Tesis sobre el tema "Épigénétique du cancer"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Épigénétique du cancer".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Dagdemir, Aslihan Seda. "Paysage épigénétique du cancer du sein". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1MM14/document.
Texto completoBreast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, and is noted for conflicting clinical behaviors and patient outcomes, despite common histopathological features at diagnosis. This can be explained by the high histological and molecular heterogeneity of the disease, making it hard to choose a therapy adapted uniquely to each patient. Epigenetics refer to changes in phenotype and gene expression. Epigenetic modifications of the genome can be acquired de novo and are potentially inherited. Epigenetic mechanisms work to change the accessibility of chromatin to transcriptional regulation locally and globally via modifications of the DNA and by modifications or rearrangements of nucleosomes. Epigenetics consist in several molecular mechanisms: histone modifications, small non-coding or antisense RNAs and DNA methylation that are closely interconnected. The incidence and mortality of breast cancer is high in the Western world as compared with countries in Asia. There are also differences in the regional cancer incidence rates in Western countries. Several studies involving immigrants to Western countries suggest that lifestyle and diet are two of the main causes of these differences. In Eastern countries, the incidence of breast cancer is approximately one-third that of Western countries, whilst their high dietary intake of phytoestrogens, mainly in the form of soy products, can produce circulating levels of phytoestrogens that are known experimentally to have estrogenic effects. An increasing number of epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that the consumption of a 4 phytoestrogen-rich diet may have protective effects on estrogen-related conditions, such as breast cancer.Based upon this information, we studied the effects of treatment phytoestrogens; genistein, daidzein and 17-β-estradiol on the post-translational modification of histones such as lysine methylation and acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in breast cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we studied the effects of histone methylation inhibitor and histone deacetylase inhibitor on histone lysine trimethylation and acetylation in breast cancer cell lines. For this study, we used two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Each cell line was treated respectively with 3-Deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride (DZNep) [5 μM] (HMTi), Sodium Butyrate (NaBu) [2 mM] (HDACi) and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic acid (SAHA) [1 μM] (HDACi) for 48 hours. Finally, we completed studies in all cell lines with breast tumors to assess Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP) of selected histone modifications in cancer. The relative levels of three modified histones, including H3K27me3 (Histone 3 Lysine 27 Methylation), H3K9ac (Histone 3 Lysine 9 Acetylation), and H3K4ac (Histone 3 Lysine 4 Acetylation) will be determined in breast tumors compared to matched normal tissue according to the classification of Saint Gallen. Today, ChIP has been coupled with promoter DNA microarrays to evaluate the mechanisms of human gene regulation on a genome-wide scale. ChIP-on-chip technology could be used to investigate the alterations of global gene expression in tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated differentially expressed genes associated with modified histones H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac in breast tumors by Agilent SurePrint G3 400kX2 microarrays containing approximately 21,000 of human transcripts. We will scan the enriched regions at each gene promoter in thirty breast tumors compared with normal tissue samples. Breast tumor samples will be classified according to their clinical profiles, especially hormone receptor status
Vallot, Céline. "Mécanismes épigénétiques régionaux dans le cancer". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T059.
Texto completoMiroglio, Audrey. "Le locus IGF2/H19 : un modèle d'étude épigénétique du cancer colorectal". Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D006.
Texto completoEpigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation on CpG sites, play an important role in carcinogenesis. In particular, IGF2 and H19 imprinted genes are exposed to these alterations of the methylation and are thus implied in numerous cancers, including colorectal cancer. By studying the methylation status of the differentially methylated regions (DMR) localized in the IGF2/H19 locus, we identified specific deregulations of the methylation patterns of colorectal cancers from sporadic and hereditary origin, both in tumors and lymphocytes. In parallel, using a colorectal cancer murine model, we studied the role of H19 gene in the colonic tumorigenesis. This study confirms that H19 gene acts as a tumor suppressor gene in mouse
Barault, Ludovic. "Altérations génétiques et épigénétiques dans le cancer colique sporadique". Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS025.
Texto completoCancer cells are often the result of alterations in signalling pathways implicated in cell survival or apoptosis. We successfully demonstrated in a population base of 586 colon adenocarcinomas, followed by the cancer registry of Burgundy, that activating mutation of at least one of the three genes from the MAPK signalling pathway (KRAS, BRAF, PI3KCA) was associated with a lower survival in patients bearing a tumour without microsatellite instability. In a second study, DNA Methylation, an epigenetic alteration, was evaluated in the population base (characterization of the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype). Three subgroups of methylation phenotype were identified (No-CIMP, CIMP-Low, and CIMP-High). The clinico-pathological features of cancers with MSS/No-CIMP and MSS/CIMP-Low were quite similar, but they affected survival to different degrees. The higher the level of methylation, the poorer the survival. Our work clearly showed the prognostic effect of methylation in MSS patients and the need to distinguish between the 3 groups of CIMP. These studies are all the more important since the recent use of “targeted therapies” against proteins from the signal transduction system have recently been used in cancer treatment. The identification of activating mechanisms of signalling pathways and the characterisation of epigenetic alterations involved in colon cancer are fundamental to the understanding of the molecular factors involved in colorectal cancer. Knowledge of these will have an impact on patient response and follow-up
Filion, Guillaume. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un répresseur transcriptionnel spécifique de l'ADN méthylé". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112337.
Texto completoMoison, Céline. "Signatures épigénétiques du gène suppresseur de tumeur RARβ2". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066133.
Texto completoToday it has become clear that epigenetic alterations also are critical in the initiation and the progression of the disease. In fact tumor suppressor genes, that prevent tumorigenesis, can be abnormally silenced by epigenetic factors. As epigenetic repression is reversible, the understanding of such deregulation is of great interest and opens new therapeutic perspectives. In order to study this phenomenon, we chose as model the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 (RARβ2), a tumor suppressor gene which expression is lost in prostate and breast cancers by DNA methylation. Upon studying several cell models, we actually found that DNA methylation and polycomb repression can co-occur at this locus, although these distinct epigenetic processes are usually described as mutually exclusive. We investigated the existence of non-coding RNA associated to RARβ2 promoter that could direct epigenetic silencing. Such RNAs were not identified in our models. Then, we developed an inducible expression system of EZH2, a polycomb protein, in a pre-tumoral prostate cell line. This original model will be useful to test the hypothesis according to which polycomb protein can target DNA hypermethylation. RARβ2 will be the model gene before performing genome-wide analysis that will allow to find the genes targeted by polycomb repression in prostate tumorigenesis. Finally, we got interested in how higher order of chromatin architecture influences gene regulation. We addressed nuclear organization by microscopy studies and showed that RARβ2 position seems not to be correlated with its transcriptional level. Interestingly, we found polycomb spots in human cancer cells
Gagnon, Jean-François. "Régulation de l'inactivation intratumorale de l'agent antinéoplasique irinotécan par un mécanisme épigénétique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18848.
Texto completoUGT1A1 is the main enzyme involved in the hepatic and tumoral inactivation of SN-38, an anticancer agent used in first line treatment of metastasic colorectal cancer. UGT1A1 genetic factors determine response to irinotecan therapy. We hypothesised that an epigenetic mechanism, more specifically methylation, is involved in tumoral regulation of UGT1A1 levels. Specific CpG islands in the UGT1A1 gene are hypermethylated and linked to the repression of gene expression and to lower levels of SN-38 glucuronidation in colon tumor cells in vitro. In addition, methylation of specific CpG was linked to lower expression of UGT1A1 gene in primary colon tumors from patients. Our data support that methylation profile of the UGT1A1 gene determine SN-38 tumoral concentration and may help to predict tumoral response to irinotecan.
Nicol-Benoit, Floriane. "Rétroactions positives et mémoire cellulaire : exemples dans l'expression génétique et le métabolisme cellulaire". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S115/document.
Texto completoBeyond the genetic information contained in the DNA sequence of cells, there is a cellular memory called epigenetic, including genetic circuits with positive feedback loops amplifying or maintaining cellular states in time. We studied through two examples, the positive feedback loops as part of response to a signal, able to set cell behavior, in a dynamic and robust way. As a first step, we identified a self-amplification loop in the production of trout vitellogenin explaining the "vitellogenesis memory effect" (a second estradiol stimulation induces higher and faster vitellogenin production than during the first stimulation, even though the vitellogenin level falls to zero between the two stimuli). The model we propose involves a truncated estradiol receptor, with a basal activity even in the absence of its ligand, which is able to maintain the cell in an estrogen-responsive state without producing vitellogenin. In a second step, we studied one of the possible causes leading to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), involved in cancer metastasis. The EMT reflects a more aggressive state of tumor cells and is associated with a particular change in the metabolism of cancer cells, reducing the part of oxidative phosphorylation in favor of glycolysis (Warburg effect). This leads to a reduction in the efficiency of ATP production, forcing the cells to take more nutrients from their environment. This observation led to the development of treatments based on glucose deprivation which should mainly affect cancer cells. We studied the effects of a low cellular ATP content on cell transformation. We observed that a treatment with a non-metabolizable glucose analogue drastically reduces the ATP content of cells that had undergone EMT and induces morphological and genetic changes enforcing the mesenchymal phenotype. We identified the transcriptional coactivator MKL1, whose activity is regulated by actin polymerization, as a possible genetic link between the cellular metabolic state and maintenance of EMT. These results suggest strong connections between the EMT and the energy level of the cells, and raise serious questions about the benefits of the long-term therapy "starving" tumor cells, considering that energy deprivation could aggravate the mesenchymal cell phenotype
Morel, Adrien. "Régulation épigénétique des gènes précoces d'HPV16". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3005.
Texto completoHigh risk Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are responsible for cervical cancer. HPV genome consists in a double-strand circular DNA harboring early "E" and late "L" genes and a Long Control Region (LCR). The E2 protcin binds to E2 Binding Sites (E2BS) present on the LCR and represses E6 and E7 transcription. The loss of E2 expression after HPV DNA integration induces an overexpression of E6 and E7 that thus favor p53 and pRb degradation. Since CpG dinucleotides are present in HPVl6 E2BS, we investigated whether E6 HPV16 expression was also submitted to epigenetic regulation. We developed a HRM PCR to study the methylation status of E2BS in precanccrous and canccrous lesions. We observed methylated CpG only in cancer samples. Otherwise, we proved that E2BS methylation prevented E2 binding and probably permitted E6 and E7 overexpression. Finally, we showed that the treatment ofHPV16 cervical cancer cell lines with a demethylating agent (SazadC) decreased the E6 expression. This regulation was independent of E2 and we proved that the up-regulation of miR-375, which targets E6/E7 transcripts, was involved in E6 repression after SazadC treatment. Taken as a whole, our data demonstrate that HPV 16 oncoprotein expression is regulated in an epigenetic manncr via viral and cellular factors
Wang, Zhi Qiang. "Characterization of novel epigenetic targets in ovarian cancer". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25609.
