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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Ruget, F., R. Bonhomme y M. Chartier. "Estimation simple de la surface foliaire de plantes de maïs en croissance". Agronomie 16, n.º 9 (1996): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19960903.

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Cregg, Bert M. "Leaf Area Estimation of Mature Foliage of Juniperus". Forest Science 38, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1992): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/38.1.61.

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Abstract The ratio of total surface area to projected leaf area was determined for mature foliage samples collected at three canopy heights from Juniperus virginiana and J. scopulorum from four seed sources grown in southeastern Nebraska. The relation of projected leaf area to leaf dry weight and volume was also determined. Total surface area was estimated to be 3.2 times the projected surface area. This relationship was independent of seed source or crown position. Projected leaf area can be satisfactorily estimated from weight or volume. However, these relationships differed by crown position or seed source. These results indicate that leaf area of mature juniper foliage may be rapidly estimated through measurement of projected surface area. Further, the leaf area of large samples may be estimated by determining the appropriate specific leaf area or surface-to-volume ratios. For. Sci. 38(1):61-67.

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Palacin, Jordi, Tomas Palleja, Marcel Tresanchez, Ricardo Sanz, Jordi Llorens, Manel Ribes-Dasi, Joan Masip, Jaume Arno, Alexandre Escola y Joan Ramon Rosell. "Real-Time Tree-Foliage Surface Estimation Using a Ground Laser Scanner". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 56, n.º 4 (agosto de 2007): 1377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.900126.

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Zeide, Boris y Peter Pfeifer. "A Method for Estimation of Fractal Dimension of Tree Crowns". Forest Science 37, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 1991): 1253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.5.1253.

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Abstract A method is proposed for estimating fractal dimension of tree crowns from measurements of foliage mass and crown volume. Because fractal dimensions for each of the ten investigated species were greater than two, crown surface and volume depend on the unit of measurement. The power relationship between foliage mass and crown volume reflects self-similarity of tree crowns. In all studied cases, fractal dimensions of dominant trees were greater than those of intermediate trees of the same species. Fractal dimension can be used as an indicator of tolerance, crown class, and foliage distribution within a crown. For. Sci. 37(5):1253-1265.

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Lin, C., S. C. Popescu, S. C. Huang, Y. C. Chen, P. T. Chang y H. L. Wen. "A novel reflectance-based model for evaluating chlorophyll concentration of fresh and water-stressed leaves". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, n.º 11 (18 de noviembre de 2013): 17893–937. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17893-2013.

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Abstract. Water deficit can cause chlorophyll degradation which decreases foliar chlorophyll concentration (Chls). Few studies investigated the effectiveness of spectral indices under water stress conditions. Chlorophyll meters have been extensively used for a wide variety of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen estimations. Since a chlorophyll meter works based on the sensing of leaves absorptance and transmittance, the reading of chlorophyll concentration will be affected by changes in transmittance as if there is a water deficit in leaves. The overall objective of this paper was to develop a novel and reliable reflectance-based model for estimating Chls of fresh and water stressed leaves using the reflectance at the absorption bands of chlorophyll a and b and the red edge spectrum. Three independent experiments were designed to collect data from three leaf sample sets for the construction and validation of Chls estimation models. First, a reflectance experiment was conducted to collect foliar Chls and reflectance of leaves with varying water stress using the ASD FieldSpec spectroradiometer. Second, a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) experiment was carried out to collect foliar Chls and meter reading. These two datasets were separately used for developing reflectance-based or absorptance-based Chls estimation models using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. Suitable models were suggested mainly based on the coefficient of determination (R2). Finally, an experiment was conducted to collect the third dataset for the validation of Chls models using the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). In all of the experiments, the observations (real values) of the foliar Chls were extracted from acetone solution and determined by using a Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer. The spectral indices in the form of reflectance ratio/difference/slope derived from the chlb absorption bands (ρ645 and ρ455) provided Chls estimates with RMSE around 0.40–0.55 mg g–1 for both fresh and water-stressed samples. We improved Chls prediction accuracy by incorporating the reflectance at red edge position (ρREP) in regression models. An effective chlorophyll indicator with the form of (ρ645–ρ455) / ρREP proved to be the most accurate and stable predictor for foliar Chls concentration. This model was derived with an R2 of 0.90 (P < 0.01) from the training samples and evaluated with RMSE 0.35 and 0.38 mg g–1 for the validation samples of fresh and water stressed leaves, respectively. The average prediction error was within 14% of the mean absolute error.

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Régnière, Jacques y Chris Sanders. "Abundance and Distribution of Foliage on Balsam Fir and White Spruce in Reference to Spruce Budworm Ecology and Absolute Population Density Estimation". Forests 13, n.º 4 (30 de marzo de 2022): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040534.

