Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Essais NVH"

En el marco de la nueva crítica literaria francesa, Paul Bourget publica los Essais de psychologie contemporaine (1883) y los Nouveaux essais de psychologie contemporaine (1885). La finalidad perseguida con estas obras es reconstruir el estado moral de la sociedad francesa de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. La investigación revela que las nuevas generaciones francesas se encuentran aquejadas del llamado mal de siglo: una fatiga mortal de vivir, una constatación de la ausencia de sentido. Entre las causas de ello, Bourget identifica la influencia pesimista que cada uno de los diez autores estudiados en los Essais y en los Nouveaux essais ejerce con su literatura sobre los jóvenes franceses. Al analizar cada uno de estos autores, el crítico literario advierte que todos ellos se encuentran inmersos en un mismo proceso que es fundamental en la constitución de sus sensibilidades: la décadence. Dentro de este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar la teoría de la decadencia formulada por Paul Bourget. Para ello, el estudio se dividirá en dos partes: en la primera de ellas, se expondrá la noción de la décadence y sus presupuestos conceptuales positivistas sobre lo normal y lo patológico. En la segunda parte, se realizará una descripción del personaje de Emma Bovary de Madame Bovary a fin de mostrar un caso de idealización romántica que constituye una manifestación concreta de la decadencia.

Abstract: The aim of this response is to comment not so much on individual contributions, from all of which I have learned much, or indeed on individual examples of polymaths but rather on the practice of polymathy: on what the examples chosen by the authors of these essays tell us about the structures underlying, enabling, or blocking this practice and the ways in which it has changed over the centuries. It will reflect on the deceptively simple questions of What? Who? How? Where? When? With What Effects?

A neuralgia pós-herpética (NPH) é a complicação mais frequente do herpes-zóster, caracterizando-se pela presença de dor tipo neuropática de distribuição dermatômica, após manifestação prévia de um quadro agudo de herpes-zóster, geralmente um mês depois do surgimento das vesículas. O objetivo do presente relato é apresentar dois casos clínicos de NPH e suas respostas a diferentes tratamentos. O primeiro caso apresentou intolerância à amitriptilina e uma boa resposta clínica à gabapentina na dosagem de 900 mg/dia. O segundo caso apresentou intolerância à capsaicina, mas apresentou boa resposta à combinação da pregabalina com lidocaína tópica. A gabapentina, a pregabalina e a lidocaína tópica são tratamentos eficazes para o tratamento da neuralgia pós-herpética. Todas essas recomendações vão ao encontro dos tratamentos utilizados pelos médicos de família nos dois casos apresentados neste estudo.

A Comissão “Núcleo de Direitos Humanos” da Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo (NDH-EEFE-USP) foi criada em 2016, em consonância com as diretrizes amplas e gerais da Universidade de São Paulo e conjuntamente a outros Núcleos e Centros de Direitos Humanos em outras unidades da Universidade. O objetivo deste texto é compartilhar, a partir da implantação do NDH-EEFE-USP, algumas reflexões sobre o trabalho desenvolvido nesta unidade, para em seguida tecer considerações sobre as Comissões de Direitos Humanos de uma forma mais ampla. Essas considerações foram produzidas a partir de encontros com Comissões, Núcleos e grupos que atuam em torno da temática dos Direitos Humanos na Universidade de São Paulo nos anos 2015-2019. O propósito deste texto, e o nosso desejo, é de que a análise desta experiência unida a um contexto reflexivo possa subsidiar futuras ações, não apenas desta Comissão, mas de outras atividades nas Universidades e instituições de ensino do país.

A Comissão “Núcleo de Direitos Humanos” da Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo (NDH-EEFE-USP) foi criada em 2016, em consonância com as diretrizes amplas e gerais da Universidade de São Paulo e conjuntamente a outros Núcleos e Centros de Direitos Humanos em outras unidades da Universidade. O objetivo deste texto é compartilhar, a partir da implantação do NDH-EEFE-USP, algumas reflexões sobre o trabalho desenvolvido nesta unidade, para em seguida tecer considerações sobre as Comissões de Direitos Humanos de uma forma mais ampla. Essas considerações foram produzidas a partir de encontros com Comissões, Núcleos e grupos que atuam em torno da temática dos Direitos Humanos na Universidade de São Paulo nos anos 2015-2019. O propósito deste texto, e o nosso desejo, é de que a análise desta experiência unida a um contexto reflexivo possa subsidiar futuras ações, não apenas desta Comissão, mas de outras atividades nas Universidades e instituições de ensino do país.

Abstract In his Treatise on the Figure of the Stars (1732), Maupertuis described bright and elliptic phenomena in the night sky. Based on Maupertuis’s account of these astronomical observations, Kant developed an explanation of his own in his early book on the Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (1755). For him, these figures were seemingly stars, suns and even whole galaxies, subsystems orbiting a central body or a central sun, held by Kant to be the middle of the universe and a whole, an immense and immeasurable system of many uncountable solar systems. Since Kant did not read Maupertuis’s treatise, he derived his knowledge from a review of the Collected Essays of Maupertuis, in which the Treatise was published (1744). This review appeared in the Nova Acta Eruditorum in April 1745. Alongside this known source, another possible and complementary source on Maupertuis’s theory may have influenced Kant in his thinking: Gottsched’s philosophical textbook First Elements of all Philosophical Disciplines (5th edition, Theoretical part, Vol. I, 1748). The plate beneath the front matter of this book shows a picture of many solar systems. It depicts in detail, and according to Maupertuis’s account, comets signifying the center of different solar systems by the alignment of their tails, pointing in the opposite direction of the center. Gottsched’s book was known to Kant, who mentioned it in at least three lectures on logic. In addition, it was widely read in Königsberg’s intellectual and academic circles, since Gottsched was born not far from Königsberg and was a friend of Knutzen, Flottwell, Scheffner, the Imperial Countess of Keyserlingk, and others.