Texto completoEpithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 4% of all cancers in women and is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. Most of EOC cases are diagnosed at advanced stage, which is associated with poor outcome. Despite the good initial response to chemotherapy, recurrence occurs in the majority of patients, resulting in chemotherapy resistance leading to a fatal disease. The molecular basis of EOC initiation and progression is still poorly understood, thus hindering the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for more effective EOC treatment. In cancer, the hypermethylation of gene promoter CpG islands leads to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and CpG islands hypomethylation is associated with proto-oncogenes and pro-metastasis genes. Similar to all malignancies, aberrant DNA methylation occurs in EOC. However, DNA hypomethylation in ovarian cancer is very briefly studied. Using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) coupled to CpG island tiling arrays, we found that DNA hypermethylation occurred in less invasive/early stages of ovarian tumorigenesis, while advanced disease was associated with DNA hypomethylation of a number of oncogenes, implicated in cancer progression, invasion/metastasis and probably chemoresistance. This epigenomic approach has led to the identification of a number of novel oncogenes hypomethylated in EOC. In this thesis study, RUNX2 gene was identified as hypomethyleted gene in post-chemotherapy primary cells cultures and GALNT3 gene and BCAT1 gene were among the genes identified to be notably hypomethylated in serous EOC tumors. Subsequent functional analyses of these three genes demonstrated that they were associated with EOC cell proliferation (including cell cycle control for GALNT3 and BCAT1), migration and invasion, suggesting that they have strong oncogenic potential in serous EOC progression and that they might be novel EOC therapeutic targets.
Naciri, Ikrame. "Épigénétique, signalisation et cancer : Étude de la régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes Testis/Placenta spécifiques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC254.
Texto completoSpatio-temporal gene transcriptional regulation is essential to establish and maintain cell identity. Impairment of the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation could lead to diseases like cancer. Testis/Placenta specific genes (TS/PS) are found to be expressed in cancer while their expression is normally restricted in testis and placenta. Overexpression of TS/PS in cancer is correlated to bad prognosis and some of these genes are known to be oncogenes. Moreover these genes could induce immune responses when they are expressed in cancer making them good candidates for therapeutic targets.In this thesis, we set up two genetic screens, which allow us to identify three new actors involved in the transcriptional regulation of the TS/PS gene ADAM12. This metalloprotease which is overexpressed in many tumors is involved in cell migration and invasion of cancer cells. Our study showed that the kinase TAK1 (MAP3K7) and the chromatin remodelers KAT2A and SIRT6 are involved in the regulation of ADAM12 expression. We went further and dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation and we discovered a link between the acetyltransferase KAT2A and TAK1 signaling pathway. These results allow us to propose TAK1 and KAT2A as potential therapeutic targets in high-ADAM12 expressing tumors and/or in tumors with TAK1 mutations
Girard, Nicolas. "Réponse des chondrosarcomes aux traitements conventionnels et recherche de thérapies innovantes". Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2070.
Texto completoChondrosarcomas (CHS) are malignant bone mesenchymal tumors and known to be radio- and chemo-resistant. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine their sensitivity to conventional treatments (X-ray and cisplatin), to better characterize their resistance mechanisms and to identify new therapeutics targets (epigenetic therapy targeting the methyltransferase EZH2 and hadrontherapy by carbon ions). First, we showed that CHS had different sensitivities to X-rays and cisplatin. Moreover, X-rays induced apoptosis or senescence of sensitive cells whereas cisplatin induced only apoptosis. Resistance mechanisms are different and are strongly linked to CHS type. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that CHS were more sensitive in vitro to carbon ions than X-rays. Second, we investigated the efficiency of epigenetic therapy using an EZH2 inhibitor. We showed that the inhibitor reduces chondrosarcomas growth, both in vitro and in vivo. However, its molecular mechanisms remains unclear even if it is independent of EZH2. This work highlights the heterogeneity and the variety of chondrosarcomas responses to conventional treatments. Therefore, it is of importance to use chondrosarcomas with different grades and origins. Moreover, we confirm the interest of the hadrontherapy by carbon ions to treat CHS
Champion, Christine. "Inhibiteurs de méthyltransférases d'ADN (DNMT) : caractérisation et application à la recherche de partenaires protéiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066251.
Texto completoVan, Den Broeck Arnaud. "Aspects épigénétiques des cancers broncho-pulmonaires et implication de l'histone acétyltransférase Tip60". Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10150.
Texto completoEpigenetic defines reversible and inheritable modifications of gene expression without change in nucleotide sequence. It is now well-known that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation contribute to the development of cancer. Tip60 protein is a transcriptional co-regulator which possesses an histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. Tip60 is also a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR) and plays a crucial role in the control of genome stability through its ability to acetylate proteins. We have previously shown that Tip60 is a key component of DDR pathways activation induced by tobacco carcinogens and have hypothesized that a modification of histone and/or non histone proteins acetylation pattern could constitute a new epigenetic hallmark of lung cancer. We have shown for the first time in lung cancer a global alteration of the “epigenetic landscape” of histone H4, which is the main Tip60 target. Our results show that some epigenetic modifications (H4K20me3) might be candidate biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic approaches of lung cancer. Furthermore, we identify Tip60 as a new regulator of expression and biological properties of the E2F1 transcription factor. We also demonstrate that both proteins play a coordinated role in the DDR induced by cisplatine, by working on DNA repair pathways. Finally, we observe the frequent loss of Tip60 protein expression in these cancers, suggesting that Tip60 might be a candidate biomarker for the response to treatment with platinium based chemotherapies
Fleury-Ricordeau, Laurence. "Modifications épigénétiques dans le cancer du sein". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/301/.
Texto completoIn breast cancer, approximately one third of tumors express neither the estrogen receptor (ERa) nor estrogen regulated genes such as the Progesterone Receptor gene (PR). Our study provides new insights into the mechanism allowing hormone-activated expression of ERa target genes silenced in ERa-negative mammary tumor cells. In cell lines derived from ERa-negative MDA-MB231 cells, stable expression of different levels of ERa from a transgene did not result in transcription of PR. A quantitative comparative analysis demonstrates that inhibiting DNA methyltransferases using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine or specific disruption of DNMT1 by small interfering RNAs and treatment with the histone-deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A enabled ERa-mediated hormone-dependent expression of endogenous PR. We show that demethylation of a CpG island located in the first exon of PR was a prerequisite for ERa binding to these regulatory sequences. Although not a general requirement, DNA demethylation is also necessary for derepression of a subset of ERa target genes involved in tumorigenesis. PR transcription did not subsist four days after removal of the DNA methyltransferase blocking agents, suggesting that hormone-induced expression of ERa target genes in ERa-negative tumor cells is transient. Our observations support a model where an epigenetic mark confers stable silencing by precluding ERa access to promoters
Bonhns, Michalowski Mariana. "Étude des altérations épigénétiques des tumeurs des enfants : le cas des épendymomes et des neuroblastomes". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10210.
Texto completoDuring the last 10 years, a new mechanism of tumor development has been described: the hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes. These epigenetic modifications were rarely studied in childhood cancer and large series of patients didn't exist before 2003. We studied two groups of childhood tumors; ependymoma and neuroblastome. Ependymomas (EP) represent the third most frequent type of central nervous system (CNS) tumor of childhood. No prognostic biological markers are available, and differentiation from choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is difficult. On the other hand, neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid cancer diagnosed in infancy and childhood, has some genetic abnormalities that are clearly related to prognosis as NMYC amplification. Our objectives were to describe a methylation profile in these two childhood cancers and try to find a relationship between genes methylation and clinical evolution. In the first study, for a sample of 27 children with intracranial EP and 7 with CPP, we described and compared the methylation status of 19 genes. On the second study, 62 neuroblastomas were studied in terms of the methylation status of the same genes. Although we did not observe a statistical relationship between methylation and clinical outcome, the methylation pattern does not appear to be randomly distributed in ependymoma and in neuroblastoma and may represent a mechanism of tumor development and evolution. Hypermethylation was related to clinical stage in neuroblastoma: stages 1, 2 and 4s were less frequently methylated than those at stages 3 and 4 (p = 0. 002). In conclusion, the results from our series indicate that hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes may be important in the development and evolution of childhood cancers. Thus, these epigenetic alterations could be used as a marker of the disease and genes regulating methylation should be considered as possible novel therapeutic targets
Castillo, Aguilera Omar. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique d’inhibiteurs potentiels de DOT1L impliqués dans la régulation épigénétique du cancer". Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S053/document.
Texto completoCancer is a serious issue of public health as it is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Despite the multiple available treatments, it is necessary to develop more efficient and less invasive therapies against cancer. The knowledge of the human genome and epigenome has directed research to new cancer treatment approaches: it is possible to modulate the biological outcome by controlling the access to the genetic information by means of the epigenetic regulation.Epigenetics are the changes happening on the genome without modifying its DNA sequence, leading to a heritable andstable phenotype. In the eukaryotic chromatin, epigenetic regulation implies covalent modifications of DNA and histones. These chemical modifications remodel the chromatin structure leading to an “opened” or “closed” configuration, which is related to the expression or repression of genes. The epigenetic landscape is altered in cancers; for example, abnormal methylation leads to the silencing of certain genes (such as tumor suppressor genes), or to the over-expression of oncogenes. Unlike genetic alterations that are irreversible, epigenetic aberrations are reversible. Thus, molecules that can reestablish the epigenetic balance represent potent therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.Methylation and acetylation are the most studied epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation is carried out by the DNAmethyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone methylation by the histone methyltransferases (HMTs).This PhD project was focused on the histone methyltransferase DOT1L (DOT1 like, disruptor of telomeric silencing), responsible of methylation of residue Lys79 of histone 3 (H3K79), which leads to the transcription of some oncogenes. Recent studies have shown that DOT1L is implicated in MLL-rearranged leukemia (MLL-r, Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia) thus it is a potent target in cancer. As DOT1L and DNMTs share the same cofactor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), DNMT and DOT1L inhibitors can present a common inhibition mechanism by competing with SAM.We present herein the in silico – based design, and the multi-step synthesis of some series of molecules containing 3 main moieties: a) an aminopyrimidine motif and b) a benzimidazole or phenylurea motif, linked by c) a phenyl or heterocycle motif. DOT1L activity was determined for the different compounds synthesized and structure-activity relationships (SAR) were established. The activity on DNMT and other HMTs was determined as well, in other to study the DOT1L specificity of our compounds.Different scaffolds were identified to obtain DOT1L-selective or DOT1L/DNMT dual inhibitors. These molecules are interesting therapeutic tools for cancer treatment
Renaude, Elodie. "Stratégies de modulation épigénétique des lymphocytes T CD4 afin de potentialiser l’efficacité des immunothérapies anticancers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/cf4a5ba6-33d1-4c40-ae32-3c46985a1213.