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We describe the distribution and amount of foliage, expressed as foliated branch surface area, weight, or number of buds in the live crown of healthy open-grown and closed-canopy balsam fir and white spruce trees. Balsam fir and white spruce have very similar total foliage surface area and weight. The live crown of white spruce trees contains fewer buds than balsam fir of similar dimensions. Thus, bud density per unit foliage weight or surface area is higher in balsam fir than in white spruce. We also observed that buds tend to grow in clusters more often on balsam fir than on white spruce, and that larvae of the spruce budworm preferentially attack buds that grow in clusters. Equations were developed to predict the total surface area and weight of foliage as well as number of buds in the live crown for estimation of absolute population density of spruce budworm. These equations use diameter at breast height (DBH) and the number of nodes in the live crown as predictors. When data on the number of live nodes are unavailable, it can be estimated from tree height. Equations were also developed from which to estimate foliage area, weight or bud numbers from DBH only.

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Lin, C., S. C. Popescu, S. C. Huang, P. T. Chang y H. L. Wen. "A novel reflectance-based model for evaluating chlorophyll concentrations of fresh and water-stressed leaves". Biogeosciences 12, n.º 1 (6 de enero de 2015): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-49-2015.

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Abstract. Water deficits can cause chlorophyll degradation which decreases the total concentration of chlorophyll a and b (Chls). Few studies have investigated the effectiveness of spectral indices under water-stressed conditions. Chlorophyll meters have been extensively used for a wide variety of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen estimations. Since a chlorophyll meter works by sensing leaves absorptance and transmittance, the reading of chlorophyll concentration will be affected by changes in transmittance as if there were a water deficit in the leaves. The overall objective of this paper was to develop a novel and reliable reflectance-based model for estimating Chls of fresh and water-stressed leaves using the reflectance at the absorption bands of chlorophyll a and b and the red edge spectrum. Three independent experiments were designed to collect data from three leaf sample sets for the construction and validation of Chls estimation models. First, a reflectance experiment was conducted to collect foliar Chls and reflectance of leaves with varying water stress using the ASD FieldSpec spectroradiometer. Second, a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) experiment was carried out to collect foliar Chls and meter readings. These two data sets were separately used for developing reflectance-based or absorptance-based Chls estimation models using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. Suitable models were suggested mainly based on the coefficient of determination (R2). Finally, an experiment was conducted to collect the third data set for the validation of Chls models using the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). In all of the experiments, the observations (real values) of the foliar Chls were extracted from acetone solution and determined by using a Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer. The spectral indices in the form of reflectance ratio/difference/slope derived from the Chl b absorption bands (ρ645 and ρ455) provided Chls estimates with RMSE around 0.40–0.55 mg g−1 for both fresh and water-stressed samples. We improved Chls prediction accuracy by incorporating the reflectance at red edge position (ρREP) in regression models. An effective chlorophyll indicator with the form of (ρ645–ρ455)/ρREP proved to be the most accurate and stable predictor for foliar Chls concentration. This model was derived with an R2 of 0.90 (P < 0.01) from the training samples and evaluated with RMSE 0.35 and 0.38 mg g−1 for the validation samples of fresh and water-stressed leaves, respectively. The average prediction error was within 14% of the mean absolute error.

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Lhomme, J. P., N. Boudhina, M. M. Masmoudi y A. Chehbouni. "Estimation of crop water requirements: extending the one-step approach to dual crop coefficients". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, n.º 7 (30 de julio de 2015): 3287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3287-2015.

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Abstract. Crop water requirements are commonly estimated with the FAO-56 methodology based upon a two-step approach: first a reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is calculated from weather variables with the Penman–Monteith equation, then ET0 is multiplied by a tabulated crop-specific coefficient (Kc) to determine the water requirement (ETc) of a given crop under standard conditions. This method has been challenged to the benefit of a one-step approach, where crop evapotranspiration is directly calculated from a Penman–Monteith equation, its surface resistance replacing the crop coefficient. Whereas the transformation of the two-step approach into a one-step approach has been well documented when a single crop coefficient (Kc) is used, the case of dual crop coefficients (Kcb for the crop and Ke for the soil) has not been treated yet. The present paper examines this specific case. Using a full two-layer model as a reference, it is shown that the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach can be translated into a one-step approach based upon a modified combination equation. This equation has the basic form of the Penman–Monteith equation but its surface resistance is calculated as the parallel sum of a foliage resistance (replacing Kcb) and a soil surface resistance (replacing Ke). We also show that the foliage resistance, which depends on leaf stomatal resistance and leaf area, can be inferred from the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) in a way similar to the Matt–Shuttleworth method.

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Lhomme, J. P., N. Boudhina, M. M. Masmoudi y A. Chehbouni. "Estimation of crop water requirements: extending the one-step approach to dual crop coefficients". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, n.º 5 (13 de mayo de 2015): 4933–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4933-2015.

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Abstract. Crop water requirements are commonly estimated with the FAO-56 methodology based upon a "two-step" approach: first a reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is calculated from weather variables with the Penman–Monteith equation; then ET0 is multiplied by a tabulated crop-specific coefficient (Kc) to determine the water requirement (ETc) of a given crop under standard conditions. This method has been challenged to the benefit of a "one-step" approach, where crop evapotranspiration is directly calculated from a Penman–Monteith equation, its surface resistance replacing the crop coefficient. Whereas the transformation of the two-step approach into a one-step approach has been well documented when a single crop coefficient (Kc) is used, the case of dual crop coefficients (Kcb for the crop and Ke for the soil) has not been treated yet. The present paper examines this specific case. Using a full two-layer model as a reference, it is shown that the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach can be translated into a one-step approach based upon a modified combination equation. This equation has the basic form of the Penman–Monteith equation, but its surface resistance is calculated as the parallel sum of a foliage resistance (replacing Kcb) and a soil surface resistance (replacing Ke). We also show that the foliage resistance, which depends on leaf stomatal resistance and leaf area, can be inferred from the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) in a way similar to the Matt–Shuttleworth method.