Rad donosi analitički prikaz sudbine izabranih hrvatskih književnih kritičara/pisaca (V. Nikolić, A. Bonifačić, A. Barac…) koji su pisali kritike i eseje za postojanja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (1941-1945). Nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata dolazi do osnutka komunističke Jugoslavije te zabrane objavljivanja, uz istodobno prešućivanja i zaborav hrvatske književnosti napisane za NDH. S druge strane, nakon raspada Jugoslavije 1991. i domovinskog rata u Hrvatskoj dolazi do rehabilitacije pojedinih tema, pisaca i njihovih djela koja su bila zabranjena i izložena trajnom zaboravu za vrijeme socijalističkog političkog sistema. Temeljno uporište ovoga rada je pokušati ponuditi odgovor na pitanje: kako i u kolikoj mjeri ideologija i politička diktatura jednoga razdoblja može utjecati na recepciju književnih i kulturnih vrijednosti nastalih za vrijeme drukčijeg ideološkog i političkog sistema. Oblivion and Ideology. On the Reception and Fate of Croatian Literary Critics Publishing in the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945) The paper provides an analytical account of the fate of selected Croatian literary critics/writers (V. Nikolić, A. Bonifačić, A. Barac...) who wrote reviews and essays in the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945). After the end of the Second World War, communist Yugoslavia was founded and the publication was banned, and Croatian literature written in the NDH fell into oblivion. On the other hand, after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and the civil war in Croatia, there is a rehabilitation of certain topics, writers and their works that were banned and faced the risk of oblivion during the socialist political system. The fundamental basis of this work is to try to answer the question: how the ideology and political dictatorship of one period can influence the reception of literary and cultural values created during a different ideological and political system.

Este estudo aborda as Mansonellas que estão entre as causas mais comuns de parasitoses sanguíneas e encontram-se amplamente distribuídas em toda a África e América Latina. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo dissertar sobre a imunomodulação produzida por mansonelose e sua implicação na reação imune contra diferentes antígenos vacinais. Para que fosse possível o alcance deste objetivo, foi utilizada a metodologia para a pesquisa bibliográfica com auxílio dos sites Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Scielo – Scientific Electronic Library Online, Lilacs – Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde e NIH-NCBI-Pubmed – Centro Nacional de Informação Biotecnológica – Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina. Nestes sites foram utilizados os descritores: Filárias, Imunologia, Mansonelas e Vacina. A imunomodulação produzida por nematoides filariais predispõe a que se estenda a outros antígenos não-filariais. Assim, a infecção filarial pode ter profunda implicação na reação imune contra outros antígenos, sejam eles vacinas, alérgenos ambientais ou outras infecções. Desta forma, a imunossupressão parece ser a chave nas infecções crônicas por filárias, onde diferentes mecanismos altamente eficazes são utilizados pelos parasitos para promover sua sobrevivência. Com isso, essas infecções acabam apresentando uma característica extremamente relevante que é sua propensão em induzir efeitos regulatórios a uma variedade de respostas imunes, incluindo respostas a vacinas e outros agentes infecciosos.

Objetivo: Identificar a importância do diagnóstico precoce da sífilis em gestantes para prevenção da transmissão vertical. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura nas bases de dados PubMed (NIH - National Library of Medicine), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) de estudos publicados entre 2018 e 2022. Utilizou-se os descritores "Sífilis congênita", "Diagnóstico precoce" e "Pré-natal". Resultados: Selecionou-se 8 artigos agrupados em 3 categorias, sendo elas "influência dos testes diagnósticos na cobertura de tratamento da sífilis materna", "relação entre diagnóstico tardio, tratamento inadequado e a prevenção" e "influência da educação em saúde e intervenções comportamentais na assistência pré-natal na prevenção". Medidas como testes diagnósticos direcionados, diagnóstico precoce e intervenções educacionais e comportamentais relacionam-se à maior cobertura pré-natal e à redução de diagnósticos tardios e tratamento inadequado. Considerações finais: A realidade brasileira aponta fragilidades na captação de gestantes, continuidade de exames no pré-natal e carência de informações adequadas à população, é importante adoção de estratégias de estímulo a essas práticas em conjunto com disponibilidade de testes rápidos para diagnósticos precoces e adesão ao tratamento contínuo e pré-natal realizado corretamente.

The subject of monarchy remains more fashionable in the pages of People and the National Inquirer than among NEH peer review panelists or professional historians generally. To a surprising degree, indeed, the subject has been left to non-professionals or to non-historians. Yet, when one reflects on the fact that the best-known wedding and the most traumatic funeral of the twentieth century both involved the British monarchy in a very immediate fashion, then one can hardly contend that that institution is of no account in modern cultural history. In the course of the past decade, I have drafted, and in part published, a series of topical essays involving Queen Victoria as symbol, as personality, and as actor on the political stage, and this paper constitutes a consideration of yet another facet of her world. In the process of exploring Queen Victoria's world in both printed and unpublished sources, I have made two discoveries that may not surprise you unduly once I set them forth.First, each major biographer of Queen Victoria—and there have been a great many—tends to react to the last major previous biographers. Thus Giles St. Aubyn in 1991 and Stanley Weintraub in 1987 drafted their works in the context of Elizabeth Longford's biography of 1964 and Cecil Woodham-Smith's life of 1972. The latter two wrote their lives in reaction to Lytton Strachey's biography of 1921 and Arthur Benson's of 1930. In the process, these more recent historians have at times unwittingly neglected a number of cogent conclusions reached by Sidney Lee way back in 1902.

INTRODUÇÃO: O diclofenaco de sódio é usado para o manejo sintomático de algumas doenças inflamatórias. Esse medicamento pertence ao subgrupo dos AINES derivados do ácido fenilacético, utilizado principalmente na forma de sal sódico ou potássico. Os AINES têm ação antipirética, capacidade de controlar a inflamação e de proporcionarem analgesia, sendo bastante utilizados na população em geral. Além de compartilhar muitas atividades terapêuticas, essas drogas também compartilham vários efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os eventos adversos associados ao uso excessivo de diclofenaco. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, o acesso à bibliografia será por meio eletrônico, nas bases de dados indexados em ciências da saúde, tais como: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), National Library of Medicine (NIH-Pubmed) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). Os critérios de seleção dos artigos foram: artigos originais e completos, publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2022. Como exclusão foram todos os artigos originais incompletos, com ano de publicação inferiores ao ano de 2000 a 2022. RESULTADOS: Foi possível selecionar 10 artigos para responder aos objetivos propostos nesse trabalho. Os principais efeitos adversos foram: Efeitos gastrointestinais como o efeito mais comum, insuficiência renal, hepatotoxicidade e distúrbios hematológicos. Os achados indicam que a automedicação e o uso indiscriminado de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais que inclui o diclofenaco são os principais responsáveis pela incidência de efeitos adversos em uma parcela da sociedade. Foi constatado que a atenção do uso desses medicamentos deverá de ser redobrada em usuários do sexo feminino, idosos e pacientes com predisposição a riscos gastrointestinais, renais, hepáticos, cardiovasculares e circulatórios, pois estes grupos têm maiores chances de desenvolver problemas relacionados ao uso do diclofenaco. CONCLUSÕES: O diclofenaco de sódio é o anti-inflamatório comum mais utilizado no tratamento de diversas infecções e no tratamento da dor. Contudo seu uso prolongado traz fatores de riscos à saúde daquele que utiliza. Com o intuito de minimizar tais problemas, os autores destacam a importância da atenção farmacêutica.

