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1
Zhao, Weixiang y Yankun Xu. "Public Expenditure and Green Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Prefecture-Level Cities". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 9 (9 de mayo de 2022): 5755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095755.
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Whilst effective public expenditure policies are essential for transforming the traditional factor-driven economy into a green and innovation-driven economy, the impacts of public expenditure’s size and composition on green economic development have not been comprehensively investigated. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2010 to 2018, we first measure green total factor productivity (GTFP), the proxy variable for green development, and briefly analyze its spatial-temporal trends. Then, using the dynamic panel models, dynamic panel mediation models, and dynamic panel threshold models, we evaluate how public expenditure affects GTFP. The main findings are fourfold: (1) there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the expenditure size and GTFP. (2) The expansion of social expenditures and science and technology (S&T) and environmental protection expenditures play an important role in stimulating green growth, while economic expenditures and administrative expenditures have adverse effects. (3) Public expenditure mainly promotes green development through four channels: human capital accumulation, technological innovation, environmental quality improvement, and labor productivity increase. (4) The expenditure composition influences the turning point of the inverted U-shaped relationship. Based on these findings, we propose some targeted policy suggestions to promote green development.
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Kobylynska, Т. V., L. Ye Momotiuk y О. М. Motuzka. "The Satellite Account of Expenditures on Environmental Protection: Methodological Aspects of Its Introduction in Ukraine". Statistics of Ukraine 84, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(84)2019.01.01.
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The article is devoted to methodological aspects addressed in building up the framework for the satellite account of the expenditure on environmental protection in Ukraine. It is argued that any study of the environment need computations and analyses of quantitative indicators based on the statistics data. Problems of statistical accounting are, therefore, the central ones in investigating the expenditure on environmental protection. One of the most urgent tasks is to ensure comparability of data, to enable comparisons of data at all the levels in order to find output key tendencies and patterns in the expenditure on environmental protection, comparisons of figures relating to environmental protection and macroeconomic situation.
The article contains an analysis of the phases of creating the European standard of the system for environmental-economic accounting on the whole and the environmental protection expenditures account in particular. The sources of data for creating the satellite account for the expenditure on environmental protection in Ukraine, and the indicators included in the EU questionnaire designed to collect data on national expenditures on environmental protection are highlighted.
It is demonstrated that data from many sources are used to build the satellite account for the expenditure on environmental protection. It is mentioned that by now Ukraine has not introduced ad hoc surveys of households on the expenditures on environmental protection.
Results of the study show that the main sources of data for computations of the expenditures on environmental protection in Ukraine can be the official statistical observation by type of expenditure, collected by form 1 – environmental expenditure (annual) “Expenditures on environmental protection and environmental payments”, where the expenditure are recorded according to the Classification of Environmental Protection Activities.
The sources of secondary information, i. e. the data from regular official statistical observations and administrative data that are collected with other purposes and reflect selected aspects of expenditure on EP, are recommended for use when developing the methodology.
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Stojanović, Miloš, Sonja Becić y Goran Stojanović. "Participation of environmental taxes in government expenditures for environmental protection: The case of selected EU countries". Bizinfo Blace 13, n.º 1 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo2201011s.
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The aim of this paper is to show whether the current system of environmental taxation and environmental policies of the states is efficient for solving environmental problems. We analyze the link between environmental tax revenues and total government expenditure as independent variables and government expenditures for environmental protection as dependent variable in selected EU countries. By the implementation of panel data regression analysis on a defined sample, we came to the conclusion that among the observed variables there is a positive relationship. However, this relationship shows that the growth of expenditures for environmental protection is slower than the growth of total expenditure. The results also suggest that the relationship between revenues from environmental taxes and expenditures of the state in the area of environmental protection is a little weaker. With respect to the result of analysis, it can be concluded that the existing state policy in is not sufficiently effective.
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Zeraibi, Ayoub, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente y Khurram Shehzad. "Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypotheses in Chinese Provinces: A Nexus between Regional Government Expenditures and Environmental Quality". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 18 (14 de septiembre de 2021): 9667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189667.
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With rapid economic growth, the Chinese government expenditures at various levels have increased adequately. At the same time, the environmental quality in China has deteriorated significantly. In this study, provincial-level data for 31 Chinese provinces during 2007–2017 are used to investigate the impacts of government expenditure on the emissions of three specific measures of environmental degradation. The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of government expenditures, economic growth per capita, environment protection expenditure, and added second-sector value on environmental quality by measuring sulfur dioxide (SO2), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrogen emissions (AN). Moreover, the study applied the generalized method of moments (GMM) and the fully modified least square (FMOLS) to estimate the co-integration relationship among the underlying factors. The results demonstrate a significant direct effect of government expenditure on improving environmental quality overall in the Chinese provinces, which increases with the level of economic growth. However, the results also confirmed the inverted N-shaped relationship between the pollution factor and economic growth per capita. Our key findings lead toward the manifestation and emphasis of the importance of appropriate policies for restoring government expenditure and, at the same time, strengthening the relationship between the industrial sector and environmental policy standards. Significantly, governments in developing countries should allocate larger budgets for environmental projects in their fiscal reforms for the sake of moving to greener and more inclusive economies with low-carbon activities.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li y Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, n.º 2 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.1.2.102.
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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Liu, Wei, Jiaying Li y Ting Xu. "Has Fiscal Decentralization Promoted or Restricted Public Environmental Expenditure ?" Advances in Economics and Management Research 2, n.º 1 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.2.1.102.
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Public environmental expenditures are the crucial means to achieve ecological protection and environmental governance, while fiscal decentralization system is the key factor which affects the preferences of expenditures by local government. In order to further identify whether fiscal decentralization has negative incentives for the behavior of public environmental governance by local government, this paper applies provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2015, to explore the effect of Chinese-styled fiscal decentralization on public environmental expenditures from the two dimensions of income and expenditure decentralization. The research results show that both income and expenditure decentralization have significant negative correlations with public environmental expenditures, which confirms that current fiscal decentralization system has strong incentive distortions and insufficient constraints on the behavior of public environmental governance by local government. Therefore, in order to promote green development and build a beautiful China, improvements should be made in terms of institutional environment, the relationship of financial authority and powers between central and local government, transfer payment systems, the governance models of regional linkage and collaboration, and environmental protection concepts, etc.
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Armstrong, Lawrence E. "ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: Energy Expenditure". National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 13, n.º 4 (1991): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1991)013<0065:ee>2.3.co;2.
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Soukopová, Jana y Eduard Bakoš. "Assessment of municipal environmental protection expenditure: Case study in the Czech Republic". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n.º 7 (2013): 2769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072769.
