Literatura académica sobre el tema "Environnement – Arctique"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Environnement – Arctique"
Schauf, C. L. "Hommage à Edward Alexander Sellers, M.D., Ph.D." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1987): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-197.
Texto completoGagné, Karine. "Climat". Anthropen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.110.
Texto completoDoering, Aaron y Jeni Henrickson. "Designing for Learning Engagement in Remote Communities: Narratives from North of Sixty / Concevoir pour favoriser la participation active à l’apprentissage dans les communautés éloignées : récits d’Au nord du soixantième parallèle". Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology / La revue canadienne de l’apprentissage et de la technologie 40, n.º 3 (14 de agosto de 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.21432/t2wc7h.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Environnement – Arctique"
Potier, Hugo. "Major and trace elements in the changing Arctic environment : interactions between C-N-Mo-V biogeochemical cycles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS094.pdf.
Texto completoClimate change is deeply affecting the functioning of Arctic ecosystems through increases in temperature and precipitation in these environments. In particular, the increase in primary productivity resulting from the lifting of thermal and hydric constraints on plant growth, coupled with changes in the nature of the plant cover and the thawing of permafrost, is likely to induce significant constraints on the biogeochemical cycles of elements composing organic matter, especially carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). An important lever to reduce nitrogen limitation of plant growth could be to increase the flux of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a microbial process that requires, among other elements, molybdenum (Mo) or vanadium (V). The abundance of these two trace elements may thus limit the availability of nitrogen and, therefore, the plant growth in those ecosystems. The aim of this research work is to improve our understanding of the interactions between the biogeochemical cycles of major (C, N) and trace (Mo, V) elements in these environments. It explores the potential of using stoichiometric data collected in subarctic habitats with contrasting plant and soil characteristics of the Abisko region (northern Sweden). The quantification of elemental stocks in aboveground biomass and soils highlighted the importance of variations in plant community composition for the distribution of these stocks in biomass compartments with different dynamics, as well as the relatively weak links in elemental stocks between aboveground biomass and soils. Considering several processes potentially involved in soil surface enrichment of Mo and V, both elements have distinct behaviours in light of the respective contribution of lithogenic and biological influences and the role of physicochemical conditions for their mobility. A modelling approach highlighted the strong links between N, Mo and V in soil stoichiometry and suggested that organic soils have a relatively important nitrogen-fixing activity. The results of this thesis highlight the strong interaction between major and trace elements, their expected modifications as induced by changes in vegetation in the Arctic, and the potential limitation of BNF by the availability of Mo and V. These results call for a more detailed characterisation of the bioavailability of these trace elements to microbial communities combined with measurements focusing on the BNF process in order to further explore these limitations. Finally, this work points out the need to continue exploring the interaction of biogeochemical cycles of major and trace elements for the future of Arctic ecosystems
Symonides, Michał. "L'Arctique comme enjeu de coopération internationale". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH023/document.
Texto completoThe interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a region so deeply exposed to fast changes. It is based on a unique structure emphasizing multi-level and multi-stakeholder actions, keeping a balance between hard and soft law. If the Arctic cooperation builds a real Arctic region with a growing importance in the international arena, the ties between the world and the region remains uncertain. The inclusion of extra-Arctic actors is necessary but it is facing resistance from a part of the Arctic actors. Arctic arises as a new object of international relations and may even become a new actor, but it must respond to the dangers that may exist for cooperation in this region, dangers that seem to come especially from exogenous causes. Therefore, Arctic cooperation requires a thorough analysis of the issues it is faced with as well as its contradictions and paradoxes. This thesis aims to study the Arctic cooperation highlighting its mechanisms and particularities as well as to analyze relationships that it can develop with extra-Arctic actors and how it incorporates into international relations
Jankowiak, Aleksy. "La détermination du statut juridique de l'océan Glacial arctique par le droit international public". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0170.
Texto completoThe Arctic Ocean is facing environmental and territorial challenges. On one hand, the coastal states are claiming vast marine territories. On the other hand, the Arctic Ocean environment suffers from many damages. In particular, the region is affected by a lot of pollutants. Then, the region also bears the brunt of the harmful effects of climate change. This study aims to determinate the legal status of the Arctic Ocean through these different issues. More precisely, this study aims to identify, to analyse and to interpret the regional and international legal regimes which apply to the Arctic Ocean, and their legal issues, in order to consider the legal status of the Arctic Ocean as a whole and to determinate its capacity to deal with environmental and territorial challenges, and to progress in the context of an intergovernmental governance and cooperation in constant development
Edynak, Elsa. "Le droit international applicable à l'océan Arctique : l’adéquation d’un ensemble juridique complexe à un espace spécifique". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR139.
Texto completoClimate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity
Petrova, Darina. "From the rich countries club to the end of the land : green worldmaking in five acts". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IEPP0029.