Texto completoCD4 T-cells are necessary for the establishment of an efficient anti-cancer response by providing help for the priming and persistence of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, the prognosis of patients can be differently affected, depending on CD4 T-cell subtypes infiltrating the tumor (TIL). Epigenetics take an important part in : i) the regulation of CD4 T-cells polarization, ii) plasticity towards other subsets and iii) maturation. It has been shown before that epigenetic modulators could regulate CD4 T-cells differentiation. Thus, the treatment of CD4 T-cells by epigenetic therapies can be used as a strategy to improve immunotherapy. Our results confirmed the presence of Th17-cells in expanded T-cells issued from liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Moreover, the number of expanded Th17-cells among total TIL was inversely correlated with patients' survival. We then attempt to evaluate the effect of epigenetic regulators on both CD4 T-cells differentiation and function. A screening of a bank of epidrugs allowed us to identify a Sirtuin 1 activator, Agrimol B, that might downregulate proliferation, cytokine secretion and CCR6 expression on CD4 T-cells. Our results thus indicated that Agrimol B might regulate the migration and the functionality of Th17-cells from healthy donors. Mechanistically, the inhibition of caspases by our molecule could prevent the cleavage of Sirtuin 1 and thus maintain its activity compared to control conditions. Together, this work aims to uncover the role of epigenetics in the regulation of CD4 T-cell subsets in order to potentiate the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy
Montgiraud, Cécile. "Définition de puces à ADN dédiées aux rétrovirus endogènes humains : applications à l’analyse du contrôle épigénétique et transcriptionnel". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10195.
Texto completoEndogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) are inherited part of the Eukaryotic genomes, and represent about 400,000 loci in the Human genome divided in distinct families. The majority of HERVs (Human ERV) are mainly silent in most physiological contexts excepted in placenta, whereas a significant expression is observed in pathological contexts such as cancers. It is difficult to understand HERV (de)regulation mechanisms and their implication in physio-pathological contexts, as there is no criteria defining transcriptional active promoters HERV long terminal repeats (LTRs) among all these regulatory élements. We developed two versions of highdensity DNA microarray to specifically detect LTR reactivated in cancers and try to understand transcription mechanism of HERV. With the first version of HERV-microarray, we identified six HERV-W loci over-expressed in testicular cancer, including the domesticated ERVWE1 locus which produces an envelope protein dubbed Syncytin-1 associated with placenta development. The analysis of DNA from tumoral versus normal tissue reveals that hypomethylation of U3 promoters in tumors is a prerequisite of HERV activation. The second version of HERV-microarray was used to identify prognosis biomarkers in non small cell lung cancer. This study identified HERV reactivation in some samples and highlighted difficulties of such approach due to inter-individuals disparities
Jreda, Mayada. "Rôle de UHRF1 et de ses partenaires dans la régulation épigénétique des gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs". Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/JREDA_Mayada_2011.pdf.
Texto completoThe memory of a cell, i. E. , its ability to express a defined number of genes, is linked to the presence of small changes called epigenetic modifications, positioned on cytosine or on certain amino-acids of histones. These modifications determine the nature and functions of a cell. When the cells proliferate, they must transmit this information to the offspring by copying faithfully the methylation patterns of DNA and the histone code at the right place. The maintenance of methylation patterns of DNA is achieved by DNMT1 (DNA MethylTransferase 1) that is the most abundant DNA methyltransferase in somatic cells and has a preference for hemimethylated DNA. DNMT1 is considered as the main enzyme responsible for duplication and maintainance patterns of DNA methylation from the parental strand to the daughter strand after DNA replication. Undoubtedly, the UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1) increasingly appears as a key player in the duplication of the epigenetic information. UHRF1 is overexpressed in several cancer cell lines in which aberrant changes of DNA methylation patterns and of the histone code have been identified. The UHRF1 plays a role in tumorigenesis by the maintainance of the deregulation of the expression of genes that are known to play an important role in carcinogenesis, such as topoisomerase II RB1, p16INK4A, p14ARF and RAR. UHRF1 is required for cell proliferation, particularly for the transition G1/S. UHRF1 may contribute to carcinogenesis by the permanent repression of the expression of tumor suppressor genes leading to the loss of control of G1/S transition of the cell cycle. UHRF1 contains in its structure five functional domains: the ubiquitin-like domain (NIRF_N domain) which may be involved in the interaction of UHRF1 with the proteasome. The “Cryptic tandem Tudor domain” (TTD domains) that may be involved in the di/trimethylation of lysine 9 of histone H3. The PHD domain “The Plant Homeo Domain” which is able to read the histone code and discriminate between H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 (histone 3 di- tri-methylated at lysine 4). It was proposed that the PHD domain could promote gene activation or repression through its interaction with trimethylated H3K4 and this change is a universal modification of gene activation. The “Set and Ring Finger Associated domain” (SRA domain) which is only found in the family UHRF in mammals and is able to interact with both HDAC1 (Histone Deacetylase 1) and methylated CpG islands. Finally, the RING finger domain “Really Interesting New Gene” that has an E3 ligase activity towards histones H1, H2B and H3 but also towrds DNMT1. The presence of these five domains in the structure of UHRF1 suggests that UHRF1 has the ability to read and control the epigenetic code. To understand the precise role of UHRF1 in the regulation of the epigenetic code and in order to search for proteins that could interact with the SRA domain of UHRF1, we used the two-hybrid system in collaboration with Hybrigenics (Paris). Several clones encoding a sequence of 215 amino acids were isolated, and showed 100% homology with a sequence of a new domain of the human DNMT1. We called this new domain of DNMT1 the "SRA-binding domain" (SRA-BD). This interaction was confirmed by GST pull-down assay and coimmunoprecipitation experiments in Jurkat cells and immortalized smooth muscle cells (SMC1-HVT). These results are consistent with other studies which showed that UHRF1 is able to recruit DNMT1 to hemimethylated DNA for faithful replication of DNA methylation patterns. Analysis of the SRA domain structure demonstrates that this domaine behaves as a “hand” with a “palm’’ that holds the methylated cytosine residue, after which two “fingers” flip the methylated cytosine out from the DNA helix into the major DNA groove. The flipped methylated cytosine enables UHRF1 to be anchored at the hemimethylated site to give the time necessary for DNMT1 to methylate the newly synthesized DNA. This mechanism is called "methyl-cytosine base-flipping mechanism ". To understand the role of the UHRF1/DNMT1 complex on gene expression of tumor suppressor genes p16INK4A, RB1 and on the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), we analyzed their expression in UHRF1 or DNMT1-knocked-down cells. We found that the loss of UHRF1 or DNMT1 function leads to decreased expression of VEGF, a major pro-angiogenic factor, while the expressions of the tumor suppressor genes p16INK4A and RB1 were significantly increased. These results indicate that UHRF1 and DNMT1 are involved in VEGF gene expression probably by the interaction of the SRA domain of UHRF1 with the "SRA-BD" of DNMT1 and increasing the expression of p16INK4A. It was proposed that DNA methylation, ubiquitination and acetylation of histones are presented in a large complex involved in replication of the epigenetic code that was named "ECREM" for "Epigenetic Code REplication Machinery", with Tip60 (Tat-interactive protein, 60 kDa). Tip60 is a histone acetyltransferase with specificity towards lysine 5 of H2A (H2AK5) and plays multiple roles in the processes of chromatin remodeling. The co-immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry experiments have shown that Tip60 is present in the same macromolecular complex with UHRF1, DNMT1 and HDAC1. The knockdown expression of UHRF1 or DNMT1 by RNA interference increased the expression of Tip60 but significantly decreased the level of acetylation of H2AK5. These results suggest that UHRF1 and DNMT1 is required to acetylate H2AK5, and Tip60 participates in a large complex including UHRF1, HDAC1 and DNMT1 responsible for the replication of the epigenetic code. Thus, a direct effect of UHRF1 on the histone code might be due to its enzymatic activity (E3 ligase) while an indirect effect could be produced through its association with its partners. These results suggest that UHRF1 control and regulate the relationship between histone modifications and DNA methylation in the context of tumor angiogenesis and suppression of tumor suppressor genes. UHRF1 knockdown causes a decrease in the levels of DNA methylation and chromatin structure changes. DNA methylation controls histone modifications considering that the loss of DNMT1 in human colon cancer cells results in a decrease and redistribution of H3K9me3 (histone H3 trimethylated on lysine 9). UHRF1 is necessary for maintenance DNA methylation and also interacts with H3K9me3 in an unknown manner. We showed that UHRF1 contains a Tandem Tudor Domain (TTD) that recognizes H3 tail peptides with the heterochromatin-associated modification state of trimethylated lysine 9 and unmodified lysine 4 (H3K4me0/K9me3). Mutant UHRF1 protein deficient for H3K4me0/K9me3 binding shows altered localization to heterochromatic chromocenters and fails to reduce expression of a target gene, p16INK4A, when overexpressed. Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications are highly coordinated through UHRF1, probably by the recruitment of chromatin modifying enzymes HDAC1, DNMT1, G9a and Suv39H1. Finally this work led us to better understand the role of UHRF1 and its partners DNMT1, HDAC1 and Tip60 in regulating the epigenetic code and in regulating the expression of some tumor suppressor genes (p16INK4A and RB1). Similarly, our studies support the idea that finding a specific inhibitor of UHRF1 would be very interesting for a anti-cancer therapy targeting the transmission of the epigenetic information from a mother cancer cell to daughter cells
Salvador, Marion. "Régulation épigénétique des cellules souches cancéreuses mammaires : un nouveau rôle pour l'ARN non-codant Xist". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5078.
Texto completoThese last decades have allowed deciphering the biology of breast cancer and improving the therapeutic management. However, recurrence and metastatic progression of the disease are still not curable. The concept of cancer stem cells (CSC) could provide an explanation for these failures. CSC would resist conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and would be responsible for both relapse and progression of cancer. The elimination of CSC seems to be an essential prerequisite for the treatment of patients. The identity and fate of stem cells are tightly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The work of this thesis investigated the consequences of deregulation of two epigenetic players: HDAC enzymes and long non-coding RNA Xist. We have shown that epigenetic modulation via HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) eliminates the CSC by inducing their differentiation. We present a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer: differentiation therapy. We determined Xist as the predictive biomarker of response to HDACi. Xist is a key partner of cell plasticity, the work of this thesis therefore interested in the consequences of Xist deregulation in tumor initiation. We observed that Xist inhibition promotes division of normal breast stem cells. We propose a new model of tumor initiation: epigenetic deregulation is an early change without consequence on tissue homeostasis but could be the first step of the cancerous transformation
Collignon, Evelyne. "Mining breast cancers with novel epigenetic modifications". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/261120.
Texto completoDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Cyrta, Joanna. "A Pleiotropic Role of the SWI/SNF Complex in Cancer – Insights From Two Tumor Types : Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary, Hypercalcemic Type and Prostatic Carcinoma Role of Specialized Composition of SWI/SNF Complexes in Prostate Cancer Lineage Genomic Correlates of Clinical Outcome in Advanced Prostate Cancer". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL045.
