Tesis sobre el tema "Estimation des rendements agricoles"
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Dinh, Thi Lan Anh. "Crop yield simulation using statistical and machine learning models. From the monitoring to the seasonal and climate forecasting". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS425.
Texto completoWeather and climate strongly impact crop yields. Many studies based on different techniques have been done to measure this impact. This thesis focuses on statistical models to measure the sensitivity of crops to weather conditions based on historical records. When using a statistical model, a critical difficulty arises when data is scarce, which is often the case with statistical crop modelling. There is a high risk of overfitting if the model development is not done carefully. Thus, careful validation and selection of statistical models are major concerns of this thesis. Two statistical approaches are developed. The first one uses linear regression with regularization and leave-one-out cross-validation (or LOO), applied to Robusta coffee in the main coffee-producing area of Vietnam (i.e. the Central Highlands). Coffee is a valuable commodity crop, sensitive to weather, and has a very complex phenology due to its perennial nature. Results suggest that precipitation and temperature information can be used to forecast the yield anomaly with 3–6 months' anticipation depending on the location. Estimates of Robusta yield at the end of the season show that weather explains up to 36 % of historical yield anomalies. The first approach using LOO is widely used in the literature; however, it can be misused for many reasons: it is technical, misinterpreted, and requires experience. As an alternative, the “leave-two-out nested cross-validation” (or LTO) approach, is proposed to choose the suitable model and assess its true generalization ability. This method is sophisticated but straightforward; its benefits are demonstrated for Robusta coffee in Vietnam and grain maize in France. In both cases, a simpler model with fewer potential predictors and inputs is more appropriate. Using only the LOO method, without any regularization, can be highly misleading as it encourages choosing a model that overfits the data in an indirect way. The LTO approach is also useful in seasonal forecasting applications. The end-of-season grain maize yield estimates suggest that weather can account for more than 40 % of the variability in yield anomaly. Climate change's impacts on coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam are also studied using climate simulations and suitability models. Climate data are, however, biased compared to the real-world climate. Therefore, many “bias correction” methods (called here instead “calibration”) have been introduced to correct these biases. An up-to-date review of the available methods is provided to better understand each method's assumptions, properties, and applicative purposes. The climate simulations are then calibrated by a quantile-based method before being used in the suitability models. The suitability models are developed based on census data of coffee areas, and potential climate variables are based on a review of previous studies using impact models for coffee and expert recommendations. Results show that suitable arabica areas in Brazil could decrease by about 26 % by the mid-century in the high-emissions scenario, while the decrease is surprisingly high for Vietnamese Robusta coffee (≈ 60 %). Impacts are significant at low elevations for both coffee types, suggesting potential shifts in production to higher locations. The used statistical approaches, especially the LTO technique, can contribute to the development of crop modelling. They can be applied to a complex perennial crop like coffee or more industrialized annual crops like grain maize. They can be used in seasonal forecasts or end-of-season estimations, which are helpful in crop management and monitoring. Estimating the future crop suitability helps to anticipate the consequences of climate change on the agricultural system and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. Methodologies used in this thesis can be easily generalized to other cultures and regions worldwide
Mathieu, Jordane. "Modèles d'impact statistiques en agriculture : de la prévision saisonnière à la prévision à long terme, en passant par les estimations annuelles". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE006/document.
Texto completoIn agriculture, weather is the main factor of variability between two consecutive years. This thesis aims to build large-scale statistical models that estimate the impact of weather conditions on agricultural yields. The scarcity of available agricultural data makes it necessary to construct simple models with few predictors, and to adapt model selection methods to avoid overfitting. Careful validation of statistical models is a major concern of this thesis. Neural networks and mixed effects models are compared, showing the importance of local specificities. Estimates of US corn yield at the end of the year show that temperature and precipitation information account for an average of 28% of yield variability. In several more weather-sensitive states, this score increases to nearly 70%. These results are consistent with recent studies on the subject. Mid-season maize crop yield forecasts are possible from July: as of July, the meteorological information available accounts for an average of 25% of the variability in final yield in the United States and close to 60% in more weather-sensitive states like Virginia. The northern and southeastern regions of the United States are the least well predicted. Predicting years for which extremely low yields are encountered is an important task. We use a specific method of classification, and show that with only 4 weather predictors, 71% of the very low yields are well detected on average. The impact of climate change on yields up to 2060 is also studied: the model we build provides information on the speed of evolution of yields in different counties of the United States. This highlights areas that will be most affected. For the most affected states (south and east coast), and with constant agricultural practice, the model predicts yields nearly divided by two in 2060, under the IPCC RCP 4.5 scenario. The northern states would be less affected. The statistical models we build can help for management on the short-term (seasonal forecasts) or to quantify the quality of the harvests before post-harvest surveys, as an aid to the monitoring (estimate at the end of the year). Estimations for the next 50 years help to anticipate the consequences of climate change on agricultural yields, and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. The methodology used in this thesis is easily generalized to other cultures and other regions of the world
Mathieu, Jordane. "Modèles d'impact statistiques en agriculture : de la prévision saisonnière à la prévision à long terme, en passant par les estimations annuelles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE006.
