Tesis sobre el tema "Environnement – Études d'impact – Liban"
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Moustafa, Ahmad. "Caractérisation chimique (minérale et organique) des lixiviats issus de la décharge des déchets à Tripoli-Liban". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR008.
Texto completoThe global production of waste is increasing rapidly, posing a source of threat to living beings, human health and the environment. Most of the waste produced is disposed of in poorly controlled landfills, especially in third world countries such as Lebanon. The waste is subjected to degradation processes resulting in the release of many toxic substances mainly leachate which is loaded with pollutants constituting a major source of environmental pollution. In Lebanon, waste is disposed of in uncontrolled landfills without any prior sorting. The Tripoli landfill is one of the most dangerous landfills in Lebanon due to the disposal of leachate in the aquatic environment without any treatment.Our research work aims to study the physico-chemical characteristics; the temporal and seasonal variation in the quality of the leachate from the Tripoli landfill in northern Lebanon, and the estimation of the probable risk of leachate in the study area. In order to meet these objectives, several sampling campaigns were carried out covering the summer and winter periods, as well as the old and new cells of the body of the landfill. The variation of the 100 leachate quality parameters, namely dissolved organic components; inorganic macro-components; metallic trace elements; and xenobiotic organic compounds were monitored according to standard methods of wastewater analysis using specific laboratory equipment. Analyzes of the leachate quality showed a large variation between the two-landfill units. The content of the majority of pollutants (organic and mineral) detected in the new landfill unit is much higher than that found in the old unit. This indicates the heterogeneous state of the landfill body and the influence of age on the quality of the leachate. The quantity and quality of the leachate is strongly correlated with climatic conditions and it depends on the pollutant studied, reflecting the complexity of the seasonal effect on the quality of the leachate from the Tripoli landfill. High values of LPI (Leachate Pollution Index) and leachate pH were found which show the age of the Tripoli landfill. High values of LPI and the annual flow of pollutants (organic and mineral) were found, which shows the high toxicity of the leachate as well as the occasional pollution of the different behaviors of the neighboring aquatic environment (Abou Ali River and Mediterranean Sea).The results obtained in this study give a clear picture of the leachate quality of the Tripoli landfill; which will be used to set corrective and preventive actions for the hazardous situation of the landfill, and to attract the attention of local and national managers to limit the danger and move towards a good management of leachate rejected by the establishment of a specific treatment system of leachate
Benetto, Enrico. "Evaluation de l'incertitude des impacts environnementaux du cycle de vie (EI²CV) et la conception de l'éco-innovation : application à la filière charbon". Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAL0106.
Texto completoIt's widely accepted that the key drivers of the next decades of socio-economic development will be an unprecedented population increase, the environmental stress due to human activities and the value creation by means of product, service and process (PSP) innovation. The importance of environmental assessment, that gained an increasing important role in design and innovation during the last years, is expected to grown further in the next future. Several concepts such as Sustainable Development, Industrial Ecology and Eco-Efficiency and tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Management and Risk Assessment have been developed so far to contribute to eco-innovation, i. E. The environmental based innovation. Unfortunately, the implementation of these concepts and tools still face two critical drawbacks: the results of the tools, mainly for Life Cycle Assessment, are debatable due to the ignorance about the uncertainties involved; moreover, these uncertainties are hardly classified in an overall framework and the tools for their analysis are lacking; the application of the tools in the design and innovation of PSP is lacking of a sound methodological framework and of practicable rules; eco-innovation methodologies are fragmented and not completely structured. Our contribution to solve these problems consist in : a method for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in an uncertain environment in order to model the whole set of uncertainties (imprecision, variability and uncertainty sensu stricto) in a comprehensive framework, an outline of a method for the design and eco-innovation of PSP taking into account the uncertain impact assessment. The feasibility of the methods is partially tested in the application of LCA to 9 scenarios of electricity production by the combustion and co-combustion of coal and biomass
Firica, Andreea Maria. "Analyse environnementale de systèmes de cogénération : utilisation de la méthodologie Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV)". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0101.
Texto completoThe cogeneration systems are knowing an increase interest. Their development needs a global evaluation of the environmental impact of the fuel - co generation system. The present work adapts and uses the methodology of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to realize this evaluation, having like a but to create a help instrument for taking decisions of choosing the energetically installations. We have elaborated an EXCEL calculation model, which permits the environment quantification impacts and is also adaptable at the numerical dates which are characteristic for all the concrete situations. The results are presented like ecoprofiles and we have developed the global analyze evaluation using the ELECTRA IS multicriteria method which means that the software was necessary to be created. For the numerical application different cogeneration systems configurations has been used, having a unique but, the method validation
Guedri, Houssemeddine. "Mise au point de biocapteurs basés sur la mesure d'activités métaboliques de cellules algales pour le monitoring de la qualité des milieux aquatiques". Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0020/these.pdf.
Texto completoThe quality control of aquatic ecosystems requires tools for continuous and in situ detection as biosensors. This work proposes the development of biosensors for detection of some pollutants families. These tools are based on the measurement of two enzymatic activities in saline and freshwater algal cells. The first step was to find enzymatic activities varying with the presence of pollutants, this was studied in bioassays. Thus, we have shown that Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (APA) is sensitive to heavy metals and phosphates and that the Esterase Activity (AE) is sensitive to some pesticides. These results enabled us to develop different biosensors. For the detection of heavy metals, two conductometric biosensors have been developed. The first, based on the measurement of the APA of freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) immobilized by self assembled monolayers, lead to an improvement the repeatability and reproducibility measures as compared to previous works. The second biosensor, based on the same measurement, resulted in the overcoming of the effects of phosphate on Cv APA. For phosphate detection, a conductometric whole algal cells biosensor was developed with a detection limit of 0. 4µM phosphate ions. Finally, for pesticides detection in the marine environment, a conductometric biosensor based on measurement of AE in two marine algae has been developed. The results showed that it is sensitive to the presence of diuron and glyphosate. The biosensors developed in this study, will require same additional testing on natural samples, and then they could be used by managers for decision making
Borderon, Séverine. "La négociation écologique en droit des études d'impact environnemental". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0003/document.