Background: This work compares the story Encyclopedia of the Dead by Danilo Kiš and novel The Museum of Unconditional Surrender by Dubravka Ugrešić which were written outside the homeland of their authors. It is used the definition of the literary cosmopolitanism as a kind of cultural cosmopolitanism which is characterized raising the issue of identity of heroes in the perspective of world citizenship, often depicting the coexistence of different identities without the specifying a national one. The article studies the influence of Kiš's poetics on Ugrešić's poetics, intertextual relations in the mentioned works. Purpose: The similarity at the level of motives, symbols, worldviews, structure, genre features, artistic techniques as main characteristics of the literary cosmopolitanism is studied in this article. Results: The Central European literary cosmopolitanism in the works by Kiš and Ugrešić is reflected in narration, images and symbols, motives, quotations of the other texts with the similar, cosmopolitan themes. Here the authors set the task of preserving and reconstructing the past by the various "reservoirs of memory" such as memories, photographs, artifacts, customs. The topic of freedom is extremely relevant as a fundamental one for totalitarian and post-totalitarian societies, which is manifested here either through the censorship of memory, or through the fantastic visions of freedom from censorship. Keywords: museum, encyclopedia, library, memory, cosmopolitanism. Assman, A., 2012. Spaces of memory. Forms and transformations of cultural memory. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr. (In Ukrainian) Birth Certificate, 2021. [online] Cornell University Press. Avialable at: https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801448881/birth-certificate/ [Accessed September, 6, 2021] (In English) Gvozden, V., 2002. Danilo Kiš as a Central European writer: contribution to writing and reading identity. In: B. Zieliński, ed. National and Supranational model of culture: Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, s.83–94. (In Polish) Kiš, D., 1979. The Anatomy Lesson. Beolgrade: Nolit. (In Serbian) Kiš, D., 2008. The Book of the Love and Death. L’viv: LA “Piramida”. (In Ukrainian) Kosmos, І., 2015. Mapping of Exile in the Works of Post-Yugoslav Authors. PhD thesis. University of Zagreb. Zagreb, Croatia. (In Croatian) Miedzielski, E., 2014. Unity in difference, differences in unity. Mapping the cultural space of contemporary Croatia on the basis of Croatian prose from the pre-millennium. Poznań: Nauka i innowacje. (In Polish) Milutinović, Z., 2014. Territorial Trap: Danilo Kiš, Cultural Geography and Geopolitical Imagination. East European Politics and Societies, 28, 4 (2014), pp.715–738. (In English) Nedeljković, M., 2016. Kiš's vigilance: ethics as aesthetics in the prose of Danilo Kiš. PhD thesis. University of Westminster. London, United Kingdom. (In English) Pantić, M., 2002. The variations on a theme „Danilo Kiš and Central Europe“. In: B. Zieliński, ed. National and Supranational model of culture: Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, pp.77–82. (In Polish) Richter, A., 2002. The Central Europe with Danil Kiš. In: B. Zieliński, ed. National and Supranational model of culture: Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, pp.95–101. (In Polish) The Conversation of Iurii Andrukhovych with Dubravka Ugrešić about the experience of the land that runs away from under your feet, 2021 [online]. Chytomo. Avialable at: https://chytomo.com/rozmova-iuriia-andrukhovycha-z-dubravkoiu-ugreshych-pro-dosvid-zemli-shcho-vtikaie-z-pid-nih/?fbclid=IwAR1OQgoqcQQ9-xSbn6dvwO0UX6Oc_p0U2k-wWnqTWB3nlZHR-TmLIqaJ8Mo [Accessed in June, 1, 2018] (In Ukrainian) Thompson, M., 2014. Birth Certificate. Belgrade: Clio, pp.475–477. (In Serbian) Ugrešić, D., 2020. The Museum of Unconditional Surrender. Chernivtsi: Knyhy XXI. (In Ukrainian) Vanuska, K., 2009. Citizen of Literature: Dubravka Ugrešić. The Quaterly Conversation, 17, 2009. [online] Dubravka Ugrešić. Avialable at: https://www.dubravkaugresic.com/ writings/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Karen-VanushkaThe-Quaterly-Conversation.pdf [Accessed September, 6, 2021] (In English) Veličković, V., 2015. “Justabit-Racist”: Dubravka Ugrešić. Cosmopolitanism and the Post-Yugoslav Condition. In: L. Platt and S. Upstone, ed. Postmodern Literature and Race. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.145–159. (In English) Veličković, V., 2019. Eastern Europe and Race: Cosmopolitanism and the Post-Yugoslav Condition in Dubravka Ugrešić’s Essays. In: Veličković, V. Eastern Europeans in Contemporary Literature and Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.167–186. (In English) Vervaet, S., 2016. Ugrešić, Hemon and the Paradoxes of Literary Cosmopolitanism: Or How to “World” (Post-) Yugoslav Literature in the Age of Globalization. In: A. Marčetić, Z. Bečanović-Nikolić and V. Elez, eds. Encompassing Comparative Literature: Theory, Interpretation, Perspectives. Belgrade: Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, pp.161–169. (In English)

Este artigo apresenta um levantamento e uma análise das políticas e infraestruturas de compartilhamento de dados de pesquisa em saúde adotadas pelos institutos e centros que compõem o NIH – National Institutes of Health (Institutos Nacionais de Saúde), organismo norte-americano de pesquisa biomédica. A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre definições e conceitos abordados neste estudo, o trabalho empírico consistiu na realização de buscas, nos sites dos institutos, centros e escritório central do NIH, de iniciativas de abertura e compartilhamento de dados de pesquisa. Localizaram-se no escritório central no NIH áreas responsáveis por essas ações, e foram identificados políticas e repositórios de compartilhamento de dados cadastrados no diretório de busca da NLM – U.S. National Library of Medicine (Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos). Como resultado, foram feitas análises sobre cada uma dessas iniciativas, considerando: as principais políticas de dados adotadas e seus principais objetivos, tipos e níveis de acesso e de publicação dos dados, formas de inserção e contribuição de dados, existência ou não de códigos de conduta, principais áreas de pesquisa envolvidas, tipos de repositórios (temáticos ou institucionais). As considerações finais fornecem subsídios para debates sobre diferentes tipos e abordagens de abertura e compartilhamento de dados de pesquisa científica, indicando questões pertinentes aos desdobramentos futuros da pesquisa.

