Tesis sobre el tema "Equivalent Material Model"

In this thesis, design and analyses of honeycomb structures are investigated. Primary goal is to develop an equivalent orthotropic material model that is a good substitute for the actual honeycomb core. By replacing the actual honeycomb structure with the orthotropic model, during the finite element analyses, substantial advantages can be obtained with regard to ease of modeling and model modification, solution time and hardware resources . To figure out the best equivalent model among the approximate analytical models that can be found in the literature, a comparison is made. First sandwich beams with four different honeycomb cores are modeled in detail and these are accepted as reference models. Then a set of equivalent models with the same dimensions is generated. The material properties of the equivalent models are taken from different studies performed in the literature. Both models are analyzed under the same loading and the boundary conditions. In finite element analyses, ANSYS finite element program is used. The results are compared to find out the best performing equivalent model. After three major analyses loops, decision on the equivalent model is made. The differences between the total reaction forces calculated by the equivalent model and the actual honeycomb model are all found to be within 10%. The equivalent model gives stress results at the macro-scale, and the local stresses and the strains can not be determined. Therefore it is deemed that for stress analysis, equivalent model can be used during the preliminary design phase. However, the equivalent model can be used reliably for deflection analysis, modal analysis, stiffness determination and aero-elastic analysis.

The aim of this study is to assess the current situation of energy and carbon flows through the waste sector in Jämtland. An energy flow analysis is performed by balancing the inflows and outflows of the lower heating value and embodied energy. A carbon flow analysis was made on the same principles although with the carbon content and embodied CO2eq.  The results are showing that over a period of one year, 75 000 tons of waste flows through the waste sector in Jämtland. Approximately 60 % of all the waste is incinerated. The energy analysis shows that 970TJ flows through the waste sector every year. Household waste is the category with most energy consumption and emissions in total. However, other materials like metal and electronics have higher energy and carbon content per ton than the household category. The results of the analyses can further be implemented in the Sustainable Jämtland model and it can then be used as a base when making strategies for a sustainable waste treatment.

La fabrication additive s’est beaucoup développée ces dernières années dans l’industrie, notamment dans le secteur spatial. Cette technologie permet de concevoir et de fabriquer des pièces de géométrie complexe souvent impossible à obtenir par les procédés conventionnels. C’est le cas en particulier des structures lattices qui restent à ce jour difficiles à dimensionner et qui sont encore délicates à maîtriser en matière de stabilité de fabrication.Cette thèse avait pour objectifs d'améliorer la compréhension et la prédiction du comportement mécanique des structures lattices, structures qui sont de plus en plus présentes dans les satellites. Des éprouvettes sandwiches avec âme lattice de type BCC ou Dode-Thin (DT) ont été mises à disposition par Thales Alenia Space – France. Ces éprouvettes en aluminium AS7G06 ou en titane TA6V ont été fabriquées par fusion laser sur lit de poudre. De nombreux essais statiques et dynamiques ont été réalisés ainsi que différents calculs prédictifs analytiques et numériques.Les propriétés mécaniques équivalentes de cellules parfaites sans défauts ont été déterminées par Éléments Finis (EF) et ont été comparées à la théorie des poutres. Un modèle théorique de la poutre DT a été particulièrement développé permettant de modéliser par EF les cellules DT comme un ensemble d’éléments poutres 1D ou un matériau homogénéisé équivalent. Les essais mécaniques ont permis de mesurer la rigidité des éprouvettes sandwiches. Des mesures complémentaires par microscopie optique, MEB et microtomographie RX ont permis de mesurer la géométrie réelle des sections des poutres.Les rigidités mesurées sont le plus souvent inférieures à celles prédites par calculs. Les écarts observés sont dus aux imperfections géométriques des poutres réellement fabriquées, à la présence de porosités internes et aussi au fait que les matériaux imprimés ont des propriétés moindres que celles des matériaux de fonderie, notamment des modules de Young plus faibles. Un outil informatique de post-traitement des images de la tomographie a été développé pour quantifier les différences de rigidité et de masse et les comparer aux valeurs nominales. Les modèles mis à jour suite à ces observations ont conduit à une nette amélioration de la corrélation entre essais et calculs.À l’issue de ces travaux, les ingénieurs et les chercheurs bénéficient maintenant de méthodes et de formules permettant de modéliser simplement des structures BCC et Dode-Thin. Grâce aux nombreuses mesures et observations expérimentales, ces travaux ont aussi contribué à une meilleure compréhension du comportement des structures lattices.D’autres axes de recherche peuvent être envisagés pour continuer à développer et à améliorer leur dimensionnement. Il faudrait continuer à étudier l’influence de la non rectitude des fibres moyennes et du désalignement des nœuds d’intersection. Il serait aussi intéressant de réaliser des mesures et essais supplémentaires pour observer la qualité de fabrication actuelle. Le développement d’outils informatiques de traitement des images de tomographie RX rend possible la création de modèles EF 3D représentatifs de la géométrie réelle des poutres fabriquées et aussi la construction à terme de jumeaux numériques en s’appuyant sur l’intelligence artificielle
Additive manufacturing technology has created new possibilities in design for aerospace components, particularly using lattice structures. The industrial challenge remains to size these structures within a reasonable lead time.This research aimed to improve the understanding and prediction of the mechanical performance of lattice structures that are increasingly used in spacecraft components.Thales Alenia Space – France provided lattice core sandwich beams manufactured by the powder bed laser beam melting process. The mechanical properties of two types of cell, BCC and Dode-Thin, were investigated for two metal alloys, AS7G06 aluminium and TA6V titanium. We performed a number of static and vibration tests and predicted the mechanical behaviour of the specimens using both analytical and numerical calculations.Various Finite Element (FE) models were developed to calculate the effective mechanical properties of a defect-free structure and compared with the beam theory. In particular, we established a theory of cross-sectional properties for the specific Dode-Thin strut. This allowed the Dode-Thin lattice cell to be modelled as a set of 1D beam elements or an equivalent 3D-orthotropic homogenised material. Tests were also carried out to measure the stiffness of the sandwich beams. Optical and SEM observations and X-ray computed tomography (CT) determined the actual cross-sectional properties of the struts.The experiments in this study generally showed that theoretical and numerical predictions significantly overestimated the stiffnesses. Porosity rate and geometrical imperfections were the main causes of the discrepancy between the prediction and the as-built parts. In addition, the 3D-printed materials exhibited a lower Young’s modulus. An in-house code was developed to calculate the cross-sectional properties directly from the CT data and compare them with the nominal properties. These observations and results helped to explain the differences in stiffness and mass and were used to update the predictive models, resulting in a better correlation with the experimental results for static and dynamic behaviour.Finally, this study provided the engineer with a simple method for replacing BCC and Dode-Thin cells with equivalent beams of solid circular cross-section, or with homogenised mechanical properties. This study also deepened the knowledge of the as-built lattice structures and their mechanical behaviour.Further research should explore the effect of strut waviness and the misalignment of the junction centres. Additional tests with other samples manufactured more recently and benefiting from developments in the SLM technique could be conducted. The in-house code we have started to develop for post-processing digital CT images could be enhanced with new functions. We could envisage the construction of a full FE tetrahedral volumetric mesh capturing the geometric imperfections of each strut. This could make it possible to identify the true effective stiffness of the strut geometry. This approach could pave the way for the creation of a digital twin consisting of a FE lattice model constructed directly from CT data

