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1
Stojičić, Violeta. "English EU terminology in Serbian". English Today 36, n.º 2 (7 de agosto de 2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000300.
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The process of aligning Serbian legislation with the legislation of the EU has stimulated the creation of a large body of specialized lexis and the modernization of the existing lexicon. In this paper, I discuss the linguistic mechanisms of contact-induced secondary term creation processes in the Serbian language within the scope of EU legislation and activities under the influence of English. Regarding the standardization of EU legislation terminology, Peruzzo (2012: 177) explores the need for the uniformity of terminology within every language in the EU. Namely, every language should be allowed ‘normative flexibility’ in adopting EU legislative provisions, but should also guarantee the maximum degree of uniform interpretation and the terms used should be clear, simple and precise. This means that in every EU language, consistent use of uniform terminology is of vital importance not only within a single text, but also across different texts related to the same issue. Fischer (2010: 28) observes two steps in the creation of terms in the EU: (1) terms are created in the dominating languages, predominantly in the procedural languages of English, French and German, and (2) they are translated into all other languages. She concludes that in most languages terms are created on the basis of a source term by translation, and that the creation of EU terminology can be described as a process in which (1) multilingual primary term-creation for the dominant languages is followed by (2) a secondary activity, intra-conceptual term-transfer for most other languages.
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Mariani, Jessica. "Migration terminology in the EU Institutions". Terminology 27, n.º 1 (5 de julio de 2021): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00057.mar.
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Abstract ‘Migration’ has recently become a single domain for specialized terminology in the European Union, linked to the crisis which has been rapidly unfolding in Europe since 2015. The migration crisis, with the dramatic increase in arrivals of migrants in Europe, has highlighted the uncertainty of institutional classifications used to describe and manage migration flows. What is a migrant in the EU Institutions and how is the term refugee or asylum seeker respectively classified? The present study delves into Migration from a terminological perspective and investigates how migrants have been mirrored through terminology in institutional texts from 1950 to 2016 by analyzing two sets of corpora: the European Migration Network glossaries (EMN) of the European Commission and the EU database of official legislative text, EUR-lex EN 2/16. This paper aims to show how migration phenomena can be narrated through the lens of terminology and how term choice plays a vital role in making an impact in the representation of migrants and refugees in political institutions and society.
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Timmermans, Christiaan. "Horizontal Direct/Indirect Effect or Direct/Indirect Horizontal Effect: Whats in a Name?" European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 3/4 (1 de junio de 2016): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016040.
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Abstract: In private law doctrine, suggestions have been made to introduce a terminology relating to the phenomenon of horizontal effects of EU law that is different from the terminology used by EU lawyers. That terminology is designed better to accommodate the specificities of private law. By subtly changing the word order, private lawyers aim to cover under the label ‘direct horizontal effect’ only those cases in which EU law can be invoked with the consequence of directly affecting or modifying a private law relationship. Invoking European law to review national law in terms of its compatibility with European law is defined as ‘indirect horizontal effect’. This essay discusses the unfortunate consequences for legal practice of using two different sets of terminology, almost identical in wording, but substantially different in scope. A number of disadvantages of the terminology advocated by private lawyers are addressed, also in the light of the case law of the European Court of Justice. Finally, a suggestion is made to arrive at a uniform terminology attempting to accommodate both private law and EU law sensibilities.
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van Oostrum, Chris. "Sustainability Through Transparency and Definitions: A Few Thoughts on Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 and Regulation (EU) 2020/852". European Company Law 18, Issue 1 (1 de febrero de 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2021003.
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Against the background of the EU policy goal to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investment, this article will review the extent to which Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 (Disclosure Regulation) and Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (Taxonomy Regulation) are effective in terms of increasing investor confidence to invest in sustainable economic activities. In this respect, particular focus will be on the relationship between the disclosure obligations and the terminology ensuing from the two regulations. Disclosure Regulation, Taxonomy Regulation, Sustainable Finance, Transparency, ESG, Sustainable terminology, Green terminology, Sustainability
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Kościałkowska-Okońska, Ewa. "EU Terminology in Interpreter Training: Selected Problem Areas Connected With EU-Related Texts". Research in Language 9, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2011): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0009-x.
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The presentation refers to the entire area of translating legal terminology, in particular to the translation of EU law-related texts that are especially vital for translating the acquis communautaire. This area of translation (and interpreting) services has been developing rapidly. The language used in documents is specialist and, at the same time, specific, due to the terminology used. Both the translator and the interpreter face the responsibility and the obligation to observe and apply translation strategies, consistently selected and considering the already existing and valid names, terms, concepts, definitions etc., by means of such available sources of information as dictionaries, encyclopedias, lexicons or special glossaries. Problems that translators and interpreters may encounter focus, to a large extent, on (un)translatability of certain terms, ambiguity of EU-speak or textual coherence, or the absence of it, which results from unclear, vague or ambiguous style of the original. On the other hand, the challenge for the translator/interpreter is constant care of the quality of the text created in Polish, which substantially affects the standard level and quality of Polish that we use everyday. Quality is the concept in translation and interpreting closely related with successful performance and communication (with all its aspects). The attempt at quality description in this context, apart from subjective impressions resulting from our understanding of the importance of features that good - competent - translation and effective communication should have, cannot be devoid of focusing on three principal factors, i.e., the translator/interpreter (as the text author/producer), translation/interpreting process and product, which is the result of this process and, finally, involvement (and competence) on the part of the translator/interpreter. All the above aspects pose a real challenge for the translator/interpreter focusing on legal terminology.
Selected aspects of the aforementioned issues shall be verified in a case study conducted on trainee interpreters.
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Robertson, Colin D. "EU Legal Language, Translation and Terminology: Twelve Viewpoints on EU Multilingual Law-making". ANALELE ȘTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII „ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA” DIN IAȘI (SERIE NOUĂ). ȘTIINŢE JURIDICE 67, Special issue (2021): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/jss-2021-67-3-7.
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Lysenko, Olena. "LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY OF MODERN LEGISLATION". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, n.º 14(82) (29 de agosto de 2022): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2022-14(82)-139-142.