Introdução: O vírus varicela-zoster (VVZ) causa uma infecção primária, latente e recorrente, manifestada inicialmente como varicela (catapora), e infectando, de forma vitalícia, os gânglios sensoriais dos neurônios. Assim como outros membros da família herpes-vírus, apresentam, como característica comum, a permanência em estado latente durante toda a vida do indivíduo, ressurgindo em eventos de imunodepressão. A reativação dessa infecção latente nos neurônios causa o herpes zoster, caracterizado pela presença de erupções vesiculares, geralmente distribuídas por dermátomos. No seu curso, pode ocorrer necrose nos gânglios nervosos satélites. A principal complicação crônica do herpes zoster é conhecida como neuralgia pós-herpética (NPH), que é definida como dor ou alodinia persistente por, pelo menos, três meses após a resolução da erupção cutânea. Essa dor é caracterizada como "horrível" ou "excruciante", e pode interferir nas atividades diárias e afetar negativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Diversas são as técnicas utilizadas para controle dessa dor, desde terapias medicamentosas até intervenções cirúrgicas e associação com técnicas da medicina tradicional chinesa. Objetivos: O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar, por meio de revisão de literatura, o herpes zoster, a neuralgia pós-herpéticas e as técnicas de tratamento da NPH já descritas em trabalhos publicados. Metodologia: Tais objetivos foram alcançados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em bases de dados internacionais, com caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa, sintetizando os conhecimentos na devida área temática de conhecimento. Resultados e Discussão: Conhecendo as características do herpes zoster e da neuralgia pós-herpética, os resultados encontrados, foram os principais tratamentos em uso no mundo para controle da dor causada por essas doenças e consequente melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos por elas. Conclusão: O vírus Varicela-Zoster pode causar varicela na infância e, mais tarde, reativar como herpes zoster, levando à neuralgia pós-herpética (NPH). A NPH é uma dor persistente que afeta a qualidade de vida. Isso enfatiza a importância de uma abordagem multidisciplinar para melhorar o bem-estar dos pacientes afetados. A revisão abrangeu estratégias abrangentes de controle da dor.

Numerous agencies (including ASBMB, ACS, IUBMB, NSF, and NIH) have called for formal ethics education in the undergraduate curriculum, yet there is widespread confusion over what this means, and therefore how to accomplish the task. Furthermore, while bioethics, animal rights, or medical ethics are rich fodder for discussion, the discussions are often polarizing, difficult to manage, and fail to achieve the desired outcomes (broadening the students understanding of ethics and ability to conduct science in line with a code of conduct). We hypothesized that students already have an ethical basis for ‘big picture’ judgments, but lack a basic knowledge of the code of ethics of professional societies. In this study, students were required to read a series of essays throughout the quarter and participate in an online discussion. At the end of the quarter students were given a two part surveys designed to determine if they could identify an ethical violation and determine how severe a violation was. Following the surveys, students were given the professional codes of conduct of ASBMB, ACS, and IUBMB. Classroom discussion dissected student opinions. Feedback from students was largely positive. They were surprised to see what a code of conduct contained and what was or was not considered ethical behavior in the sciences. Preliminary results indicate that this method is a viable way to introduce professional ethics to undergraduates. In the next stage of the study we propose to compare groups that read essays with an ethical theme to those without to see if this influences the result. We also plan to follow the students through their college careers to see if the learning that occurred in the freshman year will be retained.

Le passage de l’oralité à l’écriture fait disparaître les caractéristiques inhérentes à l’oralité. Mais plus encore qu’un simple changement de canal (de la voix à l’imprimé), la publication de récits de la tradition orale implique une métamorphose de tout l’acte de communication. Elle fait en outre surgir des problèmes éthiques liés à l’appropriation culturelle. Les auteurs et les éditeurs qui choisissent de publier les récits oraux autochtones doivent adopter des pratiques propres à légitimer leur démarche. Quelles stratégies, auctoriales ou éditoriales, emploient les acteurs du livre pour justifier les changements de destinataires, de destinateurs, de code et même, souvent, du message lui-même? Par quel processus un auteur, un éditeur, s’octroie-il ou se voit-il octroyer le capital culturel nécessaire à valider le rôle de passeur qu’il se donne? Mon analyse s’attarde à trois cas de figure : un essai ethnologique (La forêt vive, de Rémi Savard, Boréal, 2004); une adaptation littéraire (Anish-Nah-Bé, de Bernard Assiniwi, Leméac, 1971); et une publication issue d’une communauté autochtone (La femme venue du ciel, de Louis-Karl Picard-Sioui, Hannenorak, 2011).