The study of neuronal and neurodegenerative diseases requires the development of new tools and technologies to create functional neuroelectronics allowing both stimulation and recording of cellular electrical activity. In the last decade organic electronics is digging its way in the field of bioelectronics and researchers started to develop neural interfaces based on organic semiconductors. The interest in such technologies arise from the intrinsic properties of organic materials such as low cost, transparency, softness and flexibility, as well the biocompatibility and the suitability in realizing all organic printed systems. In particular, organic field-effect transistor (OFET) -based biosensors integrate the sensing and signal amplification in a single device, paving the way to new implantable neural interfaces for in vivo applications. To master the sensing and amplification properties of the OFET-based sensors, it is mandatory to gain an intimate knowledge of the single transistors (without any analytes or cells) that cannot be limited to basic characterizations or to general models. Moreover, organic transistors are characterized by different working principles and properties as respect to their inorganic counterpart. We performed pulsed and transient characterization on different OFETs (both p-type and n-type) showing that, even though the transistors can switch on and off very fast, the accumulation and/or the depletion of the conductive channel continues for times as long as ten seconds. Such phenomenon must be carefully considered in the realization of a biosensor and in its applications, since the DC operative point of the device can drift during the recording of the cellular signals, thus altering the collected data. We further investigate such phenomenon by performing characterizations at different temperatures and by applying the deep level transient spectroscopy technique. We showed that the slow channel accumulation (and depletion) is due to the semiconductor density-of-states that must be occupied in order to bring the Fermi energy level close to the conduction band. This is a phenomenon that can takes several seconds and we described it by introducing a time-depend mobility. We also proposed a technique to estimate the behavior, in time, of the position of the Fermi energy level as respect to the conduction band. To understand the electrochemical transduction processes between living cell and organic biosensor, we realized two-electrodes structure (STACKs) where a drop of saline solution is put directly in contact with the organic semiconductor. On these devices, we performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different DC polarizations and we developed an equivalent circuit model for the metal-organic semiconductor-solution structures that are typically used as transducers in biosensor devices. Our approach was extending the standard range of the bias voltages applied for devices that operate in water. This particular characterization protocol allowed to distinguish and investigate the different mechanisms that occur at the different layers and interfaces: adsorption of ions in the semiconductor; accumulation and charge exchange of carriers at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface; percolation of the ionic species through the organic semiconductor; ion diffusion across the electrolyte; ion adsorption and charge exchange at the platinum interface. We highlighted the presence of ion percolation through the organic semiconductor layer, which is described in the equivalent circuit model by means of a de Levie impedance. The presence of percolation has been demonstrated by environmental scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analysis. Although percolation is much more evident at high negative bias values, it is still present even at low bias conditions. In addition, we analyze two case studies of devices featuring NaCl (concentration of 0.1M) and MilliQ water as solution, showing that both cases can be considered as a particular case of the general model presented in this manuscript. The very good agreement between the model and the experimental data makes the model a valid tool for studying the transducing mechanisms between organic films and the physiological environment. Hence this model could be a useful tool not only for the characterization and failure analysis of electronic devices, such as water-gated transistors, electrophysiological interfaces, fuel cells, and others electrochemical systems, but also this model might be used in other applications, in which a solution is in intimate contact with another material to determine and quantify, if undesired mechanisms such as percolation and/or redox corrosive processes occur. Lastly, the knowledge gain on OFETs and STACKs were put together to realize electrolyte-gated field effect transistors (EGOFETs). We then developed a model to describes EGOFETs as neural interfaces. We showed that our model can be successfully applied to understand the behaviour of a more general class of devices, including both organic and inorganic transistors. We introduced the reference-less (RL-) EGOFET and we showed that it might be successfully used as a low cost and flexible neural interface for extracellular recording in vivo without the need of a reference electrode, making the implant less invasive and easier to use. The working principle underlying RL-EGOFETs involves self-polarization and back-gate stimulation, which we show experimentally to be feasible by means of a custom low-voltage high-speed acquisition board that was designed to emulate a real-time neuron response. Our results open the door to using and optimizing EGOFETs and RL-EGOFETs for neural interfaces.
Lo studio delle malattie neuronali e neuro-degenerative richiede lo sviluppo di nuovi strumenti e tecnologie per creare dispositivi neuro-elettronici funzionali che consentano sia la stimolazione che la registrazione dell'attività elettrica cellulare. Nell'ultimo decennio l'elettronica organica sta emergendo nel campo della bioelettronica e diversi gruppi di ricerca hanno iniziato a sviluppare interfacce neurali basate su semiconduttori organici. L'interesse per tali tecnologie deriva dalle proprietà intrinseche dei materiali organici quali basso costo, trasparenza, morbidezza e flessibilità, nonché la biocompatibilità e l'idoneità nella realizzazione di sistemi stampati completamente organici. In particolare, i biosensori basati sulla tecnologia a transistor ad effetto campo organico (OFET) integrano il sensing e l'amplificazione del segnale in un singolo dispositivo, aprendo la strada a nuove interfacce neurali impiantabili per applicazioni in vivo. Per padroneggiare le proprietà di rilevamento e amplificazione dei sensori basati su OFET, è obbligatorio acquisire una conoscenza approfondita dei singoli transistor (senza la presenza di analiti e/o cellule) che vadano oltre le caratterizzazioni di base o modelli generali. Inoltre, i transistor organici sono caratterizzati da diversi principi di funzionamento e diverse proprietà rispetto alla loro controparte inorganica. In questo lavoro abbiamo svolto caratterizzazioni impulsate e transienti su diversi OFET (sia di tipo p che di tipo n) mostrando che, anche se i transistor possono accendersi e spegnersi molto velocemente, l'accumulo e/o lo svuotamento del canale conduttivo continua per tempi che possono superare le decine di secondi. Tale fenomeno deve essere attentamente considerato nella realizzazione di un biosensore e nelle sue applicazioni, poiché il punto operativo DC del dispositivo può andare alla deriva durante la registrazione dei segnali cellulari, alterando così i dati raccolti. Questo fenomeno viene ulteriormente approfondito caratterizzano i dispositivi a diverse temperature e per mezzo della tecnica DLTS. Abbiamo dimostrato che il lento accumulo (e svuotamento) del canale è dovuto alla densità di stati del semiconduttore organico che devono poter essere occupati per portare il livello energetico di Fermi vicino alla banda di conduzione. Questo è un fenomeno che può richiedere diversi secondi che possiamo descrivere introducendo una mobilità dipendente dal tempo. Per comprendere i processi di trasduzione elettrochimica tra cellule viventi ed il biosensore organico, abbiamo realizzato una struttura a due elettrodi (STACK) in cui una goccia di soluzione salina viene messa direttamente a contatto con il semiconduttore organico. Su questi dispositivi, abbiamo eseguito la spettroscopia di impedenza elettrochimica a diverse polarizzazioni DC e abbiamo sviluppato un modello circuitale equivalente per le strutture metallo/semiconduttore organico/soluzione che vengono tipicamente utilizzate per la realizzazione di bio-trasduttori. Il nostro approccio prevede di estendere il range standard delle tensioni operative per questo genere di dispositivi. Ciò ha permesso di investigare e distinguere i diversi fenomeni che si verificano nei diversi strati e interfacce: adsorbimento di ioni nel semiconduttore; accumulo e scambio di cariche di portanti all'interfaccia semiconduttore/elettrolita; percolazione delle specie ioniche attraverso il semiconduttore organico; diffusione di ioni attraverso l'elettrolita; adsorbimento di ioni e scambio di carica all'interfaccia col metallo. Abbiamo evidenziato la presenza di percolazione ionica attraverso lo strato di semiconduttore organico, che è descritto nel modello circuitale per mezzo di un'impedenza di de Levie. La presenza di percolazione è stata dimostrata mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione ambientale e analisi profilometrica. Sebbene la percolazione sia molto più evidente a valori di bias negativi elevati, risulta presente anche a basse condizioni di bias. L'ottimo accordo tra il modello e i dati sperimentali rende il modello un valido strumento per studiare i meccanismi di trasduzione tra film organici e l'ambiente fisiologico. Quindi questo modello può essere uno strumento utile non solo per la caratterizzazione e l'analisi dei guasti dei dispositivi elettronici, come water-gated transistor, interfacce elettrofisiologiche, celle a combustibile e altri sistemi elettrochimici, ma anche nel caso in cui una soluzione è in intimo contatto con un altro materiale per determinare e/o quantificare se si verificano meccanismi indesiderati come percolazione e/o processi corrosivi. Infine, il bagaglio di conoscenze ottenuto studiando i dispositivi OFET e STACK è stato messo utillizato per realizzare dispositivi EGOFET. Abbiamo quindi sviluppato un modello per descrivere gli EGOFET come interfacce neurali. Abbiamo dimostrato che il nostro modello può essere applicato con successo per comprendere il comportamento di una classe più generale di dispositivi, compresi i transistor sia organici che inorganici. Abbiamo introdotto l'RL-EGOFET (reference-less EGOFET) e abbiamo dimostrato che questa struttura può essere utilizzata con successo come interfaccia neurale flessibile per il recording extracellulare in vivo senza la necessità di un elettrodo di riferimento, rendendo l'impianto meno invasivo e più facile da usare. I nostri risultati aprono la strada all'utilizzo e all'ottimizzazione di EGOFET e RL-EGOFET come interfacce neurali.