Texto completoThe law applicable to environmental impact assessments has evolved considerably since its creation by the Nature Protection Act of 10 July 1976. From a right based on a segregated nature to a right based on a systemic and dynamic approach of the interrelations between man and his environment, we work in 2017 with a flexible and negotiated right. Knowledge exchange through expertise gradually opens up a space for negotiation where economic interests and scientific reality merge, giving rise to a modernized conception of nature: the assessment of biodiversity by Services it renders to man. However, the complexity of nature surpasses the apprehension that man can have. Therefore, although the legal procedures applicable to environmental impact assessments still reflect the limits imposed by the economic power over nature, the law nevertheless opens up a breach through the development of digital tools that could equilibrate forces. The emergence of an ecological negotiation in which secular scientific expertise, public participation and the creation of a common knowledge of biodiversity would also influence public decision-making may well be emerging
Stamboulous, Artémis. "La participation du public et l'évaluation des incidences environnementales en droits communautaire, français et grec". Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR30026.
Texto completoDamage to the environment through human activity and economic development has resulted in the establishment of the environmental assessment principle into the European’s Union, French and Greek legal orders. It evaluates the impact that projects, plans and programs may have on the environment and public health. The public must take part in this evaluation that may affect its life and the environment. The principle of public participation in the environmental protection is constituted of three distinct principles; Access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters. The application of these principles requires not only the environmental education of citizens but also the reorganisation of the decisional process
Monosowski, Elizabeth. "L'Evaluation et la gestion des impacts sur l'environnement de grands projets de développement : le barrage de Tucurui en Amazonie, Brésil". Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0034.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses the environmental assessment studies undertaken for tucurui hydropower dam, and their contribution to the project's environmental management. Tucurui dam was the first large artificial lake ever built in a tropical rainforest. First, the project's technic al and economic characteristics are presented, and also related to the brazilian energy policies and to the eastern amazon regional development (grande carajas programme). Second, the studies undertaken are focused, aswell as their development's context: the relationship among scientists and decision-makers, the conceptual methodological framework. The adequacy and implementation of environmental management actions are also analysed, referred to the institutional capacities and the roles of social actors. Third, the lessons of tucurui experience are highligh tec: the eia studies are examined under three perspectives: as a technoscientific activity; as a decision-making support instrument, as a procedure for social control and negociation. The conclusion evaluates the real impacts of tucurui, and stresses the need to develop better assessment and management tools, in order to deal with the complexity of environment development issues
Barrué, Magali. "Conception et développement d'un modèle pour les interactions environnement-aménagement : application au réseau électrique de transport". Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30021.
Texto completoDumax, Nathalie. "Les mesures de compensation : un indicateur du coût environnemental". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA0002.
Texto completoDue to the extent of damage caused to the environment and ecosystems, international and European legislation gradually emphasize the integration of environmental damage in decision-making processes. As a consequence, land planners may, for instance, soon have to take more rigorously into account environmental damage resulting from their infrastructure development plans. Environmental economists thus have to assess more accurately the environmental costs of such plans. Yet, when dealing with land planning in complex natural areas, existing valuation methods are reaching their limits. In this thesis, we propose to use the compensatory mitigation process to assess environmental costs by adapting the Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP), an equivalence-based valuation method used in the United States
Duchet, Claire. "Evaluation du risque environnemental lié à l’utililsation des larvicides d’origine biologique dans le cadre de la lutte anti-culicides : Développement et validation expérimentale de méthodes de suivi des effets à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique chez daphnia pulex et daphnia magna". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSARB058.
Texto completoThis study focused on the development and use of methods for assessing the environmental risk of biolarvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis — Bti and spinosad) in the context of mosquito control in coastal wetlands of two French ecoregions: Morbihan (south Brittany) and Grande Camargue (southern France). Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna were used as model species in laboratory bioassays and as sentinel species in field studies performed in in situ microcosrns (enclosures). The scientific approach aims at determining whether the toxic effects (lethal and non lethal) that affect individuels can be detected at the population lever. Modelling with RAMAS GIS was used to simulate effects of the larvicides on population dynamics. In ail the experiments that revealed larvicide effects, spinosad always showed highly significant impacts on both D. Pulex and D. Magna, whereas no clear tendency was observed for BU. The methods that were developed allowed a proper detection and quantification of the effects of spinosad in daphnids. In addition, they demonstrated that alterations of individuel performances affected population dynamics in both species. Chitobiase activity appeared as an early waming signal of population changes through a relation between the enzyme activity and the cumulated fecundity. Population dynamics, as simulated using RAMAS GIS, confirmed the results obtained in in situ microcosms, and extinction risk of the exposed populations was estirnated. The studies conducted in microcosms also showed (i) the recovery of D. Pulex population when exposed to the lowest spinosad concentration (8 pg/L) and (ii) indirect effects of spinosad application, related to naturel environmental factors (e. G. , salinity) which might have impeded D. Magna recovery. Combination of laboratory bioassays and field microcosm studies provides a sound and reproducible methodological framework that could be used to deflne a strategy for the risk assessment of biolarvicides used for mosquito control in coastal wetlands
Dietz, Adrian Rafael. "Optimisation multicritère pour la conception d'ateliers discontinus multiproduits : aspects économique et environnemental". Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000125/.