Texto completoIn agriculture, weather is the main factor of variability between two consecutive years. This thesis aims to build large-scale statistical models that estimate the impact of weather conditions on agricultural yields. The scarcity of available agricultural data makes it necessary to construct simple models with few predictors, and to adapt model selection methods to avoid overfitting. Careful validation of statistical models is a major concern of this thesis. Neural networks and mixed effects models are compared, showing the importance of local specificities. Estimates of US corn yield at the end of the year show that temperature and precipitation information account for an average of 28% of yield variability. In several more weather-sensitive states, this score increases to nearly 70%. These results are consistent with recent studies on the subject. Mid-season maize crop yield forecasts are possible from July: as of July, the meteorological information available accounts for an average of 25% of the variability in final yield in the United States and close to 60% in more weather-sensitive states like Virginia. The northern and southeastern regions of the United States are the least well predicted. Predicting years for which extremely low yields are encountered is an important task. We use a specific method of classification, and show that with only 4 weather predictors, 71% of the very low yields are well detected on average. The impact of climate change on yields up to 2060 is also studied: the model we build provides information on the speed of evolution of yields in different counties of the United States. This highlights areas that will be most affected. For the most affected states (south and east coast), and with constant agricultural practice, the model predicts yields nearly divided by two in 2060, under the IPCC RCP 4.5 scenario. The northern states would be less affected. The statistical models we build can help for management on the short-term (seasonal forecasts) or to quantify the quality of the harvests before post-harvest surveys, as an aid to the monitoring (estimate at the end of the year). Estimations for the next 50 years help to anticipate the consequences of climate change on agricultural yields, and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. The methodology used in this thesis is easily generalized to other cultures and other regions of the world
Choker, Mohammad. "Estimation de la rugosité du sol en milieux agricoles à partir de données Sentinel-1". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0001/document.
Texto completoSpatial remote sensing is of paramount importance for mapping and monitoring environmental problems. Its interest lies in the ability of space satellite sensors in providing permanent information of the planet, at local, regional and global scales. Also, it provides spatial and repetitive territories visions and ecosystem views. Radar remote sensing has shown great potential in recent years for the characterization of soil surface conditions. The state of the soil surface, in particular moisture and roughness, has a fundamental influence on the distribution of rainfall between infiltration, surface retention and runoff. In addition, it plays an essential role in surface hydrological processes and those associated with erosion and evapotranspiration processes. Characterization and consideration of these surface conditions have been recently considered as an important issue for physically based modeling of hydrological processes or for surface-atmosphere coupling. In this context and for several years, several scientific studies have shown the potential of active microwave data for estimation of the soil moisture and the surface roughness.New SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) systems have opened new perspectives for earth observation through improved spatial resolution (metric on TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed) and temporal resolution (TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, Sentinel-1) . The recent availability of new Sentinel-1 C-band radar sensors (free and open access) makes it essential to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-1 data for the characterization of soil surface conditions and in particular surface roughness.The work revolves around three parts. The first part consist of evaluation of the most used radar backscattering models (IEM, Oh, Dubois, and AIEM) using a wide dataset of SAR data and experimental soil measurements. This evaluation gives the ability to find the most robust backscattering model that simulates the radar signal with good agreement in order to use later in the inversion procedure of the radar signal for estimating the soil roughness. The second research axe of this thesis consists of proposing an empirical radar backscattering model for HH, HV and VV polarizations. This new model will be developed using a large real dataset. This new model also will be used in the inversion procedure of the radar signal for estimating the soil roughness. The last axe of this thesis consists of producing a method to invert the radar signal using neural networks. The objective is to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-1 data for estimating surface roughness. These neural networks will be trained using wide synthetic dataset produced from the radar backscattering models chosen (IEM calibrated by Baghdadi and the new proposed model) and validated using two datasets: one synthetic dataset and one real (Sentinel 1 images and in-situ measurements). The real datasets are collected from Tunisia (Kairouan) and France (Versailles)
Philippe, Roudier. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : Quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Texto completoSérélé, Zogbo Charles. "Prédiction des rendements agricoles du maïs et du soya, et du déficit en azote du maïs à l'aide d'images aéroportées et d'un réseau de neurones à rétropropagation". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2726.