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Local authorities need simple economic tools and methodology how to evaluate public expenditure efficiency. There are a lot of ways for measuring efficiency of public expenditure however methods or economic tools which get actual information about efficiency of current public spending are rare. The paper presents new methodology for evaluating current municipal environmental protection expenditures based on a weighted assessment of multiple economic, social and environmental criteria. This methodology has issued from OECD methodology however it is a more complex tool and addresses the three pillars of sustainable development and following interdisciplinary approaches of Environmental Mainstreaming. The paper presents also case study, where is investigated environmental protection expenditure evaluation in the city of Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic. The results of this case study show the correct state of expenditure efficiency in the city of Brno and indicate possible improvements applicable for new investment to environmental protection and sustainable development.
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Anwar, Asim, Shabir Hyder, Russell Bennett y Mustafa Younis. "Impact of Environmental Quality on Healthcare Expenditures in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Approach". Healthcare 10, n.º 9 (24 de agosto de 2022): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091608.
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Objective: The deterioration in environmental quality has an economic and social cost. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of environmental factors on health expenditures in developing countries. Method: To analyze the relationship between environmental quality (air pollution and temperature) and health expenditure in thirty-three developing countries, the study uses system generalized method of moments (GMM) using data from 2000 to 2017. Results: The results suggest a positive effect of both air pollution and temperature on health expenditure. However, the effect is highest for government health expenditure, followed by private and total health expenditure in the studied countries. The results further suggest that the impact of environmental factors is greater in higher-income countries when we divide the studied countries into two groups, i.e., higher- and lower-income countries. Conclusion: Our results are interesting and informative for the policy makers to design such policies to attain better environmental quality and social well-being. The increased healthcare expenditures due to increased air pollution and climate change necessitate for an efficient, reliable, affordable and modern energy policy by emphasizing the use of clean and renewable energy in these countries that ensure better health for the masses. Furthermore, a smart and sustainable environmentally friendly economic growth policy is necessary to ensure better health for the masses.
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Haseeb, Kot, Hussain y Jermsittiparsert. "Impact of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution, and Energy Consumption on Health Expenditure and R&D Expenditure of ASEAN Countries". Energies 12, n.º 19 (20 de septiembre de 2019): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193598.
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The purpose of the current study was to examine the determinants of R&D expenditure and health expenditure of ASEAN countries. The research objectives were developed to analyze the short-term as well as the long-term impact of economic growth, environmental pollution, and energy consumption on health and R&D expenditures. The data was collected for ten years for ASEAN countries using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, which helped the researcher to assess long-run as well as the short-run association of these variables. The findings revealed that environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth had a significant positive impact on health expenditure as well as on R&D expenditure of ASEAN countries in long-run. The findings further revealed that environmental pollution and economic growth had a significant impact on R&D expenditure in short-run; however, there was no significant impact of energy consumption on R&D expenditure in short-run. It was also found that there was no significant impact of any of the independent variables, i.e., energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental pollution, on health expenditure in short-run. The current study and findings have significant implications in theory and practice.
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Bista, Raghu Bir y Kiran Prasad Sankhi. "Assessing Multiplier Effects of Public Expenditures on Economic Growth in Nepal: SVAR Model Analysis". Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 3, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems755.
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This paper assesses the multiplier effects of public expenditures on economic growth in Nepal, covering time series data sets of public expenditures and economic growth from 1974-75 to 2018-19 by using the SVAR model. As a result of the SVAR model, the multiplier effect of public expenditure, recurrent expenditure, and capital expenditure is positive for economic growth. In a result, the multiplier effect of recurrent expenditure is found to be more promising than capital expenditure for economic growth in the short run, but in the long run, it is lower. Similarly, the multiplier coefficient value of capital expenditure is lower in the short run. This is probably due to leakages in the economy, corruption and improper management of development funds, seasonal expenditure trends, and poor management of development projects. Therefore, the government should improve the efficiency of public expenditure and the ratio of capital expenditure and private investment to improve the higher multiplier variable in the long run.
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TAKENAKA, Naoko. "Consumer expenditure and Environmental load". Input-Output Analysis 15, n.º 1 (2007): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11107/papaios.15.11.
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Haller, Stefanie A. y Liam Murphy. "Corporate Expenditure on Environmental Protection". Environmental and Resource Economics 51, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2011): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-011-9499-1.
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Sun, Jing, Jienan Hu, Hongmei Wang, Yinfeng Shi, Ziru Wei y Tangzhe Cao. "The Government’s Environmental Attention and the Sustainability of Environmental Protection Expenditure: Evidence from China". Sustainability 15, n.º 14 (18 de julio de 2023): 11163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411163.
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Transformation to a green economy depends on long-term, continuous government financial investments in the environmental protection field. This study used the budget and final accounts of provincial environmental protection expenditure in China from 2007 to 2019 to establish a two-way fixed-effects model to verify the impact of government attention on environmental protection expenditure. The sustainability of Chinese local governments’ environmental protection expenditure is weak, and the fluctuations conform to the punctuated equilibrium characteristics. Fluctuations in government attention have a significant positive impact on changes in fiscal environmental protection expenditure, and the characteristics of campaign governance are relatively obvious. Fiscal transparency can strengthen the relationship between government attention and the environmental protection expenditure budget; however, the adjustment effect on the final accounts of environmental protection expenditure, which depend more on the budget implementation process, is not significant. To improve the effectiveness of environmental governance, government departments must pay long-term and sustained attention to environmental issues, improve the transparency of the implementation process of environmental protection expenditure budgets, strengthen the role of public supervision, and ensure investment in environmental governance.
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Galiński, Paweł. "Determinants of the expenditure side of environmental federalism – panel data research on countries in Europe". Economics and Environment 86, n.º 3 (21 de diciembre de 2023): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.86.3.601.
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The purpose of the article is to examine the influence of financial, socio-economic, and environmental degradation factors on the expenditure scope of environmental federalism. The panel data models were estimated based on 26 European countries for the period between 2007 and 2020. The research hypothesis of the article posits that the sound fiscal position of the local government and the financial sustainability stemming from it deepens the expenditure side of environmental federalism, especially when considering the population and its structure, the size of the economy, population, and the pollution generated by it. The article reveals that local government avoidance of both deficits and excessive indebtedness ends up promoting a higher scope of expenditure side of environmental federalism. In addition, in European countries, the significance of expenditures on environmental protection visible in local budgets is increased for smaller economies that are less environmentally degraded.
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Awais, Muhammad, Azra y Muhammad Salman. "Discovering the Socio-Economic, and Environmental factors of Health Expenditure: Case Study of Regions". Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 10, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2022): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2022.1001.0195.
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The aim of the current study is to reduce the burden of the government’s spending on health expenditure and also determine the factors which contribute to health spending. For the present examination, the data was collected from World Bank, covering the time span from 2000 to 2016 for regions i.e., East Asia & Pacific (EA&PR), Europe & Central Asia (E&CAR), Middle East & North Africa (ME&NAR), South Asia (SAR), and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSAR). The key goal of this work is to examine the important macroeconomics determinants of health expenditure (MDHE). The outcome of the study is concluded that all the determinants have significantly influenced the health expenditures across the regions. Moreover, the CO2 emission, personal remittances, urbanization, unemployment, and crude birth rate have a twin impact on well-being spending. Whereas trade openness and gross domestic product have an important and adverse impact on health expenditure, literacy, life expectancy at birth, and population age 65 and above have a significant positive impact on health expenditure.
