Tesis sobre el tema "Enod40"

La symbiose qui s'etablit entre les legumineuses et les rhizobia conduit au developpement d'un nouvel organe racinaire, la nodosite, dont la morphogenese necessite l'expression de genes vegetaux specifiques. Le gene enod40 s'exprime dans les cellules corticales en division des l'initiation du primordium nodulaire et code pour un arn a petites orf. Ce travail de these contribue a l'analyse de l'action du gene enod40 lors de la nodulation. Nous avons montre qu'en situation de carence azotee et en absence de rhizobia, la surexpression d'enod40 induisait la dedifferenciation et la division des cellules du cortex racinaire. De plus, les plantes transgeniques m. Truncatula surexprimant enod40 ont presente, lors de leur interaction avec les bacteries rhizobia, une acceleration de leur cinetique de nodulation, et lors de leur interaction avec le champignon glomus mosseae, un nombre accru de mycorhizes. L'analyse de deux lignees transgeniques presentant de la cosuppression a montre une correlation entre la non-expression d'enod40 et une reduction du nombre de nodosites par plante ainsi qu'une perturbation de leur developpement. Nous avons aussi cherche a determiner la forme moleculaire du produit du gene et a analyser les mecanismes moleculaires mis en jeu lors de son action. Par microbombardement et par fusions traductionnelles, nous avons montre que l'arn enod40 possedait au moins 2 regions biologiquement actives. L'activite de la region 5 de l'arn enod40 serait liee a la traduction d'une petite orf de 13 acides aminees, tandis que l'activite de la region 3 serait liee a la traduction d'une autre orf de 27 acides aminees chez m. Truncatula. Enod40 participerait donc au controle de la formation et de la differenciation des organes symbiotiques au sein du cortex racinaire. Il ferait partie d'une nouvelle classe de regulateurs de croissance chez les plantes. La caracterisation d'un tel gene ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur la signalisation chez les vegetaux.