Texto completoSérélé, Zogbo Charles. "Prédiction des rendements agricoles du maïs et du soya, et du déficit en azote du maïs à l'aide d'images aéroportées et d'u réseau de neurones à rétropropagation". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
Buscar texto completoSultan, Benjamin. "Etude de la mise en place de la mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest et de la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la convection : Applications à la sensibilité des rendements agricoles". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070027.
Texto completoBy using daily rainfall data and wind reanalyses over the period 1968-1990 we document two main aspects of the West African monsoon dynamics : the onset of the monsoon and the intraseasonal modulation of convention. It is shown that the onset stage is linked to an abrupt latitudinal shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone associated to the heat low dynamics. We also show the evidence of coherent fluctuations in the rainfall and wind fields in two spectral windows : around 15 days, and between 30 and 40 days. These fluctuations are characterized by a westward propagation of large cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies with a modulation of Mesoscale Convective System characteristics. By using a crop model SARRA-H (CIRAD), we study the agricultural impacts. It is shown that our definition of the onset can improve the yield through a better choice of the showing date. It is also shown a strong impact of extra-seasonal dry sequences during the flowering and the grain ripening phases
Richard, Pierrot. "Estimation de la matière organique des sols agricoles au Sud du Québec par l'utilisation de réflectances spectrales". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2533.
Texto completoSanchez, Richard. "Estimation du soutien aux producteurs : vérification empirique des hypothèses sous-jacentes". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26765/26765.pdf.
Texto completoPalma-Lopez, David. "Contribution à l'étude des potentialités agricoles et des flux azotés dans divers sols cultivés en maïs". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_PALMA_LOPEZ_D.pdf.
Texto completoRoudier, Philippe. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières". Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we first aim at reviewing all the studies assessing the impact of future climate changes on agricultural yields. The median value of all relative changes of yield is -11%. We also underline the relevance for future studies to define a large range of climatic scenarios. Based on these conclusions, we next intend to evaluate the impact of future climate change on West African yields using 35 meteorological stations. Results reveal a negative evolution of average yield, mainly driven by temperature rise. Rainfall anomalies can only compensate (positive anomaly) or aggravate (negative) this tendency. We also find that potential impacts are more pessimistic for cultivars with a constant cycle length. Given these previous findings about high year-to-year variability of rainfall (thus entailing a variability of yields) and given the uncertain future climate, we are led to study next what interest the farmers would have in having climatic information such as seasonal forecasts. These forecasts can be used to minimize the impacts of rainfall variability. We compute the value of such forecasts for millet growers in Niger, using a simple economic model. Results reveal a positive impact of such forecasts on average income, even for dry years and with a forecast accuracy close to a real one. This increase reaches +34% if other information such as the onset and the offset of the rainy season are given. Finally, we develop participatory workshops in Senegal (i) to study precisely how farmers change their cropping strategies with seasonal and decadal forecasts and (ii) to quantify the impact of such forecasts on yields. This study reveals that forecasts have mainly no impact on yields (62%). However, it is positive in 31% of cases
Canal, Nicolas. "Application à l'agriculture de la prévision saisonnière : évaluation à l'échelle de la France". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2710/.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to assess how the use of seasonal weather forecast with a wheat growth model can anticipate the agrometeorological variables of this crop. Seasonal weather forecast of the ENSEMBLES project are used over the 1981-2005 period with a crop model developed by Arvalis (an agricultural French institute), and called Panoramix (Gate, 1995). At the same time, statistical predictions based on the ISBA-A-gs generic land surface model (Calvet et al. , 1998) indicators, or land satellite data (Baret et al. , 2013) are both assessed. We show that a GCM ensemble is able to give better agrometeorological variables estimations than a single model ensemble or than a climatological-based method. The predictability is higher using a weather seasonal forecast including a multi-member approach than using the median of the scenarios derived from the forecast system. We also show that in some specific conditions, the ISBA-A-gs model is able to represent the interannual variability of crops (winter/spring cereals) and grasslands. For the same purpose, satellite-derived products are used. We find that the end of the crop growth prediction potential obtained with simulated root-zone soil moisture or LAI satellite data is generally higher for grasslands than for croplands
Jeudy, Sagine. "Estimation des bénéfices associés à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau : application de l'approche des comportements défensifs aux producteurs agricoles québécois". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30506/30506.pdf.