Texto completoMolines, Nathalie. "Méthodes et outils pour la planification des grandes infrastructures linéaires et leur évaluation environnementale". Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET2096.
Texto completoIncreased conflicts related to the construction of new linear infrastructure (e. G. Transportation networks or high-tension cables) has resulted in longer and more expensive environmental impact studies. In order to reduce such conflict, the French government has changed the decision-ma king process. With this shift the notion of "the environment" has become more central, the perspectives of local stakeholders are integrated at the beginning of the projects, and environmental and regulatory laws have become more strict. These shifts, which require incorporating public participation into the decision-making process, have made conducting environmental impact studies more complex. GIS in combination with multicriteria analysis can be used to address this new decision-making context. In this thesis I will analyze the complexity of the decision-making process and will evaluate existing decision-making tools. I will then propose a set of new tools designed to evaluate the environmental impact of any given linear infrastructure project. Finally I will demonstrate the potential value of these new tools based on their application to a particular case study: the northern part of the highway project between Lyon and Narbonne (France)
Renou, Sébastien. "Analyse de cycle de vie appliquée aux systèmes de traitement des eaux usées". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2006_RENOU_S.pdf.
Texto completoNowadays, the environmental performances of wastewater treatment systems are not properly analyzed. Thus, the development of an exhaustive and reliable method is needed to help stakeholders to choose the best environmental solutions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was selected as a starting point to answer this problem. LCA has been tested. This tool is essential to analyze the environmental performances of wastewater treatment systems. In order to fulfill our goal, the best compromise seems to be the association of LCA, to assess global impacts, with others methodologies, to assess local impacts. Finally, a software has been developed to compare urban sludge treatment and recovering process trains. Two impacts, energy and greenhouse effect, are currently included in. The software and its development steps are described and illustrated through two case studies. This tool has made LCA easier to apply and more useful to wastewater field stakeholders
Boutin, Roland. "Amélioration des connaissances sur le comportement des rejets en mer de produits de dragage de type vase : phénomènes à court terme et dans le champ proche". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0079.
Texto completoIn France, maintenance dredging operations most often lead to disposal at sea of materials removed from harbors or their access channels. Even because of swells and currents, those product should neither come back nor settle into the area nor there ten environmentally fragile areas. However those products have a complicated behavior mainly due to tiny particles like silts and present, there is no unified approach to describe their behavior when they are poured into the sea. Consequently, we have attempted to better understand the physical phenomena which rule the short-term evolution of those waste products. After skimming through history, we will introduce the field we have been studying and point out the limits to our research. The available theoretical approaches and the ensuing models will be considered. In order to watch the phenomena, we have tried to reproduce different methods of waste disposal (clapage, continuous washing away) in a laboratory canal by using a natural mud. Marking with indium 113m makes it possible to trace with scintillation probes the concentration of the turbid cloud at different points at the surface and on bottom. Photographs render the spatial evolution of the phenomena. The evolution of the wastes, particularly when a density current occurs, will be described. The rate of deposit related to different initial conditions will be appraised. Concerning some tests, a preferential separation on the silts can be noticed. After the experiments have benne describes, and after the new data have been given, we will analyze two models which are currently available. We conclude that these tolls cannot be used with real safety. We infer that more field data are needed to help us analyze the complexity of the waste behavior
Medina, Sylvia. "Pollutions atmosphériques urbaines : études épidémiologiques et impact en Santé Publique". Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P602.
Texto completoDelpiano, Valérie. "Le processus juridique d'évaluation et d'examen en matière environnementale en Amérique du Nord et dans l'Union Européenne". Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0060.
Texto completoDinca, Cristian-Florian. "Evaluation environnementale et technico-économique du cycle de vie de la combustion du gaz naturel et propositions d'améliorations techniques". Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0102/these.pdf.
Texto completoThis thesis report is structured in three parts. The first part consists to analyze the environmental impacts of natural gas life cycle, from extraction until utilization in order to produce electrical and thermal energy. The main purpose of this part is to identify the strong and the weak points for each stage of natural gas life cycle to improve the global environmental impact. Also, the main pollutants produced can be identified for each stage of natural gas and stages which have the most significant environmental impact. In the second part, seven scenarios of electrical and thermal energy production from natural gas are compared according to technical, economical and environmental criteria : six cogeneration scenarios (1- a bleeder condensation steam turbine; 2- a back pressure steam turbine; 3- a gas turbine with heat recovery and without post combustion; 4- a gas turbine with heat recovery and post combustion; 5- a thermal engine with heat recovery and without post combustion; 6- a combined cycle power plant) and one scenario for separated production of electricity and thermal energy. We identified the most compatible energetically solution with the Sustainable Development principle, in the Romanian context, according to our technical, economical and environmental criteria, by using a multicriteria method and a program made with the help of DELPHI software. At the end, in the third part it was studied two methods to reduce NOx emissions in the natural gas combustion stage. The first method consists in the reduction of NOx emissions using flue gas recirculation. The second method uses ammonia injection in different points of the furnace in order to reduce the NOx emissions. In both methods the reduction of NOx emissions was experimentally accentuated and quantified
Elgue, Sébastien. "Optimisation de synthèses pharmaceutiques globales intégrant les aspects environnementaux et de sécurité". Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT017G.
Texto completoMartaud, Thomas. "Evaluation environnementale de la production de granulats naturels en exploitation de carrière : indicateurs, modèles et outils". Orléans, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00412080.
Texto completoAgius, Dominique. "Biodégradabilité et devenir d'une huile adjuvante d'origine végétale dans le sol : élaboration d'un projet de norme AFNOR". Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT005C.