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The article examines the linguistic aspects of legal terminology of modern legislation. The concepts, main features and functions of legal terms are defined. The peculiarities of the functioning of legislative terms are revealed. The meaning of definitions in legislative acts is analyzed. It is established that definiteness is one of the main features and characteristics of a legal term. Legislative definitions must be unambiguous, clear, concise, logically and linguistically correct, general and cover the most essential characteristics of the subject or phenomenon. Linguistic problems related to the use of legal terminology in the texts of normative legal acts are singled out. Emphasis is placed on the adaptation of modern national legislation to EU law. Among the main linguistic issues of legal terminology are the problems of legal translation of legislative terms; unmotivated use of foreign borrowings in the translation of EU legislation; inconsistency of legal terms with the norms of the Ukrainian literary language, unmotivated ways of word formation, lack of uniformity of terms used in the original and translation of one of the EU legislative acts, homonymy and polysemy of terms and their ambiguous application in Ukrainian and EU legislation. It is emphasized that the adequacy of the translation of legal terminology is extremely important for the legal function of the regulatory function. The rules of use of foreign terms in normative-legal acts are offered. The peculiarities of the role of legal terminology in the functioning of law are revealed. It is concluded that the unification, systematization and streamlining of legal terminology will facilitate the process of integration of domestic legislation into the European legal system.
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Giedrewicz-Niewińska, Aneta. "The Unification of Terminology in Terms of Impact of Employees on Decisions Taken in European Business Entities and Polish Law". Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 52, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0043.
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Abstract One of the consequences of improper management of European businesses, set solely on profit, is the global financial crisis, felt even today by many societies. Previous negative experience has led to a growing interest in the world at present, in the model in which employees are guaranteed involvement in the management of transnational entities. A new, universal legal framework for the functioning of this model has been created by the European Union. Instead of creating a single transnational legal system, it was decided to create a model for employee involvement in management by coordinating national systems. The aim of this study is to analyse the terminology related to the issue of workers’ involvement in the management of European business entities. This analysis will aim to determine whether the legal language used in the EU regulations and directives relating to workers’ involvement in management and implementing acts allows coordination between legal systems of the Member States. In this context, it is particularly important to determine whether the terminology used in EU acts is consistent with the terminology used in Polish implementing laws and how EU terminology fits into current understanding in the Polish legal tradition of institutions of employee involvement in the management of the workplace.
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Robertson, Colin. "Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology". Research in Language 9, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2011): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0011-3.
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EU law is multilingual and multi-cultural. It is initially drafted in one language, now frequently English, often by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages. Amendments may be proposed that are drafted in a different language. The result is a single multilingual text created in 23 language versions that are authentic within the context of the EU legal order. These circumstances have led EU legal language to develop its own terminology and legislative style as a separate genre.
One question is to identify different national cultural drafting styles and traditions that lie behind the creation of EU legislative texts and terminology. The Member State traditions vary, yet they merge in the EU legislative texts. In order to assist in the understanding of EU legislative texts, it is useful to reflect on how they are constructed and the features and requirements lying behind their creation, interpretation and transposition.
One approach is to consider a specific piece of EU text in a range of languages and consider how the text is reproduced in each language in terms of structure and terminology. Since the original draft is frequently made by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages, which are bound by the structure of the base version, we obtain little information from it about divergent national linguistic and legislative methods. However, if the EU text is a directive which is transposed into national law, we should be able also to look at the national implementing legislation intended to implement the directive. The implementing texts are produced within the national legal context and, one assumes, aim at similar results, as laid down by the directive. Thus it could be expected that they should provide vehicles for study between the national systems and between each national system and the EU legal order. The paper explores these ideas to see where they lead.
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Cauffman, Caroline. "The Impact of EU Law on Belgian Consumer Law Terminology". European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 5/6 (1 de noviembre de 2012): 1325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012083.
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Burroughs, Elaine y Zoë O'Reilly. "Discursive Representations of Asylum Seekers and Illegal Immigrants in Ireland". Ars & Humanitas 7, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2013): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ars.7.2.59-70.
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Migrants are often referred to as an all encompassing group of people and the “many faces of migration”, the variety of people, legalities and complexities involved, can be overlooked. The same can be said for non-EU migrants in the Irish context. Non-EU migrants (or those that are not Caucasian) are generally viewed to be a distinct cohort of comparable migrants. Indeed, these migrants are often portrayed in a broadly negative way by key Irish institutions (such as the parliament or the media), and these representations impact upon how Irish society views non-EU migration and indeed migration in general. While Ireland is by no means the only European country in which this type of practice occurs, this paper aims to draw attention to generalized, inaccurate and misleading representations of non-EU migrants in Ireland, by specifically examining representations of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants. There can be an overlap in how these “types” of migrants are conceptualized and this paper therefore aims to develop an understanding of the implications involved for migrants categorized as an “asylum seeker” or an “illegal immigrant.” Furthermore, these topics are under-researched within the Irish context, yet they receive much political and public attention. At the same time however, this paper aims to challenge the labels assigned to non-EU migrants and the terminology that is used to define their identity so concretely. In the Irish context there is much confusion in relation to the multiple “faces” of non-EU migration, as a range of terminology is used to refer to them. This terminology is often used in an interchangeable manner, in an array of societal contexts. There is a consistent (whether this happens intentionally or unintentionally is debatable) misuse of categories and migration terminology in Irish institutional discourses. Quite often those seeking asylum are referred to as illegal immigrants and vice versa. Paradoxically, to an Irish audience it is very clear who the “undocumented Irish” in the US are, as these Irish emigrants, who are residing and/or employed illegally/without documentation in the US, have gained and still gain huge public and government support, both politically and financially. The paper draws attention to the confusion that exists around the different statuses of non-EU migrants, focusing in particular on the categories of “asylum seeker” and “illegal immigrant”, and explores the differing practices of labelling of non-EU migrants in Ireland. It will be argued throughout this paper that the categorizing and labelling of migrants is an implicitly political act of exclusion.
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Burroughs, Elaine y Zoë O'Reilly. "Discursive Representations of Asylum Seekers and Illegal Immigrants in Ireland". Ars & Humanitas 7, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2013): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ah.7.2.59-70.