Il gene ENOD40 è una nodulina precoce ed è indotto durante i primi stadi di formazione del nodulo radicale in risposta alle interazioni tra le leguminose ed i batteri simbionti del genere Rhizobia. Omologhi del gene ENOD40 sono stati identificati in diverse specie e la sua espressione, non unicamente correlata alla formazione del nodulo, è stata osservata in tessuti giovani e meristematici. Una caratteristica che accomuna i geni ENOD40 è l’assenza di un lunga open reading frame (ORF); al contrario, molte piccole ORF sono generalmente presenti nei trascritti. Il gene contiene due regioni altamente conservate chiamate box1 e box2. Tra le diverse specie è conservata l’ORF (ORF1) del box1, che sembra codificare per un putativo peptide di 10-13 amminoacidi. Inoltre, il gene contiene regioni corrispondenti a strutture conservate a livello del trascritto. Sei domini sono stati individuati nel mRNA del gene e due di questi domini sono fortemente conservati tra le leguminose e le non leguminose. Nonostante decenni di ricerche, il ruolo del gene ENOD40 non è stato finora completamente chiarito. La natura biologica del gene è tuttora in discussione, infatti se l’attività biologica del gene dipenda dall’ RNA o da entrambi è ancora da chiarire. I due principali obiettivi del mio progetto di ricerca sono: da una parte, indagare la possibile presenza del putativo peptide codificato dal box1 utilizzando cellule BY-2 che overesprimono il gene e dall’altra, studiare il ruolo del gene ENOD40 in piante non leguminose, utilizzando Arabidopsis thaliana. Nella prima parte del lavoro è stata messa appunto una procedura di purificazione per cercare il putativo peptide in cellule BY-2 che overesprimevano il gene ENOD40 di tabacco. Fin ad ora il putativo peptide non è mai stato trovato in vivo; è stato però suggerito da diverse osservazioni che il gene potrebbe, almeno in parte, agire attraverso il peptide codificato dall’ORF1. La procedura messa appunto consiste in un cut-off iniziale, seguita da cromatografia a scambio ionico, estrazione di cambio solido, HPLC-DAD e spettrometria di massa (LC-ESI-MS e MALDI-TOF). Purtroppo, nonostante i diversi tentativi per mettere appunto la procedura di purificazione e le diverse tecniche utilizzate per l'analisi delle frazioni putativamente peptide-arricchite, solo l’analisi MALDI-TOF PSD ha dato un primo indizio sulla possibile presenza del peptide in cellule BY-2 che overesprimevano il gene ENOD40. Nella seconda parte del lavoro, il possibile ruolo del gene è stato indagato mediante l’analisi metabolomica e trascrizionale in piante di Arabidopsis che overesprimevano il gene ENOD40 di soia. I profili metabolici e trascrizionali di tre linee di Arabidopsis trasformate con il gene ENOD40 sono stati acquisiti e confrontati con quelli ottenuti da piante wild type. In seguito, l'analisi dei biomarcatori dei dati ottenuti dalle analisi di metabolomica e trascrittomica è stata utilizzata per identificare i metaboliti e i trascritti che hanno mostrato un maggiore correlazione con l'overespressione del gene. Dai profili metabolici è emerso che le tre linee trasformate sono caratterizzate dalla presenza di glucosinolati, mentre i flavonoidi caratterizzano principalmente le piante wild type. Per quanto riguarda i profili trascrizionali, la maggior parte dei geni indotti nelle tre linee trasformate (12 su 23), sono correlati con processi che avvengono nella parete cellulare. Dato che, la parete cellulare determina la forma delle cellule, il gene ENOD40 potrebbe essere coinvolto in un processo che controlla la composizione e le dinamiche della parete. Precedenti studi morfologici condotti sulle stesse linee trasformate di Arabidopsis hanno dimostrato che queste piante presentano organi con dimensioni normali ma formati da celle più piccole; inoltre protoplasti di Arabidopsis trasfettati con il gene ENOD40 sono caratterizzati da una ridotta espansione. Questi dati hanno suggerito che il gene potrebbe avere un ruolo nel mantenere le cellule in uno stadio giovane e poco differenziato. L'osservazione che le linee trasformate di Arabidopsis accumulino glucosinolati, metabolici tipici di tessuti giovani, suggerisce che, anche dal punto di vista metabolico, le cellule trasformate hanno caratteristiche tipiche di cellule più giovani, mentre le cellule wild type accumulano maggiormente i flavonoidi, metaboliti secondari tipici dello stato differenziato. Per quanto riguarda l'analisi trascrizionale, dal momento che le piante trasformate sono morfologicamente caratterizzate da cellule con dimensioni ridotte, i geni indotti in queste linee, potrebbero essere coinvolti nella prevenzione dell’espansione cellulare. Questo ruolo del gene, atto a mantenere le cellule in uno stadio giovanile, è supportato anche dai profili di espressione del gene riportati in letteratura.
ENOD40 is an Early Nodulin gene that it is know to play a key role in nodule formation in response to interaction of legume plants with symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria. Homologues of ENOD40 genes have been identified in several plant species and its expression is observed during the initiation and development of new organs, such as nodules, lateral roots, young leaves and stipule primordia. ENOD40 gene has an unusual structure: it lacks a long open reading frame, but several short ORFs are present. Moreover, at nucleotide level, two regions, named box1 and box2, are highly conserved among all ENOD40 genes. In box 1 region, a highly conserved ORF (ORF 1) is present and it seems to encode a putative peptide of 10-13 amino acids. Furthermore, the gene contains regions corresponding to conserved secondary structures of the transcript. Six domains were identified in ENOD40 mRNA and two of these domains are strongly conserved among legume and non legume species. Despite several researches, the roles of the ENOD40 gene has not been so far completely elucidated. Moreover, whether the biological activity should be ascribed to RNA or peptide, or both, is still unclear. For this reason, the two main goals of the research are: to investigate the possible presence of the putative peptide encoded by box1 of the ENOD40 gene in BY-2 cells and to investigate the role of ENOD40 gene in non legume plants, using Arabidopsis thaliana. That ENOD40 could act, at least in part, through the peptide encode by box1 is suggested by several observations, but no one have revealed biochemically the putative peptide. In the first part of the work a purification procedure consisting of membrane cut-off, ion exchange chromatography, solid exchange extraction, HPLC-DAD and mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF) was set up to search for the putative peptide in BY-2 cells overexpressing NtENOD40 gene. Unfortunately, despite several attempts to set up the purification procedure and the different and sensitive techniques used for the analysis of the putatively peptide-enriched fractions, only MALDI-TOF PSD analysis gave an initial clue of the possible presence of the peptide in ENOD40 overexpressing BY2 cells. In the second part of the work, the possible role of the gene has been investigated through the metabolomics and transcriptomics characterization of ENOD40 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. Metabolite and transcriptional profiles of the three Arabidopsis lines overexpressing soybean ENOD40 gene were acquired and compared to those obtained from wild type plants. Afterward, biomarker analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic dataset was used in order to identify the metabolites and transcripts that showed the higher correlation with the overexpression of ENOD40 gene. In the metabolite profiles, glucosinolate metabolites characterized all the three transformed lines compared with the wild type, while flavonoids mainly characterized wild type plants. With regard to transcriptional profiling, most of the genes upregulated in the three transformed lines (twelve out of twenty-three), were correlated with processes occurring in the cell wall. Thus, the cell wall is the mechanical determinant of cell shape and size ENOD40 gene could be involved in a process that controls the composition and the dynamics of the cell wall. In conclusion, previous morphological studies on the same Arabidopsis thaliana ENOD40 transformed lines used in this work have been showed that these plants are characterised by normal organs containing smaller cells, and on ENOD40 transfected Arabidopsis protoplasts are characterized by reduced expansion, suggested that the gene could have some role in keeping the cells in a “young” state . The observation that ENOD40 transformed Arabidopsis lines accumulate high levels of glucosinolates, that are typical of the young tissues, suggests that, also from the metabolic point of view, the transformed cells have features typical of younger cells, whereas wild type cells use their metabolic resources to accumulate flavonoids, another class of secondary metabolites more typical of differentiated state. With regard to transcriptomic analysis, since transformed plants are morphologically characterized by small cell size, the genes upregulated in the transformed lines, involved in cell wall dynamics and composition, could be involved in the prevention of cell expansion. The role of ENOD40 in maintenance of cells in a “young state” is also supported by the expression patterns of ENOD40 genes reported in literature.