Following the positive reception of electric and hybrid transport solutions in the market, manufacturers keep developing their vehicles further, while facing previously undertaken challenges. Knowing the way lithium-ion batteries behave is still one of the key factors for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) development, especially for the requirements of the battery management system during their operation. Hence, this project focuses on the necessity of robust yet reasonably simple and cost-effective models of the battery for estimating the health status during the operation of the vehicles. With this aim, the procedure and models to calculate the state-of-health (SOH) indicators, internal resistance and capacity, are proposed and the results discussed. Two machine-learning based models are presented, a support vector machine (SVM) and a neural network (NN), together with one equivalent circuit model (ECM). The data used for training and validating the models comes from testing the batteries in the laboratory with standard performance tests and real driving cycles along the battery lifespan. However, data sets measured in actual heavy-duty vehicles during their operation for three years is also analysed and compared. With respect to this matter, a study of the battery materials, behaviour and operation attributes is carried out, highlighting the main aspects and issues that affect the development of the models. The inputs for the models are signals that can be measured on-board in the vehicles, as current, voltage or temperature, and other derived from them as the state-of-charge (SOC) calculated by the internal battery management unit. Time-series of the variables are used for simulation purposes. The management of signals and implementation of the models is done in the environment of Matlab-Simulink, using some of its in-built functions and other specifically developed. The models are evaluated and compared by means of the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of the voltage output profile compared to that of the tested batteries, but also the error of the internal resistance calculations calculated from the voltage profile for the three models, and the internal parameters in case of the ECM. While despite the difficulties faced with the data, the models can eventually perform accurate estimations of the resistance, the results of the capacity estimations are omitted in the document due to the lack of useful information derived. Nevertheless, the calculation procedure and other considerations to take into account regarding the capacity estimation and data sets are undertaken. Finally, the conclusions about the data used, battery materials and methods evaluated are drawn, laying down recommendations as to design the performance tests following the conditions of the driving cycles, and indicating the higher general performance of the SVM respect the other two methods, while asserting the usefulness of the ECM. Moreover, the battery with NMC material composition is observed to be easier to predict by the models than LFP, also showing different evolution of its internal resistance.

In various international policy processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, an urgent demand for robust consumption-based indicators of material flows, or material footprints (MFs), has emerged over the past years. Yet, MFs for national economies diverge when calculated with different Global Multiregional Input-Output (GMRIO) databases, constituting a significant barrier to a broad policy uptake of these indicators. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of data deviations between GMRIO databases on the resulting MF. We use two methods, structural decomposition analysis and structural production layer decomposition, and apply them for a pairwise assessment of three GMRIO databases, EXIOBASE, Eora, and the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, using an identical set of material extensions. Although all three GMRIO databases accord for the directionality of footprint results, that is, whether a countries' final demand depends on net imports of raw materials from abroad or is a net exporter, they sometimes show significant differences in level and composition of material flows. Decomposing the effects from the Leontief matrices (economic structures), we observe that a few sectors at the very first stages of the supply chain, that is, raw material extraction and basic processing, explain 60% of the total deviations stemming from the technology matrices. We conclude that further development of methods to align results from GMRIOs, in particular for material-intensive sectors and supply chains, should be an important research priority. This will be vital to strengthen the uptake of demand-based material flow indicators in the resource policy context.