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Warsame, Zakarie Abdi, Ahmed Nur Dirie y Bile Abdisalan Nor. "Towards Environmental Sustainability: The Impact of External Debt and Government Expenditure on Carbon Emissions in Somalia". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 14, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2024): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15666.
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This study aims to assess the effect of external debt and government expenditure on carbon emissions in Somalia. To do so, the study employed a rigorous econometric approaches such as autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), Fully modified least square (FMOLS), and Dynamic least square (DOLS). Findings demonstrated that external debt (LNED) positively and significantly affects carbon emissions. Results revealed that a 1%, or a point increase of external debt, rises 0.29% into the emitted emissions. Moreover, the study found that the long-run coefficient of government expenditure (LNGE) positively correlates with emissions. However, a 1% increase in total government expenditure significantly increases CO2 emissions by 0.05% in the long run. So, regarding the positive correlation between external debt, government expenditure, and carbon emissions, the study suggests that the government should strategically use its expenditures and external debt to fund environmentally sustainable projects. This approach aims to reduce carbon emissions while promoting sustainable development and balancing economic growth with ecological conservation.
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Kuzheliev, Mykhailo, Ihor Rekunenko, Alina Nechyporenko y Guram Nemsadze. "Discretionary budget expenditure in the system of state regulation of the country’s socioeconomic development". Public and Municipal Finance 7, n.º 4 (5 de febrero de 2019): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.07(4).2018.02.
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The paper investigates discretionary budget expenditure and determines its role in the system of regulation of country’s socio-economic development. In a very difficult political and socio-economic situation, Ukraine faces an urgent need to finda balance between the amount of functions performed by the state and the level of their financial support. The analysis of the State Budget of Ukraine expenditure according to the functional classification in 2014–2017 has been carried out. In particular, the discretionary budget expenditures (on state functions, economic activity, defense budget expenditures, budget expenditure on public order, security and judiciary; environmental protection, housing and utilities) are carefully analyzed. The purpose of the article is to study trends in financing discretionary budget expenditure and determine their impact on the socio-economic development of a country. Discretionary budget expenditures are the study object. It is determined that socio-economic development of a country requires government to apply progressive forms, methods and principles of expenditure management between the budget system levels. This need is due to the objective necessity to achieve sustainable development of economy and population welfare. The main problems that reduce budget discretionary expenditure effectiveness in the current conditions are investigated and the main directions to improve their financing are offered. The obtained results indicate the need to revise the funding of discretionary budget expenditures depending on the state policy priorities.
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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal y Stephan Klasen. "Affluence and emission tradeoffs: evidence from Indonesian households' carbon footprint". Environment and Development Economics 22, n.º 5 (9 de agosto de 2017): 546–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x17000262.
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AbstractThis study estimates Indonesian households’ carbon emissions that are attributed to their expenditures in 2005 and 2009 to analyze the pattern, distribution and drivers of their carbon footprint. Employing an input-output-emission-expenditure framework, the authors find a significant difference in household carbon emissions between different affluence levels, regions and educational levels. They also find that, while many household characteristics influence emissions, total expenditure is by far the most important determinant of household emissions, both across households and over time. Consequently, emissions inequality is very similar to expenditure inequality across households. The decomposition analysis confirms that changes in emissions are predominantly due to rising expenditures between the two periods, while expenditure elasticities analysis suggests that the rise in household emissions is mainly caused by the overall rise in total household expenditure, and not by shifting consumption shares among consumption categories. The paper discusses policy options for Indonesia to reduce this very strong expenditure–emissions link.
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Khan, Saqib y Samridhi Narula. "Tradeoff among Defense, Environment and Development Expenditure: Evidence from India". International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, n.º 04 (2022): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.031.
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This paper is set out to find the relationship, if any, between Defense spending, Economic development spending and environment spending for India, and to discuss the policy implications of the empirical results. Since India has one of the largest defense budgets within the Asian countries as well as Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). The Quad is a strategic forum of informal nature. It comprises four nations, namely – India, Australia, USA and Japan. One of the primary objectives of the Quad is to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. This question has important implications for India’s future economic well-being and political stability. Taking into account the difficulties present in previous military expenditure studies, an econometric model was specified and empirically tested using Indian data for 2010-2020. Results suggested that there is a positive linkage between military expenditure and economic development, but the relationship between military expenditure and environment cannot be concluded. The part of the empirical study tested the defense-development relationship for India using expenditures on health and education as development proxies. The empirical findings suggested that there are tradeoffs between military expenditures and development expenditure. However, there seems to be a positive relationship between military expenditures and education but has no clear picture for environmental spending compared to both defense expenditure and development expenditure.
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Rahmadi, Selamet, Dwi Hastuti y Parmadi Parmadi. "Pengaruh belanja modal urusan wajib dan urusan pilihan terhadap jumlah penduduk miskin dengan jumlah pengangguran sebagai variabel intervening di Provinsi Jambi". Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika 17, n.º 1 (9 de mayo de 2022): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jpe.v17i1.15726.
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The research aims to measure and analyze the increase in mandatory affairs capital expenditures, optional capital expenditures, the number and number of poor people in Jambi Province, and to measure and analyze the direct and direct effect of mandatory and optional capital expenditures on the number of poor people through the total movement of spending. As an intervention variable in Jambi Province. The data used are secondary in the form of a time series from 2008-2020. Direct effect: capital expenditure on mandatory affairs on the number of poor people has a positive and significant impact, capital expenditure on elective experiences on the number of poor people has a negative and significant effect, capital expenditure on mandatory affairs on the population has a negative and significant impact, capital expenditure on elective experiences on the number of movements has a positive effect and significant the number of poor people has a positive and significant impact. Indirect effect: capital expenditure on mandatory affairs on the number of poor people through the number of negative and significant effects (the number of components cannot be used as an intervention variable) and capital expenditure on elective affairs on the number of poor people through the number of trees has a positive and significant effect.
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Schneider, Matthew T., Angela Y. Chang, Sawyer W. Crosby, Stephen Gloyd, Anton C. Harle, Stephen Lim, Rafael Lozano et al. "Trends and outcomes in primary health care expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017". BMJ Global Health 6, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): e005798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005798.