L'interaction symbiotique entre les Légumineuses et les rhizobia conduit à la formation d'un nouvel organe racinaire : la nodosité symbiotique. Chez le partenaire végétal, le gène Enod40, un gène de noduline précoce, est impliqué dans cette interaction et code pour un ARN à petites ORFs. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés d'une part aux processus de communication cellulaires impliqués dans l'organogenèse de la nodosité et d'autre part au mode d'action de ce gène. Nous avons tout d'abord étudié le rôle de ce gène dans d'autres processus que la nodulation comme la formation des galles en réponse à la colonisation par les nématodes et la croissance racinaire en réponse à l'AVG chez Medicago truncatula et le riz. Nous avons ensuite démontré que la formation de la nodosité impliquait l'établissement d'une connexion symplasmique entre les cellules du primordium et le phloème. Cette communication est par ailleurs régulée au cours du développement de la nodosité. L'implication du gène Enod40 dans ces processus de communications cellulaires a ensuite été analysée en testant l'effet de sa surexpression. Enfin, dans le but de comprendre le mode d'action moléculaire de ce gène particulier, le rôle de la traduction des petites ORFs sur la stabilité de l'ARN Enod40 a été étudié, puis nous avons recherché et identifié des partenaires protéiques de cet ARN ainsi que des gènes induits par sa surexpression. Ces résultats contribuent à la caractérisation des processus de communications cellulaires impliqués dans les phénomènes d'organogenèse végétaux et ouvrent des perspectives pour la compréhension du mode d'action de cette classe particulière d'ARNs à petites ORFs
The symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and rhizobia leads to the formation of a new root organ: the symbiotic nodule. In the plant partner, the Enod40 gene, an early nodulin gene, is involved in this interaction and encodes a short ORFs-containing RNA. During this PhD work, we have focused our attention on the cell-to-cell communication processes involved in nodule organogenesis as well as the mode of action of this gene. We have initially studied the role of this gene in other processes than nodulation, like gall formation in response to nematode colonization and root growth in response to AVG in Medicago truncatula and rice. Then, we have demonstrated that the formation of the nodule involved the establishment of a symplasmic connection between the cells of the primordium and the phloem. This communication is regulated throughout development of the nodule. The involvement of the Enod40 gene in these cell-to-cell communication processes was also analyzed by testing the effect of its overexpression. Finally, in order to understand the molecular mode of action of this peculiar gene, we have studied the role of short ORFs translation on the stability of the Enod40 RNA, and we have searched for and characterized partners of this RNA as well as genes induced by its overexpression. These results contribute to the characterization of cell-to-cell communication processes involved in plant organogenesis and open new perspectives for the understanding of the mode of action of this particular class of short ORFs-containing RNAs

In software development, debugging is one option for finding a bug. Source code can be debugged by entering print statements to investigate values of variables or by using a dedicated debugger tool. With a debugger, the program can be stopped at a certain point and see the values of variables, without changing the code. Real-time software code is complex. Complex source code always requires careful testing, design and quality assurance. Debugging helps to achieve these requirements. Debugging is harder in a real-time environment and it takes more time which means that developers must have effective debugging tools. To be effective in debugging in a real-time environment, it requires an informative logging tool. This thesis concentrates to help LTE L2 debugging with the tool implemented in this work. The logging tool parses the binary data got from eNodeB to a readable form in a text file. Traced fields and values can be investigated in a certain time. With this L2 data flow can be verified
Ohjelmistokehityksessä virheenjäljittämistä käytetään vian löytämiseen. Virheenjäljitystä voidaan tehdä lisäämällä lähdekoodin tulostuslauseita, joilla tutkitaan esimerkiksi muuttujien arvoa halutulla hetkellä koodissa. Toinen tapa on virheenjäljittäjän käyttäminen koodia ajettaessa. Silloin ohjelma voidaan pysäyttää haluttuun kohtaan ja tutkia muuttujien sen hetkisiä arvoja ilman koodimuutoksia. Reaaliaikainen koodi on kompleksista ja vaatii aina huolellista testausta sekä laadunvarmistusta. Virheenjäljitys on reaaliaikaisessa ympäristössä hankalampaa ja aikaa vievää, jolloin ohjelmistokehittäjillä täytyy olla tehokkaat virheenjäljitystyökalut. Reaaliaikaisessa ohjelmistossa tehokas virheenjäljitys vaatii myös informatiivisen lokityökalun. Tämä diplomityö keskittyy auttamaan LTE L2 virheenjäljitystä työssä toteutettavan lokityökalun avulla. Lokityökalu purkaa eNodeB-tukiasemasta saadut binääritiedostot lukemiskelpoiseen muotoon tekstitiedostoon. Tekstitiedostosta voidaan tutkia halutulla ajanhetkellä olevien jäljitettyjen muuttujien arvoja. Tällä voidaan varmistaa, onko LTE L2:n tiedonvirtaus sujunut onnistuneesti