Texto completoThis study aims to analyze the benefits associated with improved water quality by applying the method of "defensive behavior" to Quebec farmers. Perception variables about the degradation of water quality and the environment and characteristics about individuals and farms were included in probit and poisson models to analyze their impact on the probability of adoption of three BMPs, two defensive measures and a health function and to explore the causality between defensive measures and the adoption of BMPs. Many of the aforementioned variables have significant impacts on the adoption of BMPs and defensive measures. We also found that the adoption processes of the three BMPs were correlated. However, we found no link between the adoption of defensive measures and the adoption of BMPs. Finally, the adoption of BMPs reduces the number of days with illness symptoms.
Martelat, Anne. "Estimation des flux hydriques et nitriques dans les sols agricoles. Approche spatiale a plusieurs echelles dans la plaine du rhin superieur". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR13162.
Texto completoBattude, Marjorie. "Estimation des rendements, des besoins et consommations en eau du maïs dans le sud-ouest de la France : apport de la télédétection à hautes résolutions spatiale et temporelle". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30037/document.
Texto completoThis Ph.D. thesis is part of the MAISEO project associating partners among them: the CACG, managing the water supply of several watersheds located in the south west of France, the Meteo-France center and the CESBIO. One of the goals is to develop innovative and operational tools to estimate crops' water needs at the territory scale. The aim is to provide managers tools to better manage the water supplies linked to the predominant crop encountered in south west of France: maize. The objective of the thesis was to estimate the yield and water requirements of maize crop over large areas. For this purpose, we used an agro-meteorological model coupled to optical satellite imagery. Numerous high spatial and temporal resolution images from different sensors have been used, prefiguring the arrival of the Sentinel-2 data launched in 2015. The first part was to combine remote sensing data with the SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield estimates) crop model (Duchemin et al., 2008a) that simulates plant development based on Monteith theory (Monteith, 1972) in order to accurately estimate maize biomass and yield. Numerous field data have been used for the validation at local scale. At regional scale, the results have been aggregated and compared to Agreste yield statistics provided by the French government. Results led us to propose a new formulation of the SAFY model taking into account the temporal variation of the effective light use efficiency (ELUE) and of the specific leaf area (SLA). This modification allows a better simulation of the crop growth dynamics and an improvement of yield estimates at the local and regional scale. Furthermore, we changed the calibration method in order to limit the use of in situ data that are difficult to access over large areas. We also highlighted the contribution of the double logistic function, used to interpolate the NDVI time series. This interpolation enables an accurate determination of the crop growing season and it allows constraining some model parameters such as the emergence date. The SAFY model constrained by remote sensing data is able to well reproduce the yield for the two departments without taking into account the evolution of the soil water storage (Battude et al., 2016)
Fam, Papa Gueye. "Marchés des matières premières agricoles et dynamique des cours : un réexamen par la financiarisation". Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL2002/document.
Texto completoFaced with instability of agricultural commodities’ prices and its consequences especially for developing countries, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the presentation of food commodities’ prices, including recent developments with respect to the offering, taking into account the consequences of global warming and demand, as well as the importance of biofuels. It is also question to present the financialization of economies, and the doubts that take over the role of speculation on the futures markets or the implementation of monetary policies, on the spot prices observed on physical agricultural commodities markets. Following the advanced literature reflections and elements, the second part proceeds of two empirical studies, the first one focused on the impact of speculation about the financial futures markets on the underlying asset’s price (agricultural), while the second one examines the role of money markets through the capacities of the central banker to stabilize short-term interest rates. On this basis, conclusions but also future research are established due to the continuation of the economies financialization process
Bordenave, Simon. "Essai sur les conséquences environnementales de la recherche et développement sur les variétés agricoles". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA038/document.
Texto completoThe sharp increase in agricultural yields in the past 150 years owes a lot to the improvement of plant varieties, which, to large extent, is the result of the research and development process. Whether the research and development effort undertaken by firms operating in this sector and institutions regulating research are socially optimal is an important question for public policies. This thesis aims to contribute to tackling this issue, and its main contribution is to endeavor to account for the impact of crop innovation on the environment. We address the question through three different perspectives: innovation per se, the research and development process, and the institutional framework available to research firms. We show that environmental externalities of research significantly modify social optima
Fam, Papa Gueye. "Marchés des matières premières agricoles et dynamique des cours : un réexamen par la financiarisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL2002.
Texto completoFaced with instability of agricultural commodities’ prices and its consequences especially for developing countries, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the presentation of food commodities’ prices, including recent developments with respect to the offering, taking into account the consequences of global warming and demand, as well as the importance of biofuels. It is also question to present the financialization of economies, and the doubts that take over the role of speculation on the futures markets or the implementation of monetary policies, on the spot prices observed on physical agricultural commodities markets. Following the advanced literature reflections and elements, the second part proceeds of two empirical studies, the first one focused on the impact of speculation about the financial futures markets on the underlying asset’s price (agricultural), while the second one examines the role of money markets through the capacities of the central banker to stabilize short-term interest rates. On this basis, conclusions but also future research are established due to the continuation of the economies financialization process
Promsopha, Gwendoline. "Allocation des terres agricoles et gestion des risques de subsistance". Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100169/document.