Texto completoThe SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a major epigenetic regulator involved in embryonic development and in cell differentiation. In addition, genes encoding components of SWI/SNF are altered in at least 20% of cancers. Even though the SWI/SNF complex is usually regarded as a tumor suppressor, there is increasing evidence that the role of SWI/SNF in cancer may be tissue type- and context-dependent.In the first part of this dissertation, we present the molecular characterization of an independent cohort of small cell carcinomas of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT), as an example of a malignancy driven by loss-of-function alterations of the catalytic subunit of SWI/SNF, SMARCA4. In the second part, we explore the role of SWI/SNF in prostate cancer (PCa), including its most aggressive forms: castration-resistant prostate cancer and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. We show that while SWI/SNF mutations are exceedingly rare in PCa, the expression of several SWI/SNF subunits can be deregulated and that high SMARCA4 expression is associated with aggressive PCa. In addition, we show that many PCa cell lines are dependent on SWI/SNF for their growth.Taken together, these two examples further support the hypothesis that SWI/SNF can play different roles in cancer, depending on the tumor type
Decourcelle, Amélie. "Régulation de l’expression d’UNC5A par l’axe OGT/EZH2 : une nouvelle connexion entre nutrition, épigénétique et cancer colorectal ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1S106.
Texto completoAlthough many studies support a close relationship between nutritional disorders, epigenetic changes and the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The UNC5H tumor suppressor genes (UNC5A, B, C and D) that code for membrane receptors controlling the survival/apoptosis balance are among the genes frequently repressed during colonic carcinogenesis by epigenetic mechanisms that are still poorly understood. In the AOM/DSS mouse model of colonic carcinogenesis, we showed that UNC5A, UNC5B and UNC5C expression was decreased in tumors but exclusively in mice subjected to a High Carbohydrate Diet (HCD) during all the time course of the experiment, thus linking nutrition to their repression in CRC. O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification targeting thousands of nucleocytoplasmic and mitochondrial proteins involved in various fundamental cellular processes including epigenetic regulation of gene expression and whose levels are increased during colonic carcinogenesis. O-GlcNAcylation levels depend of UDP-GlcNAc, the sugar nucleotide donor of the reaction, which itself is at the crossroad of several metabolisms, thus defining this glycosylation as a nutritional sensor. In this context, we hypothesized that O-GlcNAcylation could be one of the molecular relays between nutrition and UNC5H genes repression during colonic carcinogenesis. In human colon cancer cells, by using a combination of pharmacological inhibitions and siRNA approaches coupled to RT-qPCR analyses and promoter activities studies, we showed that O-GlcNAcylation and EZH2 (the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex responsible for the deposition of the epigenetic repressive mark H3K27Me3) act jointly to repress UNC5A expression. More precisely, by CUT&RUN experiments, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation of EZH2 allows its recruitment onto the UNC5A promoter to repress its transcription. To conclude, all these results confirm the hypothesis that O-GlcNAcylation could be a new connection between nutrition and epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes governing the cancerization of the colonic mucosa
Shiota, Hitoshi. "Régulation de la programmationpost-méiotique du génomemâle par NUT". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV079/document.
Texto completoDuring the late stages of spermatogenesis, post-meiotic male germ cells undergo a dramatic reorganization of their chromatin architecture involving the almost genome wide replacement of histones by protamines, creating highly condensed nuclei that are found in the mature sperm. During this process a key early event is known to be the wave of histone hyperacetylation, which precedes their replacement. Our team previously reported that the testis specific BET factor BRDT (BRomoDomain Testis specific), which binds acetylated histones, is essential during this process. However, how this genome wide hyperacetylation occurs has remained one of the major questions in the field. NUclear protein in Testis (NUT) is a testis specific factor whose physiological function in male germ cells was unknown. It has been found ectopically expressed in NUT Midline Carcinoma, a rare but highly aggressive cancer, in fusion with BRD4, resulting in a highly oncogenic fusion protein. In cancer cells, NUT is able to recruit and activate the histone acetyltransferase p300, hence contributing to the oncogenic activity of the BRD4-NUT fusion protein. My Ph.D. project investigates the original function of NUT by using NUT knockout mice that were generated by our team in collaboration with Mathieu Gerard (Saclay). The absence of NUT causes male sterility associated with a spermatogenic arrest during spermatids elongation/condensation, at a stage when histone replacement normally takes place. Additional experiments suggest that NUT could act through the regulation of epigenetic marks, including histone hyperacetylation. The mechanisms by which NUT interferes with the hyperacetylation wave and interacting factors, including Brdt, are explored. Altogether this study demonstrates the essential contribution of NUT to the epigenetic regulation and histone replacement during the post-meiotic maturation of male germ cells
Le, Boiteux Elisa. "Altération du contrôle de H3K27me3 et dérégulation transcriptionnnelle dans les gliomes : études des clusters HOX". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAS027.
Texto completoEpigenetic alterations are a well-known signature of cancer cells. However, the causes of these defects, as well as their consequence on gene expression, remain elusive. My thesis project specifically lies in this thematic, and focuses on the causes and consequences of epigenetic alterations in gliomas. These brain tumors can be divided into two subsets, based on IDH mutation status, that are characterized by different methylation profiles. Interestingly, the mutation of IDH is also associated with a better prognosis. Our strategy, based on exhaustive molecular analyses, relies on the study of 70 glioma samples, classified according to their IDH status, and of six glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) lines.We found that most transcriptional alterations in tumor samples were DNA methylation-independent. Instead, altered histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) was the predominant molecular defect at deregulated genes. Our results also suggest that the presence of a bivalent chromatin signature at CpG island promoters in stem cells predisposes not only to hypermethylation, as widely documented, but more generally to all types of transcriptional alterations in transformed cells. In addition, the gene expression strength in healthy brain cells influences the choice between DNA methylation- and H3K27me3-associated silencing in glioma. Highly expressed genes were more likely to be repressed by H3K27me3 than by DNA methylation. Our findings support a model in which altered H3K27me3 dynamics, more specifically defects in the interplay between Polycomb protein complexes and the brain-specific transcriptional machinery, is the main cause of transcriptional alteration in glioma cells. Also, our study revealed that homeodomain genes, and in particular HOX genes, are characterized by an atypical defect in aggressive gliomas (IDHwt), associating a gain of expression with an aberrant gain of methylation. We determined that this alteration affect all the four HOX clusters, and that the reactivation of these genes is likely a consequence of the aberrant loss of H3K27me3 that specifically affect these clusters. This study allows to propose a model whereby global DNA hypomethylation triggers ectopic expression of numerous genes through a cascade of events, in which HOX gene alteration would have a central role.The observation that H3K27me3 is deregulated in gliomas, and particularly on HOX genes, also lead us to investigate for the role of non-coding RNA in these mechanisms. We have identified HOXA-AS2, a yet poorly characterized long non-coding RNA located at HOXA locus, that is specifically and significantly overexpressed in IDHwt gliomas. The inhibition of HOXA-AS2 in well-characterized CSG lines suggests that this transcript play a central role in the biology of these cells. Thus, it would contribute to the aggressiveness of CSG by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and promoting cell proliferation. Altogether, these works revisit the relationship between epigenetic alterations and aberrant transcription, and present the control of H3K27me3 as the main cause of transcriptionnel defects in cancer
Javed, Aqib. "UHRF1, an epigenetic target for an anti-cancer strategy". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ070.
Texto completoUHRF1 has been identified as a druggable epigenetic target for cancer therapy as it is overexpressed in many cancers promoting hypermethylation/silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), which lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. This thesis aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of UHRF1-SRA inhibitors (AMSA2, MPB7 and UM63), and to explore their mechanism of action as well as their selectivity towards cancer cells. Using multiple cell and molecular biology techniques, we revealed that these compounds exert anticancer activity. They prevent co-localization of UHRF1/DNMT1 tandem and also downregulate their protein levels which lead to a decrease in global DNA methylation. Furthermore, a significant arrest in cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle was observed, followed by an upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins resulting in apoptosis. Methylome analysis revealed that these inhibitors decreased the hypermethylation at TSGs, reactivating their onco-protective role. Interestingly, these compounds exerted minimal impact on non-cancerous cells, validated in both 2D and 3D cell culture conditions
Servant, Nicolas. "Analysis of chromosome conformation data and application to cancer". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066535.pdf.
Texto completoThe chromatin is not randomly arranged into the nucleus. Instead, the nuclear organization is tightly controlled following different organization levels. Recent studies have explored how the genome is organized to ensure proper gene regulation within a constrained nuclear space. However, the impact of the epigenome, and in particular the three-dimensional topology of chromatin and its implication in cancer progression remain largely unexplored. As an example, recent studies have started to demonstrate that defects in the folding of the genome can be associated with oncogenes activation. Although the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood, it demonstrates that the chromatin organization is an important factor of tumorigenesis, and that a systematic exploration of the three-dimensional cancer genomes could improve our knowledge of cancer biology in a near future. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture methods are now widely used to map chromatin interaction within regions of interest or across the genome. The Hi-C technique empowered by next generation sequencing was designed to explore intra and inter-chromosomal contacts at the whole genome scale and therefore offers detailed insights into the spatial arrangement of complete genomes. The aim of this project was to develop computational methods and tools, that can extract relevant information from Hi-C data, and in particular, in a cancer specific context. The presented work is divided in three parts. First, as many sequencing applications, the Hi-C technique generates a huge amount of data. Managing these data requires optimized bioinformatics workflows able to process them in reasonable time and space. To answer this need, we developped HiC-Pro, an optimized and flexible pipeline to process Hi-C data from raw sequencing reads to normalized contact maps. HiC-Pro maps reads, detects valid ligation products, generates and normalizes intra- and inter-chromosomal contact maps. In addition, HiC-Pro is compatible with all current Hi-C-based protocols
Rifai, Khaldoun. "Etude des modifications épigénétiques en fonction de l'agressivité du cancer sporadique du sein : l'implication de l'histone désacétylase SIRT1 dans la progression tumorale". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS011/document.
Texto completoWith 59,000 new cases in 2017, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among French women, and poses a real public health problem in France, but also worldwide. It is well established that the complexity of carcinogenesis involves profound epigenetic deregulations that contribute to the tumorigenesis process. Deregulated H3 and H4 acetylated histone marks are amongst those alterations. Acetylation and deacetylation are major post-translational protein modifications that regulate gene expression and the activity of a myriad of oncoproteins. Aberrant deacetylase activity can promote or suppress tumorigenesis in different types of human cancers, including breast cancer. The deacetylase SIRT1 and the acetyltransferase TIP60 are 2 antagonistic epigenetic enzymes that are well implicated in apoptosis, gene regulation, genomic stability, DNA repair, and cancer development. In this manuscript, we identified the dysregulation of the histones H3 and H4 acetylation profiles in different molecular subtypes of sporadic breast cancer, and investigated the involvement of SIRT1 and TIP60 in breast tumorigenesis. First, we highlighted the roles of SIRT1 and TIP60 as potential prognostic biomarkers by revealing their differential expression patterns depending on breast cancer aggressiveness. Then, we demonstrated their differential epigenetic regulation of histone targets according to molecular subtype, and revealed their modulation of the H3K4ac epigenetic marker. Moreover, Epi-drugs mediated inhibition of these 2 enzymes has proven to be an effective strategy in the treatment of cancer. Thus, this work highlights the potential use of SIRT1 and TIP60 as epigenetic therapeutic targets for sporadic breast cancer
Gagnon, Jean-François y Jean-François Gagnon. "Identification de marqueurs de pronostic impliqués dans l'angiogenèse et régulés par un mécanisme épigénétique dans le cancer du sein". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22942.