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IntroductionAs the world responds to COVID-19 and aims for the Sustainable Development Goals, the potential for primary healthcare (PHC) is substantial, although the trends and effectiveness of PHC expenditure are unknown. We estimate PHC expenditure for each low-income and middle-income country between 2000 and 2017 and test which health outputs and outcomes were associated with PHC expenditure.MethodsWe used three data sources to estimate PHC expenditures: recently published health expenditure estimates for each low-income and middle-income country, which were constructed using 1662 country-reported National Health Accounts; proprietary data from IQVIA to estimate expenditure of prescribed pharmaceuticals for PHC; and household surveys and costing estimates to estimate inpatient vaginal delivery expenditures. We employed regression analyses to measure the association between PHC expenditures and 15 health outcomes and intermediate health outputs.ResultsPHC expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries increased between 2000 and 2017, from $41 per capita (95% uncertainty interval $33–$49) to $90 ($73–$105). Expenditures for low-income countries plateaued since 2014 at $17 per capita ($15–$19). As national income increased, the proportion of health expenditures on PHC generally decrease; however, the fraction of PHC expenditures spent via ambulatory care providers grew. Increases in the fraction of health expenditures on PHC was associated with lower maternal mortality rate (p value≤0.001), improved coverage of antenatal care visits (p value≤0.001), measles vaccination (p value≤0.001) and an increase in the Health Access and Quality index (p value≤0.05). PHC expenditure was not systematically associated with all-age mortality, communicable and non-communicable disease (NCD) burden.ConclusionPHC expenditures were associated with maternal and child health but were not associated with reduction in health burden for other key causes of disability, such as NCDs. To combat changing disease burdens, policy-makers and health professionals need to adapt primary healthcare to ensure continued impact on emerging health challenges.
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Khalil, Amber, Muhammad Asif y Mohammad Iftekhar Ashik Imran. "Assessing the Impact of Environmental Quality on Public Health Expenditure Central Asia". iRASD Journal of Economics 6, n.º 3 (13 de septiembre de 2024): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2024.0603.0235.
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This study utilizes panel data from 2002 to 2022 in Central Asia to analyze the impact of environmental quality on public health expenditures. This study employs the ARDL model to examine the short-run and long-run relationships between healthcare expenditure and pollution levels, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The data indicate a robust positive correlation between greenhouse gases and healthcare expenditures, demonstrating the effect of environmental pollution on public health. The study examines the relationship between socioeconomic variables, including GDP, death rates, and healthcare expenditures. This study concludes that reversing this trend hinges on improving environmental policy in the energy and industrial sectors. This research contributes to the existing knowledge by analyzing how various environmental elements and economic structures persistently impact health policy evolution in the region.
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Hošková, Elena y Iveta Zentková. "Environmental Aspects of V4 Household Consumption". Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 13, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2024): 35–40. https://doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2024-0008.
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Abstract As the standard of living rises, total household consumption increases. However, in addition to satisfying needs, high consumption also has negative consequences, one of which is environmental pollution. The main objective of this paper is to investigate how household consumption in the V4 countries affects the environment, particularly in terms of waste production. Household consumption is understood through expenditures on food and non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, clothing and footwear, and household furniture and equipment. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are employed for the analysis, using data from Eurostat covering the years 2004-2020. The results indicate that in all V4 countries, as expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages increases, household waste production also increases. Other monitored expenditures have varying impacts on waste production across different countries.
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López Pérez, Sugey de Jesús y Xavier Vence. "When Harmful Tax Expenditure Prevails over Environmental Tax: An Assessment on the 2014 Mexican Fiscal Reform". Sustainability 13, n.º 20 (13 de octubre de 2021): 11269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011269.
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This article examines the role of environmental taxation in mitigating environmental problems and contributing to sustainability in Mexico. It focuses on environmental tax revenues and tax expenditures since the 2014 Public Financial Reform (PFR), according to pro- or anti-environmental orientation. The research carried out combines the study of the regulation of the selected tax instruments, their classification and the empirical analysis of the tax revenues and tax expenditures associated with the different taxes over the periods of validity of the taxes and benefits studied, using the databases of the CIAT and the Mexican SHCP. A critical analysis addresses the weak environmental function of environment-related taxes (IEPS, ISAN…), as well as the late implementation and reduced impact of the carbon and pesticide taxes introduced in 2014. The evolution of tax incentives and expenditure is thoroughly examined by examining both environmental measures, which have evolved positively but within a very reduced level, and the most prevalent tax expenditure measures, with harmful impacts to the environment. Based on the results obtained, long-term structural changes in the Mexican tax system are suggested. As for the short to medium term, profound changes in tax expenditure are proposed to eliminate of those tax benefits harmful to the environment, introduce of tax benefits for circular activities (e.g., repairing, reusing and remanufacturing) and broaden the carbon tax base and rates. The conclusions include recommendations for moving towards a systemic green tax reform that assists the transformation towards a sustainable economy.
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López Pérez, Sugey de Jesús y Xavier Vence. "When Harmful Tax Expenditure Prevails over Environmental Tax: An Assessment on the 2014 Mexican Fiscal Reform". Sustainability 13, n.º 20 (13 de octubre de 2021): 11269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011269.
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This article examines the role of environmental taxation in mitigating environmental problems and contributing to sustainability in Mexico. It focuses on environmental tax revenues and tax expenditures since the 2014 Public Financial Reform (PFR), according to pro- or anti-environmental orientation. The research carried out combines the study of the regulation of the selected tax instruments, their classification and the empirical analysis of the tax revenues and tax expenditures associated with the different taxes over the periods of validity of the taxes and benefits studied, using the databases of the CIAT and the Mexican SHCP. A critical analysis addresses the weak environmental function of environment-related taxes (IEPS, ISAN…), as well as the late implementation and reduced impact of the carbon and pesticide taxes introduced in 2014. The evolution of tax incentives and expenditure is thoroughly examined by examining both environmental measures, which have evolved positively but within a very reduced level, and the most prevalent tax expenditure measures, with harmful impacts to the environment. Based on the results obtained, long-term structural changes in the Mexican tax system are suggested. As for the short to medium term, profound changes in tax expenditure are proposed to eliminate of those tax benefits harmful to the environment, introduce of tax benefits for circular activities (e.g., repairing, reusing and remanufacturing) and broaden the carbon tax base and rates. The conclusions include recommendations for moving towards a systemic green tax reform that assists the transformation towards a sustainable economy.
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Wang, Ruiliang, Jie Yan y Wenfu Wang. "The economic and environmental effects of China’s environmental expenditure under financing constraints". PLOS ONE 19, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2024): e0305246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305246.
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Sound ecological and environmental governance systems are critical for promoting green and low-carbon economic transformation and high-quality development. However, financing constraints are major obstacle to the revitalization and transformation of China’s real economy. In this study, we constructed an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model that incorporates two types of environmental expenditure and financing constraints, and discussed their economic and environmental effects. Based on this, we further considered the impacts of financing constraints on policy effects. Firstly, we found that increases in carbon emission reduction subsidies in government expenditure (1) increase total economic output and (2) motivate enterprises to increase emission reduction efforts and reduce pollution intensity and emissions, thereby reducing the inventory of environmental pollutants while balancing economic benefits and emission reduction. Secondly, increasing the proportion of government special expenditure on environmental protection promote output growth and directly reduces the pollution stock in the environment. However, such policies may also reduce the emission reduction efforts of enterprises, leading to increases in their pollution emissions and intensity. Lastly, the existence of financing constraints is not conducive to the growth of total output but increases the pollution control effect of emission reduction subsidies and pollution prevention expenditure. Application of the E-DSGE model offers new theoretical insight into environmental economics and macroeconomics. Moreover, the results of this study provide a reference for optimizing the structure of fiscal expenditure.