Texto completoMezouari-Sandjakdine, Fadila. "Conception et exploitation des centres de stockage des déchets en Algérie et limitation des impacts environnementaux". Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/85172b8f-bc24-48f9-8454-6ecfa0b18571/blobholder:0/2011LIMO4015.pdf.
Texto completoThe wastes processing poses a problem in Algeria because of absence of control, unsuited functional installations (collect and processing of leachates, biogas…. ) or no existing and difficulties of financing. The management of the wastes encounters numerous difficulties from a technical point of view, methodological and organisational. The choice is related to the burying of the wastes as a mode of treatment, but which remains unsuited to the local constraints. This is due to a lack of knowledge of the parameters specific to the landfills in the PED. For these reasons, the programme of landfills expertise in the PED, developed by the ADEME and realised in collaboration with the engineering school of Limoges meet a real need. The expertise of the two technical burying centres in Algeria, situated in two different climatic zones (littoral and arid zone), have permitted on the two sites of the studies, The follow-up of 17 parameters after the installation of experimental devices. Thus characterizing the entering wastes (nature and flow), the wastes stored and their mechanical behaviour, hydraulics and biological, the external environment and the characteristics of the exploitation. The obtained results after the physical and chemical characterisation of the wastes have revealed that the wastes are more organics and humid than in the developed countries and the climatic conditions are also different. Minimal conditions of domestic’s wastes burying have been identified, in order to limit the environmental impacts and the taking into account of the analysis of the whole causes of the actual situation have allowed us to understand the general mechanisms affecting the landfill. The acquisition of the in situ data during one complete year, the improvement of the comprehension of the particular mechanisms which govern the behaviour of the wastes have allowed to propose improvements for the technological choice of a methodological step and of exploitation for the management of the TCB in Algeria
Phanuel, Dominique. "L'intégration d'une dimension socio-écologique dans les choix technologiques de l'entreprise : l'exemple des "technologies propres"". Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN0550.
Texto completoShowing that natural resources are free and unlimited, the economic theory explains the non parsimonious consumption of natural resources as well as the abundant production of pollution and wastes from firms. This progressively leads to a demand of lesser pollution. Such a socio-ecological demand exists since it "perceives" a piece of information in pollution. An inadequacy between supply and demand on the socio-ecological market has negative consequences for the firm. A communication risk goes together with numerous interdependent implications thus engendering a loss of efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness. Thes whole will be qualified as a paradoxical risk. However a firm wich is present on the socio-ecological market is able to cope with this risk by implementing a strategy wich is contingent to its position. On of these strategies consists in an integration strategy of which favoured option is the adoption of a process innovation wich would be cleaner. The reduction in pollution, allowed by this choice, can give rise to gains in efficiency. Effectiveness, and competitiveness. An increase in competitiveness depends on certain explicative factors. In most cases the competitive and effective integration of a "clean technology", depends on the attitude and behaviour of the firm in the fields of technological innovation. From the results of this work comes out the fact that firms, which are in a position to. .
Bonnaud, Laure. "Experts et contrôleurs d'État : les inspecteurs des installations classées de 1810 à nos jours". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0032.
Texto completoBen, Abdelkrim Ahmed. "Etude de la diversité génétique et identification variétale chez le figuier (Ficus carica L. ) : apport des marqueurs moléculaires et de la protéomique". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES004.
Texto completoTunisia has a rich and diverse heritage of fig-tree varieties made of individuals perfectly adapted to the eco-geographical conditions of the country. The study of genetic diversity and molecular polymorphism of wild and cultivated Tunisian fig was undertaken through 8 morphological markers and 17 microsatellite markers. The results reveal the efficiency of the two techniques for the characterization of local germplasm. Indeed, a significant morphological difference was revealed by the parameters : length of the petiole, the length / width leaf and depth of the basal sinus. This analysis showed the presence of two majoritary groups indicating the presence of a common morphological basis. This analysis allowed us to separate the variety "Marsaoui" and "Kahla Cherki" from other varieties, but also suggested a strong link between "Baghali" and "Dchich Assal". Regarding molecular analysis, a total of 74 SSR alleles was revealed defining 63 unique multilocus genotypes. This indicates a significant genetic diversity in Tunisian genetic material. Microsatellite markers have not only helped to better assess the genetic diversity in this species, but also to understand how the processes of selection and varietal diversification takes place in a limited geographical scale. These varieties show a genetic and geographic alliance similar to that observed in wild fig tree, which refutes the hypothesis of a recent settlement. Subsequently, we proposed 4 SSR loci as a sufficient number for characterizing the fig tree germplasm in Tunisia. Based on these loci, an identification key discriminating the majority of genotypes in this study was performed. Our findings suggest that morphological and SSR markers are well suited for the characterization of wild and cultivated fig tree and should be recommended in the conservation management strategy for Ficus carica L. Subsequently, we tried to study the proteomic expression of this species in different Tunisian agro-ecosystems. For this study, leaf proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). This analysis revealed the presence of 24 spots that were differentially expressed in individuals from the north, center and south of the country. Furthermore, the mass spectrometric analysis and de novo identification showed that the majority of the proteins showed homologies with proteins involved in the organization of the cellular structure, photosynthesis and in sveral stress responses. Strong correlations were noticed between the environmental and proteomic data that can be explained by the resilience of trees to environmental and climatic conditions in Tunisia and the Mediterranean region
Baez, Senties Oscar. "Méthodologie d'aide à la décision multicritère pour l'ordonnancement d'ateliers discontinus". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7598/1/baez_senties.pdf.
Texto completoBaez, Senties Oscar. "Méthodologie d'aide à la décision multicritère pour l'ordonnancement d'ateliers discontinus". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. https://hal.science/tel-04595449.