Texto completoProblématique : De nombreuses recherches sont actuellement menées afin de découvrir des biomarqueurs pour aider les pathologistes à poser des diagnostics et pour éclairer les cliniciens dans le choix du meilleur traitement pour le cancer du sein. Ces biomarqueurs sont de diverses natures et plusieurs sont issus des caractéristiques de la tumeur. Mon projet de recherche visait à déterminer la valeur pronostique de marqueurs de méthylation de gènes candidats (PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) et TIMP3 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3)) principalement impliqués dans le processus d’angiogenèse. Approches méthodologiques et résultats: Nous avons étudié une population de 254 patientes diagnostiquées d’un cancer du sein entre 1983 et 1993, pour lesquelles les spécimens tumoraux ont été fixés au Bouin et congelés. Les informations clinicopathologiques sont disponibles pour ces patientes (âge, indice de masse corporelle, ER, PgR, taille de la tumeur, grade histologique, statut des métastases ganglionnaires, type histologique et densité des microvaisseaux). Préalablement à l’analyse des spécimens de la population à l’étude, nous avons développé une approche quantitative afin d’évaluer le statut de méthylation des gènes candidats. Une fois l’ADN isolé par microdissection à partir des spécimens tumoraux congelés, celui-ci a été traité avec une enzyme de restriction spécifique aux sites méthylés et soumis à des réactions spécifiques de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR). La spécificité, la linéarité et la reproductibilité de cette approche ont été clairement démontrées par comparaison avec des échantillons standardisés ainsi que sur des lignées cellulaires. En parallèle, une approche immunohistochimique automatisée a été développée pour évaluer l’expression de marqueurs tumoraux du sein. Nous avons démontré qu’il est possible d’obtenir des résultats semblables soit en faisant des marquages immunohistochimiques sur des coupes histologiques de tissus fixés au Bouin et enrobés dans la paraffine en utilisant une technique validée soit en faisant des immunohistochimies sur des coupes histologiques de spécimens fixés dans le formol tamponné neutre. Cette étape était nécessaire afin d’évaluer l’expression de gènes (ER, PgR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, P63, ECAD) reconnus pour la classification et la caractérisation des carcinomes mammaires. Enfin, l’étude du statut de méthylation de 3 gènes candidats a été effectuée sur les spécimens de la population à l’étude en utilisant les approches citées ci-haut. Une première observation révèle une association significative entre le statut de méthylation, du gène RECK et la survie spécifique au cancer du sein en analyse univariée (régression de Cox : rapport de risque (Hasard Ratio (HR) = 0.72; 95 % intervalle de confiance (IC), 0,53 to 0,98; P = 0,037) mais non significative en analyse multivariée (RR = 0,75; 95 % IC, 0,54 to 1,03; P = 0,075). Alors que l’atteinte ganglionnaire est un facteur de mauvais pronostic (RR = 6,07; 95 % IC, 4,30 to 8,55; P < 0,001), nous avons observé une interaction significative entre le statut des ganglions lymphatiques et celui du gène RECK (Pinteraction = 0,0011). En analyses multivariées, chez les patientes sans envahissement ganglionnaire, une association significative est observée entre la présence de méthylation du gène RECK et une augmentation de la survie (HR = 0,30; 95 % IC, 0,14 to 0,64; P = 0,002). Cependant, chez les patientes avec métastases ganglionnaires, la présence de méthylation du gène RECK est associée à une diminution de la survie (HR = 1,51; 95 % IC, 1,00 to 2,3; P = 0,05). Une association entre la présence de méthylation du gène TIMP3 et une meilleure survie a été observée mais celle-ci est non significative. Le marqueur de méthylation uPA testé dans notre étude n’est pas associé à la survie. Conclusion: Nous avons démontré que la méthylation du gène RECK dans le cancer du sein est associée à la survie. Nous avons également observé que cette association varie selon le statut de l’envahissement ganglionnaire. Cette étude mériterait d’être répliquée dans une population indépendante présentant les mêmes caractéristiques.
Purpose: Studies are now conducted to find new biomarkers to help clinicians diagnose and treat breast cancers. The purpose of my research project was to determine the prognostic value of DNA methylation markers of selected genes (PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) and TIMP3 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3)) which are mainly involved in the process of angiogenesis. Methods and results: We studied a population of 254 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1983 and 1993, for which a part of the tumor specimens was fixed in Bouin and embedded in paraffin and the other part was frozen. The clinicopathological characteristics were available for these patients (age, body mass index, ER, PgR tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis status, histological type and microvessel density). Prior to the analysis of specimens from the study population, we developed a quantitative approach to assess the methylation status of candidate genes. Once the DNA is isolated by laser-capture microdissection from frozen tumor specimens, it was treated with a methylation sensitive restriction enzyme and subjected to specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specificity, linearity and reproducibility of this approach have been clearly demonstrated by comparison with standard samples and cell lines. In addition, an automated immunohistochemical approach has been successfully evaluated showing that the expression of tumor markers on histological sections of tissues fixed in Bouin and embedded in paraffin, is similar to that of specimens fixed in neutral buffered formalin. This step was necessary to evaluate the expression of genes (ER, PgR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, P63, ECAD) recognized for the classification and characterization of breast carcinomas. Finally, the study of methylation status of three candidate genes was performed on specimens in the study population evaluated using the approaches above. A first observation showed a significant association between the methylation status of RECK gene and breast cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53 to 0.98, P = 0.037) but not significant in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.41, P = 0.96). While the lymph node is a bad prognostic factor (HR = 6.07, 95% CI, 4.30 to 8.55, P < 0.001), we observed a significant interaction between lymph node status and the RECK gene (Pinteraction = 0.0011). In multivariate analysis, among patients without nodal involvement, a significant association between the presence of methylation of RECK gene and an increase in survival was observed (HR = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.64, P = 0.002). For patients with lymph nodes metastasis, an association between the presence of methylation of RECK gene and a decrease in survival was observed (HR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.3, P = 0.05). An association between the presence of methylation of TIMP3 gene and a better survival was observed but was not significant. The uPA methylation markers tested in our study are not associated with survival. Conclusion: We observed that the methylation status of RECK gene is associated with survival of patients with breast cancer. We also observed that this association varies with lymph node metastasis status. This study needs to be replicated in an independent population with similar characteristics.
Purpose: Studies are now conducted to find new biomarkers to help clinicians diagnose and treat breast cancers. The purpose of my research project was to determine the prognostic value of DNA methylation markers of selected genes (PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) and TIMP3 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3)) which are mainly involved in the process of angiogenesis. Methods and results: We studied a population of 254 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1983 and 1993, for which a part of the tumor specimens was fixed in Bouin and embedded in paraffin and the other part was frozen. The clinicopathological characteristics were available for these patients (age, body mass index, ER, PgR tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis status, histological type and microvessel density). Prior to the analysis of specimens from the study population, we developed a quantitative approach to assess the methylation status of candidate genes. Once the DNA is isolated by laser-capture microdissection from frozen tumor specimens, it was treated with a methylation sensitive restriction enzyme and subjected to specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specificity, linearity and reproducibility of this approach have been clearly demonstrated by comparison with standard samples and cell lines. In addition, an automated immunohistochemical approach has been successfully evaluated showing that the expression of tumor markers on histological sections of tissues fixed in Bouin and embedded in paraffin, is similar to that of specimens fixed in neutral buffered formalin. This step was necessary to evaluate the expression of genes (ER, PgR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, P63, ECAD) recognized for the classification and characterization of breast carcinomas. Finally, the study of methylation status of three candidate genes was performed on specimens in the study population evaluated using the approaches above. A first observation showed a significant association between the methylation status of RECK gene and breast cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53 to 0.98, P = 0.037) but not significant in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.41, P = 0.96). While the lymph node is a bad prognostic factor (HR = 6.07, 95% CI, 4.30 to 8.55, P < 0.001), we observed a significant interaction between lymph node status and the RECK gene (Pinteraction = 0.0011). In multivariate analysis, among patients without nodal involvement, a significant association between the presence of methylation of RECK gene and an increase in survival was observed (HR = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.64, P = 0.002). For patients with lymph nodes metastasis, an association between the presence of methylation of RECK gene and a decrease in survival was observed (HR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.3, P = 0.05). An association between the presence of methylation of TIMP3 gene and a better survival was observed but was not significant. The uPA methylation markers tested in our study are not associated with survival. Conclusion: We observed that the methylation status of RECK gene is associated with survival of patients with breast cancer. We also observed that this association varies with lymph node metastasis status. This study needs to be replicated in an independent population with similar characteristics.
Gagnon, Jean-François. "Identification de marqueurs de pronostic impliqués dans l'angiogenèse et régulés par un mécanisme épigénétique dans le cancer du sein". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28099/28099.pdf.
Texto completoPurpose: Studies are now conducted to find new biomarkers to help clinicians diagnose and treat breast cancers. The purpose of my research project was to determine the prognostic value of DNA methylation markers of selected genes (PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) and TIMP3 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3)) which are mainly involved in the process of angiogenesis. Methods and results: We studied a population of 254 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1983 and 1993, for which a part of the tumor specimens was fixed in Bouin and embedded in paraffin and the other part was frozen. The clinicopathological characteristics were available for these patients (age, body mass index, ER, PgR tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis status, histological type and microvessel density). Prior to the analysis of specimens from the study population, we developed a quantitative approach to assess the methylation status of candidate genes. Once the DNA is isolated by laser-capture microdissection from frozen tumor specimens, it was treated with a methylation sensitive restriction enzyme and subjected to specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specificity, linearity and reproducibility of this approach have been clearly demonstrated by comparison with standard samples and cell lines. In addition, an automated immunohistochemical approach has been successfully evaluated showing that the expression of tumor markers on histological sections of tissues fixed in Bouin and embedded in paraffin, is similar to that of specimens fixed in neutral buffered formalin. This step was necessary to evaluate the expression of genes (ER, PgR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, P63, ECAD) recognized for the classification and characterization of breast carcinomas. Finally, the study of methylation status of three candidate genes was performed on specimens in the study population evaluated using the approaches above. A first observation showed a significant association between the methylation status of RECK gene and breast cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.53 to 0.98, P = 0.037) but not significant in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.41, P = 0.96). While the lymph node is a bad prognostic factor (HR = 6.07, 95% CI, 4.30 to 8.55, P <0.001), we observed a significant interaction between lymph node status and the RECK gene (Pinteraction = 0.0011). In multivariate analysis, among patients without nodal involvement, a significant association between the presence of methylation of RECK gene and an increase in survival was observed (HR = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.64, P = 0.002). For patients with lymph nodes metastasis, an association between the presence of methylation of RECK gene and a decrease in survival was observed (HR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.3, P = 0.05). An association between the presence of methylation of TIMP3 gene and a better survival was observed but was not significant. The uPA methylation markers tested in our study are not associated with survival. Conclusion: We observed that the methylation status of RECK gene is associated with survival of patients with breast cancer. We also observed that this association varies with lymph node metastasis status. This study needs to be replicated in an independent population with similar characteristics.