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O aumento na longevidade humana fez surgir uma série de doenças com a idade; em contrapartida o avanço da medicina possibilitou o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento de várias doenças antes incuráveis. Esse cenário atual estendese também aos animais domésticos (cães e gatos - PETs) que dobraram sua expectativa de vida nas últimas décadas, fato que os humanos demoraram séculos para alcançar. Do mesmo modo que os humanos, esse aumento na longevidade dos animais veio acompanhado de doenças relacionadas com a idade, entre elas o câncer. Uma das terapias utilizadas atualmente no tratamento do câncer é a radioterapia, técnica que utiliza a radiação ionizante para destruir as células tumorais (volume-alvo) com mínimo prejuízo aos tecidos circunvizinhos sadios (órgãos de risco). Essa técnica exige a realização periódica de testes de controle de qualidade, incluindo a dosimetria com a utilização de objetos simuladores equivalentes ao tecido, de modo a verificar a dose de radiação recebida pelo paciente em tratamento e compará-la posteriormente com a dose de radiação calculada pelo sistema de planejamento. A rápida expansão do mercado de impressoras 3D abriu caminho para uma revolução na área da saúde. Atualmente os objetos simuladores por impressão 3D estão sendo usados em planejamentos de Radioterapia para a localização espacial e mapeamento das curvas de isodose, realizando, assim, um planejamento mais personalizado para cada campo de radiação, além da confecção de implantes dentais, customização de próteses e confecção de bólus. Diante do exposto esse trabalho projetou e desenvolveu um objeto simulador chamado de \"Canis Morphic\" utilizando uma impressora 3D e materiais tecido-equivalentes para a realização dos testes de controle de qualidade e otimização das doses na área de Radioterapia em animais (cães). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram-se promissores na área de criação de simuladores por impressão 3D, com materiais de baixo custo, para aplicação no controle de qualidade em Radioterapia veterinária.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

On s'intéresse dans ce travail au problème de propagation acoustique dans des guides à parois traitées avec des matériaux absorbants à réaction localisée ou non localisée en présence d'écoulement. En effet, dans les systèmes industriels comme les turboréacteurs d'avions, les silencieux d'échappement et les systèmes de ventilation, le bruit est le plus souvent canalisé vers l'extérieur par des guides de géométries plus ou moins complexes. Une étude des guides d'ondes permet donc de prédire et de comprendre les phénomènes physiques tels que la réfraction, la convection, l'absorption et l'atténuation des ondes. Dans l'étude des guides d'ondes, on considère souvent qu'ils sont infiniment longs afin de s'affranchir de certains phénomènes (réflexion par exemple) à leurs extrémités. Résoudre le problème de propagation dans les guides infinis par la méthode des éléments finis nécessite de tronquer le domaine infini par des frontières artificielles sur lesquelles des conditions limites transparentes doivent être écrites. Dans ce travail, les conditions limites transparentes sont écrites sous forme d'un opérateur Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) basé sur une décomposition de la pression acoustique sur la base des modes propres du guide étudié tout en prenant en compte l'influence des paramètres comme l'écoulement et le traitement acoustique avec des matériaux absorbants. La propagation acoustique dans le guide est régie par un modèle scalaire basé sur l'équation de Helmholtz et les matériaux absorbants utilisés sont des matériaux absorbants d'impédance locale Z et des matériaux poreux. Nous nous sommes intéressés en particulier aux matériaux poreux ? squelette rigide que l'on modélise par un fluide équivalent car la propagation acoustique dans ces matériaux est aussi gouvernée par l'équation de Helmholtz comme dans un milieu fluide. Des résultats d'étude de la propagation acoustique dans des guides rectilignes uniformes traités en présence d'un écoulement uniforme ont permis de valider la méthode développée pour tronquer les domaines infinis. L'étude a aussi été menée avec succés pour des guides non uniformes traités en présence d'un écoulement potentiel.

State-of-the-art Li-ion cathode materials are based on LiMO2 (M=Ni, Mn, Co) layered transition metal oxides (denoted NMC) with Ni-rich composition because of their high specific capacity. Yet, these materials suffer from poor capacity retention due to crack formation during de-/lithiation cycling. Particle cracking leads to exposure of new electrode surface which leads to Li-inventory loss, increased side reactions, and electric disconnection. Quantification of the extent of cracking is therefore desirable, especially during in situ whilst cycling of the Li-ion cell. Herein, we evaluate and improve an analytical methodology based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in order to estimate the changes in electrochemically active surface area of both poly- and single-crystalline Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1(NMC811) active materials. A transmission-line model (TLM) applied to both non-blocking and blocking electrode condition was utilized in order to deconvolute and interpret the acquired experimental data. Fits of the complex TLM equivalent-circuits to the impedance spectra was facilitated by developing a global stochastic iterative function based on local multivariate optimization. Impedance analysis during short- term cycling showed that the single-crystalline NMC811 suffered from less particle cracking and side reactions compared to polycrystalline NMC811, which was also confirmed from post-mortem gas adsorption analysis. A novel approach to estimate the extent of particle cracking in commercial Li-ion cells by utilizing an empirically strong positive correlation between the charge-transfer capacitance and resistance was proposed. The work presented herein demonstrates the unique prospects of the EIS methodology in the development and research of future rechargeable batteries