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Migrants are often referred to as an all encompassing group of people and the “many faces of migration”, the variety of people, legalities and complexities involved, can be overlooked. The same can be said for non-EU migrants in the Irish context. Non-EU migrants (or those that are not Caucasian) are generally viewed to be a distinct cohort of comparable migrants. Indeed, these migrants are often portrayed in a broadly negative way by key Irish institutions (such as the parliament or the media), and these representations impact upon how Irish society views non-EU migration and indeed migration in general. While Ireland is by no means the only European country in which this type of practice occurs, this paper aims to draw attention to generalized, inaccurate and misleading representations of non-EU migrants in Ireland, by specifically examining representations of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants. There can be an overlap in how these “types” of migrants are conceptualized and this paper therefore aims to develop an understanding of the implications involved for migrants categorized as an “asylum seeker” or an “illegal immigrant.” Furthermore, these topics are under-researched within the Irish context, yet they receive much political and public attention. At the same time however, this paper aims to challenge the labels assigned to non-EU migrants and the terminology that is used to define their identity so concretely. In the Irish context there is much confusion in relation to the multiple “faces” of non-EU migration, as a range of terminology is used to refer to them. This terminology is often used in an interchangeable manner, in an array of societal contexts. There is a consistent (whether this happens intentionally or unintentionally is debatable) misuse of categories and migration terminology in Irish institutional discourses. Quite often those seeking asylum are referred to as illegal immigrants and vice versa. Paradoxically, to an Irish audience it is very clear who the “undocumented Irish” in the US are, as these Irish emigrants, who are residing and/or employed illegally/without documentation in the US, have gained and still gain huge public and government support, both politically and financially. The paper draws attention to the confusion that exists around the different statuses of non-EU migrants, focusing in particular on the categories of “asylum seeker” and “illegal immigrant”, and explores the differing practices of labelling of non-EU migrants in Ireland. It will be argued throughout this paper that the categorizing and labelling of migrants is an implicitly political act of exclusion.
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Zorková, Eva. "Compatibility of Terminology in Competition Law and Energy Law". European Studies 9, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2022): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eustu-2022-0010.
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Summary Due to rapid technological development, the sector of energy law is very specific. In many aspects, energy law is strongly linked to the application of competition law rules. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the terminology used in the Czech Energy Act and its compliance with the terminology used in the Czech Act on the Protection of Competition, as well as its compliance with the EU terminology, namely the REMIT Regulation. Problems may be caused by inconsistencies in the terminology used, for example, when defining the relevant market and subsequently identifying a competitor/an undertaking with a significant market power or when deciding on offenses under the Czech Energy Act.
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Lazariev, Viktor. "Features of the use of legal terminology in the countries of the European Union". ScienceRise: Juridical Science, n.º 3(17) (30 de septiembre de 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2021.241513.
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The article examines the issue of the peculiarities of the use of legal terminology in the countries of the European Union. It is emphasized, that the reform of domestic legislation and its approximation to world standards requires thorough research of European legislation. In particular, the cornerstone of today's challenge is the proper use and common approaches to the use of legal terminology. That is why theoretical research on the peculiarities of the use of legal terminology in the legislation of the European Union is necessary to properly improve domestic legislation and avoid mistakes and misunderstandings in the future. Emphasis is placed on the fact that domestic and foreign researchers have not developed a unified approach to understanding the term "terminology". That is why this term is used in three different meanings. It is also noted, that the category "term" is not new and has been in the field of view of researchers for a long time, but its direct study has only recently begun. It is noted, that legal terminology is considered as technical, i.e.it is the most noticeable and striking linguistic feature of legal language. In this sense, legal terminology is used to denote concepts that belong to the legal field. It is emphasized that, in contrast to the systemic languages, used in national texts, the European Union resorts to a form of "cultural communication", governed by multilingualism. Such communication is considered cultural because it is not rooted in any of the national cultures of the EU Member States. Legal acts, adopted by the EU institutions, which are to be applied and enforced in all Member States, must avoid cultural specificities and, therefore, the concepts or terminology specific to any one national legal system must be used with caution
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Gašpar, Angelina, Sanja Seljan y Vlasta Kučiš. "Measuring Terminology Consistency in Translated Corpora: Implementation of the Herfindahl-Hirshman Index". Information 13, n.º 2 (18 de enero de 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020043.
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Consistent terminology can positively influence communication, information transfer, and proper understanding. In multilingual written communication processes, challenges are augmented due to translation variants. The main aim of this study was to implement the Herfindahl-Hirshman Index (HHI) for the assessment of translated terminology in parallel corpora for the evaluation of translated terminology. This research was conducted on three types of legal domain subcorpora, dating from different periods: the Croatian-English parallel corpus (1991–2009), Latin-English and Latin-Croatian versions of the Code of Canon Law (1983), and English and Croatian versions of the EU legislation (2013). After the terminology extraction process, validation of term candidates was performed, followed by an evaluation. Terminology consistency was measured using the HHI—a commonly accepted measurement of market concentration. Results show that the HHI can be used for measuring terminology consistency to improve information transfer and message understanding. In translation settings, the process shows the need for quality management solutions.
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Peruzzo, Katia. "Short-period evolution in EU legal texts: old and new terms, old and new concepts". Linguistica 53, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.53.2.39-53.
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Due to the ever-changing legal landscape of the European Union, the terminology used in EU documents is subject to constant formal and conceptual evolution. In this paper, a bilingual (Italian and English) corpus of equally authentic EU legal texts covering a time span of fifteen years (1998-2012) and concerning the legal area of victims of crime is analysed from a diachronic perspective. The aim is to discuss the terminological changes observed in the corpus in the light of the classification of evolution phenomena proposed by Tartier (2003) and Picton (2011). In order to examine both formal and conceptual terminological evolution, the distinction between genotypes and phenotypes introduced by Sacco (1991) is applied to the terms identified in the corpus and the underlying concepts. The analysis of the EU corpus shows that the three categories proposed by Tartier (appearance, disappearance and stability) and the first three (novelty and obsolescence, implantation of terms and concepts, and centrality) of the four categories proposed by Picton for the terminology of space technologies also apply to the terms of the examined legal area.
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Selishchev, Nikolay. "Possible causes and effects of Brexit (part 2)". Herald of CEMI 4, n.º 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.33276/s265838870015807-0.
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It is analyzed the possible causes and effects of Brexit after 47-years of British membership in the EU: financial-economical, legal, ideological, institutional, technological, questions of home and foreign policy. It is considered «strengthening nets of government’s pyramid» (on the basis of Academician V. L. Makarov’s terminology), agent-based model demographic model of the EU of Corresponding member A. R. Bakhtizin, the role of monarchy’s institute, party’s struggle for and against Brexit and the temporary advantages, which Great Britain gained as a result of quick break with the EU.