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Brand, David G. "Estimating the surface area of spruce and pine foliage from displaced volume and length". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1987): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-203.

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Accurate determination of the surface area of needle-leaved trees is a basic requirement for many types of physiological or growth analysis studies in forest research. While many methods are available to estimate surface area, there is still a need for an accurate, rapid measurement technique for species with three- or four-sided needle morphology. I propose a regression technique with length and displaced volume as the independent variables. The regression technique is an improvement over the use of displaced volume and length in direct geometric calculation as it does not assume a constant needle morphology. The regression technique gives more accurate results than direct calculation, is comparable in precision, and is necessary to counter bias where variation in the cross-sectional shape of foliage is related to the treatment or variable under study. Use of regression, however, requires that a subsample of foliage, representing the range of conditions to be studied, be sectioned and measured directly for surface area to develop the estimation equation.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Hu, Ronghai. "Estimation cohérente de l'indice de surface foliaire en utilisant des données terrestres et aéroportées". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD021/document.

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L’indice de surface foliaire (Leaf Area Index, LAI), défini comme la moitié de la surface foliaire par unité de surface de sol, est un paramètre clé du cycle écologique de la Terre, et sa précision d'acquisition a toujours la nécessité et la possibilité d'amélioration. La technologie du scanner laser actif offre une possibilité d'obtention cohérente du LAI à plusieurs échelles, car le scanner laser terrestre et le scanner laser aéroporté fonctionnent sur le même mécanisme physique. Cependant, les informations tridimensionnelles du scanner laser ne sont pas complètement explorées dans les méthodes actuelles et les théories traditionnelles ont besoin d'adaptation. Dans cette thèse, le modèle de distribution de longueur de trajet est introduit pour corriger l'effet d’agrégation, et il est appliqué aux données du scanner laser terrestre et du scanner laser aéroporté. La méthode d'obtention de la distribution de longueur de trajet de différentes plates-formes est étudiée et le modèle de récupération cohérent est établi. Cette méthode permet d’améliorer la mesure du LAI des arbres individuels dans les zones urbaines et la cartographie LAI dans les forêts naturelles, et ses résultats sont cohérents à différentes échelles. Le modèle devrait faciliter la détermination cohérente de l'indice de surface foliaire des forêts à l'aide de données au sol et aéroportées
Leaf Area Index (LAI), defined as one half of the total leaf area per unit ground surface area, is a key parameter of vegetation structure for modeling Earth's ecological cycle and its acquisition accuracy always has the need and opportunity for improvement. Active laser scanning provides an opportunity for consistent LAI retrieval at multiple scales because terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS) have the similar physical mechanism. However, the three-dimensional information of laser scanning is not fully explored in current methods and the traditional theories require adaptation. In this thesis, the path length distribution model is proposed to model the clumping effect, and it is applied to the TLS and ALS data. The method of obtaining the path length distribution of different platforms is studied, and the consistent retrieval model is established. This method is found to improve the individual tree measurement in urban areas and LAI mapping in natural forest, and its results at consistent at different scales. The model is expected to facilitate the consistent retrieval of the forest leaf area index using ground and airborne data

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Béland, Martin. "Estimation de paramètres structuraux des arbres dans une savane à partir de mesures LiDAR terrestre et d'imagerie à très haute résolution spatiale". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2849.

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This thesis takes its place in a context where information on the biophysical state of forest ecosystems at spatial scales only remote sensing can retrieve is in demand more than ever. In order to provide reliable information using validated approaches, the remote sensing research community recognises the need for new and innovative methods, especially in heterogeneous environments like savannas. The recent emergence of terrestrial LiDAR scanners (TLS) and the increase in the computational capability of computers which allow running ray tracing model simulations with a high level of realism hold great potential to improve our understanding of the processes influencing the radiance measured by satellite sensors. This thesis makes use of these two cutting edge technologies for estimating the spatial distribution of tree leaf area, a key element of modeling radiative transfer processes. The first part of the thesis concerns the development of methods for estimating tridimensional leaf area distribution in a savanna environment from TLS measurements. The methods presented address certain issues related to TLs measures affecting the application of classical theories (the probability of light transmission and the contact frequency) to the estimation of leaf area through indirect means. These issues pertain to the cross-section of laser pulses emitted by a TLS and the occlusion effects caused by the interception of laser pulses by material inside the crown. The developed methods also exploit additional information provided by the active nature of the TLS sensor that is not available to passive sensors like hemispherical photography, i.e. the intensity of a pulse return offers the possibility to distinguish between energy interception by wood and foliage. A simplified approach of this method is presented to promote its use by other research groups. This approach consists of a series of parameterisations and represents a significant gain in terms of the required resources to produce the leaf area, estimates. The second part of the thesis explores the combination of the tree representations generated in the first part with a ray tracing model to simulate the interactions of light with tree crowns. This approach is highly innovative and our study showed its potential to improve our understanding of the factors influencing the radiative environment in a savanna. The methods presented offer a solution to map leaf area at the individual tree scale over large areas from very high spatial resolution imagery.