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O propósito de um objeto simulador é representar a alteração do campo de radiação provocada pela absorção e espalhamento em um dado tecido ou órgão de interesse. Suas características geométricas e de composição devem estar próximos o máximo possível aos valores associados ao seu análogo natural. Estruturas anatômicas podem ser transformadas em objetos virtuais 3D por técnicas de imageamento médico (p. ex. Tomografia Computadorizada) e impressas por prototipagem rápida utilizando materiais como, por exemplo, o ácido poliláctico. Sua produção para pacientes específicos requer o preenchimento de requisitos como a acurácia geométrica com a anatomia do individuo e a equivalência ao tecido, de modo que se possa realizar medidas utilizáveis, e ser insensível aos efeitos da radiação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de materiais impressos 3D quando expostos a feixes de fótons diversos, com ênfase para a qualidade de radiotherapia (6 MV), visando a sua aplicação na dosimetria clínica. Para isso foram usados 30 dosímetros termoluminescentes de LiF:Mg,Ti. Foi analisada também a equivalência entre o PMMA e o PLA impresso para a resposta termoluminescente de 30 dosímetros de CaSO4:Dy. As irradiações com feixes de fótons com qualidade de radioterapia foram simuladas com o uso do sistema de planejamento Eclipse™, com o Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm e o Acuros® XB Advanced Dose Calculation algorithm. Além do uso do Eclipse™ e dos testes dosimétricos, foram realizadas simulações computacionais utilizando o código MCNP5. As simulações com o código MCNP5 foram realizadas para calcular o coeficiente de atenuação de placas impressas expostas a diversas qualidades de raios X de radiodiagnóstico e para desenvolver um modelo computacional de placas impressas 3D.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The main focus of this thesis is to extend and improve the applicability and the accuracy of the Unstructured Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method. The interest on this subject is spurred by the growing need of fast and efficient numerical methods, which may help engineers during the design and other stages of the production of new generation electric components. First, the PEEC method in its unstructured form is extended to magnetic media. In this regard, two formulations are developed and compared: the first one, based on the Amperian interpretation of the magnetization phenomena, is derived from the existing literature concerning the standard (structured) version of PEEC; the second one, based on the Coulombian interpretation of the magnetization phenomena, is proposed by the author with the aim of collocating PEEC in the context of Volume Integral Equation methods. Then, the application of low-rank compression techniques to PEEC is investigated. Two different methods are applied: the first is based on hierarchical matrices (H and H2 matrices) whereas the second is based on hierarchical-semi-separable (HSS) matrices. The two methods are compared and the main numerical issues which emerge by applying low-rank techniques to PEEC are analyzed. Finally, the developed unstructured PEEC method is combined with the Marching On-in Time scheme for the study of fast transient phenomena with wide range of harmonics. Moreover, two different stochastic PEEC methods are developed for uncertainty quantification analysis. The first is based on the Polynomial Chaos expansion while the second is based on the Parametric Model Order Reduction technique coupled with spectral expansion.
L'obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di estendere e migliorare l'applicabilità e l'accuratezza del metodo Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) non strutturato (Unstructured PEEC). L'interesse riguardo tale argomento è stimolato dalla crescente necessità di metodi numerici rapidi ed efficienti, che possono aiutare gli ingegneri durante la progettazione e altre fasi della produzione di componenti elettrici ed elettronici di nuova generazione. Durante la prima fase della tesi, il metodo PEEC (nella sua forma non strutturata) è esteso ai mezzi magnetici. A questo proposito, vengono sviluppate e confrontate due formulazioni: la prima, basata sull'interpretazione amperiana dei fenomeni di magnetizzazione, deriva dalla letteratura esistente relativa alla versione standard (strutturata) del metodo PEEC; il secondo, basato sull'interpretazione coulombiana dei fenomeni di magnetizzazione, è proposto dall'autore con l'obiettivo di collocare il metodo PEEC nel contesto dei metodi di integrali di volume (Volume Integral Equation). Successivamente, la ricerca si focalizza sull’utilizzo di tecniche di compressione a basso rango al fine di risolvere problemi PEEC in maniera computazionalmente efficiente, salvaguardando tempo e memoria di calcolo. A tal proposito, vengono applicati due metodi diversi: il primo si basa su matrici gerarchiche (matrici H e H2 mentre il secondo si basa su matrici gerarchiche-semi-separabili (HSS). I due metodi vengono confrontati e vengono analizzati i principali problemi numerici che emergono applicando tali tecniche di compressione a basso rango al metodo PEEC. In seguito, il metodo PEEC non strutturato viene combinato con l’approccio Marching On-In Time (MOT) per lo studio di fenomeni transitori rapidi con un ricco contenuto armonico. Infine, sono stati sviluppati due diversi metodi PEEC stocastici per la quantificazione dell'incertezza. Il primo si basa sull'espansione Polynomial Chaos, mentre il secondo si basa sulla tecnica di riduzione d'ordine parametrica (Parametric Model Order Reduction) unita all'espansione spettrale.

L’influence des porosités induites par les procédés de fabrication sur les propriétés mécaniques des composites textiles a été étudiée à la fois par caractérisation expérimentale et par modélisation multi-échelle. En particulier, les porosités ont été caractérisés en termes de fraction volumique, taille, forme et distribution, et les effets de chaque caractéristique sur les propriétés mécaniques des composites textiles ont été analysés. De nombreuses plaques de composites textiles ont été fabriquées par le procédé Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). Ainsi, un renfort textile en verre interlock 3D a été imprégné par une résine époxy injectée sous une pression constante pour générer différents types de porosités. Des essais mécaniques ont été réalisés pour examiner la dépendance du module et de la résistance en traction des composites par rapport au taux de porosité total, intra-toron et inter-toron et également par rapport aux caractéristiques géométriques des porosités. Des analyses au microscope électronique ont été effectuées pour obtenir des informations locales sur les fibres (diamètre et distribution) et les porosités intra-toron (rayon, rapport d’aspect et distribution). A partir de ces résultats, un nouvel algorithme a été développé pour générer le Volume Elémentaire Représentatif (VER) qui est statistiquement équivalent au composite contenant les porosités. De plus, l’effet de la morphologie, du diamètre et de la distribution spatiale des porosités (homogène, aléatoire et concentré) sur les propriétés homogénéisées des torons a également été étudié par la méthode des éléments finis. La tomographie par rayons X a été utilisée pour extraire la géométrie méso-échelle réelle en trois dimensions et les porosités intra-toron. Ensuite, ces données ont été utilisées pour créer un modèle numérique à l’échelle mésoscopique (VER) et prédire les propriétés élastiques des composites avec porosités. Une étude paramétrique utilisant une méthode numérique multi-échelle a été effectuée pour étudier l’effet de chaque caractéristique des porosités, c.-à-d. le taux volumique, la taille, la forme, la distribution et la localisation sur les propriétés élastiques de composites. Ainsi, la méthode multi-échelle proposée permet d’établir une corrélation entre les porosités à différentes échelles et les propriétés mécaniques des composites textiles
The influence of void-type manufacturing defects on the mechanical properties of textile composites was investigated both by experimental characterization and by multiscale modeling. In particular, voids characteristics such as not only void volume fraction but also its size, shape, and distribution have been characterized for textile composites and their effect on the mechanical properties have been analyzed. Several textile composite plates were fabricated by the resin transfer molding (RTM) process where 3D interlock glass textile reinforcement was impregnated by epoxy resin under a constant injection pressure to generate different types of voids. A series of mechanical tests were performed to examine the dependency of tensile modulus and strength of composites on the total void volume fraction, intra & inter-yarn void volume fraction, and their geometrical characteristics. Microscopy observations were performed to obtain the local information about fibers (diameter and distribution), and intra-yarn voids (radius, aspect ratio and distribution). Based on these results, a novel algorithm was proposed to generate the statistically equivalent representative volume element (RVE) containing voids. Moreover, the effect of void morphology, diameter and spatial distribution (homogeneous, random and clustering) on the homogenized properties of the yarns was also investigated by the finite element method. X-ray micro-computed tomography was employed to extract the real meso-scale geometry and inter-yarn voids. Subsequently, this data was utilized to create a numerical model at meso-scale RVE and used to predict the elastic properties of composites containing voids. A parametric study using a multiscale numerical method was proposed to investigate the effect of each void characteristic, i.e. volume fraction, size, shape, distribution, and location on the elastic properties of composites. Thus, the proposed multiscale method allows establishing a correlation between the void defects at different scales and the mechanical properties of textile composites