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Maślanka, Sebastian. "Einige Bemerkungen zu den produktivsten Wortbildungsstrategien in der deutschen Fachterminologie des Eisenbahnwesens unter der kontrastiven Berücksichtigung des Polnischen". Germanistische Beiträge 47, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2021-0013.
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Abstract This article is dedicated to present the most common word-formation strategies in German railway specialist terminology. The presentation of the most productive morphological nomination strategies in the analysed area is preceded by a short historical outline of the railway industry in Germany. The adumbration of the historical background and hints regarding the current EU environmental plans for railways are intended to expose the importance and relentless currency of the analysis undertaken here. The presented examples, which were extracted from the most extensive industry terminology database, RaiLLexic, have been correlated with their Polish equivalents. This contrastive procedure allows, going further, to draw conclusions about both language systems within which the professional terminology described here is constituted.
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Zorrilla-Agut, Paula y Thierry Fontenelle. "IATE 2". Terminology 25, n.º 2 (26 de noviembre de 2019): 146–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00034.zor.
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Abstract The redevelopment of the European Union’s interinstitutional terminology database IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe) has been an opportunity to rethink the technologies, architecture and data structure of the system in order to prepare it for future challenges, including interoperability, modularity, scalability and data exchange, among other things. This article describes which strategies are being put in place to allow IATE data – one of the largest multilingual terminology databases in the world – to be consumed by third-party tools, particularly computer-assisted translation environments (CATEs). The modernisation of the application, aligning it with the latest software and systems engineering standards and technologies for the benefit of all users and for improved data management by EU linguists, is also described.
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Smirnova, Oksana y Sigita Rackevičienė. "The EU English Terms Including the Word Market and Their French and Lithuanian Equivalents". Sustainable Multilingualism 11, n.º 1 (27 de noviembre de 2017): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sm-2017-0018.
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Summary Translation of terminology is an essential factor and often a challenging task in the translation of legal acts. Various databases are available to facilitate the translation process and ensure its quality. The main inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union is IATE (“Inter Active Terminology for Europe”). The aim of the paper is to conduct a contrastive analysis of a group of English, French and Lithuanian economic terms based on the information provided in IATE. The object chosen for the research is the English, Lithuanian and French multi-word terms including the word market. In total, 266 terms were collected from IATE: 90 English terms and their equivalents in French and Lithuanian. The paper presents a classification of the terms into semantic categories according to various aspects of markets (object of the market, place of the market, duration of the market availability, degree and nature of competition among the market participants, production stage of the items offered in the market, etc.), compares the formal structure of the English terms and their French and Lithuanian equivalents and reveals the tendencies of term formation in the investigated languages. Finally, the paper discusses the problem of synonymy of the terms and the data provided in the term entries of IATE.
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Leal, Alice. "The European Union and translation studies". Translation Spaces 2 (15 de noviembre de 2013): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.2.04lea.
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The tension between unity versus multiplicity seems to be at the heart of the European Union (EU) and of translation studies (TS). Indeed, a significant parallel between the two is the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF). The EU appears to be torn between a notion of language as a crucial element of one’s identity on the one hand, and a predominantly instrumental, Lockean view of language, on the other. A similar dynamic appears to take place in TS, an area that is par excellence heterogeneous and in which the notion of difference plays a paramount role. Indeed, at times TS appears to be afflicted by a sense of self-consciousness regarding its lack of unity and homogeneity. According to some, the solution is to foster the standardisation of its methods and terminology. But would proposing standardised terminology in a standardised language for the area not inevitably entail repressing different approaches in different languages? The paper explores this question in the context of the use of English as a lingua franca, and proposes various ways out of the dilemma both for the EU and TS.
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ROBERTSON, Colin D. "LEGAL-LINGUISTIC PROFILING IN INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS: THE CASE OF EU STAFF REPRESENTATION BODIES". Comparative Legilinguistics 41 (22 de agosto de 2019): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.2020.41.2.
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This paper applies a structured legal-linguistic profiling approach to EU “staff representation bodies” as a way to access domains that lie behind the public face of EU institutions and their texts concerning translation, language and terminology. The study commences with a legal-linguistic analysis of EU texts for references to “staff”, “staff representation” and “employment” in order to identify specific texts and bodies of relevance to the study. This approach leads to two broad categories: staff committees and trade unions. Information is sought from EU institutions about these bodies and their translation and language arrangements, and a list is made of websites available to the general public. These sites are then examined as part of the legal-linguistic profiling approach.
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Mayer, Thierry, Vincent Vicard y Soledad Zignago. "The cost of non-Europe, revisited*". Economic Policy 34, n.º 98 (1 de abril de 2019): 145–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiz002.
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Summary In this paper, we quantify the “Cost of Non-Europe”, that is, the trade-related welfare gains each country member has reaped from the European Union (EU). Thirty years after the terminology of Non-Europe was used to give estimates of the gains from further integration, we use modern versions of the gravity model to estimate the trade creation implied by the EU, and apply those to counterfactual exercises where for instance the EU returns to a “normal,” shallow-type regional agreement, or reverts to WTO rules. Those scenarios are envisioned with or without the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU (Brexit) happening, which points to interesting cross-country differences and potential cascade effects in doing and undoing of trade agreements.
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Radyszewska, Ołesia. "УПЛИВ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО ПРАВА НА ОНОВЛЕННЯ ПОНЯТІЙНО-ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНОГО АПАРАТУ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО ПРАВА УКРАЇНИ: ФІЛОЛОГІЧНО-ПРАВОВИЙ АСПЕКТ". Civitas et Lex 27, n.º 3 (3 de octubre de 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.5302.
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In the context of European and Euro-Atlantic integration the terminology of national administrative law undergoes significant changes: there is a re-evaluation of the main legal categories, new terms that are not specific to the Ukrainian terminology are introduced, linguistic constructions that are modified in the contextualization process are used. In this article the author explores the concepts, features and issues that arise when translating the terms used in the EU law and the Council of Europe law in the field of administrative law, as well as in European administrative law; determines their impact on updating the terminology of modern administrative law of Ukraine. The author pays special attention to the issues of translation and introduction of English terms into the national administrative law, in particular public administration, public interest, good administration, good governance, public authority, etc. The author summaries the issues that arise during the translation of administrative terminology by translators from European languages (including English), as well as the ways to overcome them.