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Soma, Maxime. "Estimation de la distribution spatiale de surface et de biomasse foliaires de couverts forestiers méditerranéens à partir de nuages de points acquis par un LIDAR terrestre". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0111.

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Pour mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers à échelle fine, les modèles écophysiologiques cherchent à intégrer les flux d’énergie et de matière. Ces échanges dépendent de la distribution de la végétation. Leur modélisation nécessite donc une description de la structure de la végétation en trois dimensions (3D) à un niveau de détail que seule la télédétection peut produire à haut débit. Les LiDAR terrestre (Light Detection And Ranging) possèdent un fort potentiel pour caractériser en 3D la végétation au sein des canopées. De précédents travaux qui relient la densité de points à la quantité de végétation ont montré des résultats prometteurs. Cette thèse développe ces approches en explorant les diverses sources d’erreurs. Les biais systématiques sont corrigés à l’échelle de la branche, de l’arbre et de la placette. Ce travail s’appuie à la fois sur des travaux théoriques et expérimentaux. Nous avons d’abord évalué des estimateurs théoriques sur des branches. Sur cette végétation réelle, les estimateurs se sont révélés sensibles à la taille de voxel utilisée et à la distance de mesure. Les corrections apportées sont demeurées robustes sur des arbres entiers. Cependant, l’échantillonnage au LiDAR terrestre est limité par l’occlusion végétale. Un travail spécifique a été conduit pour optimiser les estimations en tirant avantage des corrélations spatiales présentes dans la végétation. Cette approche permet de limiter les sous-estimations systématiques liées à l’occlusion. L’ensemble des outils présentés offrent la possibilité de dresser des cartes de végétation à l’échelle de la placette en fournissant des estimateurs non biaisés de la surface foliaire
To better understand functioning of forest ecosystems at fine scale, ecophysiological model attempt to include energy and material fluxes. Such exchanges depend on the distribution of vegetation. Hence, these models require a tridimensional (3D) description of vegetation structure, at a level of detail which can only be retrieve with remote sensing at large scale. Terrestrial LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) have a great potential to provide 3D description of vegetation elements in canopy. Previous studies established promising relations between the point density and quantity of vegetation. This work develop these statistical methods, focusing on source of errors. Systematic biases are corrected at branch, tree and plot scales. This study relies on both numerical simulations and field experiments. First, we test estimators on branches in laboratory conditions. On this natural vegetation, estimators are sensitive to voxel size and distance from instrument with phase-shift LiDAR. Developed corrections from this branch experiment are valid at tree scale. However, difficulties arising from sampling limitations due to occlusion and instrument sampling pattern cause negative biases in dense areas. Specific investigations are conducted to identify source of errors and to optimize multiscan estimations. A statistical method called LAD-kriging, based on spatial correlation within vegetation, improves local accuracy of estimations and limits underestimations due to occlusion. The tools produced in this work allow to map vegetation at plot scale by providing unbiased estimator of leaf area. Some of these tools are currently implemented within open access Computree software

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Soontornchainaksaeng, Puangpaka. "Mise en place de la surface foliaire, accumulation et répartition de la matière sèche de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench) : effet de la température". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT050G.

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Les objectifs de cette étude sont de tester l'action (gamme de 15 à 31°C) sur la mise en place de la surface foliaire pendant la phase végétative, chez deux sorghos sucriers (Keller et Lorall), un sorgho fibre et un mai͏̈s. Les expériences ont été réalisées en chambres climatisées, en concition hydriques et azotées optimales et sous un éclairement constant. Cette étude consiste en un suivi et une analyse du rythme d'apparition des feuilles, de l'allongement foliaire et de la taille finale des feuilles, ce qui a permis de déterminer un phyllochrone et une température de base, une vitesse d'élongation et un profil de surface finale de feuilles. Le nombre et la taille des cellules sont aussi suivis pour cerner le mécanisme d'action de la température sur la division et l'élongation cellulaire. Afin de préciser les relations entre la mise en place de la surface foliaire et les aspects trophique et hydrique, la répartition de la matière sèche entre les feuilles, tiges et racines est précisée ainsi que la photosynthèse, la respiration obscure et la transpiration. Les apports de ce travail sont l'acquisition de connaissances en écophysiologie et sur les variations génotypiques, en relation avec la sélection des plantes ; la modélisation des différentes fonctions et de l'interaction plantes-milieux permet de tester différents scénarios agronomiques afin de rechercher une productivité mmaximale en conditions naturelles.

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Claverie, Martin. "Estimation spatialisée de la biomasse et des besoins en eau des cultures à l'aide de données satellitales à hautes résolutions spatiale et temporelle : application aux agrosystèmes du sud-ouest de la France". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1789/.