L'application d'un thermocouple a la surface d'un materiau semi transparent soumis a un environnement naturel ne va pas sans poser de difficultes. Ces dernieres sont dues a la modification des echanges aussi bien radiatifs, convectifs que conductifs au niveau de cette surface, mais aussi a l'interaction de ce capteur thermometrique dans son ensemble avec le milieu environnant. La temperature de surface ainsi mesuree est alors erronee. Un modele correctif a donc ete developpe par nos soins pour prendre en compte l'ensemble de ces echanges, et notamment ceux qui prennent naissance au niveau du thermocouple, pour lequel nous avons considere simultanement sa partie sensible et les fils de sa liaison materielle. Ce modele est base sur une analogie electrique. Une cellule type piece d'habitation nous a permis d'utiliser en configuration reelle un echantillon de polymethylmethacrylate (pmma), et ainsi de relever sa temperature de surface pour diverses conditions meteorologiques. Son mode de fabrication (polymerisation a froid d'une resine) autorise l'intrusion de trois thermocouples suivant son epaisseur. Combines avec un modele purement conductif decrivant les phenomenes de transport en son sein, ils fournissent l'expression complete du champ de temperature, qui apres extrapolation, donne la temperature de surface dite vraie. Les possibilites de correction de ce modele analogique sont ensuite envisagees par une comparaison entre la temperature de surface experimentale corrigee par le modele et la temperature de surface vraie. Celui-ci s'avere tout-a-fait adapte a une telle entreprise, puisqu'il permet, dans la grande majorite des cas, de retrouver cette derniere temperature a l'erreur de mesure pres

Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet EcOBEx, qui consiste à réduire le bruit du groupe motopropulseur rayonné à l'extérieur par l'ajout d'écrans acoustiques dans le compartiment moteur du véhicule. Les écrans acoustiques sont fabriqués par thermocompression de matériaux poreux uniformes. Les propriétés et l'épaisseur du matériau évoluent en fonction du degré de compression subit par le matériau. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer des lois pour prédire l'évolution des propriétés des matériaux à partir du taux de compression et de leurs valeurs initiales avant compression. Dans un premier temps, on s'intéresse aux paramètres du modèle de fluide équivalent de Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) : porosité, résistivité au passage d'air, tortuosité, longueurs caractéristiques visqueuse et thermique, perméabilité thermique statique. Des expressions analytiques sont proposées pour prédire la variation de ces paramètres en fonction de la compression. Elles sont développées à partir d'un modèle de matériaux fibreux à fibres cylindriques où les variations d'orientation des fibres induites par la thermocompression peuvent être prises en compte. Les résultats sont en bon accord avec les mesures effectuées sur deux types de matériaux (mousse à cellules ouvertes et fibreux). Un modèle empirique généralisé est finalement proposé pour la résistivité au passage d'air. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'attache aux paramètres élastiques dont la connaissance est essentielle pour prendre en compte la vibration du squelette. La méthode expérimentale quasistatique est d'abord appliquée pour étudier l'évolution du module de Young par rapport au taux de compression pour les fibres et les mousses. Une loi de puissance est alors proposée pour prédire ces variations. Enfin, une méthode inverse pour estimer les propriétés élastiques d'un matériau poroélastique orthotrope à partir d'une mesure vibratoire d'un écran tricouche thermo comprimé est proposée. Cette méthode permet de caractériser les propriétés élastiques du matériau poreux dans une situation proche de son application réelle
This work was carried out in the framework of the project EcOBEx, whose main objective was to reduce the passby noise by mean of acoustic shields in the engine compartment of the vehicle. The acoustic shields are manufactured by thermocompression of uniform porous materials. The material’s properties and thickness evolve according to the degree of compression experienced by the material. The objective of this work is to propose some laws to predict the evolution of the materials properties from their initial non compressed values and the compression rate. Firstly, we focus on the parameters of the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) equivalent fluid model : porosity, air-flow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic lengths, thermal characteristic length, static thermal permeability. Some analytical expressions are proposed to predict the variation of these parameters as a function of compression. They are derived from a physical model of cylindrical fibres where the fibre orientation variations induced by the thermocompression can be taken into account. The results are in good agreement with the measurements made two types of materials (open cell foam and fibrous). A generalized empirical model is finally proposed for the air-flow resistivity.In a second part, we focus on the elastic parameters, which are necessary to take into account the vibration of the skeleton. The quasi-static experimental method is first applied to study the evolution of the Young’s modulus along the compression rate for fibrous and open cell foams. A power law is then proposed to predict these variations. Finally, an inverse method for estimating the elastic properties of an orthotropic poro-elastic material from a vibratory measurement of a thermocompressed three layer sandwich structure is proposed. This method allows us to characterize the elastic properties of a porous material in a situation close to its actual application