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Kerremans, Koen, Isabelle Desmeytere, Rita Temmerman y Patrick Wille. "Application-oriented terminography in financial forensics". Terminology 11, n.º 1 (17 de junio de 2005): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.11.1.05ker.
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This paper covers ongoing terminography work in the FF POIROT project, a European research project in which formal and shareable knowledge repositories (i.e. ontologies) and ontology-based applications are developed for the prevention of value added tax carousel fraud in the EU and the detection of securities fraud. We will emphasise that the knowledge requirements regarding users and applications determine what textual information should be structured at macro- and micro-levels of the FF POIROT multilingual terminology base. Furthermore, we will present our ideas concerning a multidisciplinary approach in terminography, called ‘Termontography’, for future application-oriented terminology development.
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Vesela, Dagmar y Katarina Klimova. "Creative industries and their relation to translation/interpreting practice and to innovation". Global Journal of Computer Science 5, n.º 1 (13 de noviembre de 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjcs.v5i1.28.
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<p>As an economic sector, creative industries include all human activities associated with creativity, and they comprise a modern phenomenon which contributes significantly to the sustainment of economic growth and employment in a world afflicted by the financial and economic crisis. It is for these reasons that they have become a part of the EU agenda, where they are seen as connected to the cultural industries (CCI). Discussions focused on the creative economy are increasingly included in legislators’ speeches and EU working and legislative materials filled with the new terminology of this field. The philosophy of creative industries and of the creative economy has its origins in the Anglophone world and this is also reflected in the key CCI terminology. As intercultural and interlingual mediators, interpreters and translators are confronted with this fact in their work and offer information to the intended recipient in the language of the target culture. In the EU’s case, this means more than 20 working languages. In this paper, we focus on two of them – Slovak, French – and we will point out the specifics of translation of borrowed lexical units (Anglicisms). We also briefly describe the efforts to establish an innovative university programme focused on the multilingual processing of information.</p><p> </p>Keywords: Creative industries, Terminology, Multidisciplinary Education, Innovation.
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Pavlíková, Barbara. "Obligations Related to the Transportation of pet Animals (Eu Legislation) / Povinnosti Súvisiace S Prepravou Spoločenských Zvierat (Európska Legislatíva)". EU agrarian Law 4, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2015): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2015-0004.
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Abstract A present paper deals with the question very often solved by the pet owner all around the EU Member States. It provides a closer look at the obligations associated with the travelling with the pet animals between the Member States or between the Member State and the third countries. It is focused on non-commercial transportation of pets, as vacation, trip, etc. Contribution by the means of synthesis, analysis and comparison offers an overview of the fundamental EU legislative acts in the fi eld in question. It also addresses the issue of pet passports, the most important identifi cation document, required for pet animals at the EU territory. Defi nitions of the frequently used terminology are listed.
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Tatu, Oana. "Building a terminological tool as implementation instrument of the sustainable built environment". Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies 14 (63), n.º 2 (enero de 2022): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2021.63.14.2.9.
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The Sustainable Built Environment, as a corollary to Sustainable Development, is an EU policy priority whose implementation is legally stipulated for all EU countries. As for the Romanian-specific terminology employed by decision-makers, there are critical inconsistencies pertaining to mistranslations or fluctuating translations of standardized English terms. This article outlines the purpose and objectives of the envisaged project, highlights its interdisciplinarity, and displays the steps to be taken in developing a terminological tool that is meant to be of use to linguists, scientists, and field specialists alike.
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Berry, D. C., D. K. RAYNOR y P. Knapp. "Communicating risk of medication side effects: An empirical evaluation of EU recommended terminology". Psychology, Health & Medicine 8, n.º 3 (agosto de 2003): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354850031000135704.
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O'Brien, Charlotte. "Bringing EU law back down to Earth". International Journal of Law in Context 18, n.º 4 (22 de noviembre de 2022): 450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552322000337.
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AbstractTraditional approaches to teaching EU law can seem almost deliberately alienating; there is a lot of incomprehensible stodge that students are told they ‘just have to get through’ before they can really begin. So courses start with memorising technical terminology, institutional facts and then some principles that, without context, can just seem like more jargon. By the time they move on to case-law and legislation, the idea that these things are useful domestic tools has long since vanished. Instead, a contextual approach mitigates a trio of risks that have beset traditional EU law teaching – the risks of excessive positivism, excessive abstraction and excessive black-letter lawyering. Context requires critical engagement with, rather than simple absorption of, law; it makes the law accessible and applicable; and it involves socio-legal and interdisciplinary methods and materials. It is, of course, risky in different ways – but we should have a greater appetite for risks related not to cognitive stagnation, but to intellectual challenge.
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de Graaf, Arnaud. "ATA Directive: Some Observations Regarding Formal Aspects". EC Tax Review 25, Issue 4 (1 de agosto de 2016): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2016021.
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In this article the authors analyse to what extent the objectives of the Council of the European Union (EU) and the EU Commission are effectively realized through the ATA Directive. Authors believe that the choice for a Directive is likely not the most effective, while for a substantial period potentially resulting in legal uncertainty regarding the scope of the Directive’s terminology and provisions. The relationship with existing international (tax) treaty obligations is complex as well as with existing income tax Directives. Moreover, the choice for a Directive puts the tax authorities – who have the primary initiative in applying its provisions – in a relative weaker position since under EU law they cannot unlike taxpayers directly apply the Directive’s provisions. Finally, it can be questioned where local tax authorities have the initiative, whether the EU Commission review and monitoring process will be sufficient to safeguard a consistent application of the Directive’s provisions within the EU, creating a level playing field. In view of this, authors conclude that a Regulation or alternatively a peer review mechanism may result in less legal uncertainty and a more effective mechanism to realize the Council of the EU and the EU Commission’s objectives.
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Žukova, Marina. "BORDER GUARDS’ COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS". BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, n.º 8 (20 de octubre de 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5355.
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Knowledge of English professional terminology is one of the predominant factors for border guards’ successful professional performance during both border and immigration control carried out at their national state border and inside the country and also joint operations organised and implemented by the European Border and Coast Guard at the EU external borders. The present article suggests an overview of the results of the measures taken by the State Border Guard of Latvia in 2017-2020 to facilitate the improvement of Latvian border guards’ competence in English professional terminology. Based on the results of the survey the author puts forward suggestions for possible improvements in English language training and testing for border guards.