The LTE eNodeB base station software is composed of various interconnected components, which handle different functionalities. Integration testing is used to test the interfaces and interactions between the components when they are combined together. In agile software development new software component builds are created frequently, which leads to a need for a quick and automated testing environment. This thesis focuses on improving the level of automation in the LTE User Plane software integration testing continuous integration environment. Two different subjects, interface specification adaptation and test scenario configuration, are addressed in this study. An automated system triggered by the continuous integration platform is implemented to update the testing environment so that it complies with the latest interface specification. In addition, a new software tool is developed as a proof of concept for an alternative method for test script writing and test case creation. The tool is used to create and configure test scenarios in a graphical user interface and to automatically generate test scripts from the configuration instead of writing the test scripts manually. The operation of the automated adaptation system was observed for more than a year with over a hundred interface specification changes. Results show a substantial reduction in processing time when comparing to the earlier manual process and no errors were detected in the output. The new software tool for creating test scenarios achieves its goal. The tool enables the creation and configuration of basic test scenarios in the graphical user interface and the generated test scripts can be executed successfully
LTE eNodeB -tukiasema koostuu useasta toisiinsa yhteydessä olevasta komponentista, jotka käsittelevät eri toiminnallisuuksia. Integraatiotestausta käytetään komponenttien välisten rajapintojen ja vuorovaikutusten testaamiseen. Ketterässä ohjelmistokehityksessä uusia käännöksiä ohjelmistokomponenteista luodaan usein, mikä luo tarpeen nopealle ja automatisoidulle testiympäristölle. Tämä diplomityö keskittyy parantamaan automaation tasoa LTE User Plane -ohjelmiston integraatiotestauksen jatkuvan integroinnin ympäristössä. Työssä käsitellään kahta eri aihetta: rajapintamäärittelyihin mukautumista sekä testiskenaarioiden konfiguraatiota. Automatisoitu järjestelmä, jonka käynnistää jatkuvan integroinnin alusta, toteutetaan päivittämään testiympäristö noudattamaan viimeisintä rajapintamäärittelyä. Lisäksi uusi ohjelmistotyökalu kehitetään osoituksena vaihtoehtoisesta tavasta testikoodin kirjoittamiseen ja testitapausten luomiseen. Työkalua käytetään graafisessa käyttöliittymässä testiskenaarioiden muodostamiseen ja konfigurointiin sekä testikoodin automaattiseen tuottamiseen konfiguraatioiden pohjalta käsin kirjoittamisen sijaan. Automatisoidun mukautumisjärjestelmän toimintaa tarkkailtiin yli vuoden ajan, jona aikana havaittiin yli sata rajapintamäärittelyiden muutosta. Tulokset osoittavat huomattavan vähennyksen suoritusajassa verrattuna edeltäneeseen manuaaliseen prosessiin. Järjestelmän tuotoksissa ei tarkkailuajanjakson aikana havaittu virheitä. Uusi ohjelmistotyökalu testiskenaarioiden luomiseen täyttää sille asetetun tavoitteen. Työkalu mahdollistaa yksinkertaisten testiskenaarioiden luomisen ja konfiguraation graafisessa käyttöliittymässä. Työkalulla tuotetut testikoodit voidaan suorittaa onnistuneesti

To elaborate on the function(s) of the ENOD8 gene in the nodules of M. truncatula, several different experimental approaches were used. A census of the ENOD8 genes was first completed indicating that only ENOD8.1 (nt10554-12564 of GenBank AF463407) is highly expressed in nodule tissues. A maltose binding protein-ENOD8 fusion protein was made with an E. coli recombinant system. A variety of biochemical assays were undertaken with the MBP-ENOD8 recombinant protein expressed in E. coli, which did not yield the esterase activity observed for ENOD8 protein nodule fractions purified from M. sativa, tested on general esterase substrates, α-naphthyl acetate, and p-nitrophenylacetate. Attempts were also made to express ENOD8 in a Pichia pastoris system; no ENOD8 protein could be detected from Pichia pastoris strains which were transformed with the ENOD8 expression cassette. Additionally, it was shown that the ENOD8 protein can be recombinantly synthesized by Nicotiana benthamiana in a soluble form, which could be tested for activity toward esterase substrates, bearing resemblance to nodule compounds, such as the Nod factor. Transcription localization studies using an ENOD8 promoter gusA fusion indicated that ENOD8 is expressed in the bacteroid-invaded zone of the nodule. The ENOD8 protein was also detected in that same zone by immunolocalization. Confocal immunomicroscopy with an affinity-purified anti-ENOD8 oligopeptide antibody showed that the ENOD8 protein localizes at the interface between the plant and the bacteroid-differentiated rhizobia, in the symbiosome membrane or symbiosome space. This suggests a possible link between ENOD8 protein and bacteroid differentiation, nitrogen fixation, or plant defense. These possible functions for ENOD8 could be tested with an ENOD8-RNAi transgenic line devoid of detectable ENOD8 proteins.