Raux, Brigitt. "Développement d'inhibiteurs d'interaction protéine-protéine ciblant les protéines à bromodomaines : implications en épigénétique et dans le développement de cancers". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0521.
Texto completoBromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs) are especially involved in the regulation of gene transcription and cell signalling. Their dysregulation lead to the development of pathologies, such as inflammatory, cardiovascular diseases, and more particularly cancers. BCPs involved in the recognition of acetylated lysine of the histone tails, through their BromoDomain(s) module(s) (BDs). Among the eight families of BCPs, my thesis project focuses on the “BET” family. This family comprises four proteins which are composed of a tandem of two BDs each belonging to the BD1 or the BD2 subfamily. The architecture of the central cavity of the BDs, qualified as "druggable", allows the emergence of these proteins as new promising epigenetic targets. To date, about twenty clinical trials targeting different types of cancer have been initiated for "pan-BET" molecules that target all the members of this family. However, "pan-BET" inhibition is clinically problematic because it impacts many transcriptional pathways and causes the appearance of resistant cells. My thesis project is part of the current challenge is to develop more selective inhibitors, for example towards the BET-BD1 subfamily or the BET-BD2 subfamily or ideally towards one single BD inside the BET family. The development of such "selective epigenetic probes" targeting BET family BDs should allow deciphering their role and mechanism of action in various biological processes. Identifying "drug candidates" should lead to new targeted therapies and overcome the resistances related to the use of pan-BET molecules
Grandin, Mélodie. "Développement de thérapeutiques combinées ciblant des altérations épigénétiques de la voie des récepteurs à dépendance". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10274/document.
Texto completoIn a substantial part of human cancers, netrin-1 (NTN1) is up-regulated and this upregulation is inhibiting apoptosis induced by its so-called dependence receptors DCC and UNC5H and thus promotes tumor progression. However, in other cancers, the selective inhibition of this dependence receptor death pathway relies on the silencing of pro-apoptotic effector proteins. We show here that a large fraction of human breast and lung tumors exhibits simultaneous DNA methylation-dependent loss of expression of NTN1 and of DAPK1, a serine threonine kinase known to transduce the netrin-1 dependence receptor pro-apoptotic pathway. The inhibition of DNA methylation by drugs such as decitabine in netrin- 1-low cancer cells restores the expression of both NTN1 and DAPK1. Consequently, the combination of decitabine with NTN1 silencing strategies or with an anti-netrin-1 neutralizing antibody potentiates tumor cell death and efficiently blocks tumor growth in different animal models. Thus, combining DNA methylation inhibitors with netrin-1 neutralizing agents may be a valuable strategy for combating cancer
Malouf, Gabriel. "Décryptage des changements épigénétiques impliqués dans la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse et le cancer". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T037.
Texto completoThe epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process of cellular plasticity that exists in embryonic development and which allows the formation of tissues and organs. In carcinogenesis, the process is reactivated by transcription factors whose action probably involves chromatin remodeling. The exact mapping of these epigenetic changes is poorly understood genome-Wide, although there have been some previous studies exploring changes in so few well-Targeted loci. This thesis deals with the epigenetic remodeling mediated by the transcription factor Twist1 in a model of human mammary immortalized cell line. The architecture of this remodeling has been mapped through the use of high-Throughput techniques to analyze DNA methylation (DREAM) and histone modifications (ChIPseq). Our results suggest a major change in the EMT methylome with focal hypermethylation and gene body hypomethylation predominantly within "partially methylated domains"; these areas are already known in development to gain repressive histone marks concomitantly with DNA hypomethylation. We also observed landscape remodeling of repressive histone mark H3K27me3 with a reduction in domains size, and especially the almost doubling of the number of bivalent genes. The coupling of DNA methylation with the profile of microRNA has allowed us to identify miR-203 as single microRNA regulated by DNA methylation during EMT; we have also shown that epigenetic suppression of miR-203 is both required for EMT and acquisition of stem cell properties. Finally, we performed a genetic and/or epigenetic characterization of two rare cancers, named fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas and translocation renal cell carcinomas. In fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, we described the endocrine nature of this tumor and established a signature based on DNA methylation which can be used to distinguish histological forms called "pure" from "mixed" fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas. Regarding translocation renal cell carcinomas, we established the genetic and epigenetic basis of differences between pediatric and adult forms, characterized by frequent gain of 17q gain chromosomal arm in adults. We also identified recurrent mutations in the chromatin remodeling gene INO80D which belongs to INO80 family. In conclusion, this work explores the impact of analyzing the epigenome to understand reprogramming during physiological processes such as EMT and cancer
Courtot, Lilas. "Conséquences d'un faible stress réplicatif sur le programme de réplication des cellules normales et cancéreuses". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30150.
Texto completoDNA replication is very well orchestrated in mammalian cells thanks to a tight regulation of the temporal order of replication origin activation, commonly called replication timing (RT). The replication timing of a given replication domain (RD) is very robust and depends on the cell type. Upon low replication stress, replication forks progress slower and it has been shown that some fragile regions are replicated later or even under-replicated. These replication delay leads to DNA damage and genetic instability, a common marker of cancers. Except for these fragile regions, the direct impact of low replication stress on the RT of the whole genome has not been explored yet. The aim of my thesis was to analyse and compare the replication timing of 6 human cell lines from different tissues (healthy or from tumours) in response to mild replication stress. Assessing this question, I have first observed heterogeneous response in between cell lines, some cancer cells were much more impacted by low replication stress. Strikingly, in some cancer cells, specific RD are undergoing a switch from late to early replication in response to replication stress. Very interestingly, this RT alteration was still detected in daughter cells. These findings disclosed a new mechanism mainly used by cancer cells in response to replication stress that brings another proof of their genome plasticity, allowing a quick response and adaptation to stress that, eventually, gives better resistance to genotoxic agents
Ngollo, Nsoh Marjolaine. "Etude des modifications épigénétiques en fonction de l'agressivité du cancer de la prostate". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM06.
Texto completoProstate cancer is the most common and represents the third leading cause of cancer death in men in France. In addition to the theory of genetics in the development of cancers, the involvement of epigenetic changes during prostate carcinogenesis is no longer in doubt. Epigenetics is defined as the study of changes in the expression of genes that are transmissible during mitosis and / or meiosis, but do not result from modifications in the DNA sequence. In other words, epigenetic alterations are able to modulate the level of gene expression by acting on chromatin. In recent years, the attention of researchers has increasingly focused on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in prostatic carcinogenesis. Abnormal activity of one or more epigenetic actors leads to changes in gene expression patterns that may be associated with carcinogenesis. In prostate cancer, there is thus a strong activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1) and a deregulation of histone modifiers, especially histone methyl transferase EZH2, associated with the repression of the transcription of certain genes (Gillio- Tos et al., 2012, Gravina et al., 2013, Koh et al., 2011, Yu et al., 2007). In addition to these epigenetic factors, environmental factors and more particularly nutrition is involved in the processes of carcinogenesis. The work of the laboratory has long focused on nutrition and cancer development. Indeed, studies on the preventive effects of soy phytoestrogens in prostate carcinogenesis have been widely discussed (Adjakly et al., 2011). The soy phytoestrogens showed their demethylating effect on the promoters of tumor suppressor genes. The hypothesis of this work was established because of the low incidence of prostate cancer found in Asian countries where high consumption of soybeans was noticed. The micronutrients contained in soy thus have the ability to modulate epigenetic modifications in prostate cancer (Vardi et al., 2010). In this thesis, we focused on histone modifications including histone methylation, which remains poorly studied in prostate cancer. First, we investigated the role of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in the involvement and progression of prostate cancer. The second part consisted of the identification of new prognostic and epigenetic markers related to histone methylation in order to establish an epigenetic profile of prostate tumors. We also discussed the effect of soy phytoestrogens on the modulation of epigenetic changes in prostate cancer and their protective roles in tumor development
Edorh, Aléodjrodo. "Expression d'oncogènes et tumeurs mamaires : étude clinique et développement d'un modèle de souris transgéniques pour v-Ha-ras en toxicologie". Metz, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1996/Edorh.Aleodjrodo.SMZ9608.pdf.
Texto completoWe have investigated the expression of three oncogenes (c-erbB-2, ras, pS2) and one supressor tumor gene (p53) in first, a clinical study, second, in an experimental one using the v-Ha-ras transgenic mice. Quantification of copy number of c-erbB-2 oncogene has been obtained by gene amplification using non-radioactive amplimer labelling on 29 mammary ductal infiltrating carcinomas. There was an apparent correlation between gene copy number and tumor grade. Immunohistochemistry on the same lesions have shown c-Ha-ras and p53 expression in high grade lesions. PS2 expression was associated to low grade lesions, which confirms the good prognosis associated to this protein. Detection of oncogenes and encoded proteins may be of value for establishing a prognosis of mammary carcinomas. The v-Ha-ras transgenic mice have been used to evidence the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Using non-radioactive labelling and detection methods (colorigenic and chemiluminescent), we have verified that these mice carried the ras transgene and expressed it in the hematopoietic organs (spleen and thymus) as well as in the kidney and the liver. We have found 2 or 3 copies of the transgene per genome-equivalent. 10 mmol/kg of 2-butoxyethanol administred over 2 weeks using osmotic minipumps have shown that this compound is devoided of epigenetic and genetoxic effects as measured by (i) methylation of total and v-Ha-ras gene DNA, (ii) absence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic DNA adducts. 2-butoxyethanol did not induced tumor formation in the transgenic mice. This animal model could be used as a screening test for possible carcinogenic chemicals
Velasco, Guillaume. "Étude des fonctions cellulaires de la protéine BS69 et de son implication potentielle dans la progression tumorale". Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSL0362.
Texto completoAdjakly, Mawussi. "Modifications épigénétiques de la méthylation de l'ADN induites par les phyto-oestrogènes du soja dans le cancer de la prostate". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM22.
Texto completoProstate cancer is a disease caused by a multiple interacting factors such as family history of prostate cancer, age and ethnic origin. Environnemental factors play also a role in prostatic carcinogenesis events. Indeed, several studies have reported the efficiency of nutrients such as phytoestrogens to possess anticancer properties. It has been reported that these compounds may have the ability to induce the reversion of epigenetic modifications observed in prostate cancer cells. The aim of this work was to determine if soy isoflavone could reverse the DNA methylation of oncosuppressor which are hypermethylated in prostate cancer and through which metabolic pathways. Our in vitro studies were carried out on tree prostate cancer cell lines: DU-145, PC-3 and LNCaP. The qualitative and quantitative studies performed demonstrated a decrease of methylation percentage of GSTP1, RASSF1A, EPHB2 and BRCA1 after soy isoflavone treatment. In a second step, a comparative study between the effect of phytoestrogens and estradiol on the DNA methylation of a panel of 24 genes was performed. Our results has highlighted that the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms by phytoestrogens may be mediated via the estrogen receptor pathway. In conclusion, phytoestrogen act on epigenetics mechanisms on prostate carcinogenesis suggesting that these molecules may play a role in the prevention of this pathology
Coassolo, Sébastien. "Le complexe de remodelage de la chromatine CHD4/NuRD associe régulation épigénétique, flux glycolytique et prolifération dans les cellules de mélanome et d'autres cancers". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ039.