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Erjavec, Tomaž. "The IJS-ELAN Slovene-English Parallel Corpus". International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 7, n.º 1 (18 de octubre de 2002): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.7.1.01erj.
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The paper presents an annotated parallel Slovene-English corpus developed in the scope of the EU ELAN project. The IJS-ELAN corpus was compiled to be a widely distributable dataset for language engineering and for translation and terminology studies. The corpus contains 1 million words from fifteen recent terminology-rich texts. The corpus is sentence aligned and word-tagged with context disambiguated morphosyntactic descriptions and lemmas. These descriptions model simple feature structures, the structure of which is shared between Slovene and English. The corpus is encoded according to the Guidelines for Text Encoding and Interchange and is freely available on the Web for downloading. Additionally, access to IJS-ELAN is available via a powerful Web concordancer.
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Žukova, Marina. "BORDER GUARDS’ COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS". BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, n.º 8 (20 de octubre de 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5355.
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Knowledge of English professional terminology is one of the predominant factors for border guards’ successful professional performance during both border and immigration control carried out at their national state border and inside the country and also joint operations organised and implemented by the European Border and Coast Guard at the EU external borders. The present article suggests an overview of the results of the measures taken by the State Border Guard of Latvia in 2017-2020 to facilitate the improvement of Latvian border guards’ competence in English professional terminology. Based on the results of the survey the author puts forward suggestions for possible improvements in English language training and testing for border guards.
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Tomaszewska, Aleksandra y Natalia Zawadzka-Paluektau. "Translating a pandemic: A corpus study of COVID-19 multi-word terminology in EU press releases". Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, n.º 17(4) (29 de septiembre de 2021): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2020.4.01.
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The study employs a parallel English-Polish corpus to investigate how COVID-19 multi-word terms are handled in translations of EU press releases. Translation techniques are examined at four levels of analysis: (1) term variation, (2) institutionalization, (3) domestication/foreignization, and (4) degree of transfer of information. The results are discussed in regard to the characteristics of COVID-19 terminology and its, often neological, instability, which manifests itself in high levels of terminological variation, inconsistent use of recommended institutional equivalents, and varied degrees of information transfer between SL and TL. The findings are also reviewed in light of the nature of press releases which, as an essential link in the transmission of knowledge from EU institutions to citizens, prompt the use of domesticating techniques.
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Tomaszewska, Aleksandra y Natalia Zawadzka-Paluektau. "Translating a pandemic: A corpus study of COVID-19 multi-word terminology in EU press releases". Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, n.º 17(4) (29 de septiembre de 2021): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2020.4.01.
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The study employs a parallel English-Polish corpus to investigate how COVID-19 multi-word terms are handled in translations of EU press releases. Translation techniques are examined at four levels of analysis: (1) term variation, (2) institutionalization, (3) domestication/foreignization, and (4) degree of transfer of information. The results are discussed in regard to the characteristics of COVID-19 terminology and its, often neological, instability, which manifests itself in high levels of terminological variation, inconsistent use of recommended institutional equivalents, and varied degrees of information transfer between SL and TL. The findings are also reviewed in light of the nature of press releases which, as an essential link in the transmission of knowledge from EU institutions to citizens, prompt the use of domesticating techniques.
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Killman, Jeffrey. "Applicability of EU multilingual resources". Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, n.º 6 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 861–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00018.kil.
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Abstract Vocabulary is often considered one of the most difficult aspects of translating legal texts, and finding reliable textual supports is often a challenge too. This study presents the results of an experiment to use, as often as possible, multilingual EU resources with versions in Spanish and English as textual supports for a large sample of vocabulary that warranted research when the author was involved in translating into English a voluminous text of judgment summaries produced by the Supreme Court of Spain. In the majority of cases it was indeed possible to find high quality translations in EUR-Lex (Access to European Law) and IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe), signaling, on the one hand, significant legal language overlap possibilities between the EU and Spain and, on the other, great potential for employing the former’s linguistic resources in the translation of the latter’s legal texts. Moreover, this study analyzes the results with an eye to linking the different types of vocabulary items that were searched to the different types of textual supports they were found in, to see how different kinds of supports (a collection of texts and their translations, such as EUR-Lex, or a multilingual terminological resource, such as IATE) might pair well with different kinds of vocabulary items. In this way the study also addresses some of the different opinions surrounding using online collections of texts and their translations (i.e. multilingual corpora) vs. multilingual terminological resources.
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Marot, Naja y Alexandra Kruse. "Towards common terminology on energy landscapes - preface". Tájökológiai Lapok 16, Suppl. 2 (20 de diciembre de 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3593.
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The COST RELY Glossary on Renewable Energy and Landscape Quality is the result of the European COST RELY project that focused on investigating the influence of renewable energy production on landscape quality. 31 people participated in developing and revising the definitions and descriptions for the 46 terms included in the glossary. Work was done in the period from 2015 to 2017 in multiple rounds of revision done by the RELY experts. Terms in the glossary are clustered into three groups: first group terms are directly connected to the landscape and its characteristics, the second one touches the planning process and methods, and the last one covers different renewable energy sources and production types. Each entry to the glossary consists of six elements: the term, definition, related terms, keywords, illustration(s) and sources. The terms are based on the expert knowledge of the contributors, scientific literature (monographs and articles), EU regulation, relevant web pages and other useful sources, stated in the Reference section. At the end of the glossary, terms are translated into 28 European languages including Esperanto. The glossary targets the researchers from the field, policy makers, local communities, investors in the sector of renewable energy and NGOs concerned with the matter in order to assure that people from different educational background and profession understand and use the term in the same manner. Beside from internal Action use, the terms shall contribute to existing glossaries on the relevant topics.
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Grietēna, Indra. "TRANSLATION PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EU CONTEXT". Vertimo studijos 4, n.º 4 (6 de abril de 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2011.4.10579.