Texto completoThis PhD research proposes to study the relationship between informal risk-coping strategies and the nature of land allocation. Informal risk-coping mechanisms are studied here as one potential factor in the failure of land market reforms and the persistence of `non-market' exchange -gifts or free loans. In particular, we show that the bipolar view of land tenure, which opposes `customary' to `market' transfers, does not adequately approach informal risk-coping motivations in land transfers. Two hypotheses are analysed: first, in the absence of insurance markets and public social protection, land has a `safety net' function and households do not sell land but prefer other types of transfers (which retain part of the land's `safety net' function). Secondly, informal risk-coping leads households to participate to hybrid forms of transfers (neither market nor non-market) allowing to combine risk-coping motives with other types of economic necessities. Those two hypotheses are then looked at empirically in two case studies: in Vietnam, where households sell their land only if they are economically stable or have suffered income shocks (distress sales); and in Thailand, where a survey has been done among permanent rural-urban migrants. This surveyconfirms that informal risk-coping slows down land sale markets and sustains transfers such as free-loans. Finally, the Thai data identify traditional risk-sharing institutions in the allocation of land, especially through intra-family free-loans or `disguised rentals'. As a main conclusion, insurance and public protection policies could have a key role in the evaluation of land allocation systems in Thailand and Vietnam
Morel, Julien. "Estimation de la biomasse de canne par modélisation et télédétection. Application à la Réunion". Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0021/document.
Texto completoIn the context of an increasing demand for sugar, the estimation of sugarcane biomass in smallholding farming countries (of which Reunion Island is an example) is an optimization lever of production and thus of sustainability for the sugar industry facing giants such as Brazil, India of China. The objective of this thesis is to explore the contribution of remote sensing for the estimation of sugarcane yields at field scale on Reunion Island. We organized our work in two main approaches: first, a methodological approach, where we explore the coupling (recalibration and forcing) between remote sensing data and modeling, and second, an operational approach where we compare three methods of yield estimation based on remote sensing : (1) empirical relationships between yield and vegetation indices computed from remote sensing data, (2) the efficiency models, with a low number of parameters and thus easily adaptable to different types of crops and (3) forcing a sugarcane crop growth model with data derived from remote sensing. The MOSICAS sugarcane dedicated crop model, which is adapted to the cropping conditions of Reunion Island, was used. Our tests were made on sixty three fields located on two contrasted in-farm sites, and on seven plots located on an experimental site. Our dataset was composed of remote sensing data (SPOT4 & 5 images and thermal infrared data), yield data, climatic data, soil data and cropping practices data (irrigation schedules and harvest dates). Concerning the methodological approach, obtained results showed that remote sensing data, through a better inclusion of the actual state of development of the crop or an optimized parameterization of the model, results in a significant enhancement of the estimation of the yield by the MOSICAS model. In particular, we showed that forcing the model resulted in a gain of accuracy of 2.6 t ha-1. We also recalibrated the radiation use efficiency parameter for each studied cultivar. Finally, we determined an optimized value of the rooting depth parameter using recalibration and the water stress index CWSI as an adjustment variable. Concerning the application approach, our results also showed that the more complex methods of yield estimation do not provide the best results when considering the precision. We therefore recommend using the simple empirical relationship between yield and vegetation indices for the estimation of the sugarcane biomass on Reunion Island. These results offer several prospects: firstly, a better inclusion of the heterogeneity of cultivars used on Reunion Island by recalibrating the key parameters of the yield computation for each of these cultivars in order to test various scenarios of cultivar implantation as a function of climatic zones of the island. The estimation method selected here should also be exported to other sugarcane smallholder countries, particularly with introduction of the Sentinel-2 system to provide open access and high spatial resolution images
Baldé, Younoussa Moussa. "Modélisation et estimation de digesteurs anaérobies pour la dépollution de déchets et la production d'énergie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST183.