Texto completoThe Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylation (NuRD) complex is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression that includes two mutually exclusive ATPase subunits CHD3 and CHD4. Our results show that NuRD associates with essential melanoma cell transcription factors namely MITF and SOX10. However, despite their physical association and genomic co-localization, CHD4-NuRD does not appear to act as a cofactor for MITF or SOX10 regulated gene expression. Nevertheless, CHD4 silencing leads to a slow growth phenotype and de-represses the expression of PADI1 (Protein Arginine DeIminase 1) and PADI3, two enzymes involved in converting arginines to citrullines in melanoma and multiple types of cancer cells. Increased expression of PADI1 and PADI3 enhances citrullination of arginines within the key glycolytic regulatory enzyme PKM2 then promoting excessive glycolysis, lowering ATP levels and slowing down proliferation. PKM2 citrullination lowers its sensitivity to allosteric inhibitors thus shifting equilibrium towards allosteric activators thereby bypassing the normal physiological regulation of glycolysis. Overall, our results lead to describe a novel pathway linking, epigenetic regulation of PADI1 and PADI3 expression by CHD4/NuRD and reprogramming of PKM2 allosteric regulation through arginines citrullination, to glycolytic flux and cancer cell proliferation
Jacques, Camille. "Mécanismes épigénétiques associés à la progression et à la chimiorésistance des sarcomes osseux". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1026/document.
Texto completoEpigenetic is a very recently defined notion, characterizing all the mechanisms which contribute to the gene-expression’s regulation, independently of the cell’s DNA sequence. Several processes implicating plethora of factors such as the BET Bromodomains Proteins or the small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) orchestrate the epigenetic regulations. Nowadays, the precise role of these factors is not fully understood and a better delineation of their functions remains a main issue in the Cancerology field. Such regulators could indeed be used as biomarkers or as new original therapeutic targets, especially in the rare and aggressive Bone Sarcomas, in which few therapeutic options are available. In a first part, this thesis will focus on the epigenetic-related family of proteins, the BET Bromodomains Proteins’ implication in the tumorigenicity of the Ewing Sarcoma. The second part of this work aims to define how the miRNAs could be implicated in the Bone Sarcoma’s escape, through both the metastatic spreading and the chemoresistance processes. The last part of this manuscript finally connects the two first ones and aims to highlight some perspectives about the relationship between miRNAs and the recently described BET Bromodomains’ inhibitors’ chemoresistance
Reynoird, Nicolas. "Dérégulation épigénétique induites par la protéine fusion BRD4-NUT, et caractérisation de la protéine NUT au cours de la spermatogenèse et dans les cancers". Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV058.
Texto completoNowadays, it is clear that cancer cannot be reduced only to genetic abberations, and that a new parameter has to be considered, epigenetic. During my thesis, I have characterized the fusion protein BRD4-NUT, which results of a t(15; 19) translocation observed in NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), highly aggressive and lethal. BRD4 contains a double romodomain to interact with acetylated chromatin, thus recruting different complexes on chromatin. NUT is a protein of unknown function, specifically expressed during spermatogenesis. I have obeserved that BRD4-NUT is sufficient to promote tumorigenesis, via a sequestrating mecanism of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) CBP/p300. NUT interacts with and stimulates CBP/p300 activity, creating highly acetylated foci in chromatin. BRD4-NUT inhibits CBP/p300 transcriptionnal co-activation, and among others, blocks p53-dependant apotposis pathway. BRD4-NUT inhibition - by siRNA, bromodomain mutation or acetylation deregulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors - reactivates apoptosis of translocated cancer cells. This study is a precise exemple of epigenetic deregulation impacts on cell homeostatis and how it can promotes tumorigenesis. I have also characterized NUT protein on its physiological context (spermatogenesis), or during its illegitimate expression in cell lines without being translocated with BRD4
Schnipper, Julie. "The impact of the acidic tumor microenvironment on ion channel expression and regulation, in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0071.
Texto completoThe transient receptor potential canonical 1 channel (TRPC1) is one of the most prominent nonselective cation channels involved in several diseases, including cancer progression. TRPCs can be activated by different physio-chemical stimuli of their surroundings, for instance, pH. Another hallmark of cancer is the variable extracellular pH landscape, notably in epithelial cancers such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC progression and development are linked to the physiology and microenvironment of the exocrine pancreas. There are strong indications that PDAC aggressiveness is caused by the interplay between the tumor acidic microenvironment and ion channel dysregulation. However, this interaction has never been studied before. Here, we investigate if TRPC1 is involved in PDAC progression in the form of proliferation and migration and if the pH fluctuations of the acidic tumor microenvironment affect these processes. We found that TRPC1 was significantly upregulated in PDAC tumor tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue, and in the aggressive PDAC cell line PANC-1, compared to a duct-like cell line, hTERT-HPNE. To investigate if fluctuations of the acidic tumor microenvironment affect TRPC1 dysregulation, PANC-1 cells were incubated in a medium with a pH of 7.4 or 6.5 over 30 days, where after cells were recovered in pH 7.4 for 14 days (7.4R). Acid adaptation (6.5) reduced TRPC1 protein expression but favored its membrane localization compared to the control (7.4). pH recovery treatment (7.4R) resulted in an upregulation of TRPC1 expression with a high membrane localization, both in 2D and 3D models. We found that pH fluctuations and the siRNA-based knock-down (KD) of TRPC1 affected 2D and spheroid PANC-1 proliferation, respectively. In our 2D model, flow cytometry and cell cycle regulating protein immunoblotting showed that TRPC1 KD affected the progression through G0/G1 phase under all conditions and S-phase under control pH 7.4, which shifts to the G2/M phase in pH 6.5 and 7.4R. In addition, pH 6.5 enhanced, and the KD of TRPC1 decreased cell migration, respectively. Furthermore, we found that TRPC1 interacted strongly with PI3K under acidic conditions and CaM under all conditions, and a KD of TRPC1 decreased both this interaction and the activation of AKT and ERK1/2. Finally, basal Ca2+ entry was significantly reduced upon the KD of TRPC1 in pH 6.5 and 7.4R, where the entry was enhanced. The reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration resulted in an additional decrease in proliferation and migration of cells transfected with siTRPC1 growing in pH 6.5 and 7.4R, but not in normal pH 7.4 conditions.Collectively, our results show that TRPC1 is upregulated in PDAC tissue and cell lines. The acidic tumor microenvironment favors its plasma membrane localization, and its interaction with PI3K/CaM and Ca2+ entry leads to PDAC cells proliferation and migration. In addition, we performed an expression profile screening of ORAI channels, their partner STIM1, and a voltage-activated sodium channel (Nav1.6), and an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC1) in PDAC tissues and cell lines, and investigated whether the acidic tumor microenvironment affects epigenetic regulation of ion channel expression. We found that ORAI3 was upregulated in PDAC tissue compared to normal tissue, where STIM1 and NaV1.6 were significantly downregulated. Moreover, ORAI3 was more localized in the plasma membrane in tumor tissue. Acid-adaptation had a differential effect on Ca2+ channel expression. Furthermore, our preliminary results show that the acidic tumor microenvironment does not affect the methylation levels of the ASIC1 or TRPC1 promoter region, but so some extend the SCN8A gene promoter
Spaety, Marie-Élodie. "Implication des régulations épigénétiques dans la réponse aux chimiothérapies dans les cancers gastriques : perspectives thérapeutiques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ043/document.
Texto completoGastric cancer (GC) is treated by surgical resection combined with chemotherapy based on platinum compounds. The increase in chemotherapy resistance reinforces the need to identify robust molecular markers to tailor treatment and develop targeted therapies. During my PhD, I examined the importance of the epigenetic pathways in the mode of action of anticancer drugs in gastric cancer. In particular, I have identified the role of one histone deacetylase, HDAC4, and several miRNAs, including miR-140, in response to cisplatin. Moreover, I have shown that ruthenium compounds having redox properties act independently of DNA and p53 but affect some epigenetic regulations. This then led me to investigate the therapeutic value and the underlying mechanisms of a combined therapy associating cisplatin and HDAC inhibitors. All these results will open new perspectives in the understanding of the mechanisms of action of anticancer drugs in gastric cancer and in the identification of prognostic markers or more appropriate advanced therapy
Saidj, Djamel. "Alteration of p53 and NF-kB pathways by E7 protein from cutaneous Human Papillomavirus type 38". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10237/document.
Texto completoViral infections contribute to 15–20% of all human cancers. Studying the mechanisms employed by the oncogenic viruses to induce cellular transformation is essential for a better understanding of the resulting cancers and the discovery of new mechanisms involved in cancer development which can be targeted in therapeutic approaches. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small dsDNA viruses which have been clearly associated with certain cancers. They were first isolated from the skin of patients suffering from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (EV) having an increased susceptibility to infection by specific HPV types and to the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Certain cutaneous HPV types, such as 5, 8, and 38, are suspected to play a role in skin cancer development. However the direct role of cutaneous HPV in the etiology of cancer is still under debate. Previous studies from our laboratory have reported that HPV38 E6 and E7 proteins are able to immortalize human primary keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. Cellular immortalization can be achieved through the deregulation of important signaling pathways including p53 and NF-KB. In the present work, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms of p53 and NF-KB pathways deregulation by E6 and E7 oncoproteins from HPV38 in human keratinocytes. We show here that HPV38 E6E7 induce the formation of a transcription repressor complex including IKKβ, ΔNp73α, and polycomb group members EZH2 and DNMT1. The formation of this protein complex correlates with the inhibition of several p53-target genes, such as PIG3. We also report in these studies that HPV38 E6E7 activate NF KB pathway, which plays an important role in the survival of HPV38 E6E7-immortalized human keratinocytes upon TNF-α– and UVB-mediated apoptosis. In addition our data highlight E7 being the main HPV38 protein mediating p53 and NF-KB deregulation. Our studies shed light on novel molecular mechanisms that could be important for HPV38-mediated cellular transformation
Renaud-Monsarrat, Florence. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des tumeurs colorectales de la voie festonnée : intérêt des gènes de mucines". Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S044/document.