Ce manuscrit se focalise sur l’effet de divers matériaux composites sur les différentes problématiques de compatibilité électromagnétique dans un véhicule automobile. Les modèles surfaciques des matériaux diélectriques sont validés en confrontant des résultats de mesures et de simulation de leurs permittivités. Ceux des matériaux conducteurs le sont en confrontant le modèle d’impédance de surface à un modèle filaire et en effectuant des mesures des simulations de paramètres S sur une structure majoritairement constituée par un matériau de ce type. Dans les deux cas, la technique de modélisation donne de bons résultats. L’évaluation de l’effet de ces matériaux sur les problématiques de CEM au niveau d’un véhicule est faite sur un démonstrateur qui intègre les équipements et les faisceaux embarqués dans un véhicule en les représentants par des monopôles et des fils conducteurs. L’évaluation des effets des différents matériaux composites sur les problématiques CEM est faite par mesure et simulation des couplages électromagnétiques à l’intérieur du démonstrateur et entre le démonstrateur et une antenne test. L’analyse des couplages électromagnétiques confirme que le modèle d’impédance de surface reproduit assez bien les comportements des matériaux composites étudiés. Concernant l’effet des matériaux composites sur les problématiques CEM au niveau d’un véhicule, cette étude mène à deux résultats majeurs du point de vue de la compatibilité électromagnétique. Le premier concerne l’usage des matériaux diélectriques qui augmente globalement la plupart des couplages mesurés de 5 dB à 30 dB. Le second porte sur le matériau conducteur étudié qui n’a quasiment aucun effet sur les différents couplages analysés en comparaison de la structure en acier
The main concern of this thesis is the characterization of the impacts of some composite materials on the main electromagnetic compatibility issues in a vehicle. The surface models of the dielectric materials are validated by confronting their simulated and measured permittivity. The surface model of the studied conductive material is validated by confronting it to a wire model and by measuring and simulating the S parameters on a structure constituted by such a material. It appears in both cases of dielectric and conductive composite materials that the surface impedance modeling technique gives a good description of the materials. The analysis of the effects of these materials on the EMC issues within a vehicle is done by use of a demonstrator representing the car body. The different equipment and harnesses embedded in a vehicle are represented in the demonstrator by some wires and monopoles. The evaluation of the impact of the composite materials on the EMC issues is done by measuring and simulating the different couplings within the demonstrator and between the demonstrator and a test antenna. The analysis of the different couplings confirms that the surface impedance material modeling approach describes well the materials under test. Concerning the impact of the composite materials on the EMC issues at a vehicle level, this analysis fulfills two main results. The first one concerns the dielectric materials. Indeed the use of these materials increases the different coupling by a value varying between at least 5 dB to 30 dB. The second conclusion concerns the use of conductive composite materials. It appears that they have no effect on the different couplings in comparison to the full steel structure

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
104
In this research, focus on non-linear behavior of concrete by using concept of “Equivalent Uniaxial Strain” proposed by Darwin & Pecknold and concept of “Hypo-plastic Model” proposed by Balan, concept of “Equivalent uniaxial strain” degenerate muti-axial which react upon each other into multiple uniaxial, also simplify mathematic calculation. Though, in traditional plastic mechanics, flow rule and hardening rule commonly use plastic material model, those rules are not used in hypo-plastic model. Method of this research is different from traditional way. Hypo-plastic model can be classified into two parts, one is “Ultimate Surface”, the other one is “Equivalent uniaxial strain envelope”. In regard of using ultimate surface model, choose Willam-Warnke which revised by Menetrey & Willam and named Menetrey-Willam Model. Meanwhile, in consideration of ultimate strength in tri-axial compress, we adding “Cap Model” to revise and named this model “Closed Menetrey-Willam” model, this contain both meridian and cap model. Second part of hypo- plastic model is using Equivalent uniaxial strain envelope of concrete proposed by Saenz. In this study, uniaxial, biaxial, tri-axial experiments are applied to verify analysis. Especially tri-axial loading test, because of loading path along three principal directions, strength of concrete will be lifted up to another level, in order to solve this, propose a method of revising failure surface to predict ultimate state in tri-axial loading test.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
102
Inelastic material model of concrete is a general used model for describing the behavior over the linear range. Based on concept of equivalent uniaxial strain proposed by Darwin and Pecknold, triaxial response can be de-coupled into three uniaxial relations. As this concept is used, calculation with plastic method including hardening rule and flow rule can be avoided. The effect of plastic behavior still be considered and appear in the stress-strain curve. On determination of current material strength, ultimate strength surface is used to complete the whole system with equivalent uniaxial strain. With combination of equivalent uniaxial strain and ultimate strength surface, “hypoplastic” is named to describe this systematized method. In this research, some failure surfaces is considered as the ultimate surface including Ottosen 4-parameter model, Hsieh-Ting-Chen 4-parameter model and Willam-Warnke 5-parameter model. Finally, Menetrey-Willam model which modified by Willam-Warnke 5-parameter model is used as ultimate strength surface in this research. Furthermore, the cap model is applied to describe the triaxial compressive ultimate strength and closed the ultimate strength surface. Combining Menetrey-Willam model and cap model together as a closed surface and named Closed Menetrey Willam model to attain the completeness and Closure of geometry. The equation of uniaxial envelope, proposed by Saenz, is convenient to use with only one equation describes ascending and descending branches. In case study, uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial experiments are applied to verify the analysis. By combining the hypoplastic model and finite element method, prediction of dynamic problems of nonlinear concrete structure are expected to be well.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程學系
107
This research presents a dynamic three-dimensional constitutive model of material equivalent uniaxial strain and stress. The purpose is to study the behavior of concrete materials under dynamic loading, because most of the structures in daily life are subject to dynamic loading such as earthquakes, impacts and explosions. This research uses the equivalent uniaxial strain concept proposed by Darwin & Pecknold to separate the Poisson's ratio of multi-axial forces. The equivalent uniaxial strain is a fictitious material index which is invented to compute the parameters such as material stiffness modulus and Poisson’s ratio. This research proposes a dynamic material failure model, which combines the three-parameter failure criterion proposed by Menetrey and Willam with the cap model proposed by Balan et al. to form the Close-Menetrey-Willam model. The dynamic failure model is expanded by the DIF (Dynamic Increase Factor). The dynamic failure model under different strain rate loading states is established, and the stress state at different moments on the dynamic material failure model to define the ultimate strength parameters at the current moment. Using the uniaxial stress-strain model proposed by Saenz, this formula only needs to define the ultimate strength parameters to describe the hardened and softened sections in concrete behavior. It is quite simple and convenient to use in numerical simulation. This study proposes a concrete deterioration model. The combination of the concrete deterioration strength formula proposed by Du Jian-min and the Close-Menetrey-Willam model, establishes a deterioration model with different damage levels, defines the ultimate strength parameters of deterioration model. The numerical examples in this study verify the high strain rate, low strain rate loading of concrete, low strain rate loading of ice, the low strain rate loading of ice at different temperatures and concrete deterioration.