Texto completoIn the current context of global warming, the development of renewable energies represents a major challenge. Anaerobic digestion appears to be a very promising solution for achieving the objective of promoting the production of clean energy (biogas) while generating a natural and clean fertilizer for agricultural use (digestate). The final objective is to optimize this process by means of an automated system. However, the process is complex, and uncertain, involving a large number of bacteria and unknown chemical composition of the substrate.Thus, there are multiple challenges to achieving the objectives. Firstly, it is necessary to develop and validate simple models for the complex phenomena taking place in the process. Secondly, the lack of physical sensors intrinsic to anaerobic digestion must be overcome. This aspect is all the more important as it represents one of the barriers to the industrial exploitation of anaerobic digestion in waste treatment. Finally, it is necessary to set up efficient and robust control laws to optimise the operation of this process.In this thesis, the case of a pilot digester at the IST of Mamou (Guinea) was studied. The first step was to characterise the physico-chemical composition of different wastes (animal, municipal and industrial wastes). Then, a mathematical model was determined from the experimental data obtained on the pilot process (ADM1 model and reduced models). Finally, the design of an estimator for the growth rate of bacteria in the digester was proposed from measurements of the biogas flow rate produced
Guillaume, Solenne. "Adaptation d'un modèle de culture et conception d'un modèle de décision pour la gestion conjointe de l'irrigation et de la fertilisation azotée du blé dur". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0027/document.
Texto completoChanges in economic, regulatory and environmental context of agricultural production raise the need for research to evaluate and propose new strategies for joint management of irrigation and fertilization for durum wheat. The thesis had two objectives: i) adapting the simulation crop model STICS to different durum wheat cultivars, and ii) designing a decision model for nitrogen fertilization and irrigation practices. A database containing 373 experimental treatments carried out by INRA and ARVALIS before this PhD work was established and mobilized to conduct the adaptation and the evaluation of crop model. The adaptation of the crop model was first conducted through durum wheat parameter estimation by mathematical optimization. A comparative analysis of three approaches was conducted to select an appropriate approach to obtain an accurate and robust crop model for the simulation of grain yield, grain nitrogen content and intermediate variables (biomass, leaf area, amount of nitrogen absorbed) in different soil and climatic conditions. This study provided a methodological framework for crop models parameters estimation. The results of this study showed that the crop model, with its original formalism, was not sensitive to the effect of splitting of fertilization on the grain nitrogen content and protein concentration. The adaptation was then conducted through the modification of the formalism of nitrogen accumulation in grains by introducing a formalism inspired the AZODYN crop model. The modification did not significantly improve the model's sensitivity to the effect of N splitting on the nitrogen content of grain. The results of this study call into question the ability of crop model to simulate the absorption process of nitrogen after flowering. Unfortunately the lack of data concerning post-flowering leaf area dynmaics did not allow improving the model. From a survey of 29 irrigators, practices and strategies of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation, as well as strategic and tactical decisions have been identified and formalized in a decision model. An evaluation of strategies based on survey results is given as an illustration of the potential use of the STICS soil-crop model and the decision rules identified and formalised. The coupling of the crop model to the model decision will allow proposing and evaluating strategies adapted to the farm context for joint management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of durum wheat
Boyard-Micheau, Joseph. "Prévisibilité potentielle des variables climatiques à impact agricole en Afrique de l'Est et application au sorgho dans la région du mont Kenya". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS075/document.
Texto completoIn Southern countries with rural low income populations, the vulnerability of rainfed agriculture to rainfall variability requires effective solutions to mitigate the effects of climatic hazards on crops. Predicting the characteristics of rainy seasons some time before they start should help the establishment of agricultural adaptation strategies to rainfall hazards. This is the objective of the present study, focused on East Africa (Kenya and northern Tanzania), and divided in three parts:- Define and document intra-seasonal descriptors (ISD) that will be considered in the predictability study. A new methodological approach has been developed in order to define the onset date (ORS) and the cessation date (CRS) of the rainy seasons at the regional level. Based on a multivariate analysis, it eliminates the subjective choice of rainfall thresholds imposed by the definitions commonly used in agroclimatology. An analysis of spatial coherence at interannual time-scale shows that for the two rainy seasons ("long rains" and "short rains"), the seasonal amount and the number of rainy days have a high spatial coherence, while it is medium for the onset and cessation dates and low for the average daily rainfall intensity.- Analyze the predictability of the ISD at both regional and local scales based on numerical simulations from the global climate model ECHAM 4.5. Daily precipitation simulated by the model, even after bias correction, do not correctly capture the IDS interannual variability. A specification of the ORS and CRS variability using statistical models applied to observed climate indices, suggests quite a low predictability of the descriptors at the local (regional) scale, regardless of the season. The development of statistical-dynamical models from wind fields simulated by ECHAM 4.5, in experiments forced by either observed or predicted sea temperatures, also shows quite poor skills locally and regionally.- Explore how the space-time variability of climatic and environmental factors modulate the variations of sorghum yields. Crop yields are simulated by the agronomic model SARRA-H using observed climate data (1973-2001) at three stations located at different elevations along the eastern slopes of Mt Kenya. The seasonal rainfall accumulation and the duration of the season account for a large part of the yields variability. Other rainfall variables also play a significant role, among which the number of rainy days, the average daily intensity and some ISD related to the temporal organization of rainfall within the season. The influence of other meteorological variables is only found during the long rains, in the form of a negative correlation between yields and both maximum temperature and global radiation. Sowing dates seem to play a role in modulating yields for high and medium altitude stations, but with notable differences between the two rainy seasons
Mesbahi, Geoffrey. "Prédiction de propriétés agroécologiques de prairies permanentes et de leurs compromis : l’exemple du massif vosgien". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0086.