Texto completoScheduling of electronic components manufacturing systems is identified as a complex task, mainly because of the typical features of the process scheme, such as cyclic flows and the high number of equipment items. Actually, production managers have to cope with various objectives, which contribute also to scheduling complexity. Discrete-event simulation (DES) is one of the most widely used methods to study, analyze, design, and improve manufacturing systems, however their applications in industrial processes takes an enormous computing time. In this study, we propose the DES substitution by an approach based on a neural network technique coupled with a multiobjective genetic algorithm for multi-decision scheduling problems in semiconductor wafer fabrication. The training phase of the neural network was performed by use of the previously developed discrete-event simulator, by using a backpropagation algorithm. The neural networks are then embedded in a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to optimize the decision variables and to deal with the set of compromise solutions for the studied criteria, thus giving the optimal Pareto zone solutions. The computing time is then considerably reduced. The program efficiency is validate by means of a simplified industrial examples based on semiconductor manufacturing
Choblet, Claire. "Espace littoral et décisions d'aménagement : limites et potentialités des études d'impact et des enquêtes publiques : exemple du littoral atlantique français". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010191.
Texto completoHe, Jie. "Impacts environnementaux de l’industrialisation et du commerce international en Chine : cas de l’émission industrielle de SO2". Clermont Ferrand 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015396.
Texto completoMartin, Marie-Catherine. ""Tourisme de congrès et développement urbain durable"". Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0015.
Texto completoTo restore charm and urbanity in cities, we have to build public equipements in which local population will have the opportunity to meet, to make inquiries, to develop, to communicate, to exchange. . . The encounter center is one of those polyvalent equipements designed to meet the requirements and needs of local population. Builded in a middle-sized city, this structure must welcome a large and heterogeneous public. It must participate to the every day life of the city, offering meeting rooms, showrooms, lecture rooms, cultural, artistic and commercial events. Faisibility studies must precede the building of the encounter center. The encounter center is a learning organisation, based on service culture, sharing management, negociation and employees valorization. Its management relies on quality of servuction process, continuous performances control and permanent listening of its clients. The building of the encounter center must be supported by the creation of the encounter city bureau and the creation of the touristic unity. These organisations have to federate the local touristic supply and to optimisate the quality of this supply, working on : information, cooperation, training, qualification, animation and promotion of the touristic territory. The touristic unity have to manage the urban tourism system and to assure the sustainable regeneration of urban area by developping encounter tourism on its touristic territory. Encounter tourism must be considered as a chance of sustainable urban development for middle-sized cities
Serrhini, Kamal. "Evaluation spatiale de la covisibilité d'un aménagement : sémiologie graphique expérimentale et modélisation quantitative". Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR1801.
Texto completoGrégoire, Pascal. "Modèle conceptuel d'aide à la décision multicritère pour le choix négocié d'un scénario de dragage maritime". Artois, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ARTO0201.
Texto completoDredging works pose the problem of the transfer and what to do with the products to be evacuated, taking into account the economic repercussions and environmental aspects linked to protection of the environment. The environmental asssessment process, reinforced by study of the impact on the environment, within a context of information and participation of the actors concerned enables orientation of an iterative and negotiated approach that correponds to a social logic. Our aim is to make available to the numerous participants an oprerational tool for piloting operations that corresponds to the choice of thebest techniques and to theproblem what to do with the products. The approach we are proposing is based on multi-criteria analysis. This analysis takes into account the technical, economic,environmental, regulatory, health and social parameters, as well as their weighting. This weighting of criteria is necessary to assess the solutions or alternative variants in a context of durable development
Gouali, Souhila. "Impact environnemental des anodes sacrificielles en aluminium". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2026.
Texto completoIn the marine environment, the protection of metallic structures against corrosion can be ensured by the technique of cathodic protection, thanks to sacrificial anodes made of aluminium. However, their consumption leads to increasing concentration of aluminium in waters and marine sediments. Tests featuring aluminium as a contaminant have been preceded in laboratory, using aluminium salts (aluminium sulfate and aluminium chloride) or aluminium produced by the dissolution of a sacrificial anode set up with three electrodes and controlled electric current. All results are displaying a sorption of aluminium, regardless of its source, onto the selected natural sediments. The sorbed aluminium is highly labile, and can even diffuse from sediments layers back to aqueous phase (trapped essentially in reducible fraction). Sediments turn then into a latent source of pollution. Experiments with microphytobenthos communities show clearly that they are affected by the exposure to aluminum. This sensitivity to aluminium of those primary producers constitutes a potential threat for the marine trophic network
Souchon, Foll Laetitia. "TIC et énergétique : techniques d'estimation de consommation sur la hauteur, la structure et l'évolution de l'impact des TIC en France : version publique". Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TELE0010.
Texto completoWith a current tense energy context, ICT’s (Information and Communication Technologies) play an ambivalent role. Indeed, the energy savings potential often pointed out to characterize positive impact of ICT on environment is quickly cancelled if we consider energy required to their manufacture, their use and their elimination. We study here ICT energy impact during the use phase in France, and from a microscopic point of vue to a macroscopic one. In a first chapter, we briefly present some of the specificities of the energy and environmental context, in the framework of telecommunications sector. In a second chapter, the energy diagnosis of France Telecom network having been carried out, the results on French scale are then extrapolated. And we focus on data centers growing load. In a third chapter, we detail general structure of ICT consumption and more precisely allocated part between network infrastructure and devices. We particularly consider use and traffic impact on network consumption. Finally, we study prospective, optimization and energy efficiency aspects. We propose a management tool for France Telecom to have a higher visibility on current and future consumption of its network
Mawussi, Gbénonchi. "Bilan environnemental de l'utilisation de pesticides organochlorés dans les cultures de coton, café et cacao au Togo et recherche d'alternatives par l'évaluation du pouvoir insecticide d'extraits de plantes locales contre le scolyte du café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7844/1/mawussi.pdf.