Ductile and brittle failure of solids are closely related to their plastic and fracture behavior, respectively. The two most common energy dissipation mechanisms in solids possess distinct kinematic characteristics, i.e. large strain and discontinuous displacement, both of which pose challenges to reliable, efficient numerical simulation of material failure in engineering structures. This dissertation addresses the reliability and efficiency issues associated with the kinematic characteristics of plasticity and fracture. At first, studies are conducted to understand the relation between two well recognized large strain plasticity models that enjoy widespread popularity in numerical simulation of plastic behavior of solids. These two models, termed the additive hypo-elasto-plasticity and multiplicative hyper-elasto-plasticity models, respectively, are regarded as two distinct strategies for extending the classical infinitesimal deformation plasticity theory into the large strain regime. One of the most recent variants of the additive models, which features the logarithmic stress rate, is shown to give rise to nonphysical energy dissipation during elastic unloading. A simple modification to the logarithmic stress rate is accordingly made to resolve such a physical inconsistency. This results in the additive hypo-elasto-plasticity models based on the kinetic logarithmic stress rate in which energy dissipation-free elastic response is produced whenever plastic flow is absent. It is then proved that for isotropic materials the multiplicative hyper-elasto-plasticity models coincide with the additive ones if a newly discovered objective stress rate is adopted. Such an objective stress rate, termed the modified kinetic logarithmic rate, reduces to the kinetic logarithmic rate in the absence of strain-induced anisotropy which is characterized as kinematic hardening in the present dissertation. In the second part of the dissertation, the computational complexity of finite element analysis of the onset and propagation of interface cracks in layered materials is addressed. The study is conducted in the context of laminated composites in which interface fracture (delamination) is a dominant failure mode. In order to eliminate the complexities of remeshing for constant initiation and propagation of delamination, two hierarchical approaches, the extended finite element method (XFEM) and the s-version of the finite element method (s-method) are studied in terms of their effectiveness in representing displacement discontinuity across delaminated interfaces. With one single layer of 20-node serendipity solid elements resolving delamination-free response of the layered materials, it is proved that the delamination representations based on the s-method and the XFEM result in the same discretization space as the conventional non-hierarchical ply-by-ply approach which employs one layer of solid elements for each ply as well as double nodes on delaminated interfaces. Delamination indicators based on the s-method representation of delamination are then proposed to detect the onset and propagation of delamination. An adaptive methodology is accordingly developed in which the s-method displacement field enrichment for delamination is adaptively added to interface areas with high likelihood of delamination. Numerical examples show that the computational cost of the adaptive s-method is significantly lower than that incurred by the conventional ply-by-ply approach despite the fact that the two approaches produce practically identical results.

碩士
國立聯合大學
資訊與社會研究所
102
Abstract In the current Taiwan, the number of people who are able to fluently speak Hakka language is reducing. In particular, this situation is worse among the young generations, which could result in the extinction of Hakka language in about 40 years.In order to prevent the loss of Hakka language, Taiwan’s Hakka Commission has published “Basic Hakka Language Certification Learning Materials”, which embraces both traditional and digital means allowing Hakka Language teachers to effectively teach Hakka language and carry on Hakka heritiage. After the completion of studying the basic learning materials, most students passed the certification test, while few did not. Those who did not pass the test was due to the difficulty of recognizing “figure speech photos”. As there are 32 photos with no supplemental information, it is inconvenience for teaching and learning.In order to improve students’ ability of “figure speech”, the researcher designed the “ADDIE” teaching model which added notations, audio, and related multi-media learning theories, skills and experts’ comments aiming to better deliver Hakka language education.Using experimental test, research sample (31 participants) was recruited from volunteers at 7th or 8th grade level who attended the language training course. The researcher scientifically designed an evaluation form to measure the difference before and after the training. Using T-test, the result has discovered that the ADDIE is a better training model.In all, based on the result of this study, the researcher could provide suggestions to the educational authority or Hakka Commission for the future policy-making and to improve learning materials. Keywords： ADDIE model, basic Hakka language equivalency certificate test, Figure Speech, multimedia teaching materials

Additive manufacturing (AM) introduces high variability in the microstructure and defect distributions, compared with conventional processing techniques, which introduces greater uncertainty in the resulting fatigue performance of manufactured parts. As a result, qualification of AM parts poses as a problem in continued adoption of these materials in safety-critical components for the aerospace industry. Hence, there is a need to develop precise and accurate, physics-based predictive models to quantify the fatigue performance, as a means to accelerate the qualification of AM parts. The fatigue performance is a critical requirement in the safe-life design philosophy used in the aerospace industry. Fatigue failure is governed by the loading conditions and the attributes of the material microstructure, namely, grain size distribution, texture, and defects. In this work, the crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) method is employed to model the microstructure-based material response of an additively manufactured Ni-based superalloy, Inconel 718 (IN718). Using CPFE and associated experiments, methodologies were developed to assess multiple aspects of the fatigue behavior of IN718 using four studies. In the first study, a CPFE framework is developed to estimate the critical characteristics of porosity, namely the pore size and proximity that would cause a significant debit in the fatigue life. The second study is performed to evaluate multiple metrics based on plastic strain and local stress in their ability to predict both the modes of failure as seen in fractography experiments and estimate the scatter in fatigue life due to microstructural variability as obtained from fatigue testing. In the third study, a systematic analysis was performed to investigate the role of the simulation volume and the microstructural constraints on the fatigue life predictions to provide informed guidelines for simulation volume selection that is both computationally tractable and results in consistent scatter predictions. In the fourth study, validation of the CPFE results with the experiments were performed to build confidence in the model predictions. To this end, 3D realistic microstructures representative of the test specimen were created based on the multi-modal experimental data obtained from high-energy diffraction experiments and electron backscatter diffraction microscopy. Following this, the location of failure is predicted using the model, which resulted in an unambiguous one to one correlation with the experiment. In summary, the development of microstructure-sensitive predictive methods for fatigue assessment presents a tangible step towards the adoption of model-based approaches that can be used to compliment and reduce the overall number of physical tests necessary to qualify a material for use in application.

Packaging is an important element responsible for brand growth and one of the main rea-sons for producers to gain competitive advantages through technological innovation. In this re-gard, the aim of this work is to design a fully autonomous electronic system for a smart bottle packaging, being integrated in a European project named ROLL-OUT. The desired application for the smart bottle is to act as a fill-level sensor system in order to determine the liquid content level that exists inside an opaque bottle, so the consumer can exactly know the remaining quantity of the product inside. An in-house amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) model, previously developed, was used for circuit designing purposes. This model was based in an artificial neural network (ANN) equivalent circuit approach. Taking into account that only n-type oxide TFTs were used, plenty of electronic building-blocks have been designed: clock generator, non-overlapping phase generator, a capacitance-to-voltage converter and a comparator. As it was demonstrated by electrical simulations, it has been achieved good functionality for each block, having a final system with a power dissipation of 2.3 mW (VDD=10 V) not considering the clock generator. Four printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been also designed in order to help in the testing phase. Mask layouts were already designed and are currently in fabrication, foreseeing a suc-cessful circuit fabrication, and a major step towards the design and integration of complex trans-ducer systems using oxide TFTs technology.