"(W)hen you look at the historic angle of what’s going on, DJ culture is the future, everything is a mix. Whether it’s video, electronic shit, studio shit, painting, you name it, the psychology is in place. It’s the DJ." – Paul D. Miller, AKA DJ Spooky, qtd. in Tobin "Turn it up! Bring the noise." – Public Enemy, "Bring the Noise "Turn down that damned noise!!!" Thus began the nightly negotiation with my father during my adolescence — him firmly rooted in his recliner as he stared at the television, me locked in my bedroom, fingers nudging the stereo knobs to experiment with acceptable volumes. It was never, "turn down the music," or "lower that Boogie Down Productions album," it was always, "turn down that damned noise!!!" I hear his words echoed daily in the attitudes of many of the pre-service teachers that I work with as they navigate the tumultuous maelstrom of education in postmodern culture. Perhaps my students merely reveal legacies of their own educational experiences, or perhaps they embody the transitional dissonance of an epochal shift. Regardless of the "origin" of their discomfort, they seem to turn to those of us engaged in preparing them as teachers to sanitise the "mess" they encounter in schools. They desire Skinnerian behaviorist reductionism (if "x" then "y"). They seek to tame the "noise" of the extraordinarily complex endeavor of teaching and learning. I fiddle with the volume knob of my own teaching, crank it up, and offer them hip hop pedagogies.1 By hip hop pedagogies I do not mean simply the inclusion of hip hop culture (e.g., DJing, rapping, graffiti art, dancing) as objects of study in the classroom, although these are indeed worthwhile curricular considerations. Instead of dominant modes of schooling which are informed by a factory model of efficiency and knowledge transmission (Adams et al.), I suggest a fundamental reorientation to pedagogies guided by the aesthetics of hip hop culture, particularly the power of recombinant textuality embodied in hip hop’s "noisy mix." Dick Hebdige locates the origins, as diffuse as they are, of hip hop music in the fundamental nature of the mix, noting that "(r)ap is DJ (disc jockey) and MC (Master of Ceremonies or Microphone Controller) music . . . (I)t relies on pre-recorded sounds. . . . The hip hoppers "stole" music off air and cut it up. Then they broke it down into its component parts and remixed it on tape" (141). Paul Miller identifies the possibilities inherent in such processes: DJ culture – urban youth culture – is all about recombinant potential. It has as a central feature a eugenics of the imagination. Each and every source is fragmented and bereft of prior meaning – kind of like a future without a past. The samples are given meaning only when re-presented in the assemblage of the mix (7) In hip hop, mixing occurs within discursive realities of "noise." Tricia Rose notes that the "sonic power" of hip hop, with its "distinctive bass-heavy, enveloping sound does not rest outside of its musical and social power" (63). She summarizes the significance of this sonic barrage: "Noise" on the one hand and communal countermemory on the other, rap music conjures and razes in one stroke. Rap's rhythms . . . are its most powerful effect. Rap's primary focus is sonic . . . Rap music centers on the quality and nature of rhythm and sound, the lowest, "fattest beats" being the most significant and emotionally charged . . . The arrangement and selection of sounds rap musicians have invented via samples, turntables, tape machines, and sound systems are at once deconstructive (in that they actually take apart recorded musical compositions) and recuperative (because they recontextualise these elements creating new meanings for cultural sounds that have been relegated to commercial wastebins) . . . (64-65 Herein lies one of the most transformative possibilities of hip hop pedagogies – the model it offers as a recombinant text, as a mix. Miller explains: It is in this singularly improvisational role of "recombiner" that the DJ creates what I like to call a "post symbolic mood sculpture," or the mix; a disembodied and transient text . . . The implications of this style of creating art are three fold: 1) by its very nature it critiques the entire idea of intellectual property and copyright law, 2) it reifies a communal art value structure in contrast to most forms of art in late capitalist social contexts, 3) it interfaces communications technology in a manner that anthropomorphisizes it. (12-13 If we were to begin thinking of our classrooms/schools as a mix, as recombinant, fluid texts where the copyrighting privilege of authority in the guise of "teacher" is challenged, where the entire process of teaching and learning becomes communal, and where human/technological cyborgs are valued, we can see how hip hop pedagogies might be transformative. The classroom might become, in my favorite image of postmodern education that William Doll borrows from Milan Kundera and Richard Rorty, a "fascinating imaginative realm where no one owns the truth and everyone has the right to be understood" (151). Such pedagogical orientations toward the mix invite students to reject modernist attempts to channel and control learning – to "school" the body and mind. Instead, as Potter notes, "hip-hop aims for a world made hole, aporic, fracturing the fragmented, graffiti on graffiti" (8, emphasis in original). Instead of the master narratives of modernity, it "offers us a model . . . as it produces knowledge in the active consumption of the everyday materials the world makes available . . . it is a work which instructs in its process, indeed, by its process" (Block 339). Is this not a better way to envision our work in schools, which Pinar et al. see as ultimately an engagement with larger conversations of what it means to prepare the next generation (847)? Such mixing infuses life into pedagogies as meanings are reassembled, and acknowledges a "new paradigm" that does "not necessarily require new data, but rather (is) characterized by clever and substantively different ways of recasting what we already know" (Samples 187). "The previous meanings," Miller concludes, are "corralled into a space where the differences in time, place, and culture, are collapsed to create a recombinant text or autonomous zone of expression" (14). Hip hop pedagogies offer such "zones" of hybrid selves, hybrid cultures, and hybrid conversations that are recombined continually through collisions with cultures, histories, and technologies. So that’s the noisy mix I share with my students as most salient to postmodern education – cacophonous, turbulent, and sure to infuriate my father, even now. Notes 1. I follow Gore in her use of the plural form of pedagogy: "(Pedagogies) use is important to signify the multiple approaches and practices that fall under the pedagogy umbrella" whereas "rely(ing) on the singular form is to imply greater unity and coherence than is warranted" (7). References Adams, Natalie et al. Learning to Teach: A Critical Approach to Field Experiences. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998. Block. Alan. (1998). "Curriculum as Affichiste: Popular Culture and Identity." Curriculum: Toward New Identities. Ed. William F. Pinar. New York: Garland, 325-341. Doll, William E., Jr. A Postmodern Perspective on Curriculum. New York: Teachers College, 1993. Gore, J. The Struggle for Pedagogies: Critical and Feminist Discourses as Regimes of Truth. New York: Routledge, 1993. Hebdige, Dick. Cut-n-Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music. London: Methuen, 1987. Miller, Paul D. "Flow My Blood the DJ Said." Liner notes from Song of a Dead Dreamer. New York: Asphodel, 1995. Pinar, William F. et al. Understanding Curriculum: An Introduction to the Study of Historical and Contemporary Curriculum Discourses. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. Potter Russell A. Spectacular Vernaculars: Hip-Hop and the Politics of Postmodernism. Albany: SUNY, 1995. Public Enemy. It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back. New York: Def Jam Recordings, 1988. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover, N.H.: UP of New England, 1994. Samples, Bob. "Learning as Transformation." Education, Information, and Transformation: Essays on Learning and Thinking. Ed. Jeffrey Kane. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill, 1999. Tobin, Sam. "Permutations: A Conversation with Paul D. Miller, AKA DJ Spooky." Digress Magazine. [12, March 2001].<http://www.digressmagazine.com/1spooky.php>