Texto completoMarchetti, Nicolas. "La localisation des biens publics générateurs de nuisances". Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10046.
Texto completoDuvivier, Edmond. "Réponses bio-écologiques d'écosystèmes perturbés dans des secteurs aménagés en milieu méditerranéen". Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30018.
Texto completoTremblay, Aude. "Participation publique et évaluations environnementales transfrontières au Canada : transcender les frontières par le droit ?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24099/24099.pdf.
Texto completoCasal, Aimée. "Usines d'assainissement des eaux et phénomène Nimby : les conditions environnementales, sociales et individuelles de l'acceptabilité". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05H035.
Texto completoThe Nimby or Not In My Back Yard is a phenomenon that is commonly observed in the vincinity of new facilities that one recognizes as serving the public interest, but does not wish to see set up near one's home. This research consisted ub updating the environmental, social and individual condtions of the Nimby pheonomen with specific regard to waste water purification plants. The two sites, located in the suburbs of Paris, differ with regard to environmental and population charactersitics, and to the state of advance of each project. 106 esidents were questionned in situ, using a semi open-ended questionnaire and mental maps. Main results show the effect of envrionmental variables (proximity and view on the plant), of social variables (impact of communication), and of individual variables (personnal stress factors and sociodemographic characteristics)) on the aceeptability of rejection of the plant
Simões, Barbosa Magalhães Santos Sonia Maria. "Lamento e dor : Uma analise socio-antropologica do deslocamento compulsorio provocado pela construção de barragens". Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA131028.
Texto completoThe central idea developed in this work is that the studies carried through on the compulsory displacement provoked by the construction of dams, although mentioning the social dimension of the social suffering, do not submit that dimension to analysis. Taking as principle that the analyzed facts are socially shared and constructed, therefore carrying senses more or less lasting or more or less perceptible – anyhow, publicized - that, at times, interact under the form of conflict, it is my goal to perform an analysis of the way these senses conform to three distinct and linked social situations. On the first one, the public arena, I analyze the controversy about the main classification categories for the compulsory displacement process, its contexts and main agents, trying to evidence the rhetorical construction fundamentals, in a dispute to make prevail a determined politic and social evaluation of this process. In the second social situation, the academic universe, I analyze the current state of studies on the compulsory displacement, locating the main theoretical axes, in order to highlight the relation between the disciplinary and interpretative fields, mostly the hegemony of disciplinary subjects, amongst which the analysis of the suffering is not included. In the third, I analyze the process of compulsory displacement, from a research carried in Tucuruí, Pará state, Brazil, presenting the senses of social suffering evocated by those who lived it
Mandallena, Céline. "Elaboration et application d'une méthode d'évaluation et d'amélioration de la qualité environnementale de bâtiments tertiaires en exploitation". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13207.
Texto completoReaidi, Rouba. "Indicateurs d’écocitoyenneté pour piloter les stratégies d’éducation au développement durable dans l’enseignement supérieur : études en France et au Liban". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS278.
Texto completoIn response to pressure from international organisations, higher education institutions are becoming increasingly involved in education for sustainable development (ESD) processes; the issue is to form responsible eco-citizens. There is a growing institutional demand to develop indicators for assessing the efficiency of the actions taken in this area, as demonstrated, for instance, by the financing of this doctoral research by the University of Montpellier and the National Council for Scientific Research-Lebanon. In response to this need, we develop indicators that reflect two “relational” dimensions of the eco-citizen attitude: relatedness to non-human environment and empathy towards each other. As a first step, we operationalized these dimensions by putting in place two psychometric scales “Fusion/Apparentement/Coupure (FAC)” et “Contagion/Empathie/Coupure (CEC)” which have been validated with the participation of 682 students in France and 259 students in Lebanon. We then submitted the questionnaire “FAC/CEC” to 762 third year undergraduate Lebanese students who have received various forms of education for sustainable development (ESD) during their university studies. We attempted to establish the link between the eco-citizen attitude measured by our tools and the identified models of ESD. In order to identify and categorize these models, we examined 19 Bachelor's programs in Lebanon. We conducted interviews with instructional leaders and carried out studies on the courses related to these programs. The results showed a link between the identified models and the development of environmental citizenship. It also demonstrated that it is relevant to use the questionnaire “FAC /CEC” which has adequate psychometric properties to propose ESD indicators for higher education institutions
Martinez, Sylvain. "Evaluation du coût global d'un produit par le couplage de ses performances environnemnetales et économiques". Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0013.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic aspects of eco-design, so as to develop tools with the purpose of initiating a discussion between the people in charge of eco-design, top management and financial executives, as well as developing a business case for customers. If eco-design can improve the ecological footprint of a product, by acting directly at the design stage, the additional costs are usually the only elements visible at first. Eco-design couples an intelligent and an ecological redesign; it is thus possible that a eco-designed product will yield economic gains at one or all of the life cycle stages of for society as a whole. Conversely if its global cost is higher than the cost of a standard product, one can legitimately want to know what stages of the life cycle are concerned. This thesis proposes a methodology which combines tools which provide answers to these questions, by comparing a standard product with an eco-designed one. The following tools are combined with each other: manufacturing cost calculations, life cycle costing, life cycle analysis, external cost evaluation. The methodology was tested on two Schneider Electric products: an insulating tie rod, and a medium voltage circuit breaker. For each case study, a standard product was compared to an eco-designed one
Thellier, Lionel. "Environmental impacts of the electricity produced by a solid oxide fuel cell and nuclear reactors". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10107.