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The paper reviews publications by Latvian linguists looking at the main translation problems within the context of the EU between 2005 and 2010. The author analyses the publications from three aspects: general aspects of translation problems and practices within the EU context, particular translation problems, and methodological publications providing guidelines for translators working within the EU context. The author reveals discussions on the ways translation influences language in general, the role of the source language for the development of the target language, and the role and responsibility of a translator at the ‘historical crossroads’. The article discusses a number of EU-specific translation problems, including source language interference, problems of the translator’s visibility and a translation’s transparency, ‘false friends’, and linguistic and contextual untranslatability. The author briefly summarizes the contents of guidelines and manuals for translators working within the EU context, highlighting the main differences between English and Latvian written language practices, literal (word-for-word) translation and the translator’s relationship with the source text. The publications selected and analysed have been published either in conference proceedings or in academic journals from the leading Latvian institutions in the field of translation: Ventspils University College, the University of Latvia, the State Language Commission of Latvia and Translation and Terminology Centre of Latvia.
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Mäkelä-Bengs, Päivi, Päivi Hämäläinen, Virpi Kalliokuusi y Riikka Vuokko. "Manual annotation of narrative patient charts – Finnish experiences related to a multilingual text corpus". Finnish Journal of eHealth and eWelfare 11, n.º 1-2 (10 de marzo de 2019): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23996/fjhw.70241.
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ASSESS CT project evaluated SNOMED CT use for patient information exchange in EU. Finland was one of the six participating EU states. The Finnish part of the research was conducted in the National Institute for Health and Welfare. The Finnish experiences and results are interesting from the perspective of a minority language.
Research purpose was to compare SNOMED CT to two alternative terminology scenarios, a UMLS terminology set and a value set of national codes. The Finnish research team participated in the UMLS scenario. Clinical text samples were gathered from the six states resulting in a corpus of 60 texts. All texts were translated to six research languages. The annotators’ task was to identify clinically relevant concepts of a corpus text, add respective codes using a term browser, and evaluate concept and term coverages. The Finnish team conducted annotations as two pairs. The annotators chunked text samples covering 23 % of corpus texts by the first annotator and 35 % by the second. For clinical concepts, the annotators added 818 codes in total, of which 270 (33 %) were exact matches and 548 (66 %) different ones. Main issues affecting the Finnish results were corpus translation quality in a multilingual context and vagueness of annotation guidelines contributing to different interpretations of included semantic groups. Consequently, limited terminology content in Finnish affected results. However, the annotation bridges a path towards more comparable evaluation results of international reference terminologies such as SNOMED CT. The experiences can be used to inform a national level implementation decisions.
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Lomakina, Mariya Andreevna. "Problems of Translating Juridical Terminology by the Material of the EU Migration Terminological System". Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, n.º 4 (abril de 2020): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.4.26.
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Presová, Radmila, Oldřich Tvrdoň y Andrea Živělová. "Importance of intrastat in EU intra-Community trade". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, n.º 3 (2008): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856030175.
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The paper deals with the importance of Intrastat and Eurostat for mutual trade with goods between EU countries and third countries. It informs about the importance of statistical data for all legal forms of trade companies, multinational companies, public administration institutions and service businesses. It points out that accepting the Czech Republic as a member of EU changed the use of terminology in foreign trade. For goods transactions between EU member states the terms sending and receiving are used, whereas the traditional terminology export – import is used for foreign trade with the third countries.Paper describes legal regulations including the instructions for statistical data records, specifically the Directive of the European parliament and Council No. 638/2004, appended by the Commission directive No. 1980/2004 and Public notice of the Czech statistical office from 18th May, 2005. Based on the retrospective view it shows the development of legal regulation and the importance of quoted directive for determining and recording statistical data. It notifies that statistical data are necessary for recognition of the course of integration of the internal market, formation of agricultural policy and adopting anti-dumping measures. Paper acquaints with organisation of statistics within the European Union. It also notifies that statistical system includes also the countries of Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein.Results of foreign trade in 2007 show the involvement of the Czech Republic in mutual trade with the EU countries, to which 85.22 % of the total value of exported goods was sent, which represents the amount of CZK 194 056 per inhabitant of the Czech Republic. In the same year, goods of the total share of 69.90 % was received from the EU countries, which represents the amount of CZK 162 021 per inhabitant. Our most important trade partner is Germany, with which we have reached the turnover of CZK 1 429 986. According to the goods nomenclature, the highest share was exported in the case of motor vehicles (18.25 %), and machines and equipment (11.90 %).Calculation was done using the method of vertical and horizontal analysis. Authors got to the conclusion, that the use of these methods only is insufficient for evaluation of the mutual trade relations’ dynamics. Total values have to be recalculated to a comparable indicator, which is one inhabitant of a particular country.
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Rackevičienė, Sigita, Giedrė Valūnaitė Oleškevičienė y Gabrielė Galkutė. "Equivalence of Lease and Tenancy Terminology in English and Lithuanian". Linguaculture 2016, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2016-0013.
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Abstract Prompted by globalization and the importance of international communication in the legal sphere, legal language acquires an increasing importance. Contract law draws special attention in the EU and worldwide, and raises a demand for harmonization of the legal terminology of different languages and legal systems. Contracts in Anglo- Saxon and Lithuanian law have similar basic elements; however, they also contain significant differences which are determined by the regulations of the legal systems in which contracts are formed. The terminology used in the contracts also presents important peculiarities. The article focuses on the terminology of lease and tenancy agreements and provides results of the contrastive semantic analysis, the aim of which is to establish the degree of equivalence of the collected English terms and their Lithuanian counterparts. All investigated English terms have synonyms, which makes the task even more complex, as most of such synonyms have certain semantic differences and may be used interchangeably only in certain contexts. The findings of the research are believed to be valuable to legal translators, as well as compilers of legal dictionaries and databases.
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Dogoriti, Elefthéria y Théodore Vyzas. "Didactising specialised parallel corpora: the case of European directives". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 73, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2022): 942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2022-0018.
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Abstract Within the framework of a didactic proposal, this article proposes to present a preliminary step to the specialized translation French-Greek. It will attempt to highlight the benefits of autonomous learning through the consultation of a corpus of specialized parallel texts established by the EU institutions. The use of concordancers will provide solutions to students wishing to study the variability of terminology and specialized vocabulary at monolingual and bilingual levels.
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Mondelaers, Ben J. E. y Marie-Claire Coets-Dehard. "Speech and Language Therapy in the European Union". Journal of Clinical Speech and Language Studies 5, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 1995): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/acs-1995-5105.