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Orynkanova, Zh y R. Baizholova. "Analysis of environmental expenditure in Kazakhstan". ECONOMIC Series of the Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov ENU, n.º 2 (2019): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2079-620x-2019-2-56-66.
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Saha, Anindita Roy y Gargee Sarkar. "Understanding environmental protection expenditure in India". Indian Public Policy Review 3, n.º 6 (Nov-Dec) (27 de noviembre de 2022): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55763/ippr.2022.03.06.003.
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Environmental protection (EP) refers to actions targeted to maintain or restore environmental quality associated with various economic activities through financial provision and initiatives. India’s suboptimal performance in EP and climate action so far raises an enquiry into the nature of priority assigned and provisions made for environmental protection expenditure (EPE). This paper examines the recent trends of EPE in India and finds a visibly lower share of EPE in total expenditure and lower rate of growth in comparison to other heads under Classification of the Functions of the Government (COFOG). Capital expenditure on EP has been less than current while subsidy, fund transfer, loans and advances have been near zero. The allocation for environment is inadequate in comparison to other budgetary heads. India fares poorly in EPE when compared to the leading OECD countries, who are global trendsetters for EPE. The current study points at the need for identifying EPE as a core priority area for designing sustainability policies for the long run, by suitably redesigning budget allocation and fund disbursement for implementation of environmental programmes.
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Orynkanova Z, Zh y R. A. Baizholova. "Analysis of environmental expenditure in Kazakhstan". ECONOMIC Series of the Bulletin of the L N Gumilyov ENU, n.º 2 (20 de enero de 2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2079-620x-2019-2-54-64.
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Environmental protection is an essential direction among the issues protectingthe national interests of any state. Today the question is highly relevant; it becomes the subjectof interest and new researches by academic economists. The future well-being of mankind andthe sustainable development of the economy are due to the successful solution of the problemof environmental protection as one of the most debated issues of our time. To a large extent,the successful implementation of this activity depends on the volume of investments and theeffectiveness of environmental protection measures. The purpose of the article is to analyze theexpenditure of environmental protection for adequacy to high man-made loads. In the processof researching the expenditures of environmental activities, methods of logical, statistical andcomparative analysis were used. In this research, firstly, identified priority areas for environmentalactivities in Kazakhstan, secondly, a decrease in the share of environmental protection expendituresas a percentage of the country’s GDP, and also an analysis of the environmental costs of the Republicof Kazakhstan for 2013~2017 by regions. The research confirmed that despite the annual increasein the cost of environmental protection in Kazakhstan, environmental protection is ineffective.The results of the research show that in order to level the negative impact on the environment, itis necessary to increase the costs of environmental protection activities as a percentage of GDP,including research and development in the field of environmental protection.
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Sundberg, Jeffrey. "Preferential Assessment for Open Space". Public Finance and Management 14, n.º 2 (junio de 2014): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211401400204.
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Land with little or no development, often referred to as open space, can provide environmental and amenity benefits to society. Twenty-three states use tax expenditures as an incentive to keep land undeveloped. These tax expenditures are the result of preferential assessments that reduce the property taxes on qualifying parcels. The programs vary in many ways, including the method used to determine the tax expenditure on a particular parcel, the conditions necessary for qualification, and the penalty for altering the use of land enrolled in the program. This review examines the programs and discusses the different approaches used. It presents a case study of tax expenditures for open space protection in Georgia, demonstrating the technique used to calculate the expenditure and the wide variation in costs across counties. The methods used to determine the tax expenditure amount and the nature of the benefits received lead to concerns about the efficiency of the programs.
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Das, Ramesh Chandra y Enrico Ivaldi. "Is Pollution a Cost to Health? Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry for the World’s Leading Polluting Economies". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 12 (20 de junio de 2021): 6624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126624.
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Making development sustainable in the long run is the goal of policy makers of countries all over the world. To attain such a goal, countries have to face the dynamics of pollution-income interactions in both the short and long run, which are observed along the well-known Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In the short run stage of the EKC, rising income and rising health expenditure may lead to rising pollution, while in the long run, as pollution continues, health expenditures increase, besides conservation of capital investment. The former is a common phenomenon in developing economies and the latter in the developed economies. Hence, there are both theoretical and empirical questions on whether health expenditures are caused by environmental pollution or not. The present study has attempted to investigate the issue from the theoretical point of view, through the endogenous growth framework, and by considering empirical observations for the world’s top 20 polluting countries for the period 1991–2019. The results show that per capita health expenditure and per capita pollution are cointegrated in the majority of the countries. However, in the short run, pollution is the cause of health expenditures for many developed countries in the list, and health expenditures are the cause of pollution in some of the developing countries. The results justify the claim of the endogenous growth model incorporating pollution and health expenditure.
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Opeloyeru, Olaide Sekinat, Nurudeen Abiodun Lawal y Kehinde Kabir Agbatogun. "Healthcare Financing and Health Outcomes: Analysis of Oil-Producing Countries in Africa". Management & Economics Research Journal 3, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.158.
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The major concern of the study is on healthcare financing and health outcomes in the major oil-producing countries in Africa. We used the data sorted from World Development Indicators (WDI) to identify the effect of four different health expenditures on the rate of mortalities on maternal, under-five, infant, neonatal and life expectancy at birth through random and fixed-effect models. This paper also takes cognizance of the environmental variable (pollution) that is common to the top 10 oil-producing countries in Africa. Our findings showed that high health expenditure from government, private and external sources improved health outcomes, while health expenditure from out of pocket is detrimental to health outcomes. Also, the environmental variable has a negative impact on life expectancy. The outcome of the paper indicated that there is a need to reduce environmental pollution, increase health expenditure from government, private, external sources and reduce out of pocket payments in the selected areas.
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Latif, Abdul, Andi Mardiana y St Aisyah. "The Effect Of Original Regional Income And General Allocation Funds On Capital Expenditure of Central Sulawesi Province The Year 2015-2019". Media Trend 17, n.º 2 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v17i2.15914.