Radio access networks are constantly evolving into a more data intensive direction, emphasizing lower latencies and higher data rates. The growing number of mobile data users and the amount of data they consume requires more data processing capacity from mobile base stations than ever before. As radio access networks evolve according to 3GPP’s plans, so do base station hardware and software. This thesis presents a method for estimating data-link layer processing latencies in an LTE base station. Estimation helps base station manufacturers identify technical performance bottlenecks. It also provides an indication of what level of capacity can be offered to customers. Customers require capacity specifications before products are even implemented so that they can start planning their networks based on these estimated capacity limits. Knowing the capacity limits of new products before they are implemented is a key selling point when the products are being marketed towards network operators. A performance comparison of three different data-link layer implementations of an LTE base station is also presented. Measurement-based worst-case execution time estimation methods are used to create a parameterized model of each implementation. Modeling is done by relating changes in input parameters to changes in the observed execution times using statistical modeling techniques. Measurements are conducted using designed experiments. The resulting models are verified and validated, after which they can be used to estimate processing latencies for different parameter configurations, and to estimate capacity limits of future base station products
Radioliityntäverkkojen kehityksessä on viime aikoina keskitytty viiveiden lyhentämiseen ja tiedonsiirtonopeuksien kasvattamiseen. Mobiilidatan käyttäjien ja heidän käyttämänsä datan kasvava määrä vaatii tukiasemilta enemmän tiedonkäsittelykapasiteettia kuin koskaan aiemmin. Kun radioliityntäverkkoja kehitetään 3GPP:n kehityssuunnitelmien mukaan, samalla kehittyvät myös verkon tukiasemien laitteistot ja ohjelmistot. Tässä työssä esitetään menetelmä, jonka avulla voidaan ennustaa LTE -tukiaseman siirtoyhteyskerroksen latensseja. Ennustaminen auttaa tukiasemavalmistajia tunnistamaan teknisiä suorituskyvyn pullonkauloja. Ennusteet myös tarjoavat mahdollisuuden arvioida, kuinka paljon kapasiteettia uudet tuotteet voivat tukea. Verkko-operaattorit vaativat tietoa uusien tuotteiden kapasiteettirajoituksista jo ennen kuin tuotteet ovat vielä valmiita. He käyttävät tätä tietoa verkkosuunnittelunsa tukena. Kapasiteettirajoitusten tunteminen jo ennen tuotteiden toteutusta on tärkeä myyntivaltti, kun uusia tukiasematuotteita markkinoidaan operaattoreille. Tässä työssä esitetään myös kolmen erilaisen LTE-tukiaseman siirtoyhteyskerroksen toteutuksen suorituskykyvertailu. Mittauksiin perustuvia huonoimman suoritusajan arviointimenetelmiä käytetään luomaan parametrimalli kustakin toteutuksesta. Mallinnus toteutetaan suhteuttamalla parametrien arvojen muutokset niistä aiheutuvien siirtoyhteyskerroksen käsittelylatenssien muutoksiin käyttäen tilastollisia mallinnusmenetelmiä. Mittaukset toteutetaan käyttäen suunniteltuja kokeita. Tuloksena saatavat mallit todennetaan, minkä jälkeen niitä voidaan käyttää ennustamaan käsittelylatensseja eri parametriyhdistelmille. Malleja voidaan käyttää myös ennustamaan tulevien toteutusten tukemaa kapasiteettia ja suorituskykyä

In modern society, security has become an increasingly important subject, as technologyhas become an integrated part of everyday life. The security of a system can be tested withthe help of fuzzing, where incoming messages to the system are altered. In this thesis, afuzzer was developed targeting an E-UTRAN Node B (eNB) in the Long-Term Evolution(LTE) landscape. The eNB is current prototype and is from the company Ericsson. Thefuzzer is particularly designed for testing the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of theeNB. The fuzzer uses a genetic method where all of the fuzzer’s flags (the R, F2, E, LCID, Fand L flags) are triggered during the fuzzing period. Depending on the output of the firstgeneration of fuzzed values, new values are generated either by choosing a value close tothe original value, or by choosing a value that belong to the same subgroup as the originalvalue. Four test cases are made, where first test case is the base line of the program and theother three test cases fuzzes the eNB, using different parts of the fuzzer. The results show that depending on which parts of the fuzzer are used, the connectionbecomes different. For test two and three, the connection became increasingly unstable andmore data was present in the connection. Test case four did not however deviate so muchfrom the baseline, if compared to test two and three.