Texto completoIn France, permanent grasslands are associated with agronomic and ecological characteristics: they provide half of overall forage, shelter vegetal and animal species, and store carbon. Increasing our understanding of agroecological characteristic determinants, and the trade-offs between characteristics, could help farmers and advisors to promote high-diversity grasslands, but also a diversity of grasslands. The objectives of this thesis are 1) to predict grassland characteristics using environmental, agricultural practices and vegetation criteria, 2) to predict grassland characteristics using vegetation classifications without information about environment and agricultural practices, 3) to study and predict trade-offs between characteristics at grassland scale, 4) to query knowledge transfer between researchers, farmers and farmer advisors. For this purpose, I built a database of almost 800 permanent grasslands from previous studies. I then selected a representative sample of 59 grasslands for this database over which I conducted field and lab analyses of botanical compositions, yields, forage qualities and soil properties. I also collected information about agricultural practices, climate and topography for each of these grasslands. My results show that botanical compositions are difficult to predict, and are mainly influenced by agricultural intensification, soil and elevation gradients. Prediction of agroecological characteristics show wide variabilities: some agronomical- and ecological- characteristics are predicted well by soil, climate, landscape and botanical composition criteria. However, using only vegetation classifications could not reliably predict ecological characteristics, despite the improvement of prediction quality when combining classifications. Study of trade-offs highlighted the impossibility to combine all the agroecological characteristics for one grassland. However, I observed combinations between yield and botanical diversity, between the different indices of nutritive value, and between patrimonial species and flexibility of management. Finally, several tools can be used to transfer knowledge between scientists, farmers and advisors, but an equilibrium between tools accuracy and ease to use have to be found. This thesis work brings new insights in our understanding of large scale permanent grassland agroecological characteristics and their trade-offs, thanks to the inclusion of many predictive criteria related to environment, agricultural practices and vegetation, but also thanks to the prediction of unknown characteristics. Finally, this thesis addresses the issue of developing polyvalent tools that can be used to predict grassland agroecological characteristics
Gallic, Ewen. "Climate change and agriculture". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G007/document.
Texto completoGlobal climate is warming, and the effects of climate change are associated with a lot of uncertainty. Not only average temperatures are expected to rise, but also the occurrence of extreme events such as floods or droughts. Agriculture is particularly at risk, due to the importance of weather conditions in production. This thesis therefore aims at investigating the relationship between weather variations and agricultural production, to better assess the potential effects of climate change on agriculture, relying on both theoretical and empirical methods. The first two chapters focus on developing countries and provide two empirical studies based on Indian data at the individual farm level that link climate to agricultural production and profits and to consumption decisions. We find contrasted results, with an overall damaging effect of climate change scenarios on Indian agricultural production and profits, especially for farmers in southern India. Irrigation may however help mitigating the losses, as well as crop mixing, particularly for small farms. The last two chapters consider developed countries. The first step focuses on crop yields in Europe. Under the tested climate scenarios, wheat yields are projected to slightly increase by the end of the 21$^\textrm{st}$ century relative to the observed yields from the past 25 years. These small gains are however accompanied by a lot of regional heterogeneity. For European corn yields, the projections highlight small gains in by the middle of the 21$^\textrm{st}$ century, followed by relatively higher losses in the long run. The second step relies on a general equilibrium approach, and aims at investigating the short-run impacts of weather shocks on business cycles, through their damaging effects on agriculture. Increasing the variance of climate shocks in accordance with forthcoming climate change leads to a sizeable increase in the volatility of key macroeconomic variables, such as production and inflation
Perrin, Aurélie. "Evaluation environnementale des systèmes agricoles urbains en Afrique de l'Ouest : Implications de la diversité des pratiques et de la variabilité des émissions d'azote dans l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie de la tomate au Bénin". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0080/document.