Texto completoThis thesis uses the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as an observational platform to look at what arguments, tools and mechanisms were employed along the steps of creating legal arrangements that defined and enforced ‘greenness’ in the global governance. Using worldmaking approach and drawing from the critical legal studies, science and technology studies (STS) and anthropology, this thesis addresses the research question through five separate but interconnected stories, presented as Acts. Each Act examines the research question from a different angle, working with global, national and local dimensions. While the first four Acts focus on the OECD, the last Act moves the story to the Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Arctic to observe how the green norms promoted by this organisation play out in practice. In combination the five Acts form an arch, which represents the trajectory of the neo-colonial universal and the liberal politics since the end of the second World War and their interactions with other worldmaking projects. This method offers the space to observe the issues in all their complexity and ambiguity, while the combination and juxtaposition of the Acts enables to point out broader inconsistencies or ‘contradictions in terms’ and draw more general conclusions. Through this approach, the thesis brings to the surface certain semiotic links that were concealed and disconnected in the globalization project and trajectory, and its latest ‘green’ version
Leduc, Noémie. "Évaluation de la biodiversité des invertébrés marins dans les ports commerciaux de l'Arctique grâce à l'ADN environnemental". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36279.
Texto completoArctic biodiversity has long been underestimated and is now facing rapid transformations due to ongoing climate change and other impacts including shipping activities. These changes are placing marine coastal invertebrate communities at greater risk, especially in sensitive areas such as commercial ports. Preserving biodiversity is a significant challenge, going far beyond the protection of charismatic species and involving suitable knowledge of the organization of species in space. Therefore, knowledge of alpha, beta and gamma biodiversity indices are of great importance in achieving this objective together with new cost-effective approaches to monitor changes in biodiversity. This study compares metabarcoding of COI mitochondrial genes and 18S rRNA genes from environmental DNA (eDNA) water samples with standard species collection methods to document patterns of invertebrate communities at various spatial scales. Water samples (250 mL) were collected at three different depths within three Canadian Arctic ports; Churchill, MB, Iqaluit, NU and Deception Bay, QC. From these samples, 202 genera distributed across more than 15 phyla were detected using eDNA metabarcoding, of which only 9% to 15% were also identified through species collection at the same sites. Significant differences in taxonomic richness and community composition were observed between eDNA and species collections, both on local and regional scales. This study shows that eDNA dispersion in the Arctic Ocean reduces beta diversity in comparison to species collection while emphasizing the importance of pelagic life stages for eDNA detection. This study highlights the potential of eDNA metabarcoding to assess large-scale arctic marine invertebrate diversity while emphasizing that eDNA and species collection should be considered as complementary tools for providing a more holistic picture of the marine invertebrate communities living in coastal areas.
Mercier, Denis. "La géomorphologie paraglaciaire. Analyse de crises érosives d'origine climatique dans les environnements englacés et sur leurs marges". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613729.
Texto completoAllain, Alienor. "From specific production to homogenisation of dissolved organic matter produced by vegetation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS308.pdf.
Texto completoAlthough dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a small fraction of soil organic matter (OM), it is involved in many biogeochemical processes in the environment. Its composition reflects its sources of production, and the processes it has been exposed to. However, the processes taking place immediately after DOM production are still poorly understood, due to its high reactivity. In terrestrial environments, fresh leaf litter is one of the major initial sources of DOM, before it is degraded. This PhD focused on the characterisation of DOM produced by different vegetation species, and the evolution of their properties during biodegradation. The relationship between the composition of vegetation cover and the molecular signature of DOM has been assessed, in order to determine the influence of vegetation on DOM properties in the environment. The water extractable OM (WEOM) produced by 6 vegetation species (C. stellaris, F. nivalis, E. vaginatum, B. nana, B. pubescens, and Salix sp.) were characterised through complementary analytical technics. The results showed that the quantity and composition of WEOM produced by vegetation were different between plant functional types (PFT). It was also pointed out that some proxies commonly used to characterise DOM were not relevant to the study of unprocessed WEOM. However, the comparison of relevant proxies indicated that graminoids were potentially less biodegradable than lichens, but more than shrubs. WEOM biodegradation experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. For this purpose, 4 species belonging to different PFT were selected, and their WEOM extracted. These species were C. stellaris (lichen), E. vaginatum (sedge), A. polifolia (dwarf evergreen shrub), and B. nana (deciduous dwarf shrub). The results showed a significantly higher consumption of WEOM produced by C. stellaris and E. vaginatum, than A. polifolia and B. nana, at the end of the experiment. In the meantime, the accumulation of recalcitrant compounds in WEOM was observed, especially for B. nana. These results put into light a more important biodegradability of lichens and graminoids compared to shrubs. Furthermore, the molecular diversity of WEOM significantly decreased for C. stellaris and E. vaginatum, whereas it increased for B. nana. Species-specific biodegradation processes have been brought to light. Finally, samples of DOM were collected from Arctic ecosystems with contrasted vegetation cover compositions. DOM samples were analysed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Their molecular signatures were compared to each other, and to WEOM produced by vegetation. A great amount of compounds were common to all DOM samples. Despite these ubiquitous compounds, it was possible to discriminate ecosystems, based on the molecular compositions of their DOM. The contributions of each species to the vegetation cover were compared to the contributions of their WEOM to the molecular signature of DOM. These comparisons showed a significant positive correlation for B. nana, but not for other studied species. The results of this thesis show that the quantity and composition of produced WEOM are vegetation-specific. Consequently, WEOM biodegradability is also vegetation-specific. Therefore, the DOM produced by different vegetation species won’t have the same dynamic in the environment. Furthermore, the WEOM produced by vegetation are homogenised during their biodegradation
Le, Dantec Théo Aurélien. "Dissolved organic matter characterization in a large arctic river : origins and dynamic". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0001.