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Il existe un lien étroit entre les agrosystèmes et les cycles du carbone (processus de séquestration du carbone dans les sols) et de l'eau (systèmes de production par irrigation). Cette thèse contribue à l'analyse et la validation des méthodes de quantification, sur de grandes surfaces, de la biomasse (cycle du carbone) et des besoins en eau (cycle de l'eau) des agrosystèmes. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des données de télédétection sont assimilées dans un modèle de cultures, SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield Estimate), au travers d'une variable biophysique clés, le GAI (Green area index). Des méthodes d'estimation in situ (par proxy-détection) et spatialisées (par inversion de modèles de transfert radiatif) du GAI sont, tout d'abord, étudiées et validées. Les séries temporelles de GAI déterminées à partir des données de télédétection sont ensuite utilisées pour étalonner le modèle SAFY, conduisant à des estimations spatialisées de biomasse et des besoins en eau des cultures. Ces estimations sont validées par confrontation à un dispositif expérimental mis en place entre 2006 et 2010 et situé dans le sud-ouest de la France. Les cultures étudiées sont des cultures d'été non irriguées (tournesol) et irriguées (maïs, soja). Les données de télédétection utilisées pour estimer les séries temporelles de GAI sont issues du capteur Formosat-2. Ces données sont particulièrement pertinentes car elles combinent une haute résolution spatiale (8 m) et une haute fréquence temporelle (1 jour), indispensables pour le suivi des surfaces agricoles
There is a close relationship between agrosystems (or agroecosystems) and carbon (soil carbon sequestration process) and water (irrigation management systems) cycles. This PhD thesis contributes to the analysis and the validation of methods for quantification of agrosystems biomass (carbon cycle) and water needs (water cycle) over large land surfaces. To this end, remote sensing data are assimilated within a crop model, SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield Estimate), through a key biophysical variable, the GAI (Green area index). GAI in situ (proxy-detection) and spatialized (inversion of radiative transfer models) estimation methods are first assessed. Secondly, remote sensed time series of GAI are used for the calibration of the SAFY crop model in order to deliver spatial estimates of crop biomass and water needs. These estimations are validated, through direct comparison with an experimental system which is located in the southwest of France and run from 2006 to 2010. Studied crops are maize and soybean, which are irrigated, and also sunflower, which is non-irrigated. Remote sensing data used to estimate the time series of GAI are taken from Formosat-2 sensors. Such data are particularly relevant for the crop monitoring because they combine high spatial resolution (8 m) and high temporal frequency (1 day)

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Mohammadi, Vahid. "Design, Development and Evaluation of a System for the Detection of Aerial Parts and Measurement of Growth Indices of Bell Pepper Plant Based on Stereo and Multispectral Imaging". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCK109.