In the current mobile network architecture, network traffic between user equipment (UE) and services deployed on the public cloud is tromboned towards the anchor point which could lead to network congestion. Deploying services closer to the UE, for example near the eNodeB, is a potential solution. The services are deployed on small scale data centers connected to, or collocated with the eNodeB, called ’eNodeB-Cloud’ (eNBC). Mobility of UEs presents a challenge for deploying services in an eNBC. When the UE is handed over from one eNodeB to another, seamless migration of UE context between the service instances running in different eNBCs needs to be ensured. In this thesis, we propose a Platform as a Service framework to enable UE context migration between eNBCs. The architecture consists of handover signaling mechanism, network session migration technology, context transfer protocol and a set of APIs towards the service. The evaluation of the prototype implementation shows that virtualization causes some extra delays to the UE context migration time. Whereas when virtualization is omitted, the time taken to migrate a UE context between two eNBCs is in the order of 12 ms on average, which is within the limit of handover interruption time between two LTE-eNodeBs.

Pretende realizar la instalación de un eNodoB LTE para la frecuencia 2.6Ghz que se realizó en la estación Base Entrada San Bartolo en el departamento de Lima para el operador ENTEL. Surge por la necesidad de mejorar el ancho de banda y la calidad de servicio en la localidad. Para el desarrollo de esta solución se utilizó el Estándar de instalación “LTE FDD 2.6 Ghz Ranco”, el trabajo que fue realizado en el sector 1, comprendió el Swap de la antena AAU3910 por la antena AOC4518R4v06, instalación de las unidades de radio remotas RRU3971(AWS) y RRU5301(2.6Ghz), reubicación de la RRU3942(GU), cableado correspondiente e instalación de la tarjeta UBBPe4 en la unidad de banda base BBU existente. La estación se integró a la red y se puso en servicio, cumpliéndose además con los acabados necesarios en el site, realizando el reporte fotográfico, inventario y las pruebas de drive test. Su implementación nos permitió ahorrar tiempo y recursos debido a la eficiencia de las operaciones y el incremento en la productividad. De manera indirecta todo ello promueve la realización de un espacio donde se intercambian opiniones e ideas con mayor dinamismo dando lugar a una atmosfera más productiva.

Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is the further evolution to Long Term Evolution (LTE), a standard defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE-A meets or surpasses the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) requirements defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The capacity, standardized data-rates and low-cost deployments are concerns challenging the flexibility of LTE and beyond in LTE-A. For instance, providing high data rates over a large portion of the cell entails the usage of high bandwidth, which is limited and/or often wasted. Cognitive radio (CR) can contribute in addressing this mean through its capability to sense, learn, and autonomously adapt to its environment in order to optimize usage of spectrum (licensed and unlicensed). Also, it is known that a small distance between transmitter and receiver in a wireless system increases the capacity of this link and creates dual benefits of higher quality and more spatial reuse. Overlaying femotcells in legacy macro-cellular networks can thus be beneficial. In LTE-Advanced, femtocell access points are referred to as Home eNode-Bs (HeNBs). Such user installed devices communicate with the cellular network over a broadband backhaul such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or a separate radio frequency (RF) backhaul channel. Logically in femtocell solutions, the need for compactness also turns out to be far greater for antennas. Hence triggers the idea of applying metamaterials, i.e., artificial, effectively homogeneous materials exhibiting unusual properties not readily available in nature. This thesis presents the design and analysis of a frequency scanned Composite Right-Left Handed (CRLH) Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) in a CR enabled HeNB. The antenna is designed with wire-bonded interdigital capacitors (WBIDC). This CRLH LWA is proposed to be used as a secondary antenna to support bandwidth-hungry applications of primary or secondary users within the femtocell, at its edge and in cooperation with its neighboring sites. Results exhibit that backfire to endfire radiation patterns between -60 and 60 degree angles are achievable at the azimuth plane between 2.2 and 3.25 GHz, respectively. Broadside radiation is achieved at 2.6 GHz, which accommodates a frequency-division duplexing (FDD) band 7 in LTE on the downlink (DL).
Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) est la poursuite de Long Term Evolution (LTE), un standard défini par 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE-A atteint ou dépasse les requis définis par International Telecommunication Union (ITU) du International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced). La capacité, les taux de données normalisées et les bas coûts de déploiements sont des préoccupations contestant la souplesse de LTE et au-delà dans LTE-A. Par exemple, en fournissant des débits élevés sur une grande partie de la cellule implique l'utilisation de la bande passante élevée. Cela est limitée et/ou souvent gaspillée. La Radio Cognitive (CR) peut donc contribuer par sa capacité de détecter, d'apprendre, et de manière autonome, s'adapter à son environnement afin d'optimiser l'utilisation du spectre (sans licence). En outre, il est connu que d'une faible distance entre l'émetteur et le récepteur dans un système sans fil augmente la capacité de ce lien et crée un double avantage de meilleure qualité et plus de réutilisation spatiale. L'approche femtocell peut donc être bénéfique. Sous LTE-Advanced, les points d'accès femtocell sont appelés Home eNode-Bs (HeNBs). Ces dispositifs peuvent communiquer avec le réseau cellulaire sur une liaison terrestre à large bande tels que Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) ou sous une fréquence radio (RF) canal backhaul. En conséquence, la nécessité de compacité se révèle d'être beaucoup plus importante pour ses antennes. Et voici ce qui déclenche l'idée de l'application de métamatériaux, matériaux artificiels effectivement homogène présentant des propriétés inhabituelles qui ne sont pas disponibles dans la nature. Cette thèse présente la conception et l'analyse d'une Composite Right-Left Handed (CRLH) Leaky-Wave Antenna (LWA) dans une CR permis dans la HeNB. L'antenne est aussi conçue avec du fil-collé condensateurs interdigitaux (WBIDC). Cette CRLH LWA est proposée pour être utilisée comme une antenne secondaire pour supporter des applications gourmandes en bande passante des utilisateurs primaire ou secondaire dans le femtocell, à son bord et en coopération avec ses sites voisins. Les résultats présentées démontrent que les diagrammes de rayonnement sont réalisables aux angles de -60 à 60 degrés au plan d'azimut entre respectivement, 2.2 et 3.25 GHz. Rayonnement broadside est réalisé à 2.6 GHz. Cela respecte la bande 7 du frequency division duplexing (FDD) de LTE sur la liaison descendante.