Texto completoUrban agriculture provides opportunities to reduce poverty and ensure food safety for cities inhabitants in West Africa. The general objective of this thesis is producing representative inventories and a robust environmental assessment for those production systems using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Our case study was the tomato production in urban gardens in Benin. Our state of the art identified the integration of the diversity of systems and the variability of field emissions as two major challenges for the LCA of vegetable products. We therefore developed a typology-based protocol to collect cropping systems data that includes their diversity and an approach combining a nitrogen budget and the use of a biophysical model to estimate nitrogen field emissions. We created inventories for 6 cropping system types and one weighted mean representative for the urban tomato growers in Benin. The analysis of the agronomical performances of these systems highlighted the important yield variability and the variable and often excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The investigation of nitrogen fluxes variability at plot and crop cycle scales led to the identification of 4 major influencing factors: water use, nitrogen input, soil pH and field capacity. Using favorable and unfavorable scenarios for nitrogen emissions for each of these 4 factors, we demonstrated that the LCA results were sensitive to their variations. The implementation of LCA using those contrasted data showed that one hectare of tomato production in Benin was more impacting than European vegetable productions. The benefits from the favorable climate for producing out-of-season tomatoes were hampered by the low efficiency of irrigations systems, the frequent use of insecticides and large nitrogen emissions. Measured data and new knowledge on these systems are needed to validate and refine our conclusions
Demestihas, Constance. "Analyse des conflits et synergies entre services écosystémiques multiples en vergers de pommiers". Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0690/document.
Texto completoThe concept of « ecosystem service », which has been used increasingly since the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005, has highlighted the importance of ecosystem’s non-marketed performances. In orchards, ensuring high productivity while preserving natural resources and human health has become a real challenge that could be analyzed with the concept of ecosystem service. Which ecosystem services are delivered in an apple orchard? How to analyze them? What are the relationships - conflicts or synergies – among multiple ecosystem services and how do cropping systems change multiple ecosystem service profiles? This PhD work aims at answering those questions with an innovative approach combining experimental measures, modeling and statistical analysis.Based on a literature review of ecosystem services in orchards, five services were selected: fruit production, nitrogen availability in soil, climate regulation based on the prevention of nitrogen denitrification and on carbon sequestration, maintenance and regulation of water cycle, including water quality, and pest control. We also considered the environmental disturbances caused by the use of pesticides. For each service, we identified the underlying ecosystem functions as well as the agricultural practices and soil and climate conditions affecting these functions. Services and functions were described by one or multiple indicators and quantified using models in the case of (i) nine existing cropping systems on two experimental sites in southeastern France differing in terms of soil and climate conditions, and (ii) 150 virtual cropping systems designed out of the combination of five major agricultural practice levers and their modalities, in identical soil and climate conditions. The two models used were STICS, a generic soil-crop simulation model under the influence of practices which required a parameterization and an evaluation on apple orchards based on experimental measures, and IPSIM, a generic modeling framework simulating the impacts of agricultural practices and local conditions on crop injuries caused by pests. IPSIM was parameterized on apple orchards, based on an important literature review and expert opinions. Model simulations were analyzed with simple statistics in the case of the nine existing cropping systems and with two-table multivariate analyses (principal component analysis with instrumental variables) for virtual cropping systems.Concerning the existing cropping systems, 14 important relationships were identified among ecosystem services, especially conflicts, like the one between nitrogen denitrification or leaching prevention and soil nitrogen availability on the short term, and synergies such as the one between soil humidity or carbon sequestration and nitrogen availability on the short term. These relationships are explained by the underlying ecosystem functions. Comparing service profiles among cropping systems highlighted the impacts of agricultural practices on some services. That way, on a same site, a high planting density increases fruit production and carbon sequestration. An exclusively organic fertilization decreases fruit production through nitrogen stress but also nitrogen leaching in drained water. Furthermore, service profiles are strongly influenced by the soil and climate conditions of each site. These results strengthen the need to explicitly consider the ‘agricultural practices x soil and climate conditions’ interdependence in order to analyze ecosystem services. The results obtained with the virtual cropping systems simulations confirmed those of the existing ones and gave precision on the impacts of fertilization, irrigation and pest control for codling moth, rosy apple aphid and apple scab on ecosystem functions and services
Bednarek, Julie. "Analyse fonctionnelle de TaGW2, une E3 ligase de type RING, dans le développement du grain de blé tendre (Triticum aestivum)". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00857341.
Texto completoBogard, Matthieu. "Analyse génétique et écophysiologique de l'écart à la relation teneur en protéines - rendement en grains chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.)". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679581.
Texto completoDidier, Anne. "Modélisation de la croissance, des relations sources-puits et du rendement en sucre de la betterave sucrière (Beta vulgaris L.) sous des régimes contrastés de nutrition azotée". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00949047.
Texto completoEl, Khadji Nadia. "Estimation des paramètres biophysiques des cultures agricoles par télédétection aéroportée". Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7957.
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