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Au cours de la croissance des plantes, leur suivi apporte beaucoup d'avantages aux producteurs. Cette surveillance comprend la mesure des propriétés physiques, le comptage des feuilles des plantes, la détection des plantes et leur séparation des mauvaises herbes. Toutes ces techniques peuvent être réalisées de différentes manières, cependant, les techniques favorables sont non destructives car la plante est une créature très sensible que toute manipulation peut perturber sa croissance ou entraîner la perte de feuilles ou de branches. Les techniques d'imagerie sont les meilleures solutions pour le suivi de la croissance des plantes et les mesures géométriques. À cet égard, dans ce projet, l'utilisation de l'imagerie stéréo et des données multispectrales a été étudiée. L'imagerie stéréo active et passive a été utilisée pour l'estimation des propriétés physiques et le comptage des feuilles et des données multispectrales ont été utilisées pour la séparation des cultures et des mauvaises herbes. La plante de poivron a été utilisée pour des mesures d'imagerie pendant une période de 30 jours et pour la séparation culture/mauvaise herbe, les réponses spectrales du poivron et de cinq mauvaises herbes ont été mesurées. Neuf propriétés physiques des feuilles de poivre (c. Le système stéréo était composé de deux caméras LogiTech et d'un vidéoprojecteur. Tout d'abord, le système stéréo a été calibré à l'aide d'images d'échantillons d'un damier standard dans différentes positions et angles. Le système a été contrôlé à l'aide de l'ordinateur pour allumer une ligne lumineuse, enregistrer des vidéos des deux caméras pendant que la lumière est balayée sur la plante, puis arrêter la lumière. Les cadres ont été extraits et traités. L'algorithme de traitement a d'abord filtré les images pour supprimer le bruit, puis a seuillé les pixels indésirables de l'environnement. Ensuite, en utilisant la méthode de détection de pic du centre de masse, la partie principale et centrale de la ligne lumineuse a été extraite. Ensuite, les images ont été rectifiées en utilisant les informations d'étalonnage. Ensuite, les pixels correspondants ont été détectés et utilisés pour le développement du modèle 3D. Le nuage de points obtenu a été transformé en une surface maillée et utilisé pour la mesure des propriétés physiques. Pour les réponses spectrales des plantes, celles-ci ont été fraîchement déplacées au laboratoire, les feuilles ont été détachées des plantes et placées sur un fond sombre flou. Des lumières de type A ont été utilisées pour l'éclairage et les mesures spectrales ont été effectuées à l'aide d'un spectroradiomètre de 380 nm à 1000 nm. Pour réduire la dimensionnalité des données, l'ACP et la transformée en ondelettes ont été utilisées. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que l'utilisation de l'imagerie stéréo peut proposer un outil bon marché et non destructif pour l'agriculture. Un avantage important de l'imagerie stéréo active est qu'elle est indépendante de la lumière et peut être utilisée pendant la nuit. Cependant, l'utilisation de la stéréo active pour le stade primaire de croissance fournit des résultats acceptables, mais après ce stade, le système sera incapable de détecter et de reconstruire toutes les feuilles et les parties de la plante. En utilisant l'ASI, les valeurs R2 de 0,978 et 0,967 ont été obtenues pour l'estimation de la surface foliaire et du périmètre, respectivement. Les résultats de la séparation des cultures et des mauvaises herbes à l'aide de données spectrales étaient très prometteurs et le classificateur, qui était basé sur un apprentissage en profondeur, pouvait complètement séparer le poivre des cinq autres mauvaises herbes
During the growth of plants, monitoring them brings much benefits to the producers. This monitoring includes the measurement of physical properties, counting plants leaves, detection of plants and separation of them from weeds. All these can be done different techniques, however, the techniques are favorable that are non-destructive because plant is a very sensitive creature that any manipulation can put disorder in its growth or lead to losing leaves or branches. Imaging techniques are of the best solutions for plants growth monitoring and geometric measurements. In this regard, in this project the use of stereo imaging and multispectral data was studied. Active and passive stereo imaging were employed for the estimation of physical properties and counting leaves and multispectral data was utilized for the separation of crop and weed. Bell pepper plant was used for imaging measurements for a period of 30 days and for crop/weed separation, the spectral responses of bell pepper and five weeds were measured. Nine physical properties of pepper leaves (i.e. main leaf diameters, leaf area, leaf perimeter etc.) were measured using a scanner and was used as a database and also for comparing the estimated values to the actual values. The stereo system consisted of two LogiTech cameras and a video projector. First the stereo system was calibrated using sample images of a standard checkerboard in different position and angles. The system was controlled using the computer for turning a light line on, recording videos of both cameras while light is being swept on the plant and then stopping the light. The frames were extracted and processed. The processing algorithm first filtered the images for removing noise and then thresholded the unwanted pixels of environment. Then, using the peak detection method of Center of Mass the main and central part of the light line was extracted. After, the images were rectified by using the calibration information. Then the correspondent pixels were detected and used for the 3D model development. The obtained point cloud was transformed to a meshed surface and used for physical properties measurement. Passive stereo imaging was used for leaf detection and counting. For passive stereo matching six different matching algorithms and three cost functions were used and compared. For spectral responses of plants, they were freshly moved to the laboratory, leaves were detached from the plants and placed on a blur dark background. Type A lights were used for illumination and the spectral measurements were carried out using a spectroradiometer from 380 nm to 1000 nm. To reduce the dimensionality of the data, PCA and wavelet transform were used. Results of this study showed that the use of stereo imaging can propose a cheap and non-destructive tool for agriculture. An important advantage of active stereo imaging is that it is light-independent and can be used during the night. However, the use of active stereo for the primary stage of growth provides acceptable results but after that stage, the system will be unable to detect and reconstruct all leaves and plant's parts. Using ASI the R2 values of 0.978 and 0.967 were obtained for the estimation leaf area and perimeter, respectively. The results of separation of crop and weeds using spectral data were very promising and the classifier—which was based on deep learning—could completely separate pepper from other five weeds

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Wang, Wei-Min. "Estimation of component temperatures of vegetative canopy with Vis/NIR and TIR multiple-angular data through inversion of vegetative canopy radiative transfer model". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6027.