This master thesis investigates the possibility of locating LTE base stations, known as eNodeBs, using signal measurements collected by routers on trains. Four existing algorithms for transmitter localization are adopted: the centroid, strongest signal, Monte Carlo path loss simulation and power difference of arrival (PDoA) methods. An improved version of Monte Carlo path loss simulation called logloss fitting is proposed. Furthermore, a novel localization method called sector fitting is presented, which operates solely on the cell identity and geographical distribution of the measurements. The methods are evaluated for a set of manually located eNodeBs, and the results are compared to other external systems that can be used to locate eNodeBs. It is found that the novel sector fitting algorithm is able to considerably improve the accuracy of the logloss fitting and PDoA methods, but weighted centroid is overall the most accurate of the considered methods, providing a median error of approximately 1 km. The Google Geolocation API and Mozilla Location Service still provides estimates that are generally closer to the true location than any of the considered methods. However, for a subset of eNodeBs where measurements from all sectors are available, the novel sector fitting algorithm combined with logloss fitting outperforms the external systems. Therefore, a hybrid approach is suggested, where sector fitting combined with logloss fitting or weighted centroid is used to locate eNodeBs that have measurements from all sectors, while Google Geolocation API or Mozilla Location Service is used to locate the remaining eNodeBs. It is concluded that while the localization performance for those eNodeBs that have measurements from all sectors is relatively good, further improvements to the overall results can likely be obtained in future work by considering environmental factors, the angular losses introduced by directional antennas, and the effects of downlink power control.

Ce travail porte sur l'étude de l'infection de Medicago truncatula par Sinorhizobium meliloti, par des approches génétiques et moléculaires. Nous avons isolé et caractérisé le nouveau mutant api, dont le principal phénotype est le blocage de l'infection rhizobienne juste avant l'invasion du primordium nodulaire, ce qui conduit à la formation de larges poches d'infection dans le cortex externe contigu au primordium. Le mutant api a été isolé initialement comme un double mutant symbiotique, contenant aussi un nouvel allèle mutant (nip-3) du gène NIP/LATD, issu d'une mutagenèse à l'éthyle-méthane-sulfonate. La caractérisation détaillée du simple mutant api a montré que l'infection rhizobienne est déficiente tout au long du processus symbiotique. Ni la modulation de la voie de biosynthèse de l'éthylène (par de l'AVG ou de l'ACC), ni la réduction de la sensibilité à l'éthylène dans le fond génétique du mutant skl, n'altère le phénotype majeur du mutant api, suggérant que la fonction du gène API n'est pas liée au métabolisme ou à la signalisation de l'éthylène. La cartographie génétique a permis de placer le gène API sur le bras supérieur du groupe de liaison 4, et des analyses d'épistasie montrent que le gène API agit en aval des gènes BIT1/ERN et LIN et en amont des gènes NIP/LATD et DNF. En parallèle, nous avons initié un projet visant à déterminer la fonction, au cours de l'infection rhizobienne, du gène MtENOD11 qui code pour une protéine riche en proline supposée pariétale. Des expériences de localisation subcellulaire de la protéine ainsi que des approches de génétique inverse ont été utilisées pour déterminer l'implication de MtENOD11 au cours de l'infection rhizobienne
Here we describe the study of the Medicago truncatula infection by Sinorhizobium meliloti by genetic and molecular approaches. We isolated and characterized a novel M. Truncatula mutant called api, whose primary phenotype is the blockage of rhizobial infection just prior to nodule primordium invasion, leading to the formation of large infection pockets within the cortex of non-invaded root out-growths. The mutant api was originally identified as a double symbiotic mutant associated with a new allele (nip-3) of the NIP/LATD gene, following the screening of an ethyl-methane sulphonate-mutagenized population. Detailed characterization of the segregating single api mutant showed that rhizobial infection is defective throughout the symbiotic process. Neither modulating ethylene biosynthesis nor reducing ethylene sensitivity in a skl genetic background alters the basic api phenotype, suggesting that API function is not closely linked to ethylene metabolism or signaling. Genetic mapping places the API gene on the upper arm of the M. Truncatula linkage group 4, and epistasis analyses show that API functions downstream of BIT1/ERN1 and LIN and upstream of NIP/LATD and the DNF genes. In parallel with the api mutant characterization, we initiated a study on the MtENOD11 gene, encoding a putative cell wall proline-rich protein. Subcellular localization and reverse genetic approaches have been used with the aim to determine the role of MtENOD11 during the rhizobial infection

The aim of this thesis is acquaintance with the EPS system of LTE and IMS subsystem. The thesis is aimed on analysis of the control procedures related to operations between the terminal and the packet core network of the fourth generation such as logging into the system, user authentication, change the viewing area, handover and disconnection from the network.