Texto completoColorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem yet it remains the third most common and the second deadliest cancer for both men and women in the United States and in Europe, owing to diagnosis at advanced stage and variable response to the treatments. However, the incidence and mortality appear to be steadily declining in countries with programmatic screening and it remains critical to characterize CRC molecular subtypes to identify new biomarkers. CRC display a wide clinicopathological and molecular heterogeneity and arise from different carcinogenesis pathway. Approximately 20% to 30% of CRC occur by the means of the serrated neoplasia pathway. CRC from the serrated pathway are associated with frequent epigenetic instability (CIMP, CpG island methylator phenotype) which causes most sporadic microsatellite instability (MSI) CRC through epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 and frequent BRAF mutation. CRC from the serrated pathway frequently display a mucinous pattern and are prone to express secreted mucins MUC2 and MUC5AC. Early identification of serrated pathway precursor lesions is currently challenging since the progression to adenocarcinoma in this pathway is particularly brief.We assessed in this study clinicopathological and molecular features of colorectal carcinomas and polyps and we analyzed the interest of mucin genes MUC2 and MUC5AC to classify serrated polyps and to identify the precursor lesions of CIMP/MSI carcinomas._x000D_A series of 418 CRC and 330 polyps was included in the study, with 218 serrated polyps and 112 conventional adenomas. We assessed the molecular profile (KRAS/BRAF mutations, MSI, CIMP, MGMT methylation, MLH1) and the expression and methylation profile of MUC2 and MUC5AC genes and further correlation with clinical and pathological data were performed.We show that MUC5AC hypomethylation is a specific marker of CIMP/MSI CRC, independently of other clinical or pathological factors. We show moreover than MUC5AC hypomethylation is an early event of carcinogenesis, specific to microvesicular hyperplastic polyps (MVHP) and sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) suggesting a filiation between these two lesions and also a progression of MVHP to SSA, SSA with dysplasia, and then to MSI/CIMP CRC. MUC5AC hypomethylation was moreover highly specific of BRAF mutated, CIMP or MSI serrated lesions.In conclusion, our results suggest that the MUC5AC mucin is involved/plays a role in the development/progression of colorectal tumors of the serrated pathway. MUC5AC hypomethylation occurs early during carcinogenesis and may be of interest for the diagnosis of serrated polyp especially in the presence of ambiguous morphology and to early detection of polyps carrying a malignant potential. Our results suggest moreover that some MVHP may progress to SSA and CIMP/MSI CRCs highlighting the importance to perform biopsy of serrated polyps during endoscopy to identify microvesicular subtype among colorectal hyperplastic polyps, which could require a minimal surveillance
Nordor, Akpéli. "Toward the identification of cancer/placenta epigenetic switches". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB097.
Texto completoPlacental cells carry a genome different from the maternal genome, as 50% of it originate from the paternal genome. However, like cancer cells after neoplastic transformation, they successfully invade their host tissues, escape its immune system and induce angiogenesis in order to establish the pregnancy. Cancer and placental cells also display a major discrepancy: while such hallmarks of cancer mechanisms are uncontrolled in cancer cells, they are spatially and temporally controlled in healthy placental cells. Thus, research on the “cancer/placenta concept” – the use of the placenta to better understand cancer – can lead to innovative biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in oncology as well as in gynecology and obstetrics. For example, research efforts on the expression of the CGB genes, encoding for the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (hCGß), in cancer and placental cells have led to the development of a biomarker widely used for the management of various cancers. Interestingly, this same biomarker is also used for the screening of fetal aneuploidies. Likewise, the cloning of INSL4, encoding for the precursor of the early placenta insulin-like peptide (pro-EPIL) in early pregnancy placental cells, has led to the development of a biomarker currently investigated in the clinical setting. Following the rise of epigenetic, studies on DNA methylation, the most well understood epigenetic mark, showed that the loci of CGB genes and INSL4 are hypomethylated in cancer and placental cells, which may reflect a global hypomethylation also characteristic of these cells. Therefore, the doctoral project presented in this dissertation had explored modifications in the epigenetic landscape of placental cells throughout pregnancy and cancer cells throughout neoplastic transformation. This project initially contributed to the development of an immunoassay detecting type II hCGß, specifically encoded by a subset of CGB genes and detected in the serum of patients with non-placental cancers and fetal Down Syndrome. This immunoassay, along with another one directed to pro-EPIL, was also used for an early proof of concept study regarding the effect of DNA methylation on the expression of type II hCGß and pro-EPIL in cell culture supernatants. Ultimately, this project led to the first direct genome-wide comparison of DNA methylation in cancer cells throughout neoplastic transformation and in placental cells throughout pregnancy. It included publically available data generated from biopsies of 13 types of tumors, chorionic villi (placental tissues) and other normal tissues. It also included original data generated from unique placental samples: villous cytotrophoblastic cells isolated ex vivo from chorionic villi. All datasets were generated on a microarray platform measuring DNA methylation at 485,512 CpG sites in each sample. Combining innovative software that leverages the power of statistical smoothing algorithms and a strong biological rationale, this study thus contributed to the identification of megabase-scale patterns of hypomethylation distinguishing early pregnancy from late pregnancy placenta cells as they distinguish normal from cancers cells. Strikingly, the affected genomic regions encompassed genes related to hallmarks of cancer mechanisms such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), innate and acquired immune response, and hypoxia. Taken together, these results suggest the hypothesis that patterns of DNA methylation might contribute to “cancer/placenta epigenetic switches” allowing placental implantation and neoplastic transformation when turned “on”, while preventing the placenta to degenerate into an aggressive tumor when turned “off”
Lowry, Carolyne Mary. "Alterations of the epigenome in brain cancer: loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9864.
Texto completoRésumé : 5Mtéthylcytosine (5mC) est une marque épigénétique qui peut être oxydée en 5-hydroxyméthylcytosine (5hmC) par ten-eleven translocation (TET) oxygénases. Ceci amène à l’étape initiale de la déméthylation de 5mC. Le niveau de 5hmC est plus élevé dans le cerveau par rapport aux autres organes. Par contre, ce niveau a une réduction marquante au cours du développement d’une tumeur cérébrale, notamment le glioblastome multiforme (GBM). Toutefois, il n’y a aucun mécanisme connu pour expliquer cette anomalie. Les objectifs de ce projet étaient de (1) discerner l’implication de la voie de déméthylation obtenu par médiation de TET et (2) d’avoir une compréhension plus profonde de la constitution épigénétique des tumeurs cérébraux. (1) Des cellules U87 ont été incubées avec 5mC, 5hmC, 5-fomylcytosine (5fC) et une co-incubation de 5hmC avec 3,4,5,6-tétrahydro-2’-déoxyuridine (dTHU). Les échantillons ont été récoltés à 0, 24, 48, 96 heures. (2) 130 tumeurs cérébraux (GBM = 79; grade II/III = 51) étaient obtenus directement de chirurgie et mise en suspension dans un tampon d’extraction d’ADN le jour même. Les échantillons d’U87 et de tissu tumoral ont subi les protocoles d’extraction et de digestion d’ADN. Le pourcentage par cytosine (%/C) était calculé par la quantification de 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC, 5-hydroxyméthyluracile (5hmU) et 5-formyluracile (5fU) en utilisant LC-MS/MS. (1) Les incubations d’U87 ont démontrées la possibilité augmenter les niveaux génomique de 5hmC, mais aussi une légère augmentation des niveaux de 5mC. Les niveaux de 5hmC ont accru de 1.9 fois après 96hrs. Par contre, aucune variation n’a été observée dans les niveaux de 5fC. Les incubations de 5hmC et 5fC ont été accompagnées par une élévation des niveaux de 5hmU et 5fU respectivement. L’addition de dTHU avec 5hmC avait diminué l’incorporation de 5hmU par 65%. (2) Dans les tumeurs cérébraux, les niveaux moyens de 5mC, 5hmC et 5fC étaient de 4.0, 0.15 et 0.021%/C respectivement. Les quantités de 5hmU et 5fU étaient grandement plus faible dans le GBMs que dans les tumeurs de bas grades. La présence de 5hmU et 5fU dans les tumeurs et leur augmentation durant l’incubation des U87 indiquent une activité de désamination, qui peut, en particulier, entraver les niveaux de 5hmC. En outre, malgré l’incubation avec 5mC, les niveaux de 5hmC et 5fC n’ont pas augmentés suggérant un dysfonctionnement de TET. L’activité de TET est maintenue dans GBM, mais altérée dans les tumeurs de bas grades à cause de mutation isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1). Par conséquent, la forte activité de désamination et la déficience en TET peuvent conduire à une réduction épigénétique.
Thiebaut, Charlène. "Modalités de régulation d’ERα36 et leurs conséquences sur la physiopathologie de la glande mammaire". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0090/document.
Texto completoThe estrogen nuclear receptors, represented by the canonical forms ERα66 and ERβ1, are the main mediators of the estrogenic effects in mammals. These hormones, which regulate the physiological development of the mammary gland, participate in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. In fact, ERα66 expression is a key molecular classifier of breast tumors used in order to guide the therapeutic strategies toward hormonotherapy. However, in 30% of cases, therapeutic failures are observed, which highlights the importance of identifying new biomarkers. The estrogen receptor variant, ERα36, has been cloned in 2005 and mainly described in the literature to be involved in the progression of mammary tumors and in the acquired resistance to anti-estrogen drugs, such as Tamoxifen. Even if a high expression of ERα36 in breast cancer cells appears to be associated with a poor prognosis, few data are available concerning its role in the normal development of the mammary gland. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the role of ERα36 in the physiological development of the mammary gland. Thanks to a multidisciplinary approach, that combines in vivo studies on MMTV-ERα36 transgenic mice, and in vitro and in silico studies on immortalized normal epithelial mammary cells (MCF-10A), we showed that ERα36 expression is sufficient to disturb the mammary epithelial cells phenotype, leading to the emergence of structural alterations of mammary ducts at adulthood. Moreover, we showed that exposure to the estrogen mimicking compounds alkylphenols stimulates the endogenous expression of this variant in MCF-10A cells, and increases their migratory ability. Then, in order to get a better understanding of ERα36 contribution to tumor initiation and/or progression, we studied classical and epigenetic regulation of this variant expression in breast cancer cells. Our results show that ERα36 expression is positively correlated with the methylation status of its promoter region, and that the ERα36 mRNA is the target of the microRNA, has-miR-136-5p. Finally, the last aim of this work was to develop a bioinformatic approach in order to study the ERα36 partners. To summarize, all of this work falls within a need of the current breast tumor molecular classification refinement by adding a component related with ERα36 expression
Ouzounova, Maria. "The role of epigenetic mechanisms involved in maintenance of breast cancer stem cells". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10204.
Texto completoA subpopulation of cells within breast tumors is known to display an increased ability to self-renew and reproduce breast cancer cell heterogeneity. It is now known that putative breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) display distinct programs of gene expression that correlate with their unique biological characteristics. Our group has been involved in the epigenetic characterization of putative breast CSCs and the importance of the deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and microRNA during carcinogenesis. More specifically, this study is detailing the idea that the survival of breast CSC may be dependent on signaling through specific regulatory circuits, including the well known inflammatory IL6-JAK-STAT pathway. These cells display a constitutive activation of this pathway associated with a distinct chromatin configuration. Another part of the study is exploring the idea that changes in microRNA expression are fundamental in sustaining the main attributes of these cells, and their targeting may represent a novel approach for breast cancer therapy. In addition, by directly testing the in vivo consequences of miR30a regulation, we open a window of opportunity for testing and validating the potential use of microRNAs in anti-neoplastic therapy. Together our results bring a new understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications in the maintenance of breast CSC. Importantly, these findings integrate the idea that different but coordinated regulation mechanisms play a role in the survival of CSC and give a larger perspective for finding novel therapeutic targets