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Les mesures de la température de brillance des couverts végétaux s’appliquent à de très nombreux domaines comme la climatologie, l’hydrologie, l’agronomie, écologie. Son intérêt principal est de permettre d’accéder à l’estimation du bilan énergétique de la surface. Les mauvaises performances des modèles actuels en terme de restitution de la température de surface sont attribuées, en grande partie, à l'hétérogénéité des surfaces continentales. Les modèles actuels sont inaptes à rendre compte correctement des flux dans ces conditions (même éventuellement avec une correction de type kB-1). Les espoirs portent sur les modèles à deux sources qui traitent de façon différente les flux surface/atmosphère pour les sols et pour la végétation. Ce travail a permis de montrer que les paramètres structurels de la végétation comprenant l'indice de superficie foliaire, la distribution d'angle foliaire et l’indice de groupement exercent de grands effets sur la simulation du transfert radiatif dans le couvert végétal, et également sur la séparation des températures composantes du couvert végétal à partir des données multidirectionnelles dans les domaines visible et infrarouge thermique. Ce travail a aussi montré qu’il était possible d’amélioration la séparation des températures composantes du couvert végétal en utilisant la distribution d'angle foliaire et l’indice de groupement obtenus de données satellitaires. Un modèle analytique en tenant compte de la structure de la végétation a été développé et l'architecture optimale du réseau neuronal a été étudiée et proposée pour extraire les températures composantes du couvert végétal à partir des données multidirectionnelles dans les domaines visible et infrarouge thermique
The separation of component temperature is the basic step for the application of two-source algorithm. Multi-angular thermal infrared measurements provide a chance for the estimation of component temperatures (namely, soil and vegetation temperatures) with remotely-sensed data. The objective of this study is to explore the factors that affect the estimation of component temperatures and propose new algorithm for inverting the canopy radiative transfer models to compute component temperatures. The objectives of this dissertation include: (1) finding an appropriate candidate leaf angle distribution functions for modeling and inversion, (2) evaluating the scaling behavior of Beer's law and its effect on the estimation of component temperatures, (3) proposing an analytical model for directional brightness temperature at top of canopy, (4) retrieving component temperatures with neural network and simplex algorithms. The effects of leaf angle distribution function on extinction coefficient, which is a key parameter for simulating the radiative transfer through vegetative canopy, is explored to improve the radiative transfer modeling. These contributions will enhance our understanding of the basic problems existing in thermal IR remote sensing and improve the simulation of land surface energy balance. Further work can be conducted to continue the enhancement and application of proposed algorithm to remote sensing images

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Abd, el Rahman Nabil. "Essai d'établissement de diagnostics physiologiques précoces appliqués à diverses variétés de maïs". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112097.

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La recherche de diagnostics physiologiques de la précocité chez 8 génotypes de Maïs nous a permis de mener une étude portant sur les premiers stades de la croissance à partir de la germination : passage de l'hétérotrophie à l'autotrophie, croissance des parties aériennes et racinaires, décroissance du poids des réserves de la graine, échanges gazeux (CO2 et O2) et incorporation de 14CO2. Alors que les mesures effectuées au champ, en salle conditionnée et en serre nous permettent d'en tirer certains critères de précocité de diagnostic rapide, celles effectuées au laboratoire -échanges gazeux (CO2 et CO2) et incorporation de 14CO2- renforcent ces résultats et permettent de réduire encore le temps de réponse (5 jours) sous réserve de plus amples résultats au lieu de 45 jours au champ, de 30 jours en serre et de 12 jours en salle conditionnée.

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Dejean, Sébastien. "Comparaison de procédures d'estimation dans le cadre des modèles non linéaires à paramètres aléatoires : application à la modélisation de l'évolution temporelle de l'indice de surface foliaire de cultures observées par télédétection spatiale". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30062.

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Dans le cadre de la télédétection spatiale pour l'agriculture, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation d'un modèle d'évolution de l'indice de surface foliaire d'une culture à partir d'images à haute résolution temporelle ; l'enjeu étant d'améliorer la prévision de rendement sur une région agricole. Les acquisitions d'images sont assimilables à des données longitudinales sur une population de pixels. Nous proposons une modélisation par paramètres aléatoires pour exprimer la variabilité inter-pixels et traiter l'ensemble des pixels simultanément. Nous présentons les expressions paramétriques et non paramétriques de la variabilité inter-pixels. Nous nous attachons au modèle paramétrique pour lequel nous passons en revue les méthodes d'estimation basées soit sur des régressions non linéaires par pixel soit sur la maximisation d'une approximation de la vraisemblance globale. .
In the spatial remote sensing for agriculture framework, we deal with the estimation of a crop leaf area index evolution model from high temporal resolution images ; the scope of the work is the improvement of yield prediction over a large area. Regular measurements can be considered as longitudinal data of a population of pixels. We propose a random parameter modelling to express between-pixels variability and to deal with the whole pixels simultaneously. We present parametric and non parametric expressions of the between-pixels variability. We focus on the parametric model for which we review estimation methods based either on a per-pixel approach or on the maximization of an approximated global likelihood. .

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Van, Aarde John Benjamin. "Stereological estimation of surface area in MRI". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531787.

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Libros sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Bradley, Cecil D. A statistical analysis of Surface Escort cost estimation. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1988.

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Estrada, Francisco J. Estimation of surface orientation from a single image. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Miller, James H. Estimation of sea surface wave spectra using acoustic tomography. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987.

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Frederickson, Paul A. The effect of infrared sea surface temperature measurements on evaporation duct height estimation. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Canada. Defence Research Establishment Atlantic. Fortran Program For Fast Surface Ship Resistance and Power Estimation: Version 3. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Liebermann, Timothy D. User's manual for estimation of dissolved-solids concentrations and loads in surface water. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Lieberman, Timothy D. User's manual for estimation of dissolved-solids concentrations and loads in surface water. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Clean Air Technology Center (U.S.) y U.S.-México Border Information Center on Air Pollution., eds. Emission estimation techniques for unique source categories in Mexicali, Mexico. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Clean Air Technology Center, 1999.

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Clean Air Technology Center (U.S.) y U.S.-México Border Information Center on Air Pollution, eds. Emission estimation techniques for unique source categories in Mexicali, Mexico. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Clean Air Technology Center, 1999.