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This study mainly aims, first, to find out the significant evidence of the effect of local revenue on capital expenditures in Central Sulawesi Province, Second, to understand the significant evidence of general allocation funds' effect on capital expenditures in Central Sulawesi Province, Third, to analyze the significant evidence of local revenue and general allocation funds simultaneously on capital expenditure in Central Sulawesi Province. The type of research used is quantitative data. Funds used in this research are secondary data provided by the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id) by making Central Sulawesi Province which consists of 13 districts and municipality into the area under study. The results showed partial hypothesis testing that, first, Local Own Income (X1) has no significant effect on Capital Expenditures (Y). Second, General Allocation Fund (X2) has no significant effect on Capital Expenditure (Y). Meanwhile, the simultaneous hypothesis testing results show that Local Own Revenue (X1) and General Allocation Fund (X2) have a significant effect on Capital Expenditure (Y). Keywords: Regional Original Income, General Allocation Fund, Capital Expenditure
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Badulescu, Daniel, Ramona Simut, Alina Badulescu y Andrei-Vlad Badulescu. "The Relative Effects of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution and Non-Communicable Diseases on Health Expenditures in European Union Countries". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 24 (14 de diciembre de 2019): 5115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245115.
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National and global health policies are increasingly recognizing the key role of the environment in human health development, which is related to its economic and social determinants, such as income level, technical progress, education, quality of jobs, inequality, education or lifestyle. Research has shown that the increase of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita can provide additional funds for health but also for environmental protection. However, often, economic growth is associated with the accelerated degradation of the environment, and this in turn will result in an exponential increase in harmful emissions and will implicitly determine the increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we investigate the role and effects of economic growth, environmental pollution and non-communicable diseases on health expenditures, for the case of EU (European Union) countries during 2000–2014. In order to investigate the long-term and the short-term relationship between them, we have employed the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. Using the Pedroni-Johansen cointegration methods, we found that the variables are cointegrated. The findings of this study show that economic growth is one of the most important factors influencing the health expenditures both in the long- and short-run in all the 28 EU countries. With regards to the influence of CO2 emissions on health expenditure, we have found a negative impact in the short-run and a positive impact on the long-run. We have also introduced an interaction between NCDs and environmental expenditure as independent variable, a product variable. Finally, we have found that in all the three estimated models, the variation in environmental expenditure produces changes in NCDs’ effect on health expenditure.
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Chandra, Cut Putri Silphia, Darwanis Darwanis y Ridwan Ibrahim. "Efisiensi Belanja Modal Pemerintah Daerah: Studi Pada Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Aceh". AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review) 5, n.º 2 (20 de julio de 2022): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/afr.v5i2.8037.
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Based on District/City Regional Government Financial Reports (LKPD) in Aceh, absorption of capital expenditures is still low compared to the previously set budget. In fact, the percentage of capital expenditure is very small compared to the total regional expenditure in each region. This study aims to determine the efficiency level of capital expenditures based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Regional Financial Efficiency Ratios (RFER) in districts/cities in Aceh Province for the 2016 until 2019. Research input variables are capital expenditures and the research output variables are local revenue, investment, and economic growth. The research population is all districts/cities in Aceh province. The analytical method used is DEA with the help of DEAP software version 2.1 and RFER according to the Ministry of Home Affairs No.690,900,327 (1996). The results show that the efficiency level of capital expenditure in districts/cities in Aceh Province for the 2016-2019 period is better using the RFER calculation than using the DEA method. This study concludes that the use of capital expenditures in districts/cities in Aceh Province is quite efficient, so it is necessary to improve the quality of regional capital expenditure management that can encourage an increase in own source income, investment, and economic growth.DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v5i.8037
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Singh, Nitish, Jieqiong Ma y Jie Yang. "Optimizing environmental expenditures for maximizing economic performance". Management Decision 54, n.º 10 (21 de noviembre de 2016): 2544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2016-0037.
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Purpose Corporate environmental expenditure has been a growing concern in recent years, yet mixed findings exist regarding its economic impact. The purpose of this paper is to explain the mixed relationship between environmental expenditure and economic performance from the natural-resource-based view. Design/methodology/approach Using Global Reporting Initiative survey data from 120 firms in 30 countries, this study uses PROCESS, a path-based analysis software, to test the moderation and mediation hypotheses in an integrated analytical model. Findings The findings show that environmental expenditure has a negative impact on economic performance through pollution prevention capability. In contrast, environmental expenditure has a positive impact on economic performance through product stewardship capability. Both effects are significantly strengthened when the firm is located in an environmentally munificent country. Practical implications This study intends to inform firm managers, especially those in environmentally munificent countries, to relocate their environmental expenditure to enhance firms’ economic performance. In particular, firms should focus more on the reduction of input, such as raw materials, energy, and water, instead of output, including emissions, effluents, and wastes. Originality/value The contrasting indirect effects of pollution prevention and product stewardship offer a viable explanation for the mixed findings in the existent literature on environmental expenditure from a new perspective.
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Perera, K. Manuja N., G. N. Duminda Guruge y Pushpa L. Jayawardana. "Household Expenditure on Tobacco Consumption in a Poverty-Stricken Rural District in Sri Lanka". Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, n.º 2 (15 de febrero de 2017): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517690225.
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Tobacco is a determinant of poverty and a barrier for development. Monaragala, a rural, agricultural district, reports the highest poverty-related indicators in southern Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study was used to describe the household expenditure on tobacco and its association with food- and education-related expenditures at household level. This study used a 4-stage cluster sampling method to recruit a representative sample of 1160 households. Response rate was 98.6%. Median monthly household income was LKR 20 000 (interquartile range [IQR] = LKR 12 000-30 000). The median monthly expenditure on tobacco was LKR 1000 (IQR = LKR 400-2000) with the highest spending tertile reporting a median of LKR 2700 (IQR = LKR 2000-3600).The proportionate expenditure from the monthly income ranged from 0.0% to 50% with a median of 5.0% (IQR = 2.0-10.0) and a mean of 7.4% (7.6). The poorest reported the highest mean proportionate expenditure (9.8%, SD = 10) from the household income. Household expenditure on tobacco negatively associated with expenditure on education.
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Qin, Fengqin. "Fiscal Expenditure Structure, Vertical Fiscal Imbalance and Environmental Pollution". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 13 (1 de julio de 2022): 8106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138106.
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Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2007 to 2019, the authors of this paper conducted an empirical test on the direct effect of China’s fiscal expenditure structure on the reduction in environmental pollution with the use of a fixed effect model. We also creatively added an interaction item comprising vertical fiscal imbalance and the expenditure structure to further study the impact of vertical fiscal imbalance on reducing environmental pollution and its effect on the fiscal expenditure structure. The study results show that a structure in favor of expenditure on people’s welfare noticeably reduces environmental pollution. However, after the introduction of the vertical fiscal imbalance indicator, the pollution reduction effect decreases. That is, the vertical fiscal imbalance weakens and distorts the impact of the fiscal expenditure structure on the reduction in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is possible to further motivate local governments with incentive measures, such as fiscal decentralization and the centralization of administrative responsibilities, and regulate the environmental pollution of local governments through use of restrictive measures, such as the “green GDP” evaluation mechanism to further improve the fiscal expenditure structure of local governments, enhance the environmental pollution reduction capability of fiscal expenditure.