As the name suggests, the humanities is largely a study of the human condition, in which history sits as a discipline concerned with the past. Environmental history is a new field that brings together scholars from a range of disciplines to consider the changing relationships between humans and the environment over time. Critiques of anthropocentrism that place humans at the centre of the universe or make assessments through an exclusive human perspective provide a challenge to scholars to rethink our traditional biases against the nonhuman world. The movement towards nonhumanism or posthumanism, however, does not seem to have had much of an impression on history as a discipline. What would a nonhumanist history look like if we re-centred the historical narrative around pigs? There are histories of pigs as food (see for example, The Cambridge History of Food which has a chapter on “Hogs”). There are food histories that feature pork in terms of its relationship to multiethnic identity (such as Donna Gabaccia’s We Are What We Eat) and examples made of pigs to promote ethical eating (Singer). Pigs are central to arguments about dietary rules and what motivates them (Soler; Dolander). Ancient pig DNA has also been employed in studies on human migration and colonisation (Larson et al.; Durham University). Pigs are also widely used in a range of products that would surprise many of us. In 2008, Christien Meindertsma spent three years researching the products made from a single pig. Among some of the more unexpected results were: ammunition, medicine, photographic paper, heart valves, brakes, chewing gum, porcelain, cosmetics, cigarettes, hair conditioner and even bio diesel. Likewise, Fergus Henderson, who coined the term ‘nose to tail eating’, uses a pig on the front cover of the book of that name to suggest the extraordinary and numerous potential of pigs’ bodies. However, my intention here is not to pursue a discussion of how parts of their bodies are used, rather to consider a reorientation of the historical narrative to place pigs at the centre of stories of our co-evolution, in order to see what their history might say about humans and our relationships with them. This is underpinned by recognition of the inter-relationality of humans and animals. The relationships between wild boar and pigs with humans has been long and diverse. In a book exploring 10,000 years of interaction, Anton Ervynck and Peter Rowley-Conwy argue that pigs have been central to complex cultural developments in human societies and they played an important role in human migration patterns. The book is firmly grounded within the disciplines of zoology, anthropology and archaeology and contributes to an understanding of the complex and changing relationship humans have historically shared with wild boar and domestic pigs. Naturalist Lyall Watson also explores human/pig relationships in The Whole Hog. The insights these approaches offer for the discipline of history are valuable (although overlooked) but, more importantly, such scholarship also challenges a humanist perspective that credits humans exclusively with historical change and suggests, moreover, that we did it alone. Pigs occupy a special place in this history because of their likeness to humans, revealed in their use in transplant technology, as well as because of the iconic and paradoxical status they occupy in our lives. As Ervynck and Rowley-Conwy explain, “On the one hand, they are praised for their fecundity, their intelligence, and their ability to eat almost anything, but on the other hand, they are unfairly derided for their apparent slovenliness, unclean ways, and gluttonous behaviour” (1). Scientist Niamh O’Connell was struck by the human parallels in the complex social structures which rule the lives of pigs and people when she began a research project on pig behaviour at the Agricultural Research Institute at Hillsborough in County Down (Cassidy). According to O’Connell, pigs adopt different philosophies and lifestyle strategies to get the most out of their life. “What is interesting from a human perspective is that low-ranking animals tend to adopt one of two strategies,” she says. “You have got the animals who accept their station in life and then you have got the other ones that are continually trying to climb, and as a consequence, their life is very stressed” (qtd. in Cassidy). The closeness of pigs to humans is the justification for their use in numerous experiments. In the so-called ‘pig test’, code named ‘Priscilla’, for instance, over 700 pigs dressed in military uniforms were used to study the effects of nuclear testing at the Nevada (USA) test site in the 1950s. In When Species Meet, Donna Haraway draws attention to the ambiguities and contradictions promoted by the divide between animals and humans, and between nature and culture. There is an ethical and critical dimension to this critique of human exceptionalism—the view that “humanity alone is not [connected to the] spatial and temporal web of interspecies dependencies” (11). There is also that danger that any examination of our interdependencies may just satisfy a humanist preoccupation with self-reflection and self-reproduction. Given that pigs cannot speak, will they just become the raw material to reproduce the world in human’s own image? As Haraway explains: “Productionism is about man the tool-maker and -user, whose highest technical production is himself […] Blinded by the sun, in thrall to the father, reproduced in the sacred image of the same, his rewards is that he is self-born, an auto telic copy. That is the mythos of enlightenment and transcendence” (67). Jared Diamond acknowledges the mutualistic relationship between pigs and humans in Guns, Germs and Steel and the complex co-evolutionary path between humans and domesticated animals but his account is human-centric. Human’s relationships with pigs helped to shape human history and power relations and they spread across the world with human expansion. But questioning their utility as food and their enslavement to this cause was not part of the account. Pigs have no voice in the histories we write of them and so they can appear as passive objects in their own pasts. Traces of their pasts are available in humanity’s use of them in, for example, the sties built for them and the cooking implements used to prepare meals from them. Relics include bones and viruses, DNA sequences and land use patterns. Historians are used to dealing with subjects that cannot speak back, but they have usually left ample evidence of what they have said. In the process of writing, historians attempt to perform the miracle, as Curthoys and Docker have suggested, of restoration; bringing the people and places that existed in the past back to life (7). Writing about pigs should also attempt to bring the animal to life, to understand not just their past but also our own culture. In putting forward the idea of an alternative history that starts with pigs, I am aware of both the limits to such a proposal, and that most people’s only contact with pigs is through the meat they buy at the supermarket. Calls for a ban on intensive pig farming (RSPCA, ABC, AACT) might indeed have shocked people who imagine their dinner comes from the type of family farm featured in the movie Babe. Baby pigs in factory farms would have been killed a long time before the film’s sheep dog show (usually at 3 to 4 months of age). In fact, because baby pigs do grow so fast, 48 different pigs were used to film the role of the central character in Babe. While Babe himself may not have been aware of the relationship pigs generally have to humans, the other animals were very cognisant of their function. People eat pigs, even if they change the name of the form it takes in order to do so:Cat: You know, I probably shouldn’t say this, but I’m not sure if you realize how much the other animals are laughing