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O'Muircheartaigh, I. G. Estimation of sea-surface windspeed from whitecap cover: Statistical approaches compared empirically and by simulation. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1985.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Yfantis, E. A., G. T. Flatman y F. Miller. "Parametric Surface Estimation". En Quantitative Geology and Geostatistics, 145–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1739-5_13.

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Pal, Subodh Chandra y Rabin Chakrabortty. "Estimation of Surface Runoff". En Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion in Sub-tropical Environment, 51–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15721-9_4.

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Dobson, Fred W. y Stuart D. Smith. "Estimation of Solar Radiation at Sea". En The Ocean Surface, 525–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_70.

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Smith, Michael, Robert Kohn y Paul Yau. "Nonparametric Bayesian Bivariate Surface Estimation". En Smoothing and Regression, 545–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118150658.ch19.

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Windreich, Guy, Nahum Kiryati y Gabriele Lohmann. "Surface Area Estimation in Practice". En Discrete Geometry for Computer Imagery, 358–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39966-7_34.

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Yu, Kegen. "Sea Surface Wind Speed Estimation". En Navigation: Science and Technology, 125–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0411-9_6.

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Bannister, R. W., A. S. Burgess y D. J. Kewley. "Estimation of Source Characteristics from Underwater Noisefield Measurements". En Sea Surface Sound, 377–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3017-9_27.

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Racz, Livia y Julian Szekely. "Estimation of Solder Volume". En Handbook of Fine Pitch Surface Mount Technology, 267–307. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1437-0_8.

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Stevens, Jeffry L. y John R. Murphy. "Yield Estimation from Surface-wave Amplitudes". En Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Source Processes and Explosion Yield Estimation, 2227–51. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8310-8_13.

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Ladický, L’ubor, Bernhard Zeisl y Marc Pollefeys. "Discriminatively Trained Dense Surface Normal Estimation". En Computer Vision – ECCV 2014, 468–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_31.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Reid, Robert B., Mark E. Oxley, Michael T. Eismann y Matthew E. Goda. "Quantifying surface normal estimation". En Defense and Security Symposium, editado por Dennis H. Goldstein y David B. Chenault. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.664161.

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Yoon, Jungkeun, Brian Noble y Mingyan Liu. "Surface street traffic estimation". En the 5th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1247660.1247686.

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Bevc, Dimiti. "Near‐surface velocity estimation". En SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1994. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1932063.

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El Yadari, N., F. Ernst y W. A. Mulder. "Near-Surface Attenuation Estimation". En 69th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2007. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201401618.

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Lenssen, Jan Eric, Christian Osendorfer y Jonathan Masci. "Deep Iterative Surface Normal Estimation". En 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.01126.

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Boiero, D., M. Werning y P. Vermeer. "Q Estimation from Surface Waves". En 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20130002.

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Werghi, N., R. B. Fisher, A. Ashbrook y C. Robertson. "Improving Second-order Surface Estimation". En British Machine Vision Conference 1999. British Machine Vision Association, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.13.28.

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Diehl, Norbert. "Motion Estimation Including Surface Models". En 33rd Annual Techincal Symposium, editado por Andrew G. Tescher. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.962326.

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Orji, Okwudili C., Walter Sollner y Leiv J. Gelius. "Sea Surface Reflection Coefficient Estimation". En SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2013. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-0944.1.

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Shmatko, A. A. "Methods of estimation surface roughness". En 2013 International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves (MSMW). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msmw.2013.6622147.

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Informes sobre el tema "Estimation de la surface foliaire"

Wendelberger, James G. Container Surface Evaluation by Function Estimation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1374271.

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Gray, Kathy, Robert Keane, Ryan Karpisz, Alyssa Pedersen, Rick Brown y Taylor Russell. Bayesian techniques for surface fuel loading estimation. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-74.

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Givens, C. A., M. A. Valdivia, S. Saeb, C. T. Francke y S. J. Patchet. Estimation of surface subsidence at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/94598.

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Ukeiley, Lawrence, Louis Cattafesta, Terry Song y George Shumway. Estimation of Time Dependent Properties from Surface Pressure in Open Cavities. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, febrero de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada500051.

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Hanson, Kurt A., Tetsu Hara, Erik J. Bock y Andrey B. Karachintsev. Estimation of Directional Surface Wave Spectra from a Towed Research Catamaran. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada333444.

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Watkins, Tyson R., Peter Randall Schunk y Scott Alan Roberts. Technique for the estimation of surface temperatures from embedded temperature sensing for rapid, high energy surface deposition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1148576.

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Wendelberger, James G., Juan Duque, Elizabeth J. Kelly, John M. Berg y Kimberly Ann Kaufeld. Container Surface Evaluation: Background Estimation, Background Removal, Feature Detection, and Image Ranking. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1392783.

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Reister, D. B., E. M. Oblow, J. Barhen y J. B. DuBose. Application of Global Optimization to the Estimation of Surface-Consistent Residual Statics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14111.

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Poppeliers, Christian. The use of multiwavelets for uncertainty estimation in seismic surface wave dispersion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1413439.

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