Texto completoHumankind faces many challenges in the energy field: explosion in demand, greenhouse gas emissions, rarefaction of certain fossi! resources, pollution etc. The answer to these challenges lies in particular in the development of energy conversion systems with a high efficiency and low environmental impacts. Furthermore, it requires the development of approaches which enable to evaluate these impacts and communicate the results to a very wide audience. The work undertaken in this Phd thesis is a contribution to the efforts underway to me et this dual demand. It is made up of two parts which have consisted respectively: - in evaluating with a mature approach the environmental impacts of the electricity produced by an energy conversion system currently under development. The objective was to carry out a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the electricity provided by a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) "stack". The study was aimed to define the optimal manufacturing, use and end-of-life conditions for this stack from an environmental point of view, in order to help the designers and users in their technological choices. - in developing an approach which allows the assessment of the environmental impacts of the electricity produced by a mature energy conversion system. The objective was to adapt the concepts of Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity in order that they properly integrate nuclear electricity production. The study was aimed to propose a simple indicator for evaluating the environmental impacts ofthis type of electricity
Baohoutou, Laohote. "Les précipitations en zone soudanienne tchadienne durant les quatre dernières décennies (60-99) : variabilités et impacts". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE2001.
Texto completoThe present study proposes to study rainfall variability and its incidence on the physical and socio-economic environment in the chadian sudanian field during the four last decades. Covering the tenth of the surface of the territory, this zone concentrates half of the chadian population. The climatic conditions more favorable to the economic activities justify this strong human concentration in this zone. But the dry nesses which struck the cloise sahelian field during the thirty last years almost diverted the attention of the researchers, leaving for account this sudanian field, however qualified of “useful Chad”. Under the pressure of these dry nesses repeated in the Sahel, many wandering stockbreeders are driven back towards this sudanian zone where they are dedicated to the seddentarisation and the agricultural life, whereas the field was already almost with saturation. This established fact constitutes a factor not less important of changes of this medium even if the climatic conditions in its centre vary little. So a methodological approach multi varied based on the one hand on the knowledge of the medium through the documentation and the lived experiments of the local population, and in addition on the treatments statistics and cartographic of the climatological data, allow to apprehend the total evolution so much climatic, ecological, that socio-economic of this region
Debusschere, Vincent. "Contributions méthodologiques à l’éco-conception des convertisseurs électromagnétiques d’énergie". Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443702/fr/.
Texto completoMinimizing environmental impacts of human activity represent a major objective of sustainable development considering resources depletion and the limited capabilities of the environment to adapt. Devices with better environmental performance require a specific design approach integrating credible environmental criteria. It is indeed by acting at the early phase of design that it is likely to provide the maximum flexibility to minimize environmental impacts of a product (or service). This method is called eco-design. In the field of eco-design, these works are conduct on applications of electrical engineering and more specifically of electromagnetic energy converters. These components have the distinction of consuming energy during use. This particularity implies a strong connection between the operating mode of the device and its life cycle design. This thesis propose in a first part an introduction to life cycle assessment and to the basic principles of eco-design. The methodological perspectives that these considerations open in the specific field of Electrical Engineering are then described. In a second part, three Electrical Engineering cases of increasing complexity are studied : a simplified single-phase transformer, a permanent capacitor single-phase induction machine with very short operating times (real commercial product) and finally a three-phase induction machine with optimized power supply. These applications are used to emphasize the principles of eco-design and are optimized regarding three environmental criteria : the gross energy requirement, the resources depletion and the global warming potential. In fact, taking into account other environmental impacts is identical in terms of methodology. In these studies, we show that it is interesting to optimize the design of these electromagnetic converters on life cycle, when their cumulative operating time is small compared to the total time of use. The amount of operating losses is also a parameter having a significant action on the results of eco-design. The setting of these applications is also subject to various sensitivity studies in order to determine more precisely the influence of the elementary energy costs, the choice of raw materials, etc. . Finally, we introduce the definition of an energy efficiency on life cycle more appropriate to an eco-design methodology
Gaimoz, Cécile. "Caractérisation expérimentale des sources de composés organiques volatils dans deux mégapoles contrastées : Paris et Pékin". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0040.
Texto completoThis work aims at characterizing Volatile Organic Compounds VOC sources and variability in two contrasted megacities (Paris and Beijing). This study based on an important experimental work, which includes instrumental optimization and participation in two intensive fields campaigns performed in May-June 2007 in Paris and in August 2007 in Beijing. Following qualitative analysis of the data sets and using a receptor model based on the PMF method, seven and ten sources of VOC were extracted for Paris and Beijing respectively. Traffic emissions are major VOC local/regional sources contributing to 54% and 35% of emissions in Paris and Beijing respectively. However, continental or regional emissions are also playing a significant role in the measured concentrations and so in the strength of VOC sources at sites receptors. Thus Paris is highly influenced by emissions from north-eastern Europe under anticyclonic condition, and Beijing by regional emissions from the Hebei province, in the south-east sector. Finally, identified sources and their contributions are compared to emission inventory data. For Paris, these results show significant differences with the local emission inventory, and suggest an overestimation of solvent emissions in the inventory
Chèze, Benoît. "Pollutions locales et globales : Evaluation de leurs impacts environnementaux et des poltiques publiques visant à les réduire. Trois analyses empiriques". Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100052.