at you for this sheep dog business. Babe: Why would they do that? Cat: Well, they say that you’ve forgotten that you’re a pig. Isn't that silly? Babe: What do you mean? Cat: You know, why pigs are here. Babe: Why are any of us here? Cat: Well, the cow’s here to be milked, the dogs are here to help the Boss's husband with the sheep, and I’m here to be beautiful and affectionate to the boss. Babe: Yes? Cat: [sighs softly] The fact is that pigs don’t have a purpose, just like ducks don’t have a purpose. Babe: [confused] Uh, I—I don’t, uh ... Cat: Alright, for your own sake, I’ll be blunt. Why do the Bosses keep ducks? To eat them. So why do the Bosses keep a pig? The fact is that animals don’t seem to have a purpose really do have a purpose. The Bosses have to eat. It’s probably the most noble purpose of all, when you come to think about it. Babe: They eat pigs? Cat: Pork, they call it—or bacon. They only call them pigs when they’re alive (Noonan). Babe’s transformation into a working pig to round up the sheep makes him more useful. Ferdinand the duck tried to do the same thing by crowing but was replaced by an alarm clock. This is a common theme in children’s stories, recalling Charlotte’s campaign to praise Wilbur the pig in order to persuade the farmer to let him live in E. B. White’s much loved children’s novel, Charlotte’s Web. Wilbur is “some pig”, “terrific”, “radiant” and “humble”. In 1948, four years before Charlotte’s Web, White had published an essay “Death of a Pig”, in which he fails to save a sick pig that he had bought in order to fatten up and butcher. Babe tried to present an alternative reality from a pig’s perspective, but the little pig was only spared because he was more useful alive than dead. We could all ask the question why are any of us here, but humans do not have to contemplate being eaten to justify their existence. The reputation pigs have for being filthy animals encourages distaste. In another movie, Pulp Fiction, Vincent opts for flavour, but Jules’ denial of pig’s personalities condemns them to insignificance:Vincent: Want some bacon? Jules: No man, I don’t eat pork. Vincent: Are you Jewish? Jules: Nah, I ain’t Jewish, I just don’t dig on swine, that’s all. Vincent: Why not? Jules: Pigs are filthy animals. I don’t eat filthy animals. Vincent: Bacon tastes gooood. Pork chops taste gooood. Jules: Hey, sewer rat may taste like pumpkin pie, but I’d never know ’cause I wouldn’t eat the filthy motherfucker. Pigs sleep and root in shit. That’s a filthy animal. I ain’t eat nothin’ that ain’t got sense enough to disregard its own feces [sic]. Vincent: How about a dog? Dogs eats its own feces. Jules: I don’t eat dog either. Vincent: Yeah, but do you consider a dog to be a filthy animal? Jules: I wouldn’t go so far as to call a dog filthy but they’re definitely dirty. But, a dog’s got personality. Personality goes a long way. Vincent: Ah, so by that rationale, if a pig had a better personality, he would cease to be a filthy animal. Is that true? Jules: Well we’d have to be talkin’ about one charming motherfuckin’ pig. I mean he’d have to be ten times more charmin’ than that Arnold on Green Acres, you know what I’m sayin’? In the 1960s television show Green Acres, Arnold was an exceptional pig who was allowed to do whatever he wanted. He was talented enough to write his own name and play the piano and his attempts at painting earned him the nickname “Porky Picasso”. These talents reflected values that are appreciated, and so he was. The term “pig” is, however, chiefly used a term of abuse, however, embodying traits we abhor—gluttony, obstinence, squealing, foraging, rooting, wallowing. Making a pig of yourself is rarely honoured. Making a pig of the humanities, however, could be a different story. As a historian I love to forage, although I use white gloves rather than a snout. I have rubbed my face and body on tree trunks in the service of forestry history and when the temperature rises I also enjoy wallowing, rolling from side to side rather than drawing a conclusion. More than this, however, pigs provide a valid means of understanding key historical transitions that define modern society. Significant themes in modern history—production, religion, the body, science, power, the national state, colonialism, gender, consumption, migration, memory—can all be understood through a history of our relationships with pigs. Pigs play an important role in everyday life, but their relationship to the economic, social, political and cultural matters discussed in general history texts—industrialisation, the growth of nation states, colonialism, feminism and so on—are generally ignored. However “natural” this place of pigs may seem, culture and tradition profoundly shape their history and their own contribution to those forces has been largely absent in history. What, then, would the contours of such a history that considered the intermeshing of humans and pigs look like? The intermeshing of pigs in early human history Agricultural economies based on domestic animals began independently in different parts of the world, facilitating increases in population and migration. Evidence for long-term genetic continuity between modern and ancient Chinese domestic pigs has been established by DNA sequences. Larson et al. have made an argument for five additional independent domestications of indigenous wild boar populations: in India, South East Asia and Taiwan, which they use to develop a picture of both pig evolution and the development and spread of early farmers in the Far East. Domestication itself involves transformation into something useful to animals. In the process, humans became transformed. The importance of the Fertile Crescent in human history has been well established. The area is attributed as the site for a series of developments that have defined human history—urbanisation, writing, empires, and civilisation. Those developments have been supported by innovations in food production and animal husbandry. Pig, goats, sheep and cows were all domesticated very early in the Fertile Crescent and remain four of the world’s most important domesticated mammals (Diamond 141). Another study of ancient pig DNA has concluded that the earliest domesticated pigs in Europe, believed to be descended from European wild boar, were introduced from the Middle East. The research, by archaeologists at Durham University, sheds new light on the colonisation of Europe by early farmers, who brought their animals with them. Keith Dobney explains:Many archaeologists believe that farming spread through the diffusion of ideas and cultural exchange, not with the direct migration of people. However, the discovery and analysis of ancient Middle Eastern pig remains across Europe reveals that although cultural exchange did happen, Europe was definitely colonised by Middle Eastern farmers. A combination of rising population and possible climate change in the ‘fertile crescent’, which put pressure on land and resources, made them look for new places to settle, plant their crops and breed their animals and so they rapidly spread west into Europe (ctd in ScienceDaily). Middle Eastern farmers colonised Europe with pigs and in the process transformed human history. Identity as a porcine theme Religious restrictions on the consumption of pigs come from the same area. Such restrictions exist in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut) and in Muslim dietary laws (Halal). The basis of dietary laws has been the subject of much scholarship (Soler). Economic and health and hygiene factors have been used to explain the development of dietary laws historically. The significance of dietary laws, however, and the importance attached to them can be related to other purposes in defining and expressing religious and cultural identity. Dietary laws and their observance may have been an important factor in sustaining Jewish identity