Кваліфікаційну роботу магістра присвячено дослідженню та реалізації методів автоматизованого перекладу природної мови на основі нейромережевої моделі “послідовність-послідовність”. Розглянуто основні принципи та підходи до підготовки тренувальної вибірки даних, у тому числі з використанням глибоких нейронних мереж у якості енкодерів. Досліджено та проаналізовано наявні методи вирішення задачі перекладу природної мови, зокрема, було розглянуто декілька нейромережевих архітектур глибокого машинного навчання. Наведено приклади створення та обробки корпусів природної мови для вирішення задачі формування тренувальної та тестувальної вибірок даних. Було проведено повну оцінку вартості створення комп’ютерної системи, необхідної для вирішення поставленого завдання, а також описано повний процес розгортання програмного забезпечення на даному середовищі за допомогою сторонніх платформ.
The master's thesis is devoted to the research and implementation of methods of automated translation of natural language on the basis of the neural network model "sequence-sequence". The basic principles and approaches to the preparation of training data sampling, including the use of deep neural networks as encoders, are considered. The existing methods of solving the problem of natural language translation have been studied and analyzed, in particular, several neural network architectures of deep machine origin have been considered. Examples of creation and processing of natural language corpora to solve the problem of forming training and test data samples are given. A full assessment of the cost of creating a computer system required to solve the problem was performed, as well as a complete process of deploying software in this environment using third-party platforms. The results of the research were a complete review of existing solutions to solve the problem, choosing the best technology, improving the latter, implementation and training of a deep neural network model such as sequence-sequence" for the problem of natural language translation.
1. ВСТУП 2. АНАЛІЗ ПРЕДМЕТНОЇ ОБЛАСТІ 3. ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ОБРАНИХ ЗАСОБІВ 4. РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ СИСТЕМИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ПРИРОДНОЇ МОВИ НА ОСНОВІ МОДЕЛІ "ПОСЛІДОВНІСТЬ-ПОСЛІДОВНІСТЬ" ТА НЕЙРОМЕРЕЖЕВОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРИ ТРАСНФОРМЕРС 5. ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ

The aim of the work is the radio access network of mobile networks second, third and fourth generation. The main objective is a description of the radio access network of the second, third and fourth generation, their elements, interfaces and signaling procedures. The next part describes the emergency services and the architecture of the fourth generation mobile networks. The practical part is then devoted to identify actions needed to prepare radio access network to testing emergency services, identify actions needed to conversion of transport protocol fixed part of the radio access network from IPv4 to IPv6 and describe the intervention to radio access network to change the active segment of the core network.

With National Telecommunications & Information Administration (NTIA) Advanced Wireless Services (AWS-3) auction of frequencies in the 1695-1710 MHz, 1755-1780MHz, and 2155- 2180MHz bands, users of the Aeronautical Mobile Telemetry (AMT) band from 1755- 1850MHz, known as Upper L-Band, could be greatly affected. This paper takes an initial look at how the 1755-1780MHz band will be used by the cellular carriers and presents some preliminary testing results of adjacent channel (band) interference that could be experienced by AMT users. This paper should be considered as the stepping off point for future interference discussions, required analysis, and further testing.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊工程系
103
As personal intellectual mobile devices become pervasive, data traffic increases drastically, causing a much heavier burden to the traditional macro eNode B (eNB) in the long term evolution (LTE) system. To share the load of macro eNBs, lowpower base stations, e.g., pico eNBs, are deployed accordingly. Such a heterogeneous network (HetNet) with macro and pico eNBs is then considered in this thesis. For such a HetNet, we will address how to appropriately select an eNB to improve handover performance, especially in the high-speed environment. In our design, a base station pre-selection strategy is proposed to classify user equipments (UEs) according to the pre-defined thresholds of speed and quality of service (QoS) requirements.For different types of UE, different preferences are then set so that high-speed UEs are primarily taken cared by macro eNBs while lowspeed or low QoS UEs are offloaded to the service area of pico eNBs to share the load of macro eNBs. Additionally, a dynamic handover parameter adjustment mechanism is proposed by considering the handover failure ratio, ping-pong effect ratio, speed, and mobility history etc. Finally, we show the superiority of our design over some related mechanisms reported in the literature in terms of number of handover, radio link failure ratio, and ping-pong ratio via extensive simulations.