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van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter D., Patrick Schrauwen, Stephanie van de Kerckhove y Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga. "Individual variation in body temperature and energy expenditure in response to mild cold". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 282, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2002): E1077—E1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2001.
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We studied interindividual variation in body temperature and energy expenditure, the relation between these two, and the effect of mild decrease in environmental temperature (16 vs. 22°C) on both body temperature and energy expenditure. Nine males stayed three times for 60 h (2000–0800) in a respiration chamber, once at 22°C and twice at 16°C, in random order. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, sleeping metabolic rate, activity-induced energy expenditure, and rectal and skin temperatures were measured. A rank correlation test with data of 6 test days showed significant interindividual variation in both rectal and skin temperatures and energy expenditures adjusted for body composition. Short-term exposure of the subjects to 16°C caused a significant decrease in body temperature (both skin and core), an increase in temperature gradients, and an increase in energy expenditure. The change in body temperature gradients was negatively related to changes in energy expenditure. This shows that interindividual differences exist with respect to the relative contribution of metabolic and insulative adaptations to cold.
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Wang, Yuze, Yuju Zhang, Chenchen Li y Minghui Wang. "Decomposition of driving factors and analysis of spatio-temporal differences of financial environmental expenditure performance". SHS Web of Conferences 163 (2023): 04030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316304030.
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In order to clarify what factors affect the performance of government fiscal environmental protection expenditure from the perspective of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” target, and to seek a key path to improve the performance of government fiscal environmental protection expenditure, this paper takes three provinces and one city in the Yangtze River Delta as an example, based on the LMDI model, the environmental protection expenditure performance is decomposed into eight driving factors in three dimensions. The research shows that fiscal environmental protection expenditure effectively promotes regional green development; the fiscal pressure dimension and social development dimension promoted the environmental protection expenditure performance, while the R&D innovation dimension inhibited the regional environmental protection expenditure performance. Among the eight driving factors considered, the effect of fiscal pressure on environmental protection has the strongest promoting effect on environmental protection expenditure performance, and the effect of R&D scale has the strongest inhibiting effect on environmental expenditure performance. At the same time, the temporal evolution trend and spatial characteristics of each factor are significantly different.
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Christiawan, Yulius Jogi, Juniarti Juniarti y Hendri Kwistianus. "Market Reaction to Capital Expenditure: Evidence from Company in Bankruptcy Risk". GATR Journal of Accounting and Finance Review (GATR-AFR) Vol. 7 (3) October - December 2022 7, n.º 3 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/afr.2022.7.3(2).
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Objective - This study aims to examine whether the condition of the bankruptcy risk of a company will influence the market response to capital expenditure. The main hypothesis of this research is that the positive market reaction to the level of capital expenditure issued will be different in companies with a high level of bankruptcy risk and companies with low bankruptcy risk. Methodology/Technique - The study was conducted on 56 companies with large capitalization on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2018-2021. Findings - The results of hypothesis testing indicate that the market responds positively to capital expenditures and the company's bankruptcy risk conditions. In addition, it is proven that in companies at risk of bankruptcy, the market reacts positively to capital expenditures made by companies. In contrast, in companies that are not in a state of bankruptcy, the market does not respond to capital expenditures made by companies. The results of this study are expected to be used by market participants when they analyze the information on capital expenditures made by the company. Novelty - This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence which explores a company's bankruptcy risk as the unique factor that affects the relationship between capital expenditure and market response. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Capital Expenditure, Bankruptcy Risk, Market Response, Capital Investment JEL Classification: G30, G31
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Awais, Muhammad, Alam Khan y Muhammad Salman Ahmad. "Determinants of health expenditure from global perspective: A panel data analysis". Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, n.º 1 (29 de junio de 2021): 482–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.31.
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A prominent enhancement in health expenditure is a severe apprehension for the whole world because of the increasing cost of health. Consideration of various aspects that are playing role in the increase of health expenditure need to be considered. Health is one of the significant parts of the world, therefore, improvement in health status has become the main objective of the nations and a top leading goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The main goal of the present study is to investigate the worldwide, and income-based categorized countries (developed, developing, and transitional countries) macroeconomic determinants of health expenditure. The aim is to estimate the health expenditures, and its impact on demographic, economic, and environmental determinants. For the empirical analysis, the data was retrieved from the World Bank, covering the time span 2000-2016 for developed, developing, and transitional countries. The results of the study concluded that macroeconomic variables significantly affect health expenditures. Moreover, personal remittances have a dual effect on health expenditure, i.e. a positive impact on transitional economies, while a negative impact on developing economies. In the same way, CO2 emission has a negative impact on worldwide, developed countries.
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Park, Hyerang y Hyunchul Kim. "Changes in the private tutoring expenditure timeseries for each province". Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, n.º 20 (31 de octubre de 2022): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.20.721.
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Objectives The purpose of this study is to extract the income change effect eliminated private tutoring expenditures timeseries for each school level and province and examine the education policies, which are likely to have influenced the inflection of the time series. Methods This study derives the timeseries of Fisher price index for private tutoring expenditures by school level and province. The data of 2007-2019 Private expenditures survey of Statistics Korea were used for the analysis. Results The results of this study showed that the income change effect eliminated private tutoring expenditures timeseries had different movement with nominal private education expenditure timeseries. Income change effect eliminated private tutoring expenditures increased only 0.29% between 2007 and 2019. The expenditure for the elementary school was most decreased in Jeonnam and Ulsan, that for the middle school was most decreased in Daejeon and Gyeongnam, and that for the high school was the most increased in Chungnam and Gwangju. The total expenditure was the most increased in Jeju and Jeonbuk, and the most decreased in Ulsan and Gangwon. Conclusions In spite of the large increase in nominal private tutoring expenditures, income change effect eliminate private tutoring expenditures stayed relatively stable in every school level and province. The advantages of the analysis of income change effect eliminate private tutoring expenditures and the analysis by province were discussed.
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Machfuda, Mochamad Khoirul y Hj Nanik Kustiningsih MM. "E. Analisis Kualitas Sumber Daya ManusiaTerhadap Ketepatan Waktu Laporan SPJ Pengeluaran (Studi Kasus pada Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Jawa Timur)". Economics and Sustainable Development 6, n.º 1 (7 de junio de 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54980/esd.v6i1.139.