despite the dispersal of Jews in foreign lands since biblical times. In those situations, where a person eats in the home of someone who does not keep kosher, the lack of knowledge about your host’s ingredients and the food preparation techniques make it very difficult to keep kosher. Dietary laws require a certain amount of discipline and self-control, and the ability to make distinctions between right and wrong, good and evil, pure and defiled, the sacred and the profane, in everyday life, thus elevating eating into a religious act. Alternatively, people who eat anything are often subject to moral judgments that may also lead to social stigmatisation and discrimination. One of the most powerful and persuasive discourses influencing current thinking about health and bodies is the construction of an ‘obesity epidemic’, critiqued by a range of authors (see for example, Wright & Harwood). As omnivores who appear indiscriminate when it comes to food, pigs provide an image of uncontrolled eating, made visible by the body as a “virtual confessor”, to use Elizabeth Grosz’s term. In Fat Pig, a production by the Sydney Theatre Company in 2006, women are reduced to being either fat pigs or shrieking shallow women. Fatuosity, a blog by PhD student Jackie Wykes drawing on her research on fat and sexual subjectivity, provides a review of the play to describe the misogyny involved: “It leaves no options for women—you can either be a lovely person but a fat pig who will end up alone; or you can be a shrill bitch but beautiful, and end up with an equally obnoxious and shallow male counterpart”. The elision of the divide between women and pigs enacted by such imagery also creates openings for new modes of analysis and new practices of intervention that further challenge humanist histories. Such interventions need to make visible other power relations embedded in assumptions about identity politics. Following the lead of feminists and postcolonial theorists who have challenged the binary oppositions central to western ideology and hierarchical power relations, critical animal theorists have also called into question the essentialist and dualist assumptions underpinning our views of animals (Best). A pig history of the humanities might restore the central role that pigs have played in human history and evolution, beyond their exploitation as food. Humans have constructed their story of the nature of pigs to suit themselves in terms that are specieist, racist, patriarchal and colonialist, and failed to grasp the connections between the oppression of humans and other animals. The past and the ways it is constructed through history reflect and shape contemporary conditions. In this sense, the past has a powerful impact on the present, and the way this is re-told, therefore, also needs to be situated, historicised and problematicised. The examination of history and society from the standpoint of (nonhuman) animals offers new insights on our relationships in the past, but it might also provide an alternative history that restores their agency and contributes to a different kind of future. As the editor of Critical Animals Studies, Steve Best describes it: “This approach, as I define it, considers the interaction between human and nonhuman animals—past, present, and future—and the need for profound changes in the way humans define themselves and relate to other sentient species and to the natural world as a whole.” References ABC. “Changes to Pig Farming Proposed.” ABC News Online 22 May 2010. 10 Aug. 2010 http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/22/2906519.htm Against Animal Cruelty Tasmania. “Australia’s Intensive Pig Industry: The Intensive Pig Industry in Australia Has Much to Hide.” 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.aact.org.au/pig_industry.htm Babe. Dir. Chris Noonan. Universal Pictures, 1995. Best, Steven. “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education.” Journal for Critical Animal Studies 7.1 (2009): 9-53. Cassidy, Martin. “How Close are Pushy Pigs to Humans?”. BBC News Online 2005. 10 Sep. 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4482674.stmCurthoys, A., and Docker, J. “Time Eternity, Truth, and Death: History as Allegory.” Humanities Research 1 (1999) 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.anu.edu.au/hrc/publications/hr/hr_1_1999.phpDiamond, Jared. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999. Dolader, Miguel-Àngel Motis. “Mediterranean Jewish Diet and Traditions in the Middle Ages”. Food: A Culinary History. Eds. Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari. Trans. Clarissa Botsford, Arthus Golhammer, Charles Lambert, Frances M. López-Morillas and Sylvia Stevens. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. 224-44. Durham University. “Chinese Pigs ‘Direct Descendants’ of First Domesticated Breeds.” ScienceDaily 20 Apr. 2010. 29 Aug. 2010 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100419150947.htm Gabaccia, Donna R. We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998. Grosz, Elizabeth. Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1994. Haraway, D. “The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others.” The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge, 2005. 63-124. Haraway, D. When Species Meet: Posthumanities. 3rd ed. London: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. Henderson, Fergus. Nose to Tail Eating: A Kind of British Cooking. London: Bloomsbury, 2004. Kiple, Kenneth F., Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas. Cambridge History of Food. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Larson, G., Ranran Liu, Xingbo Zhao, Jing Yuan, Dorian Fuller, Loukas Barton, Keith Dobney, Qipeng Fan, Zhiliang Gu, Xiao-Hui Liu, Yunbing Luo, Peng Lv, Leif Andersson, and Ning Li. “Patterns of East Asian Pig Domestication, Migration, and Turnover Revealed by Modern and Ancient DNA.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States 19 Apr. 2010. 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0912264107/DCSupplemental Meindertsma, Christien. “PIG 05049. Kunsthal in Rotterdam.” 2008. 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.christienmeindertsma.com/index.php?/books/pig-05049Naess, A. “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement.” Inquiry 16 (1973): 95-100. Needman, T. Fat Pig. Sydney Theatre Company. Oct. 2006. Noonan, Chris [director]. “Babe (1995) Memorable Quotes”. 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112431/quotes Plumwood, V. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge, 1993. Pulp Fiction. Dir. Quentin Tarantino. Miramax, 1994. RSPCA Tasmania. “RSPCA Calls for Ban on Intensive Pig Farming.” 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.rspcatas.org.au/press-centre/rspca-calls-for-a-ban-on-intensive-pig-farming ScienceDaily. “Ancient Pig DNA Study Sheds New Light on Colonization of Europe by Early Farmers” 4 Sep. 2007. 10 Sep. 2010 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070903204822.htm Singer, Peter. “Down on the Family Farm ... or What Happened to Your Dinner When it was Still an Animal.” Animal Liberation 2nd ed. London: Jonathan Cape, 1990. 95-158. Soler, Jean. “Biblical Reasons: The Dietary Rules of the Ancient Hebrews.” Food: A Culinary History. Eds. Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari. Trans. Clarissa Botsford, Arthus Golhammer, Charles Lambert, Frances M. López-Morillas and Sylvia Stevens. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. 46-54. Watson, Lyall. The Whole Hog: Exploring the Extraordinary Potential of Pigs. London: Profile, 2004. White, E. B. Essays of E. B. White. London: HarperCollins, 1979. White, E. B. Charlotte’s Web. London: HarperCollins, 2004. Wright, J., and V. Harwood. Eds. Biopolitics and the ‘Obesity Epidemic’. New York: Routledge, 2009. Wykes, J. Fatuosity 2010. 29 Aug. 2010 http://www.fatuosity.net