Texto completoThis thesis is composed of three different studies aiming at empirically analysing various pollutions and environmental policies examples, which are all emblematic of our contemporary life-style. A first Chapter provides air traffic CO2 emissions projections at the worldwide level and for eight geographical zones until 2025. We show that air traffic energy efficiency improvements yield effectively to reduce the effect of air traffic rise on corresponding CO2 emissions increase, but do not annihilate it. Thus, air transport CO2 emissions are unlikely to diminish unless there is a radical technological shift, or air travel demand is restricted. A second Chapter presents the results of a meta-analysis that focuses on the environmental valuation methods and their estimates of waste disposal sites disamenities. The mean external cost and the effect of key factors influencing these estimates are quantified by mean of specific econometric and statistical methods. A last Chapter aims at identifying the EU ETS carbon price drivers during its pilot Phase, i. E. From 2005 to 2007. The main result of this study features that price drivers of CO2 allowances linked to energy market prices, unanticipated weather events and economic activity vary around institutional events revealing the installations’ net short/long positions
Scheyer, Anne. "Développement d'une méthode d'analyse par CPG/MS/MS de 27 pesticides identifiés dans les phases gazeuses,particulaire et liquide de l'atmosphère : Application à l'étude des variations spatio-temporelles des concentrations dans l'air et dans les eaux de pluie". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/SCHEYER_Anne_2004.pdf.
Texto completoThe research focuses on the local transport of pesticides from zones of spraying to urban areas of Strasbourg and on the deposition processes by rain water in urban and rural areas. The pesticides in the atmosphere separate according to their physical chemical properties into the three phases (liquid, gaseous and particulate). A study of the 27 pesticides proposed by the chamber of agriculture of the Bas-Rhin and the most commonly used pesticides was undertaken. The pesticides were identified and quantified in the different phases, by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, using an ion trap, the ionisation process being that of electronic impact. In order to detect traces of pesticides in rain water, it is necessary to use quite a sensitive extraction method. SPME (solid phase micro-extraction) is a commonly used extraction method because it is simple and rapid. Contamination levels of the air in different areas were determined, and seasonal variations for a certain number of pesticides were observed. It was made clear that the concentrations of metalochlor, alachlor, trifluraline, and diflufenican become higher during periods of spraying. Metaloclor and alachlor, commonly used herbicides for the protection of cereal crops were found at high concentrations in rain water (up to 5. 9 μg. L-1 for alachlor on the Strasbourg site in the rain water from the 28th April 2003 until the 15th May 2003). These measures also allow us to follow the distribution of pollutants between the different phases and to show the influence of different weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity. . . ) on the gas/ particle distribution
Querini, Florent. "Analyse de cycle de vie des énergies alternatives pour l'automobile et propositions méthodologiques pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts locaux". Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/74/42/20/PDF/ThA_se_Florent_QUERINI.pdf.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis conducted thanks to a CIFRE contract between the company Renault and the PPRIME Institute (UPR CNRS 3346, ISAE-ENSMA-Université de Poitiers), is focused on life cycle analyses for automotive fuels and alternative energies. The individual mobility is facing numerous challenges: global warming, urban pollution, depletion of resources, etc. Therefore, different alternative are now proposed to cope with these challenges: biofuels, hydrogen, electric vehicles, etc. LCA is a tool that allows assessing the environmental impacts of a product system. This PhD thesis is focused on taking into account the local impacts linked with the production and the consumption of diesel, gasoline (these two latters being the reference fuels), biofuels and electricity. It especially deals with the issues associated with the relevance of these impacts, for instance by trying to establish which impacts to select and how to enhance them (difference between urban and rural emissions or between high and near-ground sources). The second part of this PhD thesis studies the impact of the car use, by particularly focusing on the local pollutants emitted according to the aftertreatment standards and the driving cycle. All of this aims at obtaining LCA results that are more relevant and that can be more easily interpreted for a reliable decision-making process compatible with Renault's main strategic issues. The results show a complex environmental footprint: while renewable electricity provides true benefits compared with conventional fuels, fossil electricity has a mixed result, depending on the impact which is considered. Moreover, biofuels have a stronger environmental impact than fossil fuels. Finally, the rural / urban distinction highlights the benefit on human health associated with electric vehicles
Gillet-Lorenzi, Emmanuelle. "Enquête publique et participation du public : l'exemple des grands projets d'infrastructure de transport". Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMD009.
Texto completoIn participation of the public, evolution of the procedure inquiry, engendered by the law Bouchardeau, of July 12, 1983, turn out essential. An analysis of the procedures led about the big projects of infrastructure of transport allows nevertheless to put in evidence the limits in any optimal efficiency of this procedure of inquiry. The principles of a fruitful contemporary evolution can be then loosened. It is a question above all of insuring the insertion of the procedure of inquiry a efficient process of participation of the public. This way, a first phase of participation should be organized most upstream possible of the decision-making. The objective is to assure(insure) a qualitative and premature information, necessary for the development of constructive contradictory exchanges. The National Commission of the Public Debate appears then as the indispensable guarantor of this participation. Still it is necessary that it is endowed with a real power of influence. The procedure Bouchardeau contains, besides, in itself, certain incapacities : the information of the public can be improved in its contents as in its shape ; the limits in an actual consideration of the expression of the public prevent any unconditional recognition of the public inquiry. The recognition for the benefit of the "commissaries enquêteurs", of the role of pivot, appears, then as an essential objective to achieve : The editorial staff of a specific status is imperative itself ; an intensification of the value and the reach attributed to the report and to the conclusions of inquiry is indispensable. Joining continuance with the law Bouchardeau of 1983 and the law Barnier of 1995, the law of February 27, 2002 insures certainly the democratisation and the transparency of the process of elaboration of the big projects. Overhangs operated in public inquiry are nevertheless incomplete. The question of the elaboration of a big law on the participation remains composed