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Abstrak
Belanja Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) tentunya sangat berkaitan dengan setiap lembaga pemerintah. Belanja SKPD merupakan pengeluaran dana yang digunakan untuk membiayai kegiatan operasional kantor, dimana setiap pengeluaran atau belanja harus dilengkapi bukti yang lengkap dan sah yang akan digunakan untuk proses penyusunan SPJ Pengeluaran. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik melakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kualitas sumber daya manusia, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi, dan pengendalian akuntansi internal terhadap ketepatan waktu pelaporan SPJ Pengeluaran di Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer yang diperoleh langsung dari Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Jawa Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Jawa Timur menunjukkan bahwa kualitas sumber daya manusia, memberikan pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap ketepatan waktu laporan SPJ Pengeluaran Dinas
Kata Kunci : kualitas sumber daya manusia, ketepatan waktu, laporan pertanggungjawaban
Abstract
Expenditures for regional work units (SKPD) are of course closely related to every government agency. SKPD expenditure is an expenditure of funds used to finance office operational activities, where each expenditure or expenditure must be accompanied by complete and valid evidence that will be used for the process of preparing the SPJ for Expenditure. Therefore, researchers are interested in conducting research that aims to analyze the influence of the quality of human resources, the use of information technology, and internal accounting controls on the timeliness of reporting SPJ Expenditures at the Environmental Office of East Java Province. This research uses qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The data source used is primary data obtained directly from the Environmental Office of East Java Province. The results showed that the Department of Environment of the Province of East Java showed that the quality of human resources had a positive and significant effect on the timeliness of the SPJ report on official expenditures.
Keyword : the quality of human resources,timeliness, accountability
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SENGUL, Seda y Çiler SİGEZE. "A Cohort Analysis of Food Expenditure Away From Home in Turkey". Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 6, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2023): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1094441.
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In this study, the expenditures of food away from home of households are examined using the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey, which was conducted by the Turkish Institute of Statistics from 2002 to 2018. We adopt the Dependent Double Hurdle model with the incorporation of age, period, and cohort effects and the impact of socio-demographic variables. Analysis results reveal that the cohort and age effects are significant in both participation and consumption on food expenditure away from home of household. The findings suggest that the expenditure of food away from home for younger cohorts rises faster for older cohorts. The elasticity of food expenditures for cohorts and age groups is increasing from the youngest cohort and from the youngest age group to the oldest cohort which is the largest age group. The results show that participation and consumption decisions are significantly affected by income and demographic characteristics in Turkey.
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Mukwarami, Silas y Huibrecht M. Van der Poll. "Environmental Management Expenditure and Fiscal Sustainability of South African Urban Municipalities: A Panel Data Model". Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 4, n.º 2 (30 de agosto de 2023): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v4i2.942.
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Globally, instituting good environmental management practices within cities in developing countries is a climate-induced risk mitigation strategy. It is, however, an opportunity for local municipalities to achieve fiscal sustainability objectives and environmentally responsible decisions. Cash-constrained local municipalities are characterized by failures to balance environmental and financial needs, resulting in complex urban sustainability challenges. Therefore, this article examines the relationship between environmental management expenditure and fiscal sustainability (FS) in South African local municipalities to contribute to the debate concerning the sustainability of environmental protection projects in local municipalities. The study employed ordinary least squares and feasible generalized least squares to estimate coefficients of linear regression equations involving data collected from 30 local municipalities from 2012 to 2021. The results suggest that only wastewater and environmental protection expenditures positively impact FS, with solid waste management expenditure influencing the FS negatively. Lessons from the research will assist policymakers and municipal administrators in addressing environmental policy incoherence for the improved financial viability of environmental protection projects. Lastly, future research can focus on environmental data collection and reporting for improved and informed environmental protection decisions.
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Moosa, Nisreen, Osama Al-Hares, Vikash Ramiah y Kashif Saleem. "Environmental considerations and the financing of healthcare: Evidence from sixteen European countries". Corporate Ownership and Control 17, n.º 1 (2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i1siart3.
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The results of empirical work on the relation between health expenditure and environmental quality invariably show that environmental degradation has a positive effect on health expenditure, in the sense that more resources are allocated to healthcare to combat the effect of environmental degradation on health. In this paper, the relation between environmental degradation and health expenditure is examined by using data on 16 European countries. The analysis is conducted by using simulation, mathematical derivation and empirical testing using ARDL, FMOLS and non-nested model selection tests. The results reveal that in all cases the relation between per capita health expenditure and CO2 emissions is significantly negative and that in some cases the addition of income per capita as an explanatory variable does not make much difference. Negative correlation between health expenditure and environmental degradation is explained in terms of the environmental Kuznets curve and expenditure on environmental protection.
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Babarinde, Gbenga Festus, Idera Tajudeen Abdulmajeed y Matthew Oladapo Gidigbi. "Environmental Factors and Bank Performance In Nigeria: A Panel GMM Approach". International Journal of Accounting and Business Society 31, n.º 3 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ijabs.2023.31.3.781.
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Purpose—This paper examines the impact of various environmental factors on the performance of banks in Nigeria. Specifically, the study analyzes how exchange rates, GDP growth, government expenditures, and interest rates influence the performance of selected Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach—The study uses annual data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and the annual reports and accounts of 12 randomly selected DMBs for the period from 2009 to 2018. The Panel Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach is employed to estimate the relationships between environmental factors and bank performance. Findings — The research finds that GDP growth, interest rates, and government expenditure all have a positive and significant impact on the performance of banks. Among these factors, government expenditure has the most substantial effect on the earnings per share (EPS) of the selected banks. Practical implications — Based on the findings, it is recommended that banks should manage their interest rates creatively within legal constraints to enhance performance. Banks should also pay close attention to government fiscal policies, especially expenditures, and incorporate these into their strategic decision-making. Additionally, banks are encouraged to develop policies, products, and services that support economic growth in Nigeria, potentially through development finance initiatives. Originality/value—This study uses a robust panel data approach to provide valuable insights into how environmental factors affect bank performance in Nigeria. By highlighting the significant role of government expenditures and other factors, it offers practical recommendations for banks to improve their performance and align their strategies with macroeconomic conditions. This research contributes to understanding banking performance in emerging economies, particularly within the context of Nigeria.
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Nyika, Farai, Izunna Anyikwa, Simbarashe Mhaka y David Mhlanga. "Does environmental degradation matter for healthcare expenditure and health outcomes? Evidence from the Caucasus region and Russia (2000–2020)". BRICS Journal of Economics 5, n.º 3 (20 de septiembre de 2024): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.5.e127270.
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Purpose: The study explores the complex relationship between environmental degradation, healthcare expenditure and health outcomes in the Caucasus region and Russia between 2000 and 2020. Methodology: We employ ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) and Granger causality analyses to assess the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on healthcare expenditure and quality of life indicators in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia. Findings: Our results reveal a significant and lasting impact of carbon dioxide and methane emissions on healthcare expenditures, but we did not find a clear causal link between greenhouse gas emissions and quality of life indicators. This points to an intricate correlation between environmental factors and health systems. Implications: we emphasize the need for sustainable development strategies that effectively address both environmental and health challenges. Originality: This study fills a critical gap in the existing literature on the intersection of environmental economics and public health. It offers valuable insights for policymakers grappling with the dual challenges of environmental degradation and healthcare management.