, we obtained the diagnosis of the nutritional status of plantations showing low productivity considering the balance sheet (KW indexes) and equilibrium (DRIS indexes and Potential Response to Fertilization - PRA classes), which were compared, at plot level, based on the frequency of concordant diagnostics (FDC). We used the methods of the Boundary Region (BR) and Mathematics Relative Chance (ChMR) to obtain reference values with greater biological significance. Relevant sets of specific standards were obtained for the diagnosis of nutritional status of young eucalyptus plantations in São Paulo State. The degree of universality of KW and DRIS norms varies with the parameter used (mean, variance, or both together) and, independently of the parameter, is smaller than that of diagnostics made using these standards. For a given company, the high values of FDC allow general standards to be used. Excluding Fe and Mn, nutrients for which the average overall contents were elevated and the variability highest, increases the sensitivity of the diagnostic of nutritional equilibrium, but do not change the degree of universality of the diagnoses made. The KW and DRIS indexes obtained by BF and ChMR can be utilized to obtain the limits of sufficiency ranges with greater biological meaning, seeking the interpretation of foliar analyses. The use of these new limits of sufficiency ranges has little effect on the FDC obtained with specific or general standards. For assessing the nutritional status of young eucalyptus plantations it is recommended to use the limits of sufficiency ranges of KW and DRIS obtained by ChMR method, as proposed in this research. Further studies are needed in order to correlate the nutritional status of young eucalyptus plantations to yield at the harvest age.
Os plantios com eucalipto no país ocupam 4,3 megahectares, dos quais 22 % encontram-se no estado de São Paulo. Diversos trabalhos concluem que há correlação positiva e estreita entre acúmulo de nutrientes e taxa de crescimento do eucalipto, e que os teores de nutrientes nas folhas refletem os fluxos de água e nutrientes no sistema e se correlacionam com a produtividade. Assim, a diagnose nutricional com base em análise de tecido pode ser utilizada como ferramenta complementar à análise de solo para subsidiar o manejo nutricional das culturas. Dos métodos de diagnose existentes, o proposto por Kenworthy (KW) avalia o balanço, considerando os nutrientes de forma individual além de incorporar a variabilidade do teor na população de referência. Já o Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS), proposto por Beaufils, avalia o equilíbrio nutricional por meio de relações entre os nutrientes. Para ambos há necessidade de se dispor de valores de referência, ou seja, de normas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) obter normas para os métodos KW e DRIS, aplicáveis à diagnose do estado nutricional, com base em análise foliar, de plantios jovens de eucalipto no Estado de São Paulo; 2) avaliar o grau de universalidade das normas e dos diagnósticos; 3) avaliar a influência da exclusão de nutrientes cujas normas apresentam altos teores e variabilidade sobre a diagnose, quanto ao equilíbrio, dos demais nutrientes; 4) desenvolver método alternativo, com enfoque mais biológico, para a definição das faixas de suficiência para KW e DRIS; 5) contribuir para a parametrização e aprimoramento do aplicativo computacional NUTREELYPTUS. Foi utilizado banco de dados de análises foliares de 1.150 talhões de plantios jovens de eucalipto, em áreas de duas empresas, contendo informações referentes aos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn e B e produtividade. Foi realizada a estratificação deste, determinando a população de referência, cuja altura era maior que a altura média. Foram calculados conjuntos de normas específicas (por época e região de plantio, material genético, cultura antecessora e classe textural), e gerais (por Empresa e para o estado de São Paulo). As normas específicas foram comparadas com as normas tidas como gerais para cada situação, mediante o teste t para as médias e o teste F para as variâncias. A seguir, com o auxílio do NUTREELYPTUS, parametrizado com essas normas (específicas e gerais) e faixas de suficiência, foram obtidos os diagnósticos do estado nutricional de plantios de baixa produtividade quanto ao balanço (índices KW) e equilíbrio (índices DRIS e classes de Potencial de Resposta à Adubação - PRA), que foram comparados, em nível de talhão, pela Frequência de Diagnósticos Concordantes (FDC). Foram utilizados os métodos da Região de Fronteira (RF) e da Chance Matemática Relativa (ChMR) para a obtenção de limites das faixas de suficiência com maior significado biológico. Foram obtidos conjuntos de normas específicas e normas gerais úteis à diagnose do estado nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto no estado de São Paulo. O grau de universalidade das normas KW e DRIS varia conforme o parâmetro usado (média, variância ou ambas conjuntamente) e independente do parâmetro é menor do que o dos diagnósticos produzidos com o uso destas normas. Numa mesma empresa, os altos valores de FDC permitem que normas gerais sejam utilizadas. A exclusão de Fe e Mn, nutrientes cujas médias em geral apresentaram-se elevadas e com as maiores variabilidades, aumenta a sensibilidade dos diagnósticos quanto ao equilíbrio nutricional, mas não altera de modo relevante o grau de universalidade dos diagnósticos produzidos. Os métodos RF e ChMR podem ser utilizados visando à obtenção dos limites das faixas de suficiência com maior significado biológico, visando à interpretação de índices KW e DRIS. A utilização desses novos limites de faixas de suficiência pouco alterou a FDC obtidos com normas específicas ou gerais. Para a avaliação do estado nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto recomenda-se a utilização dos limites das faixas de suficiência KW e DRIS como proposto neste trabalho pelo método ChMR. São necessários estudos adicionais de modo a correlacionar o estado nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto com a produtividade na idade de corte.
Barbour, Robert Charles. "Gene flow from introduced Eucalyptus plantations into native eucalypt species /". 2003. http://adt.lib.utas.edu.au/public/adt-TU20041207.122154.
Texto completoBarbour, RC. "Gene flow from introduced Eucalyptus plantations into native eucalypt species". Thesis, 2004. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/237/1/01front.pdf.
Texto completoBarbour, RC. "Gene flow from introduced Eucalyptus plantations into native eucalypt species". 2004. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/237.
Texto completoHorton, BM. "Eucalypt decline and ectomycorrhizal fungal community ecology of Eucalyptus delegatensis forest, Tasmania, Australia". Thesis, 2011. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/12468/2/Horton_PhD_Thesis_FINAL_041111.pdf.
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