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Mondelaers and Coets-Dehard conclude that there are many similarities and differences across professional practice in the EU. These differences have given rise to variations in the use of terminology. Through contact with the first author we, as editors, have tried to clarify some of the ambiguities and discrepancies, which have arisen both from the translation process and from the different professional practices. Where possible, the author’s interpretation of terminology used has been included. However some additional factual queries remain. Those pertaining to the Irish context are indicated in the text by the following symbol: ∼. Finally, in compiling their information, the authors have included French and Flemish speaking Belgium as separate countries in some contexts but not in others, which leads to apparent numerical discrepancies on some tables.
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Peruzzo, Katia. "Term extraction and management based on event templates". Terminology 20, n.º 2 (31 de octubre de 2014): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.20.2.02per.
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The paper examines the possible usage of event templates derived from Frame-Based Terminology (Faber et al. 2005, 2006, 2007) as an aid to the extraction and management of legal terminology embedded in the multi-level legal system of the European Union. The method proposed here, which combines semi-automatic term extraction and a simplified event template containing six categories, is applied to an English corpus of EU texts focusing on victims of crime and their rights. Such a combination allows for the extraction of category-relevant terminological units and additional information, which can then be used for populating a terminological knowledge base organised on the basis of the same event template, but which also employs additional classification criteria to account for the multidimensionality encountered in the corpus.
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Baklazhenko, Yuliia. "LEGAL TERMINOLOGY: CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION". Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, n.º 1 (7 de diciembre de 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.1-n000111.
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Background: Ukraine’s decision to choose a pro-western trajectory of development has brought about new challenges, among which are problems in the approximation of a national legal system with EU law. To overcome these challenges, we must develop a well-grounded scientific approach to dealing with the translation of legal terminology, paying special attention to the classification of legal terminology and the difficulties that translators often face. The results of the present study indicate that English-language legal discourse needs further research and development. The process of translating a legal text presents a number of challenges related to the peculiarities of legal language, the linguistic and cultural disparities between the source language and the target language, the divergent legal systems, and different linguistic traditions. A special role is played by difficulties brought on by the legal nature of terms and differences in national legal systems. Methods: In this article, the authors use a comparative-analytical method, together with continuous sampling of the databases and dictionaries of English-Ukrainian legal terminology via a qualitative method. Results and Conclusions: Lexical-semantic transformations and methods are proposed to address linguistic challenges. These are techniques such as transcoded borrowing, calquing, analogue replacement, descriptive and explanatory translation, modulation, concretisation, generalisation, addition, and omission. These methods help to preserve the meaning of terminological units with a possible replacement of their structure. From our perspective, the most expedient solutions for translating linguistically challenging terms are calquing, descriptive translation, and addition. These methods preserve the semantic meaning of the original term and reproduce it as clearly as possible in the target language. The article emphasises the necessity for further advancement in a specific direction on the subject of English-language legal discourse and the exploration of novel approaches to the problem of translating English-language legal terminology.
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Gaveika, Arturs y Ilona Bulgakova. "ASYLUM LAW REGULATION AND CURRENT EVENTS OF ITS APPLICATION IN LATVIA". BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 1, n.º 6 (10 de mayo de 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v1i6.1700.
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The development of the regulatory framework of Latvia’s Asylum and external border is determined by international regulatory framework, the EU's regulatory framework and influence of Latvian bilateral relationship as well as the need to balance the free movement of persons which is essential part of human rights in order to ensure the legislation in relation to Latvian external border regime within international and national legal framework. This is evidenced as a problematic issue in regulatory framework, law practices and border control both in Latvia and other EU countries. It is necessary to explore international, EU and national legal framework within the EU's external borders functioning in Latvia by detecting problems in the EU's Asylum determination in the context of border regime and border control regulatory framework, by exploring legislation, legal concepts, incompleteness of terminology and eventually to develop suggestions for improving laws and regulations. The primary method is Analytical method - the analysis of international, EU, the Schengen Acquis and the national regulatory framework and administrative practice.
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Vecchiato, Virginia. "Definition as a Genre in Three Legal Systems: A Comparative Analysis". Comparative Legilinguistics 44, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cl-2020-0012.
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Abstract This paper aims at comparing the definition of ‘trademark’ in three different legal systems – EU law, international law and US common law – in order to identify the discoursal, generic and textual characteristics of definition as a genre. The selected corpus of analysis is made up of three definitions from EU Regulation 2017/1001, WTO Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and US Lanham Act (sec.45) and of several US cases from 1926 to 2019. The theoretical framework within which the analysis is carried out is the seminal work on definition as carried out by Richard Robinson (1954) and Harris and Hutton (2007). The approach is mainly linguistic, though a historical excursus on the concept of definition is provided as a necessary introductory premise. The findings demonstrate that EU legal texts are characterised by a hybrid style (Robertson 2010) which results from the combination of common law and civil law textual features. The analysis of the definitional sections here displayed supports this point and confirms that EU term formation and definition are text-driven (Šarčević 2016). EU legal texts in their English version originate from the dynamic combination of two aspects: one connected to EU legal English – which is not common law English – and one connected to matters of terminology, syntax and general structure which has a French origin.
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Knudsen, Mikkel Stein, Marianna Birmoser Ferreira-Aulu, Jari Kaivo-oja y Jyrki Luukkanen. "Energy Research Infrastructures in Europe and Beyond: Mapping an Unmapped Landscape". European Integration Studies 1, n.º 15 (16 de septiembre de 2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.15.28840.
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European research and innovation policy highlights the importance of transnational scientific collaboration, International collaborations in science concentrates and magnifies resources for conducting research and foster innovation. Often, individual institutions, or even individual European countries, cannot provide the right capabilities by themselves. Joint facilities and Research Infrastructures (RIs) are therefore of high importance, and through Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe nearly €5 bn EU funding is set aside for these institutions. Considering the large-scale funding and the perceived importance of RIs, a better understanding of their roles, functions, and usefulness is highly relevant to of European integration studies. While ‘Research Infrastructures’ has become a fixed terminology of EU-policy, conceptually defining RIs remain a matter of academic debate. We contribute to the “what is an RI?”-discussion by synthesizing existing literature and presenting novel empirical data from the energy domain mapping of the Horizon 2020-project Research Infrastructures in the International Landscape (RISCAPE). We provide insights into the process of mapping an hitherto largely unknown landscape of global Energy RIs. These insights touch upon both definitional issues relevant to the RI-field and methodological concerns for future landscape analyses. Finally, the article suggests that when it comes to energy research, RI-terminology might be misplaced as a catchall modern synonym for “gold standard world-class science”.