Texto completoArctic regions are expected to be highly sensitive to climate change regarding the prediction of disproportionately large increases in surface temperatures and their related influence over the hydrological cycle and permafrost thaw. These modifications have the potential to impact biogeochemical cycles in these regions and in particular the mobilization of organic carbon into rivers. The most crucial period in arctic rivers hydrological cycle is the spring freshet that can account for most of the annual organic carbon transfers to the ocean in a very short window of time. The focus of this thesis was to monitor the dynamic of DOM in terms of quantity and quality along the hydrological cycle of the Yenisei river, through DOM characterization approaches to reveal seasonal variations in its composition, sources, age and degradation state. The first step was to make a review of the full range of existing DOM characterization approaches in worldwide river systems to identify the most widely used, the most relevant and reliable ones. Through the development of a DOM quality measurements database, we have been able to evaluate the geographical coverage of DOM characterization studies, to give estimates and ranges of values of the main reported DOM characterization variables and to observe global trends of DOM quality across latitudinal gradient. Second stage was to investigate DOC dynamic in the Yenisei river with regard to quantity and links with water chemistry and hydrology. We conducted sampling campaigns during three consecutive years (2014 to 2016), covering with a high sampling frequency the spring flood period to capture its very dynamic evolution. We reported DOC concentrations that followed the hydrograph with highest concentrations observed a few days before peak discharge. DOC concentration also responded to discharge variation (increase, likely due to higher precipitation) in early autumn. We reported average DOC flux over the three sampling years of about 4.53 Tg yr-1 which is within the range of values reported in the literature. We observed interannual variability with annual export estimates ranging from 5.45 Tg yr-1 in 2014 to 3.57 Tg yr-1 in 2016, likely driven by discharge amplitude. We confirmed the important role of spring freshet in DOC export with on average more than 65% occurring during this period (roughly May/June). Third point was to determine DOM quality combining characterization techniques. Combination of approaches helped to strengthen observations and cross validate interpretations. Most of the variables reported from the different characterization techniques confirmed one each other. The use of lignin biomarkers, optical properties and radiocarbon age of DOM allowed us to trace DOM main sources has primarily deriving from recently produced organic matter leached from boreal forest litter and top soil horizon during the spring flood and older organic matter derived from deeper soil horizons during low flow period
Le, Dantec Théo Aurélien. "Dissolved organic matter characterization in a large arctic river : origins and dynamic". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0001/document.
Texto completoArctic regions are expected to be highly sensitive to climate change regarding the prediction of disproportionately large increases in surface temperatures and their related influence over the hydrological cycle and permafrost thaw. These modifications have the potential to impact biogeochemical cycles in these regions and in particular the mobilization of organic carbon into rivers. The most crucial period in arctic rivers hydrological cycle is the spring freshet that can account for most of the annual organic carbon transfers to the ocean in a very short window of time. The focus of this thesis was to monitor the dynamic of DOM in terms of quantity and quality along the hydrological cycle of the Yenisei river, through DOM characterization approaches to reveal seasonal variations in its composition, sources, age and degradation state. The first step was to make a review of the full range of existing DOM characterization approaches in worldwide river systems to identify the most widely used, the most relevant and reliable ones. Through the development of a DOM quality measurements database, we have been able to evaluate the geographical coverage of DOM characterization studies, to give estimates and ranges of values of the main reported DOM characterization variables and to observe global trends of DOM quality across latitudinal gradient. Second stage was to investigate DOC dynamic in the Yenisei river with regard to quantity and links with water chemistry and hydrology. We conducted sampling campaigns during three consecutive years (2014 to 2016), covering with a high sampling frequency the spring flood period to capture its very dynamic evolution. We reported DOC concentrations that followed the hydrograph with highest concentrations observed a few days before peak discharge. DOC concentration also responded to discharge variation (increase, likely due to higher precipitation) in early autumn. We reported average DOC flux over the three sampling years of about 4.53 Tg yr-1 which is within the range of values reported in the literature. We observed interannual variability with annual export estimates ranging from 5.45 Tg yr-1 in 2014 to 3.57 Tg yr-1 in 2016, likely driven by discharge amplitude. We confirmed the important role of spring freshet in DOC export with on average more than 65% occurring during this period (roughly May/June). Third point was to determine DOM quality combining characterization techniques. Combination of approaches helped to strengthen observations and cross validate interpretations. Most of the variables reported from the different characterization techniques confirmed one each other. The use of lignin biomarkers, optical properties and radiocarbon age of DOM allowed us to trace DOM main sources has primarily deriving from recently produced organic matter leached from boreal forest litter and top soil horizon during the spring flood and older organic matter derived from deeper soil horizons during low flow period